Institutions for Asian Integration: Innovation and Reform

7/31/2019 Institutions for Asian Integration: Innovation and Reform

1/31

KIEF Rouafmb ^k~hu Thufht

Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Ktfkm Fmyhbukyfom:Fmmo|kyfom kmi Uhloug

Bfo|kmmf Dk~kmmh``fkmi Thh Thmb Ykm

Mo- 428Kxbxty 5>;5

Ktfkm Ih|h`o~ghmy Ekma Fmtyfyxyh


2/31

Ych Rouafmb ^k~hu thufht ft k domyfmxkyfom ol ych loughu`v mkghi Iftdxttfom ^k~hu thufht1 ychmxgehufmb ol ych ~k~hut domyfmxhi rfycoxy fmyhuux~yfom ou dckmbh- KIEFt rouafmb ~k~hutuhl`hdy fmfyfk` fihkt om k yo~fd kmi kuh ~otyhi om`fmh lou iftdxttfom- KIEF hmdoxukbht uhkihut yo~oty ychfu dogghmyt om ych gkfm ~kbh lou hkdc rouafmb ~k~hu #bf|hm fm ych dfykyfom ehòr&-Togh rouafmb ~k~hut gkv ih|hò~ fmyo oychu lougt ol ~xe`fdkyfom-

Txbbhtyhi dfykyfom:

Dk~kmmh``f, B- kmi T- T- Ykm- 5>;5- Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Ktfkm Fmyhbukyfom: Fmmo|kyfom kmi Uhloug-KIEF Rouafmb ^k~hu 428- Yoavo: Ktfkm Ih|hò~ghmy Ekma Fmtyfyxyh- K|kf`ke`h:cyy~://rrr-kief-oub/rouafmb'~k~hu/5>;5/>3/5>/85;2-ktfkm-fmyhbukyfom-fmmo|kyfom-uhloug/

^`hkth domykdy ych kxycou lou fmlougkyfom keoxy ycft ~k~hu-

Hgkf`: bdk~kmmh``fNkief-oub1 ftttykmNmyx-hix-tb

Bfo|kmmf Dk~kmmh``f ft t~hdfk` ki|ftou yo ych Ihkm, Ktfkm Ih|hò~ghmy Ekma Fmtyfyxyh#KIEF&, Yoavo- Thh Thmb Ykm ft km kttodfkyh ~uolhttou ky Mkmvkmb Yhdcmoòbfdk`Xmf|hutfyv, Tfmbk~ouh-

Ych |fhrt hs~uhtthi fm ycft ~k~hu kuh ych |fhrt ol ych kxycou kmi io moy mhdhttkuf`vuhl`hdy ych |fhrt ou ~o`fdfht ol KIEF, ych KIE, fyt Eokui ol Ifuhdyout, ou ych bo|humghmytychv uh~uhthmy- KIEF ioht moy bxkukmyhh ych kddxukdv ol ych ikyk fmd`xihi fm ycft ~k~hukmi kddh~yt mo uht~omtfef`fyv lou kmv domth{xhmdht ol ychfu xth- Yhugfmoòbv xthi gkvmoy mhdhttkuf`v eh domtftyhmy rfyc KIE ollfdfk` yhugt-

Ktfkm Ih|hò~ghmy Ekma FmtyfyxyhAktxgfbkthaf Exfìfmb 3L4'5'8 Aktxgfbkthaf, Dcfvoik'axYoavo ;>>'>3, Jk~km

Yh`: !3;'4'4864'88>>Lks: !3;'4'4864'882;XU@: rrr-kief-oubH'gkf`: fmloNkief-oub

5>;5 Ktfkm Ih|hò~ghmy Ekma Fmtyfyxyh
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/31

KIEF Rouafmb ^k~hu 428 Dk~kmmh``f kmi Ykm

Ketyukdy

Ych lougkyfom ol uhbfomk` ~uoixdyfom mhyrouat fm Hkty Ktfk ckt oddxuuhi gkfm`v ycuoxbc gkuahyloudht, rfycoxy gxdc ch`~ luog uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt fm ~uogoyfmb ych duhkyfom ol k tfmb`h Ktfkmgkuahy- Rcf`h ycft k~~uokdc ckt thu|hi ych uhbfom rh`` fm ych ~kty, ych iuktyfd dckmbhths~hufhmdhi tfmdh ych 5>>35>>6 lfmkmdfk` duftft kmi ych dck``hmbht Ktfkm doxmyufht kuh

lkdfmbbuorfmb fmh{xk`fyfht kmi dog~hyfyfom, om ych omh ckmi, kmi hmckmdhi ycuhkyt yo ychhm|fuomghmy kmi ~ho~`ht chk`yc om ych oychuck|h uhmihuhi gouh xubhmy ych mhhi loufmyhubo|humghmyk` doo~hukyfom ky b`oek` kmi uhbfomk` `h|h`t- Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk`ftgmhhi tyuhmbychmfmb ycuoxbc uhloug kmi fmmo|kyfom txdc kt ehyyhu bo|humkmdh kmi uhtoxudfmb,buhkyhu kmi gouh hllhdyf|h ~kuyfdf~kyfom kmi ih`hbkyfom ol ~orhut, o|huk`` tyuhkg`fmfmb oluhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh, fmd`xifmb ych ~cktfmb oxy ol oxyikyhi ou fuuh`h|kmy fmtyfyxyfomt kmi, rchuhmhhihi, ych duhkyfom ol mhr omht- X`yfgkyh`v, bf|hm fyt uooyhimhtt fm uhbfomk` ouihu, fmtyfyxyfomk`hllfdkdv ft k lxmdyfom ol ych kef`fyv kmi rf``fmbmhtt ol fyt ghgehut, ht~hdfk``v fml`xhmyfk`tykahco`ihut, yo do``keoukyh-

JH@ D`kttflfdkyfom: L;81 L881 L86


4/31


Domyhmyt

;- Fmyuoixdyfom: Rcv Ktfk Mhhit Tyuombhu Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Uhbfomk` Fmyhbukyfom ------------------- 45-

Ktfkt Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Uhbfomk`ftg: O|hu|fhr ol ych @fyhukyxuh

---------------------------------------- 9

4- Bo|humfmb ûfmdf~`ht ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29- Yksomogv ol Ktfkt Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Uhbfomk`ftg ------------------------------------------------------------- 68- O|hukudcfmb Txeuhbfomk` Fmtyfyxyfomt: Dog~kufmb KTHKM kmi TKKUD -------------------------;4

2-; Ehvomi Eoyyog'x~ Uhbfomk`ftg -------------------------------------------------------------------------552-5 Ehvomi Fmtyfyxyfomt @fbcymhtt ----------------------------------------------------------------------------592-4 Ehvomi H`fyh Uhbfomk`ftg ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------58

Uhlhuhmdht -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5;8, exy ych ~orhut ghgehu doxmyufht

ih`hbkyh yo ych KTHKM Thduhykufky #KTHD& uhgkfm `fgfyhi-

Txdc km k~~uokdc yo uhbfomk`ftg ckt thu|hi ych uhbfom rh``- Tfmdh ych ;62>t ih|hò~fmb

Ktfkm hdomogfht ck|h buorm gxdc lktyhu yckm ycoth fm kmv oychu uhbfom fm ych rouì ixh

`kubh`v yo ych fg~`hghmykyfom ol dkuhlx``v ~`kmmhi mkyfomk` ih|hò~ghmy tyukyhbfht- ô|huyv fm

Ktfk ckt ck`|hi tfmdh ych hku`v ;66>t kmi ych o|huk`` rh`lkuh ol Ktfkm dfyfzhmt ckt buhky`v

fg~uo|hi- Rcv roxì Ktfk mhhi tyuombhu fmtyfyxyfomt yo ~uogoyh uhbfomk`ftg? Ioht Ktfk mhhi

h|hmyxk``v yo lo`òr k Hxuo~hkm k~~uokdc yo uhbfomk` doo~hukyfom, rfyc ych duhkyfom ol th|huk`

gkjou fmtyfyxyfomt txdc kt k doxmdf` ol gfmftyhut, k uhbfomk` doggfttfom, k ~ku`fkghmy, kmi k

doxuy ol jxtyfdh, ou ft fy ehyyhu oll rfyc fyt dxuuhmy `fbcy fmtyfyxyfomk`fzkyfom ol uhbfomk`ftg?

Rcky ckt rouahi rh`` fm ych ~kty gkv moy roua kt rh`` fm ych lxyxuh- Ych bòek` hdomogfd kmi

~o`fyfdk` hm|fuomghmyt ck|h dckmbhi iuktyfdk``v tfmdh ych hux~yfom ol ych bòek` lfmkmdfk` duftftfm 5>>35>>6 kmi ych dck``hmbht Ktfkm doxmyufht kuh lkdfmb, eoyc fmif|fixk``v kmi do``hdyf|h`v

kt k uhbfom, ck|h ehdogh lku gouh dog~`hs kmi rfyc fmyufdkyh bòek` ukgflfdkyfomt- Om ych omh

ckmi, fmduhkthi Ktfkm hdomogfd fmyhuih~hmihmdh ckt dogh moy rfycoxy ~uoe`hgt- Fmh{xk`fyv

ckt ufthm, fmduhktfmb dog~hyfyfom ckt mhbkyf|h`v kllhdyhi togh hdomogfd buox~t, kmi ych

ehmhlfyt ol fmyhbukyfom uhgkfm goty`v `fgfyhi rfycfm Hkty Ktfkt ~uoixdyfom mhyrouat- Toxyc kmi

Dhmyuk` Ktfkm hdomogfht kuh tyf`` ~oou`v fmyhbukyhi: ych fmyhbukyfom ol `keou, thu|fdht, kmi

lfmkmdfk` gkuahyt ft ~uodhhifmb ky k |huv tòr ~kdh- Om ych oychu ckmi, fmyhubo|humghmyk`

doo~hukyfom ky bòek` kmi uhbfomk` `h|h`t ft fmduhktfmb`v mhhihi yo gkmkbh gkjou ycuhkyt yo ych

hm|fuomghmy kmi ~ho~`ht chk`yc, yo ~uh|hmy ych uhdxuuhmdh ol lfmkmdfk` kmi hdomogfd duftht,

kmi yo hmtxuh thdxufyv kmi ~hkdh-

Ych fmtyfyxyfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh lou uhbfomk` doo~hukyfom ycky ckt ehhm ykafmb tck~h fm Ktfk

cfychuyo ki cod kmi fmdochuhmygkv moy eh kih{xkyh yo lkdh ychth mhr dck``hmbht- Th|huk`

uhlougt kmi fmmo|kyfomt kuh mhhihi yo tyuhmbychm Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk`ftg- Ych

bo|humkmdh ol hsftyfmb fmtyfyxyfomt tcoxì eh tyuhmbychmhi kmi gkih gouh hllhdyf|h kmi

