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A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
European identity politics
CEMES European Citizenship and Cultural Identity
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Identity politics
The symbolic dimension of all politics(the legitimizing subject)
A politics of creating/constructing identity
A politics of mobilising identity An analytical term for analysing
identity in politics
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Identity politics (cont.)
A politics of constructing/promoting a certain identity
Group policy or state policy The state: Domestic or foreign policy
Domestic: towards citizens, residents and immigrants
Foreign: towards other states
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The concept of identity
From individual self to social self (socialisation)
From social self to collective identity
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The concept of identity
Existential: individuals living in society have perceptions of commonality (why are we living together?)
Processual: collective identity derives from social processes of identification
Political: identification can take place in public and political space
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Identification and identity
social
Identification political identity
public state
process ’essence’
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
identification in discourse
a subject position
Speaker position semantics(who can speak?) (with which words?)
identity
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
the modern matrixof collective identity
state patria
nation
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The semantics of nation
From territory to place
From commun-ication to language
From tradition to roots
From customs to culture
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
the structure of identity
time
space
narrative
Symbolic geography
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Adding the third dimension: state
time
space
narrative
Symbolic geography
state
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The feed back loop
doing identitybeing identity
processual
essentialist
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Analysing European identity politics
The legitimizing subject in all European politics
The active promotion of a European identity (cultural policy)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
European identity politics in three dimensions
A symbolic geography (e.g. sites of heritage)
A narrative (e.g. a foundation myth)
State (e.g. citizenship, passport)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The two dimensions in a historical perspective
1945: Two starting points
Federation (based on common values)
Foundation myth
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
European federation
paneuropean cosmopolitan’civilisation’ universal values
FEDERATIONpolitical order
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
A foundation myth
It is a serious question whether a political community can achieve political order without developing a foundation myth (Carl Friedrich 1963)
…. their myths and symbols, their historical memories and central values, which we can summarize, ast the ’myth-symbol’ complex (Anthony Smith
1986)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
What is a myth (for)?
A narrative of birth/beginning (where do we come from?)
A basis for ontological stability(who are we?)
A reservoir of basic moral coordinates(what are our values?)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The structure of the mythical narrative
the myth the political
chaos – new beginning decision Myth making le
gitim
izat
ion
The myth at work
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Making the myth
It is time indeed that that voice [the voice of Europe] should be raised upon the scene of chaos and prostration caused by the wrongs and hatreds of the past….(Winston Churchill at the Congress of Europe, 1948)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Making the myth (cont.)
We wish to unite Europe to secure permanent peace between its peoples and to prevent the horrors of a war of total destruction(Coudenhove-Kalergi, 1948)
The contribution which an organized and living Europe can bring to civilisation is indispensable to the maintenance of peaceful relations. (…) A united Europe was not achieved and we had war.(The Schumann declaration, 1950)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The Europeanmyth-symbol complex
values culture‘civilisation’ symbols
mythAlternative myth:The glorious past (antiquity etc.)
unity
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The others
values culture
Nationalism other cultures
our self non-Europeans
in the past
mythU
nity
in d
iver
sity
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The two layers of the complex
Values: Universal EuropeanEuropean values
Culture: European nationalUnity in diversity
myth
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The myth at work
The Nine European States might have been pushed towards disunity by their history and by selfishly defending misjudged interests. But they have overcome their past enmities and have decided that unity is a basic European necessity to ensure the survival of the civilization which they have in common.’(Declaration on the European identity, Copenhagen 1973)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Culture at work
The People’s Europe: Communication from the Commission to the EP,
7 July 1988
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Identity political activity
Myth making 2003 (ENP)The federal 2000 Constitution
Moment 45-48 92-96 War in Europe
1992 (Maastricht)
1973-4 (identity)
high
lowcit
izensh
ip
cultu
rethe myth
at work
The rescue of the nation state
Cold war
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The tools of identity politics Myth making and constitution Cultural policy: imitating the national
symbols Citizenship and (mobility) rights
(constitution) Foreign policy
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Europe and the wars in Europe
This is the hour of Europe. If one problem can be solved by the Europeans it is the Yugoslav problem. This is a European country and it is not up to the Europeans(Jacques Poos, The President of the European Council, 1991)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The constitution
BELIEVING that Europe, reunited after bitter experiences, intends to continue along the path of civilisation, progress and prosperity, for the good of all its inhabitants, including the weakest and most deprived; that it wishes to remain a continent open to culture, learning and social progress; and that it wishes to deepen the democratic and transparent nature of its public life, and to strive for peace, justice and solidarity throughout the world.
(Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, 2004)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Europe and Holocaust
After the horrors of the Second World War and the Holocaust, the desire for peace was the first and essential driving force of European unification. (…) Right down to the present day the desire for peace is a vital part of the very idea of Europe, the way of looking at life and at the relations between peoples that we Europeans naturally recognise as our own (Romano Prodi 2003).
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Europe in the world
Europe needs to project its model of society into the wider world. We are not simply here to defend our own interests: we have a unique historic experience to offer. The experience of liberating people from poverty, war, oppression and intolerance. We have forged a model of development and continental integration based on the principles of democracy, freedom and solidarity and it is a model that works”.(Romano Prodi 2000).
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
Europe as a global player
If we want to satisfy the rising expectations and hopes of countries abroad and the peoples of Europe, we have to become a real global player. (...) We have to assume our role as a global player (Romano Prodi, 2002)
A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T
Institut for Historie og Områdestudier
Institutleder Jan Ifversen
The shift in identity politics
Unity in diversity Europe as a global player
weak strong
the myth