~kuyfdf~kyouv, bf|fmb `kubhu t~kdh yo df|f` todfhyv kmi ych ~uf|kyh thdyou yo domyufexyh yo ihlfmfmb


6/31


9

ychfu ~ufoufyfht kmi kbhmik, yobhychu rfyc bo|humghmy kbhmdfht- Uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt tcoxì

k`to eh bf|hm gouh ih`hbkyhi ~orhut yo kdy om ehck`l ol ychfu ghgehu doxmyufht fm ouihu yo

fg~uo|h uhbfomk` doggomt, kt rh`` kt gouh lfmkmdfk` kmi cxgkm uhtoxudht- Uhbfomk`

tykahcoìhut tcoxì domtfihu ~cktfmb oxy fmtyfyxyfomt rcfdc ck|h kùhkiv kddog~`ftchi ychfu

gkmikyh ou rcfdc kuh mo gouh hllhdyf|h, kmi duhkyfmb mhr fmtyfyxyfomt rchmh|hu mhhihi- Kyych tkgh yfgh, fy ehkut uhgfmifmb ycky uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt kuh uooyhi fm uhbfomk` ouihu-

Fmtyfyxyfomk` hllfdkdv kt txdc ft h{xk``v ih~hmihmy om ych kef`fyv kmi rf``fmbmhtt ol ychfu

ghgehut, ht~hdfk``v buhky ~orhut kmi fml`xhmyfk` tykahcoìhut, yo do``keoukyh-

Ekthi om k tyxiv dog~`hyhi fm 5>;> ev ych Ktfkm Ih|hò~ghmy Ekma #KIE&, ycft ~k~hu

uh|fhrt togh `fyhukyxuh om ych ihtfbm kmi ih|hò~ghmy ol fmtyfyxyfomt lou Ktfkm uhbfomk`ftg

kmi iftdxttht ych lxyxuh mhhit lou fmmo|kyfom kmi uhlougt ol ych uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomk`

kudcfyhdyxuh ck|fmb fm gfmi ych duhkyfom ol k uhbfomk` hdomogfd doggxmfyv ol touyt- K`ycoxbc

rh uhlukfm luog ihlfmfmb ych dog~omhmyt kmi tyuxdyxuh ol txdc km hdomogfd doggxmfyv lou

Ktfk kmi luog ~uo~otfmb k uokigk~ lou fyt kdcfh|hghmy, rh lo`òr ych yksomogv ol fmtyfyxyfomt

lou uhbfomk`ftg kio~yhi ev ych KIE tyxiv kmi lodxt om ahv bo|humkmdh ~ufmdf~`ht lou txdc

fmtyfyxyfomt- Fm iofmb to, rh ~uhthmy dktht tyxifht ol ~ufmdf~`ht kmi fmtyfyxyfomt ycky rouahi kmi

ifi moy roua rh`` fm ych ~kty, kmi txbbhty togh mhhihi ~o`fdv kdyfom-

Thdyfom 5 ol ycft ~k~hu uh|fhrt ych `fyhukyxuh om Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk` fmyhbukyfom kmi

doo~hukyfom- Thdyfom 2-4 iftdxttht ych uh`h|kmy bo|humkmdh ~ufmdf~`ht lou txdc fmtyfyxyfomt,

fmd`xifmb domtfihukyfomt om tykahcoìhut kmi ychfu kbhmik- Thdyfom 9 fmyuoixdht k yksomogv ol

Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk`ftg, rcf`h thdyfom 8 dog~kuht KTHKM rfyc ych Toxyc Ktfkm

Kttodfkyfom lou Uhbfomk` Doo~hukyfom #TKKUD&, rcfdc dkm eh ihlfmhi kt ych o|hukudcfmb

txeuhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt fm Toxychkty kmi Toxyc Ktfk- Thdyfom < kmk`vzht ycuhh th`hdyhi

lxmdyfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt ycky ~uo|fih fmyhuhtyfmb hskg~`ht ol doo~hukyfom fm ifllhuhmy thdyout kmitxeuhbfomt- Thdyfom 2 domd`xiht txbbhtyfmb ych mhhi lou uhloug kmi fmmo|kyfom yo tyuhmbychm

Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh lou uhbfomk`ftg-

5- KTFKT FMTYFYXYFOMT LOU UHBFOMK@FTG: O\HU\FHR

OL YCH @FYHUKYXUH

Ych tyouv ol Ktfkt uhbfomk` fmyhbukyfom ft iftyfmdy luog ycky ol Hxuo~h orfmb yo ifllhuhmy

hdomogfd kmi ~o`fyfdk` domifyfomt- Fm Hxuo~h, km fmthdxuh uhbfomk` hm|fuomghmy lo`òrfmb ychThdomi Rouì Rku, km h{xk``v xmloubf|fmb hdomogfd hm|fuomghmy gkuahi ev cfbc

~uoyhdyfomftg kmi rfiht~uhki dxuuhmy kddoxmy uhtyufdyfomt, km hgehiihi `fehuk`ftg ycky

hg~cktfzhi ~uoyhdyfom ol `keou uh`kyfomt kmi kbufdx`yxuh kmi, fg~ouykmy`v, fmyhu|hmyfomfty tykyht

ycky toxbcy yo tkyftlv txdc hs~hdykyfomt, dogefmhi yo uhmihu ych uhbfom moy ~kuyfdx`ku`v

domixdf|h yo tfg~`h gkuahy'iuf|hm fmyhbukyfom #Dk~kmmh``f kmi Lf`f~~fmf 5>;>&- Chfbcyhmhi

todfhyk` hs~hdykyfomt fm ych fgghifkyh ~otyrku ~hufoi dofmdfihi rfyc ych rfiht~uhki lhh`fmb


7/31


8

ycky yukifyfomk` mkyfom tykyht cki lkf`hi yo ~uo|fih ychfu ~o~x`kyfomt rfyc hdomogfd thdxufyv fm

ych vhkut ehyrhhm ych lfuty kmi thdomi rouì rkut kmi ~cvtfdk` thdxufyv klyhu ;646-;

Mo txdc doggom dkxth kmi goyf|kyfom fg~h` Ktfkt hdomogfd fmyhbukyfom- Yoikv, Ktfkm

hdomogfd uhbfomk`ftg uh`fht om km kuukv ol goty`v xmdoouifmkyhi ~uodhttht, txdc kt ych

^ho~`ht Uh~xe`fd ol Dcfmk #ÛD& xmf`kyhuk` o~hmfmb ixufmb Ihmb Sfko~fmbt `hkihutcf~, ych

domdhuyhi xmf`kyhuk`ftg ol ych Ktfk'^kdflfd Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom #K^HD& louxg, ych gkmv

ef`kyhuk` kmi ~`xuf`kyhuk` luhh yukih kbuhhghmyt #LYKt& ycky ioy ych uhbfom, bòek` mhboyfkyfomt

txdc kt ycoth xmihu ych Rouì Yukih Oubkmfzkyfom #RYO&, kmi uhbfomk` fmfyfkyf|ht txdc kt ych

KTHKM!4 #KTHKM ~`xt ych ÛD, Jk~km, kmi ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk& ycky hghubhi fm uhkdyfom

yo ych Ktfkm lfmkmdfk` duftft ol ;662;663 #Ekxg ;63>1 Ihmy 5>>31 Akrkf kmi Rfbmkukjk 5>>61

Uk|hmcf`` 5>>;&- Ych dogefmhi fg~kdy ol ychth fmfyfkyf|ht ckt domyufexyhi yo uk~fi hdomogfd

buoryc gkuahi ev k domtfihuke`h hs~kmtfom ol duott'eouihu yukih kmi lfmkmdfk` lòrt, kt rh``

kt km fmduhktfmb fmyhbukyfom rfycfm ych uhbfom kmi rfyc ych uhty ol ych rouì- Kt txdc, Ktfk ckt

~`kvhi coty moy om`v yo trfly'uftfmb fmyukuhbfomk` fm|htyghmy kmi lòrt ol gkmkbhufk` yk`hmy kmi

oychu taf``hi `keou, exy k`to yo ych fmyhmtf|h ih|hò~ghmy ol uhbfomk` tx~~`v dckfmt kmi

~uoixdyfom mhyrouat- Ycft ckt `hi togh ~uogfmhmy hdomogftyt yo uhlhu yo ych uhbfom kt

Lkdyouv Ktfk #Ekìrfm 5>>3&-

Domyukuv

yo lxmdyfomk`fty kddoxmyt ycky kyyufexyh Hxuo~hkm uhbfomk`ftg yo mom'tykyh loudht, oychut kubxh

fy rkt hdomogfd goyf|ht ol hghubfmb Rhtyhum Hxuo~hkm rh`lkuh tykyht ycky ~`kvhi k ahv ~kuy

fm iuf|fmb uhbfomk` fmyhbukyfom fm Hxuo~h #Gouk|dtfa ;6631 5>>>1 ^xdck`k ;666&-

Fm domyukty yo ych tdkudfyv ol fmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk` fmyhbukyfom thu|fmb Ktfk fm ych fgghifkyh

klyhugkyc ol ych Doì Rku,5

;

Ych duxdfk` domtyfyxhmdfht Rhtyhum Hxuo~hkm bo|humghmyt toxbcy yo ~`kdkyh rhuh ych kbufdx`yxuk` doggxmfyfht,

rouahut, kmi ih~hmihmyt ol ych rh`lkuh tykyh- Ifllhuhmdht ktfih, ych doggom to`xyfom rkt yo ukfth rkbht kmi

hmtxuh lx`` hg~òvghmy, hmckmdh ych `f|fmb tykmikuit ol ych kbufdx`yxuh thdyou, kmi htyke`ftc ych goihum rh`lkuh

tykyh #Gf`rkui 5>>>&-

k ihmth rhe ol o|hu`k~~fmb uhbfomk` kmi txeuhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt

tx~~ouyt Ktfkt fmyhbukyfom yoikv- Ych lfbxuh tcort ych gkfm uhbfomk` kmi yukmtuhbfomk` louxgt

tx~~ouyfmb Ktfkm fmyhbukyfom kmi hg~cktfzht ych lxmikghmyk` uo`h ~`kvhi ev KTHKM fm~uogoyfmb Ktfk'rfih fmyhbukyfom, kt fy ft kuoxmi KTHKM ycky gkjou buox~t txdc kt KTHKM!4

kmi ych Hkty Ktfk Txggfy kuh uh|o`|fmb #KIE 5>>3&-

5Fm ;664, ~uogfmhmy fmyhumkyfomk` uh`kyfomt ychoufty Uxbbfh #;664: 9& ruoyh: Fy rkt moy ~ottfe`h yo domtyuxdy

gx`yf`kyhuk` fmtyfyxyfomk` lukghrouat Qfm KtfkW fm ych fgghifkyh ~otyrku ~hufoi- Yoikv Qfm ;664W, ych kethmdh ol

txdc kuukmbhghmyt fmcfefyt ~uobuhttf|h kik~ykyfom yo lxmikghmyk` bòek` tcflyt- Lou Uxbbfh, ych kethmdh ol HX'

`fah kmi/ou MKYO'`fah tyuxdyxuht, ou k Ch`tfmaf'`fah ~uodhtt fm ~oty'Doì Rku Ktfk htthmyfk``v ghkmt k

uhktomke`v tyke`h ek`kmdh ft ych ehty ycky omh dkm co~h yo kdcfh|h fm Ktfk-


8/31


>3&-

Ihtfbmhi yo lotyhu doo~hukyfom om t~hdflfd fttxht kmi to`|h ~o`fdv ~uoe`hgt, Ktfkt eukmi ol

lxmdyfomk` uhbfomk`ftg ft `kubh`v ych domth{xhmdh ol ki cod ~uhgftht kmi ukyfomk`ht, rchuh

uhbfomk` fmfyfkyf|ht kuh loughi fm uht~omth yo t~hdflfd ~hudhf|hi mhhit #Ykm 5>;>k1 Roo`doyy

5>>6&- Ycft ckt `hi yo k ~km'uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh dog~uftfmb k ~`hycouk ol kuukmbhghmyt, hkdc

oufhmyhi yorkui k ~kuyfdx`ku ychgkyfd ~xu~oth- Lou hskg~`h, K^HD lodxtht om ~uogoyfmb yukih

`fehuk`fzkyfom, rchuhkt ych KTHKM Uhbfomk` Louxg #KUL& ~uogoyht doo~hukyf|h thdxufyv kmi


9/31


2

domlfihmdh exfìfmb rfyc k mxgehu ol KTHKM ifkòbxh ~kuymhut #Ahtk|k~kmv kmi @fg 5>>61

Uk|hmcf`` 5>>;1 Akytxgkyk 5>>61 Th|hufmo 5>>6k&-

Iht~fyh ychth ih|hò~ghmyt, ychuh ft buorfmb domdhum kgomb togh uhbfomk` tykahcoìhut ycky

rcf`h Ktfkm fmtyfyxyfomt x~ yo mor ck|h thu|hi ych uhbfom rh``~ufgkuf`v ev moy bhyyfmb fm ych

rkv ol gkuahy loudhtk lkfu kgoxmy ol fmtyfyxyfomk` uhyuolfyyfmb ft uh{xfuhi yo hmtxuh kmihmckmdh Ktfkt ~uot~hufyv, tykef`fyv, kmi thdxufyv- Ekìrfm, lou hskg~`h, ckt kubxhi ycky Ktfkm

uhbfomk`ftg ft lukbf`h tfmdh fy uh`fht om ycuhh fmchuhmy`v xmtyke`h lkdyout: #f& fmyukuhbfomk` yukih1

#ff& xmf`kyhuk` `fehuk`fzkyfom kmi ykufll uhixdyfomt ycky kuh mom'efmifmb |ft''|ft RYO uhbx`kyfomt1

kmi #fff& ych kethmdh ol yo~'`h|h` gkmkbhghmy yo hmtxuh ef`kyhuk` yukih yhmtfomt io moy t~f``

o|hu fmyo ift~xyht ou, routh, doml`fdy #Ekìrfm 5>>3&- Ekìrfmt ycfui ~ofmymo o|hukudcfmb,

`hkihu'`hi lukghrouaft k rfih`v'tckuhi domdhum, goty uhdhmy`v cfbc`fbcyhi fm yro loughu

uhbfomk` `hkihut |ftfomt lou k mhr uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh-4

Gouh euoki`v, ych Ktfkm fmtyfyxyfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh ft ~hudhf|hi kt lukbf`h ehdkxth, iht~fyh fyt

buorfmb rhe ol uhbfomk` fmyhubo|humghmyk` oubkmfzkyfomt kmi buox~t duhkyhi ev df|f` todfhyv,Ktfk uhgkfmt lou ych goty ~kuy fmtyfyxyfom'`fbcy fm ych ihtfbm, uhtoxudht, ih`hbkyhi ~orhut,

hsyhmy ol `hbk`fzkyfom, kmi hllfdkdv ol fyt hsftyfmb fmtyfyxyfomt lou fmyhbukyfom #H|kmt 5>>81

Ukycxt 5>;>1 Ykm 5>;;&- Domtfihuke`v gouh if|huth kmi rfiht~uhki bhobuk~cfdk``v yckm

Hxuo~h, Ktfk k`to ckt mo h{xf|k`hmy ol ych LukmdoBhugkm doo~hukyf|h kuukmbhghmymo

òdk` |hutfom ol ych H`vth Yuhkyv, ycky ftom rcfdc Hxuo~hkm hdomogfd uhbfomk`ftg tykmit-

Mou ft k ÛDJk~km uk~~uodchghmy hktf`v kdcfh|ke`h lou ych louhthhke`h lxyxuh, iht~fyh ych

tfbmflfdkmy uo`ht eoyc doxmyufht kuh hs~hdyhi yo ~`kv fm domyufexyfmb yo ych uhbfomt ~oty'duftft

hdomogfd uhdo|huv-

9

4- BO\HUMFMB ÛFMDF^@HT

Ifllhuhmdht kgomb Ktfkt uhbfomk` kmi txeuhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt ktfih, ychv tckuh k mxgehu ol

doggom lhkyxuht- Fy ft ychth kyyufexyht ycky ck|h `hi togh tah~yfdk` oethu|hut yo ihtdufeh

Ktfkm uhbfomk`ftg kt keoxy ~uodhtt ukychu yckm ~uobuhtt #Jomht kmi Tgfyc 5>>2&- Oychut,

òoafmb ky ych kio~yfom ol ~ufmdf~`ht xmihu`vfmb gouh uhdhmy ih|hò~ghmyt txdc kt ych Dcfkmb

Gkf Fmfyfkyf|h Gx`yf`kyhuk`fzkyfom #DGFG& kmi ych hghubfmb ifkòbxh fm ~uo|fifmb uhbfomk` ~xe`fd

booit ck|h k gouh o~yfgftyfd |fhr #KIE 5>;>1 Akrkf 5>>6&-

4Loughu Kxtyuk`fkm ûfgh Gfmftyhu Ah|fm Uxiit |ftfom ol km Ktfk'^kdflfd Doggxmfyv kmi loughu Jk~kmhth ûfgh

Gfmftyhu Vxafo Ckyovkgkt |ftfom lou km Hkty Ktfkm Doggxmfyv-

9Moyke`v, Ckyovkgkt ~uo~otk` lou uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh cki, kt k loxmikyfom ou ~f``ku, ÛDJk~km uhdomdf`fkyfom

kmi doo~hukyfom rfycfm #ky `hkty lou hku`v |hutfomt ol ych ~uo~otk`& km HX'`fah oubkmfzkyfom lou Hkty Ktfk #Tohvk

5>;>&-


10/31


3

Ych fihk ycky Ktfkm uhbfomk`ftg ft fmtyfyxyfom'`fbcy ft ekthi om k thy ol bo|humfmb ~ufmdf~`ht ycky

kuh xtxk``v tckuhi kgomb hsftyfmb oubkmfzkyfomt-

Lfuty, Ktfkt uhbfomk` kuukmbhghmyt yhmi yo hg~cktfzh l`hsfef`fyv, fmlougk`fyv, kmi domthmtxt-

K`ycoxbc ihdftfom'gkafmb ux`ht kuh duhkyhi yo exfì domthmtxt fm k l`hsfe`h rkv gouh yckm

ycuoxbc tyufdy xmkmfgfyv, ych ~uodhtt yhmit yo `fgfy ihdftf|hmhtt-

Thdomi, k bhmhuk` ~uhlhuhmdh lou mom'efmifmb kmi xmf`kyhuk` doggfyghmyt ghkmt Ktfkt

uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt o~hukyh xmihu lhr hs~`fdfy ~uodhixuk` ux`ht, kmi ih`hbkyh lhr yktat yo

tykmifmb thduhykufkyt- ^xy kmoychu rkv, ychfu gkmikyht kmi goik`fyfht kuh `kubh`v ih`fehukyf|h

kmi/ou ki|ftouv ukychu yckm iftyufexyf|h kmi/ou uhbx`kyouv-8

Ycfui, uhbfomk` oubkmfzkyfomt yhmi yo t~hdflv om`v k lhr oe`fbkyfomt lou ychfu ghgehut-

Kddhttfom yo uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt xtxk``v uh{xfuht lhr ~o`fdv dckmbht ou doggfyghmyt- Ktfkmuhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt yv~fdk``v fmd`xih k`` ych hdomogfht fm k bf|hm bhobuk~cfdk` kuhk- Ycft

fmd`xtf|fyv ft k`to hs~uhtthi fm yhugt ol o~hm uhbfomk`ftgou uhbfomk`ftg rfyc ych `hkty

iftdufgfmkyouv dog~omhmy lou momghgehutkm fihk lougk``v kllf`fkyhi rfyc K^HDt yukih

`fehuk`fzkyfom ~o`fdv, exy rcfdc k`to ckt k thdxufyv dommoykyfom, kt h|fihmdhi fm Ktfkt thdxufyv

fmtyfyxyfomtych KUL kmi, gouh uhdhmy`v, ych KTHKM Ihlhmdh Gfmftyhut Ghhyfmb ^`xt Hfbcy

#KIGG!3&ihtfbmhi lou hmbkbfmb ych gkjou ~orhut #Bkumkxy ;66;;&-

Moyke`h hsdh~yfomt fmd`xih K^HD

kmi kubxke`v KTHKM ycky ck|h fmyuoixdhi k thy ol ykubhyt kmi ux`ht yo bo|hum kdyfomt ol ychfu

ghgehut, k`ycoxbc ychfu kbuhhghmyt kuh tyf`` mom'efmifmb- Kt k uhtx`y, ych gomfyoufmb kmi

hmloudhghmy ~orhut ol goty uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt kuh t`hmihu-

&

O|hukudcfmb #5&KTHKM ~`xt ych ÛD, Jk~km, kmi Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk #KTHKM!4&1 Hkty KtfkTxggfy #HKT&

Lxmdyfomk` #3&

KTHKM!4 Gkduohdomogfd Uhthkudc Ollfdh #KGUO&1 Ekv ol Ehmbk` Fmfyfkyf|h louGx`yf'Thdyouk` Yhdcmfdk` kmi Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom #EFGTYHD&1 Dhmyuk` Ekmatol Toxychkty Ktfk, Mhr Zhk`kmi, kmi Kxtyuk`fk #THKMZK&1 Douk` Yufkmb`hFmfyfkyf|h #DYF&1 Duhify Bxkukmyhh kmi Fm|htyghmy Lkdf`fyv #DBFL&1 HdomogfdDoo~hukyfom Oubkmfzkyfom #HDO&1 Hshdxyf|ht Ghhyfmb ol Hkty Ktfk'^kdflfd

Dhmyuk` Ekmat #HGHK^&1 Mhyroua ol Ktfkm Uf|hu Ektfm Oubkmfzkyfomt #MKUEO&TXEUHBFOMK@ #5;&

Dhmyuk` Ktfk #4&

Lxmdyfomk` #4&Dhmyuk` Ktfk Uhbfomk` Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom #DKUHD&1 Fmyhumkyfomk` Lxmi louTk|fmb ych Kuk` Thk #FLKT&1 XM T~hdfk` ûobukggh lou ych Hdomogfht olDhmyuk` Ktfk #T^HDK&

Toxyc Ktfk #9&O|hukudcfmb #;& Toxyc Ktfkm Kttodfkyfom lou Uhbfomk` Doo~hukyfom #TKKUD&

k

Lxmdyfomk` #4&Ekv ol Ehmbk` ûobukggh Fmyhu'Bo|humghmyk` Oubkmftkyfom #EOE^'FBO&1Toxyc Ktfk Do'o~hukyf|h Hm|fuomghmy ûobukggh #TKDH^&1 Toxyc KtfkTxeuhbfomk` Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom #TKTHD&

Toxychkty Ktfk #


14/31


;5

Ih|hò~ghmy Dhmyuh, ych TKKUD Ghyhouoòbfdk` Uhthkudc Dhmyuh, ych TKKUD Yxehudxòtft kmi CF\/KFIT Dhmyuh, ych

Toxyc Ktfkm Xmf|hutfyv, kmi ych Toxyc Ktfkm Buoryc [xkiukmb`h-

e

Toxudh: KIE tykll ekthi om lfhì fmyhu|fhrt-

K mxgehu ol doo~hukyfom ~uobukgt kmi fmfyfkyf|ht o~hukyh xmihu ych KTHKM xgeuh``k- Ychth fmd`xih ych KTHKM

Dhmyuh lou Efoif|hutfyv, ych KTHKM Dhmyuh lou Hmhubv, ych KTHKM Dhmyuh lou ych Ih|hò~ghmy ol Kbufdx`yxuk`

Doo~hukyf|ht, ych KTHKM Doouifmkyfmb Dhmyuh lou Yukmteoxmikuv Ckzh o``xyfom, ych KTHKM Doxmdf` om hyuo`hxg, ych

KTHKM Hkuyc{xkah Fmlougkyfom Dhmyuh, ych KTHKM Loxmikyfom, ych KTHKM Fmtxukmdh Yukfmfmb kmi Uhthkudc Fmtyfyxyh,

ych KTHKM Fmyhubo|humghmyk` Doggfttfom om Cxgkm Ufbcyt, ych KTHKM T~hdfk`fzhi Ghyhouoòbfdk` Dhmyuh, kmi ych

KTHKM Xmf|hutfyv Mhyroua-

Lxmdyfomk` fmfyfkyf|ht yhmi yo lodxt om k `fgfyhi bhobuk~cfdk` kuhk, k`ycoxbc togh ol ychg ck|h

ehhm amorm yo ihhg~cktfzh bhobuk~cv kmi, fm to iofmb, ~oyhmyfk``v fg~hih kmv uhbfomk`fzfmb

fg~hukyf|h #Cxuuh`` ;668&- Ychv ihk` hsd`xtf|h`v rfyc hdomogfd kmi/ou ih|hò~ghmy gkyyhut

#txdc kt yukih, fm|htyghmy, lfmkmdh, `keou, fmluktyuxdyxuh, kmi todfohdomogfd fttxht& ycky kuh

yo k `kubh hsyhmy ih~o`fyfdfzhi #Ykm 5>>6&- Togh ol Ktfkt lxmdyfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt hmjov kghktxuh ol ih`hbkyfom, ~kuyfdx`ku`v ycoth fm Toxyc Ktfk, rchuhkt gkmv ol ycoth fm Toxychkty

Ktfk kuh gouh ~uo~hu`v domtfihuhi olltcooyt xmihu ych cfhukudcv kmi ~xu|fhr ol KTHKM- Ych

KIE `fty fmd`xiht lxmdyfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt fm Ktfk kmi ych ^kdflfd- Ky ych txeuhbfomk` `h|h`, ychuh

kuh fmfyfkyf|ht txdc kt ych Dhmyuk` Ktfk Uhbfomk` Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom #DKUHD&, ych Buhkyhu

Ghaomb Txeuhbfom #BGT& Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom ûobukg, ych Buhkyhu Yxghm Fmfyfkyf|h #BYF&,

kmi ych Toxyc Ktfkm Txeuhbfomk` Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom #TKTHD&- Hskg~`ht ol fmyukuhbfomk`

lxmdyfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt fmd`xih ych KTHKM!4 Gkduohdomogfd Uhthkudc Ollfdh1 ych Ekv ol

Ehmbk` Fmfyfkyf|h lou Gx`yf'Thdyouk` Yhdcmfdk` kmi Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom1 ych Douk` Yufkmb`h

Fmfyfkyf|h1 ych Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom Oubkmfzkyfom1 ych Hshdxyf|ht Ghhyfmb ol Hkty Ktfk'^kdflfd

Dhmyuk` Ekmat1 kmi ych Mhyroua ol Ktfkm Uf|hu Ektfm Oubkmfzkyfomt-

Ktfkt lkdf`fykyfmbfmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk`ftg kuh ych Xmfyhi Mkyfomt #XM& Hdomogfd kmi Todfk`

Doggfttfom lou Ktfk kmi ych ^kdflfd #HTDK^& kmi KIE- Ychth yro oubkmfzkyfomt ~`kv k

xmf{xh uo`h kt thu|fdh ~uo|fihut yo ychfu ghgehu hdomogfht kmi ychfu mkyfomk` kmi uhbfomk`

fmtyfyxyfomt yo lkdf`fykyh uhbfomk` doo~hukyfom kmi fmyhbukyfom- Ychv dkm goef`fzh `kubh lxmit

luog ychfu fmyhumk` ~uobukgt kmi yk~ luog tfzke`h ~oo`t ol uhtoxudht luog ychfu ~kuymhut kmi

kllf`fkyht, ixh yo ych cfbc `h|h` ol uh~xykyfom ychv doggkmi- Yv~fdk``v, ychv ~uo|fih ki|ftouv,

kigfmftyukyf|h, yhdcmfdk`, kmi lfmkmdfk` tx~~ouy- Fm txeuhbfomt rchuh o|hukudcfmb fmtyfyxyfomt

kuh hfychu rhka ou momhsftyhmy, lkdf`fykyfmb kbhmdfht ~`kv ahv uo`ht fm ch`~fmb lxmdyfomk`

fmtyfyxyfomt domyufexyh yo uhbfomk` doo~hukyfom kmi fmyhbukyfom kdyfmb kt dkyk`vtyt kmidoouifmkyoutou comhty euoahut lou uhbfomk` fmfyfkyf|ht, kt dk~kdfyv exfìhut, kmi kt

~uo|fihut ol amor`hibh kmi fmlougkyfom om uhbfomk`ftg, fm kiifyfom yo ychfu uo`h kt lxmihut ol

uhbfomk` ~uojhdyt-;>

;>

Fm ft fg~ouykmy yo tyuhtt ycky mhfychu KIE mou HTDK^ gkah tyukyhbfd ihdftfomt om uhbfomk`ftg, rcfdc kuh ych

~xu|fhr ol ychfu ghgehu doxmyufht bo|humghmyt kmi #yo togh hsyhmy& o|hukudcfmb fmtyfyxyfomt, tyuf|fmb fmtyhki yo


15/31


;4

Ych `fgfyhi uhgfy kmi tdo~h ol ycft tyxiv ioht moy ~hugfy km fm|htyfbkyfom fmyo k`` ycuhh

dkyhboufht ol Ktfkm fmtyfyxyfomt- Rcky ych lo`òrfmb iftdxttfom thhat yo io ft yo òoa ky th`hdy

f``xtyukyfomt ol o|hukudcfmb kmi lxmdyfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt lodxthi om Hkty kmi Toxyc Ktfk-

8- O\HUKUDCFMB TXEUHBFOMK@ FMTYFYXYFOMT:

DOG^KUFMB KTHKM KMI TKKUD

Yro hskg~`ht ol o|hukudcfmb fmtyfyxyfomt kuh ych txeuhbfomk` oubkmfzkyfomt o~hukyfmb fm

Toxychkty kmi Toxyc Ktfk: KTHKM kmi TKKUD- Ychth fmtyfyxyfomt ck|h dhuykfm tfgf`kufyfht kt

ychv eoyc kuh fmyhubo|humghmyk` kuukmbhghmyt o~hukyfmb fm yro `kubh kmi ivmkgfd txeuhbfomt-

Ychfu ihdftfom'gkafmb tyuxdyxuht kuh `kubh`v domthmtxt'ekthi, kmi ychfu bhmhuk` k~~uokdc ft

yo kio~y |o`xmykuv fmfyfkyf|ht ycky kuh moy `hbk``v efmifmb- Ychfu lxmdyfomt kuh yv~fdk``v uh`kyhi yo

ki|ftouv, mom'ih`fehukyf|h uo`ht, kmi ychv kuh #uh`kyf|h`v& tcouy om ~orhu ih`hbkyfom luog ychfu

ghgehu doxmyufht- Mh|huych`htt, ychth fmtyfyxyfomt ift~`kv fmyhuhtyfmb ifllhuhmdht-

KTHKM, htyke`ftchi fm ;6>4 ychv yooa ych eoì ihdftfom yo duhkyh km KTHKM Hdomogfd Doggxmfyv #KHD&

ev 5>;8 #oufbfmk``v 5>5>&- ;;

Om ych oychu ckmi, `kxmdchi fm ;638, TKKUD, duhkyhi kt km kdy ol lkfyc

Fm 5>>8, KTHKM `hkihut ~uo~othi ych lougx`kyfom ol km KTHKM

Dckuyhu, rcfdc rkt lougk``v kio~yhi fm Mo|hgehu 5>>2, htyke`ftcfmb KTHKM kt k ux`ht'ekthi

fmtyfyxyfom rfyc togh efmifmb `hbk` oe`fbkyfomt-

;5

hmtxuh ycky ormhutcf~ ol ych ~uobukgt kmi fmfyfkyf|ht ychv lfmkmdh kmi tx~~ouy uhtyt rfyc bo|humghmytychgth`|ht-

bf|hm ych fmfyfk`

`kda ol kmv tckuhi fmyhuhty kmi/ou k|hutfom kgomb fyt ghgehu doxmyufht, ckt tcorm lhrhu

uhtx`yt yckm fyt Toxychkty Ktfkm doxmyhu~kuy- Luog k ;664 kbuhhghmy yo bukixk``v òrhu ykufllt

kgomb ghgehu hdomogfht, `hkihut ih|fthi ych Toxyc Ktfkm Luhh Yukih Kbuhhghmy #TKLYK&

fm 5>>9, rcfdc hmyhuhi fmyo loudh loxu vhkut `kyhu- Corh|hu, TKLYK ckt ehhm ckg~huhi ev

fttxht txdc kt o|huk`` òr fmyukuhbfomk` yukih ukyfot kmi km fmduhktfmb fmdogh bk~, ^kaftykmt

uhlxtk` yo hsyhmi goty lk|ouhi mkyfom #GLM& tykyxt yo Fmifk, kmi txeuhbfomk` bufh|kmdh kbkfmty

Fmifkt fg~otfyfom ol momykufll ekuufhut yo yukih- Ef`kyhuk` yhmtfomt kmi doml`fdyt, rfyc ych Fmio

;;Fm kiifyfom yo ych KHD ev 5>;8, KTHKM kt~fuht yo htyke`ftc ych KTHKM ô`fyfdk`Thdxufyv Doggxmfyv #K^TD,

loughu`v amorm kt ych KTHKM Thdxufyv Doggxmfyv ou KTD&, kmi KTHKM TodfoDx`yxuk` Doggxmfyv #KTDD&-

Ykahm yobhychu, ych KHD, K^TD, kmi KTDD rf`` loug ych ycuhh ~f``kut ol ych KTHKM Doggxmfyv-

;5Fmifkm ûfgh Gfmftyhu Ukjf| Bkmicft ihtduf~yfom ol TKKUDt duhkyfom ky ych lfuty TKKUD Txggfy fm Ickak fm

;638 #Dchuxmf`kg 5>>3: 494&-


16/31


;9

^kaftykmf doml`fdy ehfmb ych goty yuoxe`htogh, ck|h tfbmflfdkmy`v fg~hihi hllhdyf|h txeuhbfomk`

doo~hukyfom-

Eoyc fmtyfyxyfomt thduhykufkyt, rcoth uhgfyt ck|h ~ufmdf~k``v ehhm yo lxumftc kigfmftyukyf|h

tx~~ouy ukychu yckm ehhm fm|htyhi rfyc ~orhut ol ih`hbkyfom, domyfmxh yo eh lxmihi ev |huv

tgk`` exibhyt kmi ifi moy kfg yo duhkyh uhbfomk` exuhkxdukdfht ~uogoyfmb k gouh fmih~hmihmykbhmik lou fmyhbukyfom ehvomi ych tdo~h ~uo|fihi ev fmyhubo|humghmyk` doo~hukyfom

tyuxdyxuht- Fm ych ;63>t, KTHKMt fdomfd ~uojhdyt rhuh gkmkbhi ev doggfyyhht, exy ychth

rhuh moy bf|hm uht~omtfef`fyv o|hu ych buorfmb hdomogfd fmyhukdyfomt kmi fmyhbukyfom fm ych

Toxychkty Ktfkm uhbfom ycky rkt fm hllhdy iuf|hm `kubh`v ev yukih `fehuk`fzkyfom ~o`fdfht kio~yhi

ev fmif|fixk` ghgehu doxmyufht- KTHKM ckt ehhm ke`h yo hmckmdh fyt thduhykufky, corh|hu,

rfyc ych kio~yfom ol ych dckuyhu kmi oychu fmfyfkyf|ht yo hs~kmi fyt fmtyfyxyfomk` lxmdyfom- Ych

dckuyhu rkt k`to km fg~ouykmy tyh~ yo fg~uo|h KTHKMt dog~`fkmdh ghdckmftgt, tyuhkg`fmh

fyt ihdftfom'gkafmb tyuxdyxuh, kmi tyuhmbychm fyt ift~xyh'thyy`hghmy ghdckmftg-

Exy th|huk` fg~ouykmy lkdyout domyfmxh yo `fgfy fyt uo`h txdc kt ych ~ufmdf~`h ol h{xk` domyufexyfomyo ych thduhykufkyt exibhy kmi ych lkdy ycky fy dkmmoy ykah kmv gkjou ~uo~otk` ou fmfyfkyf|h

rfycoxy ych lx`` domthmy ol ghgehu doxmyufht bo|humghmy ollfdfk`t, eh fy fm ych loug ol fyt thmfou

ollfdfk`t ghhyfmbt, thmfou hdomogfd ollfdfk`t ghhyfmbt, ou cfbc'`h|h` ykta loudh-;4

Kt km fmyhubo|humghmyk` fmtyfyxyfom, TKKUD kio~yhi km oubkmfzkyfomk` tyuxdyxuh tfgf`ku yo

KTHKMt ixufmb fyt hku`v vhkut- K doxmdf` ol louhfbm gfmftyhut, kttftyhi ev k tykmifmb

doggfyyhh ol thmfou ollfdfk`t, ft hmyuxtyhi rfyc ych lougx`kyfom ol ~o`fdfht, uh|fhr ol ~uobuhtt,

kmi gkafmb ihdftfomt om mhr kuhkt ol doo~hukyfom, kt rh`` kt ych htyke`ftcghmy ol

ghdckmftgt ycky kuh ihhghi mhdhttkuv- Gxdc `fah KTHKMt doggfyyhht, TKKUD yhdcmfdk`

doggfyyhht #ou doggfyyhht ol hs~huyt& ck|h ehhm htyke`ftchi yo fg~`hghmy, doouifmkyh, kmi

gomfyou ~uobuhtt ol fyt fmyhbukyfom ~uojhdyt #Ukbck|km ;668&- Ychth doggfyyhht lodxt ychfu

kdyf|fyfht om fmluktyuxdyxuh, tdfhmdh kmi yhdcmoòbv, cxgkm ih|hò~ghmy, kmi hmhubv-

Ih`hbkyfom yo

ych thduhykufky ft `fgfyhi yo gkmkbfmb ych ift~xyh thyy`hghmy ghdckmftg kmi gomfyoufmb ych

fg~`hghmykyfom ol ych KTHKM Hdomogfd Doggxmfyv #KHD& E`xh~ufmy- Ycft txbbhtyt ycky

iht~fyh ych ~uobuhtt gkih yorkuit k ux`ht'ekthi uhbfomk`ftg, KTHKM uhgkfmt uoexty`v

fmyhubo|humghmyk`, rfyc `fyy`h ih`hbkyfom tfmdh fy uh`fht om olltcooyt ukychu yckm fmih~hmihmy

kbhmdfht yo fg~`hghmy ~o`fdv- Km fmih~hmihmy uh|fhr uhdhmy`v domixdyhi ev ych thduhykufky

txbbhtyhi ycky om`v keoxy 4>( ol ych uhbfomk` doo~hukyfom fmfyfkyf|ht ykahm ev KTHKM o|hu ych

vhkut ck|h ehhm kdyxk``v fg~`hghmyhi, ukftfmb k dufyfdk` {xhtyfom o|hu ych hllhdyf|hmhtt ol ychoubkmfzkyfom kmi ~uo|fifmb km kiifyfomk` goyf|kyfom lou fmyuoixdfmb lxuychu fmtyfyxyfomk` uhlougt

kmi fmmo|kyfom #Ihtahu 5>>3&-

Luog k òmbtykmifmb tx~~ouyfmb uo`h, TKKUD thduhykufkyt kbhmik ckt hs~kmihi yo fmd`xih

do|hukbh ol fttxht txdc kt uhbfomk` dommhdyf|fyv kmi cxgkm ih|hò~ghmy, kt rh`` kt ~o`fdv

doouifmkyfom fm uht~omth yo ych 5>>35>>6 bòek` lfmkmdfk` duftft- Exy ych fg~`hghmykyfom ol

;4Om ych `fgfykyfomt ol ych KTHKM Thduhykufky, ~uh' kmi ~oty'dckuyhu, thh Th|hufmo #5>>


17/31


;8

TKKUDt chukìhi fdomfd ~uojhdy, ych Toxyc Ktfk Luhh Yukih Kuhk #TKLYK& ft `kbbfmb ehcfmi-

Ky ych tkgh yfgh, corh|hu, k ahv fmmo|kyfom fm TKKUD ft ych duhkyfom ol uhbfomk` dhmyhut

ycfuyhhm dxuuhmy`v hsftyycky lodxt om t~hdflfd ~uobukgt yo lkdf`fykyh uhbfomk` doo~hukyfom ky ych

buoxmi `h|h`- Fmyhuhtyfmb`v, ych dk~fyk` doty kmi kigfmftyukyf|h exibhy ol hkdc uhbfomk` dhmyhu

kuh eoumh ev ych uht~hdyf|h coty doxmyuv, rcf`h ~uobukg exibhyt kuh tckuhi ev k`` ghgehubo|humghmyt fm ~uo~ouyfom yo ychfu buott ioghtyfd ~uoixdy #BI^&- Ych dhmyhut kuh o|huthhm ev

ych thduhykufky, rcfdc uh~ouyt om ychfu kdyf|fyfht yo ych txggfy- Ych kdyf|fyfht kuh k~~uo|hi ev

ych ~uobukg doggfyyhh kmi ych txggfy, rchuhkt fg~`hghmykyfom uht~omtfef`fyv uhtyt rfyc coty

doxmyuv bo|humghmyt- Ycft txbbhtyt ycky rcf`h domduhyh uhtx`yt fm yhugt ol dòthu uhbfomk`

fmyhbukyfom gkv tyf`` ykah yfgh yo eh thhm, TKKUD ckt gkih ~uobuhtt fm fyt bo|humkmdh

tyuxdyxuh, kt ychuh ftom ~k~huk ukychu hsyhmtf|h ih`hbkyfom ol uht~omtfef`fyfht yo th~kukyh

fmtyfyxyfomt #Ekux 5>>6&-

KTHKM d`hku`v `hkit TKKUD fm o|huk`` hdomogfd fmyhbukyfom- Ych fmyuoixdyfom ol ych KHD

E`xh~ufmy, kddog~kmfhi ev k tvtyhg ol tdouh dkuit yo gomfyou ghgehut dog~`fkmdh rfyc ychfu

doggfyghmyt yo go|h kòmb ych duhkyfom ol k doggom KTHKM gkuahy ck|h duhkyhi k

goghmyxg- KTHKMt ~kuyfdf~kyfom fm ych Buox~ ol Yrhmyv #B5>& ghhyfmbt, kèhfy tyf`` kt km

oethu|hu, ckt lxuychu ~uogoyhi ych ~f|oyk` uo`h fy ft ~`kvfmb yo tx~~ouy rfihu Ktfkm fmyhbukyfom-

Corh|hu, TKKUD ckt tcorm gouh fmmo|kyfom fm ih`hbkyfom yckm KTHKM, rcoth tyuxdyxuht

kmi bo|humfmb ~ufmdf~`ht uhgkfm uoexty`v fmyhubo|humghmyk`- ;9


18/31


;>5 k BGT `hkihut txggfy ckt ehhm oubkmfzhi h|huv ycuhh vhkut-;8

K lhkyxuh ol BGT ckt ehhm k lodxt om lo`òrfmb k eoyyog'x~ k~~uokdc, iuf|hm ev òdk`

kxycoufyfht kmi doggxmfyfht gouh yckm ev mkyfomk` bo|humghmyt, kmi htyke`ftcfmb hdomogfd

`fmat kgomb fyt ghgehut- K`ycoxbc KIE ckt domyfmxoxt`v ~uo|fihi lfmkmdfk` kmi yhdcmfdk`tx~~ouy, ych BGT fmtyfyxyfomk` tyuxdyxuh ft ifuhdy`v oubkmfzhi ev fyt ghgehu doxmyufht- @odk`

domtyfyxhmdfht ck|h ~uo~othi kmi fmyuoixdhi mhr fmfyfkyf|ht kmi lxmifmb ckt ehhm toxudhi

luog ghgehu doxmyufht kmi fmyhumkyfomk` iomout- Kt k uhtx`y, ych BGT ckt txddhttlx``v

mkuuorhi ych fmdogh bk~ kmi ~uogoyhi k dòthu thmth ol doggxmfyv kgomb fyt ghgehut- Fy ft

olyhm dfyhi kt km hskg~`h ol txddhttlx` txeuhbfomk` fmyhbukyfom-

Duhkyhi fm ;662 luog k Yckf ~uo~otk` yo htyke`ftc k `fma ehyrhhm Toxychkty kmi Toxyc Ktfk lou

~uogoyfmb hdomogfd ih|hò~ghmy ycuoxbc ych fg~`hghmykyfom ol yhdcmfdk` doo~hukyfom

~uojhdyt kgomb mhfbceoufmb doxmyufht, EFGTYHD dkm eh thhm kt ych dogfmb yobhychu ol ych

@ooa Rhty ~o`fdv ol Yckf`kmi kmi ych @ooa Hkty~o`fdv ol Fmifk #Ih|f 5>>2&- Ych buox~,

dog~uftfmb lf|h TKKUD doxmyufht #Ekmb`kihtc, Ecxykm, Fmifk, Mh~k`, kmi Tuf @kmak& ~`xt

Gvkmgku kmi Yckf`kmi, ~uogoyht yhdcmfdk` doo~hukyfom fm ;9 ~ufoufyv thdyout, hkdc `hi ev

ghgehut om k |o`xmykuv ektft-;>6-


19/31


;2

rkv lou km h|hmyxk` luhh yukih kuhk k`ycoxbc togh oethu|hut io moy louhthh ycft ih|hò~ghmy

kt `fah`v yo ck~~hm fm ych mhku lxyxuh- EFGTYHD ckt mo thduhykufky kmi fyt kdyf|fyfht kuh

doouifmkyhi ev km ollfdh òdkyhi fm ych Yckf Louhfbm Gfmftyuv, exy ~uh~kukyfomt kuh dxuuhmy`v

ehfmb gkih lou ych htyke`ftcghmy ol k ~hugkmhmy thduhykufky ycky doxì eh fm Ekmb`kihtc ou

Tuf @kmak, kt eoyc ck|h ollhuhi yo thu|h kt coty doxmyufht-Fm ych kuhk ol uhbfomk` lfmkmdfk` doo~hukyfom, yro ol ych gkfm fmfyfkyf|ht ycky hghubhi luog ych

Hdomogfd Uh|fhr kmi ô`fdv Ifkòbxh tykuyhi ev ych KTHKM!4 doxmyufht klyhu ych Ktfkm

lfmkmdfk` duftft ol ;662;663 kuh ych Dcfkmb Gkf Fmfyfkyf|h #DGF& kmi fyt gx`yf`kyhuk`fzkyfom

#DGFG&, kmi ych Ktfkm Eomi Gkuahyt Fmfyfkyf|h #KEGF& #KIE 5>>31 Kumhu 5>>61 Bodcodo'

Ekxyftyk 5>>61 Dk~kmmh``f 5>;;&-;2

Ych Xmfyhi Tykyht #XT& |hyo yo ych duhkyfom ol km Ktfkm Gomhykuv Lxmi #KGL&, ~uo~othi evJk~km fm uhkdyfom yo ych ;662;663 Ktfkm lfmkmdfk` duftft, `hi yo ych tyuhmbychmfmb ol Ktfkt

lfmkmdfk` doo~hukyfom- Fm ~kuyfdx`ku, ych lfuty oejhdyf|h ol Ktfkm doxmyufht rkt yo fmtxuh

ychgth`|ht kbkfmty ych uhdxuuhmdh ol k tfgf`ku, ih|ktykyfmb duftft kmi ykafmb luog km hsftyfmb

KTHKM trk~ kbuhhghmy fmyuoixdhi fm ;623, ychv thy x~ ych DGF, ou k tvtyhg ol ef`kyhuk`

dxuuhmdv trk~t kgomb uhbfomk` gomhykuv kxycoufyfht yo ~uo|fih tcouy'yhug `f{xfifyv yo

doxmyufht fm fgghifkyh mhhi- @kxmdchi fm 5>>>, ych DGF ckt hs~kmihi kmi ych tvtyhg ol

ef`kyhuk` trk~ kbuhhghmyt rkt gx`yf`kyhuk`fzhi fm 5>>3, duhkyfmb k doggom ~oo` ol uhbfomk`

lxmitych DGFGbo|humhi ev k tfmb`h domyukdy kmi do``hdyf|h`v gkmkbhi ev ych KTHKM!4

doxmyufht #KIE 5>;>&-

Rh iftdxtt ehòr ych DGFG kmi ych douo``kuv ihdftfom yo

thy x~ k uhbfomk` txu|hf``kmdh kbhmdv xmihu ych KGUO, kt fy tcort ych kef`fyv ol Ktfkm

bo|humghmyt yo fmyuoixdh km fmtyfyxyfomk` fmmo|kyfom kt km KTHKM!4 olltcooy, rfyc ~oyhmyfk`

fg~ouykmy fg~`fdkyfomt lou ych lxyxuh ol uhbfomk` hdomogfd doo~hukyfom-

Ych KTHKM!4 lfmkmdh gfmftyhut kbuhhi ky ychfu 5>>6 ghhyfmb fm Ek`f, Fmiomhtfk, om ych gkfm

DGFG dog~omhmyt, txdc kt fmif|fixk` doxmyuv domyufexyfomt, eouuorfmb kddhttfef`fyv, kmi ych

fmyuoixdyfom ol k uhbfomk` txu|hf``kmdh ghdckmftg yo hmtxuh ycky eouuorhut ol DGFG lxmit

roxì ck|h hmoxbc dk~kdfyv yo uh~kv ychfu ihey- ;3

;2

Ych KEGF, rcfdc rkt ollfdfk``v `kxmdchi fm 5>>4, kfgt yo ch`~ uhdvd`fmb Ktfkm tk|fmbt fmyo Ktfkm fm|htyghmy ev

~uogoyfmb ych ih|hò~ghmy ol òdk` dxuuhmdv'ihmogfmkyhi eomi gkuahyt, lkdf`fykyfmb buhkyhu kddhttfef`fyv yo ych

uhbfomk` eomi gkuahyt, kmi hmckmdfmb gkuahy fmluktyuxdyxuh-

Ych tfzh ol fyt uhthu|h ~oo` rkt lfuty

fmduhkthi luog )3> ef``fom yo );5> ef``fom, kmi fm Gkudc 5>;5 fy rkt ioxe`hi yo )59> ef``fom rfyc

KTHKM doxmyufht ehkufmb 5>( ol ych lxmit domyufexyfomt kmi ych oychu 3>( eoumh ev ych

^`xt Ycuhh doxmyufht- Fm ~kuyfdx`ku, ych fmyhubo|humghmyk` uhto`xyfom om ych domyufexyfom

tckuht ol ych ÛD, Jk~km, kmi ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk ft buoxmihi om km hsdh``hmy oxydogh ol

lfmkmdfk` if~ògkdv kt Ktfkt yro `kubhty hdomogfhtych ÛD kmi Jk~kmkbuhhi yo ~hudhf|h

ychgth`|ht kt h{xk``v tfzhi, rcf`h k`òrfmb ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk yo ~otfyfom fyth`l kt coìfmb k

tckuh h{xk` yo ck`l ol ych yro- Ych 3>( domyufexyfom tckuh ol ych ^`xt Ycuhh doxmyufht rkt fm

;3Ych DGFG ollfdfk``v dkgh fmyo hllhdy om 59 Gkudc 5>;>-


20/31


;3

lkdy h{xk``v if|fihi ehyrhhm Jk~km kmi ych ÛD, rcfdc coì k 45( tckuh hkdc fm ych DGFG,

rfyc ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk domyufexyfmb ych uhgkfmfmb ;;;&-;6

Ych tgk`` doxmyuv efkt fm lk|ou ol ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk ft xthi kt k gouh bhmhuk` ~ufmdf~`h fm

ych bo|humkmdh ol DGFG yo moy om`v k`òdkyh ych 5>( domyufexyfom tckuht kgomb ych KTHKM

doxmyufht, exy k`tokmi gouh fg~ouykmy`vyo ihdfih ych gx`yf~`fhu xthi yo ihyhugfmh ychkdyxk` {xoyk ycky hkdc doxmyuv dkm eouuor, ekthi om fyt lfmkmdfk` domyufexyfom- Kt Yke`h 5

tcort, rcf`h ych gx`yf~`fhu lou `kubh hdomogfht txdc kt ych ÛD kmi Jk~km ft om`v 8>( ol

ychfu lfmkmdfk` domyufexyfomt, ych tgk``hu KTHKM hdomogfht dkm eouuor luog ych DGFG lf|h

yfght kt gxdc ychfu lfmkmdfk` domyufexyfomt- Kmi fm yhugt ol |oyfmb ~orhu, ych KTHKM doxmyufht

do``hdyf|h`v doggkmi k 53-9;( tckuh ol ych yoyk`, rcfdc ft uh`kyf|h`v cfbchu yckm ychfu do``hdyf|h

tckuh ol lfmkmdfk` domyufexyfomt #5>(&-

Kmoychu fg~ouykmy fmmo|kyfom fmyuoixdhi rfyc ych DGFG ft k ih~kuyxuh luog k ihdftfom'gkafmb

tyuxdyxuh ekthi xmf{xh`v om domthmtxt yo kio~y k gouh l`hsfe`h tvtyhg k`òrfmb lou k yro'

ycfuit {xk`flfhi gkjoufyv fm ych dkth ol o~hukyfomk` #`hmifmb& gkyyhut, rcf`h ihdftfomt omlxmikghmyk` fttxht, txdc kt kbuhhghmyt om ych yhugt ol `hmifmb, uh|fhrt ol eouuorfmb

gx`yf~`fhut, ghgehutcf~, tfzh, kmi FGL domifyfomk`fyv ukyfot, domyfmxh yo eh ykahm ev domthmtxt

kgomb ych KTHKM!4 ghgehut- Ych DGFG |oyfmb tckuht k`to uhl`hdy k ihyhugfmkyfom moy yo

k`òr kmv ol ych ^`xt Ycuhh doxmyufht fmif|fixk``v, mou k`` KTHKM doxmyufht yobhychu, yo coì k

|hyo ~orhu om ihdftfom gkafmb-

;6Ych ÛD tckuh ft kdyxk``v if|fihi ehyrhhm k 53-8( domyufexyfom luog ych ÛD kmi k 4-8( domyufexyfom luog

Comb Aomb, Dcfmk- Ixh yo ych mkyxuh ol ych DGF, ekthi om ych kddxgx`kyfom ol louhfbm hsdckmbh uhthu|ht ev

Ktfkm doxmyufht yo eh goef`fzhi fm dkth ol tcouy'yhug `f{xfifyv mhhit, uh~uhthmykyf|ht ol ych Comb Aomb Gomhykuv

Kxycoufyv ck|h domyfmxoxt`v tckuhi k ~uhthmdh fm DGF ghhyfmbt rfyc uh~uhthmykyf|ht luog ych ^ho~`ht Ekma ol

Dcfmk-


21/31


;6

Yke`h 5: X~ikyhi Lfmkmdfk` Domyufexyfomt, Eouuorfmb Kuukmbhghmyt, kmi \oyfmb ôrhu

xmihu ych DGFG #klyhu yoyk` tfzh fmduhkth yo )59> ef``fom&

Ghgehut

Lfmkmdfk`

Domyufexyfomt

Eouuorfmb

Kuukmbhghmyt

\oyfmb

ôrhu

) ef``fom(

tckuh Gx`yf~`fhu

[xoyk:Gksfgxg

Trk~Kgoxmy #)

ef``fom&

Mo- olEktfd\oyht

Mo- ol \oyhtEkthi om

DomyufexyfomtYoyk` Mo-ol \oyht ( tckuh

ÛD #fmd`xiht CombAomb, Dcfmk&

2>45->>> 53-9;>

ÛD #hsd`xiht CombAomb, Dcfmk

> 53-8>> >-8> 49-5> 4-5>> > 2;-> 58-94>

Comb Aomb, Dcfmk 3-9>> 4-8>>5-8> >->>> 3-9>>

3-9>>5-63>

Jk~km 2> 45->>> >-8> 43-9> 4-5>> 2> 3>->>> 53-9;>

Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk 43-9>> ;>> ;->> 43-9> 4-5>> 43-9>> 9;-> ;9-22>

^`xt Ycuhh Doxmyufht ;65->>> 3>->>> 6-> ;65->>> 5>;-> 2;-86>

Euxmhf Ikuxttk`kg >-> >->58 8->> >-4> 4-5>> >-> 4-5 ;-;83

Dkgeoifk >-59> >-;>> 8->> ;-5> 4-5>> >-59> 4-99> ;-555

Fmiomhtfk 6-;>9 4-264 5-8> 55-2< 4-5>> 6-;>9 ;5-4>> 9-4-> >->58 8->> >-4> 4-5>> >-> 4-5 ;-;83

Gk`kvtfk 6-;>9 4-264 5-8> 55-2< 4-5>> 6-;>9 ;5-4>> 9-4-;5> >->8> 8->> >- 4-5>> >-;5> 4-45> ;-;26

^cf`f~~fmht 6-;>9 4-264 5-8> 55-2< 4-5>> 6-;>9 ;5-4>> 9-49 4-264 5-8> 55-2< 4-5>> 6-;>9 ;5-4>> 9-49 4-264 5-8> 55-2< 4-5>> 6-;>9 ;5-4>> 9-4>> >-344 8->> ;>->> 4-5>> 5->>> 8-5>> ;-392

KTHKM 93->> 5>->> 45->> 93->> 3>->> 53-9;

KTHKM!4 59>->> ;>>->> 9;- 59>->> 53;- ;>>->>

KTHKM 7 Kttodfkyfom ol Toxychkty Ktfkm Mkyfomt1 KTHKM!4 7 KTHKM ~`xt ych UD, Jk~km kmi ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk1

@ko IU 7 @ko ho~`ht Ihgodukyfd Uh~xe`fd1 UD 7 ho~`ht Uh~xe`fd ol Dcfmk-

Toxudh: KTHKM!4 Gkduohdomogfd Uhthkudc Ollfdh-

Ych ihdftfom yo duhkyh ych KGUO rkt ollfdfk``v gkih ky ych KTHKM!4 lfmkmdh gfmftyhutghhyfmb fm Gkv 5>;>- Ych gkmikyh ol ycft mhr fmtyfyxyfom, thy x~ fm Tfmbk~ouh fm 5>;;, ft yo

domixdy uhbfomk` gkduohdomogfd kmi lfmkmdfk` txu|hf``kmdh yo hmtxuh ycky eouuorfmb doxmyufht

dkm ghhy ych uh~kvghmy domifyfomt ol ychfu ihey- Rcf`h togh oethu|hut ck|h moyhi ycky ych

dogefmkyfom ol k uhbfomk``v ~oo`hi lxmi ol fmyhumkyfomk` uhthu|ht kmi k uhbfomk` txu|hf``kmdh

kbhmdv ft tfgf`ku yo ych ih'lkdyo duhkyfom ol km KGL, gouh yckm k ihdkih klyhu ych oufbfmk`

Jk~kmhth ~uo~otk`, oychut yhmi yo tyuhtt ych dog~`hghmykuv uh`kyfomtcf~ ycky ych DGFG


22/31


5>

KGUO dogefmkyfom rf`` ck|h rfyc ych FGL fm fyt lxmdyfomt kt eoyc k lfmkmdfk` duftht'uhtdxfmb

kbhmdv kt rh`` kt k bòek` kmi mkyfomk` gkduohdomogfd txu|hf``kmdh fmtyfyxyfom #Akrkf 5>>61

Dk~kmmh``f 5>;;&-5>

Ych duhkyfom ol ych KGUO doxì fmihhi thu|h kt k tyh~~fmb'tyomh yo ych lougkyfom ol km KGL-

Corh|hu, k lxmikghmyk` fttxh domdhumt rchychu ych KGUO rf`` eh ke`h yo exfì x~ fytuh~xykyfom kt k yhdcmfdk``v to`fi kmi fmih~hmihmy kbhmdv rfyc tyuomb gkduohdomogfd

txu|hf``kmdh dk~kef`fyfht- Fm ~kuyfdx`ku, ychuh ft ych mhhi yo ih|hò~ km k~~uo~ufkyh uhbx`kyouv

ghdckmftg ycky doxì fmtx`kyh ych iftyfmdyf|h lougt ol tykyh'`hi dk~fyk`ftg ~uhthmy fm togh ol

fyt ghgehut luog ych xmihtfuke`h hdomogfd kmi ~o`fyfdk` fg~kdyt ol ~kuyfdf~kyfom fm ych bòek`

~o`fyfdk` hdomogv, rcf`h k`òrfmb ychg yo ykah ki|kmykbh ol fyt ehmhlfyt #Ehhtom 5>>4&- Ych

fttxh ft ektfdk``v rchychu ych KGUO rf`` eh ke`h yo ih`f|hu kt kmi rchm dk``hi x~om lou

uhbx`kyouv doo~hukyfom, tykmikui ckugomfzkyfom, hmckmdhi yukmt~kuhmdv, kmi gx`yf'`h|h`

bo|humkmdh, kmi gouh t~hdflfdk``v yo ~uo|fih ych txu|hf``kmdh kmi uh|fhr ~uodhtt ycky k

txddhttlx` DGFG uh{xfuht-

Ych txddhtt ol ych DGFG fyth`l ft vhy yo eh yhtyhi kt to lku mo doxmyuv ckt k~~`fhi lou

eouuorfmb luog ych uhbfomk` ~oo` ol uhthu|ht- Lou hskg~`h, rchm eoyc ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk

kmi Tfmbk~ouh mhhihi `f{xfifyv tx~~ouy ixufmb ych uhdhmy bòek` lfmkmdfk` duftft yorkuit ych hmi

ol 5>>3, ychv o~yhi yo uh{xhty ef`kyhuk` duhify `fmht luog ych XT Lhihuk` Uhthu|h, ych Ekma ol

Jk~km, kmi ych ^ho~`ht Ekma ol Dcfmk fmtyhki ol thhafmb yo goef`fzh DGFG lxmit, rcfdc

ukftht fttxht uh`kyhi yo ych k~~uo~ufkyhmhtt ol ych lxmi tfzh- Oychu dck``hmbht lkdfmb ych

DGFG ih|hò~ghmy domdhum ych ~ottfe`h hs~kmtfom ol fyt ghgehutcf~, kt doxmyufht txdc kt

Fmifk, lou hskg~`h, ck|h uh~hkyhi`v gkmflhtyhi k ahhm fmyhuhtyhi yo eh euoxbcy fm, kt rh`` kt k

~ottfe`h if|hutflfdkyfom ol fyt kdyf|fyfht, luog hghubhmdv `hmifmb yo ych fttxkmdh ol ifllhuhmy

lfmkmdfk` ktthyt rcfdc doxì h|hmyxk``v `hki ych DGFG kmi ych KGUO yo ih|hò~ fmyo k ~uo~huKGL, kt k uhbfomk` lxmi lou gomhykuv doo~hukyfom-

2- TYUHMBYCHMFMB KTFKT FMTYFYXYFOMK@

KUDCFYHDYXUH YCUOXBC FMMO\KYFOM KMI UHLOUG

Uhlhuufmb yo uhbfomk`ftg kmi ych tck~fmb ol Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh, k loughu yo~

if~ògky luog ych Uh~xe`fd ol Aouhk, Ckm Txmb'Joo, omdh gxthi, K`ycoxbc fy ft

xmihuih|hò~hi, uhbfomk`ftg fm Ktfk ft dog~`fdkyhi hmoxbc #H|kmt 5>>8: ;68&-

5>Ych uh`kyfomtcf~ ehyrhhm DGFG kuukmbhghmyt kmi ych FGL ft ych txejhdy ol ihekyh kt xmihu ych dxuuhmy DGFG

thyyfmbt, kmv eouuorhi kgoxmy ycky hsdhhit 5>( ol k doxmyuvt {xoyk ft txejhdy yo FGL domifyfomk`fyv ghktxuht

yo k|ofi gouk` ckzkui- Th|huk` oethu|hut ck|h kubxhi fm lk|oxu ol km h`fgfmkyfom ol ycft FGL `fmakbh-


23/31


5;

Ych kuukv ol Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk`ftg ckt hghubhi kt k uhtx`y ol ki cod ihdftfomt

xmihuykahm ev ~o`fdvgkahut fm uht~omth yo ~hudhf|hi, mkuuor lxmdyfomk` hs~hdykyfomt, eh ychv

hdomogfd ou thdxufyv fm oufhmykyfom- Ych tck~fmb ol ychth fmtyfyxyfomt ifi moy lo`òr k uhbfomk`

bukmi ihtfbm `fah fm ych dkth ol ych Hxuo~hkm Xmfom- Rcf`h ych hsftyfmb uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh

ckt thu|hi ych uhbfom rh`` to lku, ych ~uhttfmb dck``hmbht ruoxbcy ev bòek`fzkyfom kmiyukmtmkyfomk`ftg ck|h gkih d`hku ycky fyt dxuuhmy tyuxdyxuh ft fmtxllfdfhmy yo bxkukmyhh ych

domyfmxhi txddhtt ol ych uhbfomt hdomogfht fm k rkv ycky ft txtykfmke`h, h{xfyke`h, kmi

dog~kyfe`h rfyc bòek` tyuxdyxuht-

Fmihhi, ych uk~fi ~uo`flhukyfom ol uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt fm Ktfk tfmdh ych lfmkmdfk` duftft ol ;662

;663 ft ych domth{xhmdh ol uhbfomk` tykahcoìhut hllouyt yo ghhy hghubfmb dck``hmbht-

K`ycoxbc gouh fmtyfyxyfomt lou uhbfomk` fmyhbukyfom gkv eh mhhihi yo ~huloug lxmdyfomt rcfdc

mkyfomk` kbhmdfht kuh moy vhy uhkiv yo ih`hbkyh yo uhbfomk` oubkmfzkyfomt, ychuh ft k mhhi yo

hmckmdh hsftyfmb fmtyfyxyfomt ycuoxbc km k~~uo~ufkyh ~uodhtt ol uhloug kmi fmmo|kyfom fm ouihu

yo gkah ychg gouh txfyke`h yo oubkmfzh kmi txtykfm k uhbfomk` kbhmik fm ych lxyxuh- Ol doxuth,

rchmh|hu hsftyfmb fmtyfyxyfomt ck|h lx`lf``hi ychfu gkmikyh ou ehdogh uhixmikmy, ychv tcoxì

eh ~ckthi oxy-

K ~uogfmhmy ~o`fdv fmyh``hdyxk` uhdhmy`v `kghmyhi: Ych Ktfk ^kdflfd uhbfom ckt yoo gkmv

oubkmfzkyfomt, vhy ychv tyf`` dkmmoy io k`` ych ycfmbt rh uh{xfuh ol ychg- Fmtyhki ol lodxtfmb om

rcky rh|h boy, rh tcoxì òoa ky rcky rh mhhi- #Bvmbh`` 5>>2: ;&-

Exy fy ft ifllfdx`y yo ih|hò~ kmi kbuhh om k thy ol oejhdyf|h dufyhufk ycky dkm eh xthi yo ktthtt

ych ~hulougkmdh ol uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt kmi txbbhty rchm fy ft yfgh lou ychg yo eh iftekmihi-

Kddouifmb yo XT Thduhykuv ol Tykyh Cf``kuv D`fmyom, Ktfk mhhit km fmtyfyxyfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh ycky

gksfgfzht Ktfkt ~uot~hdyt lou hllhdyf|h doo~hukyfom, exfìt yuxty kgomb Ktfkmt, kmi uhixdhtych lufdyfom ol dog~hyfyfom #D`fmyom 5>;>&- Exy ych rcky, cor, kmi cor gxdc uhgkfm coy`v

ihekyhi domtfihukyfomt- Rchychu ych lxyxuh ol Ktfkt fmtyfyxyfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh lou uhbfomk`

fmyhbukyfom ft yo eh loxmi fm ych Hxuo~hkm goih`rfyc k uhbfom'rfih doxmdf` ol gfmftyhut, k

doggfttfom, k ~ku`fkghmy, kmi k doxuy ol jxtyfdhft k ~uo~otfyfom gkmv amor kt gft`hkifmb

ehdkxth Ktfk kmi Hxuo~h kuh yro dog~`hyh`v ifllhuhmy hmyfyfht, rfyc iftyfmdy ekdabuoxmit,

cftyoufht, hmiorghmyt, todfo'~o`fyfdk` tyuxdyxuht, kmi hdomogfd tvtyhgt- Rcf`h ych Hxuo~hkm

Xmfom uhgkfmt km fmt~fukyfom lou gkmv uhbfomk`ftyt, fy dkm ckui`v eh xthi kt k goih` lou Ktfk

#Dk~kmmh``f kmi Lf`f~~fmf 5>;>&- Fm kiifyfom, ych ~uoe`hgt ycky kuh dxuuhmy`v kllhdyfmb ych hxuo

kuhk hdomogfht, kuh dktyfmb k tckior fm ych hvht ol gkmv Ktfkm kmk`vtyt o|hu ych

hllhdyf|hmhtt ol uhbfomk` to`xyfomt-

Kbkfmty ycft ekdaiuo~, fy ft fg~ouykmy yo òoa ky ycuhh domdhumt ycky fmtyfyxyfomt lou Ktfkm

fmyhbukyfom mhhi yo kiiuhtt yo hllhdyf|h`v t~uhki ych ehmhlfyt ol uhbfomk`ftg ehvomi Lkdyouv

Ktfk: #f& eoyyog'x~ doo~hukyfom1 #ff& fmtyfyxyfomt `fbcymhtt1 kmi #fff& h`fyh uhbfomk`ftg-5;

5;

Ychth domtfihukyfomt kuh iftdxtthi fm Ykm #5>;;&-


24/31


55

Fuomfdk``v, ychth tkgh lkdyout ck|h cfychuyo lkdf`fykyhi Ktfkt fmyhbukyfom, exy ck|h mor hfychu

ehdogh ou kuh ehdogfmb cfmiukmdht yo lxuychu ~uobuhtt-

2-; Ehvomi Eoyyog'x~ Uhbfomk`ftg

Htyke`ftc k `hkihut'`hi uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh

Ktfk ft ihhghi lukbf`h ehdkxth fyt ~uod`f|fyv lou xmf`kyhuk`ftg kmi mom'uhbx`kyfom, kt rh`` kt fyt

`kda ol rcky Ekìrfm dk``hi yo~'`h|h` gkmkbhghmy #Ekìrfm 5>>3&- Fy ehkut uh~hkyfmb ycky

eoyc ych Uxii kmi Ckyovkgk ~uo~otk`t lou k mhr uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh dk``hi lou k tfmb`h,

o|hukudcfmb tx~hu'fmtyfyxyfom ycky roxì thu|h kt k afmi ol omh'tyo~ tco~ lou k`` ycfmbt fm

Ktfk- Fm k tfgf`ku |hfm, k yktaloudh om uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh dom|hmhi ev ych ^kdflfd

Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom Doxmdf` #^HDD& dk``hi lou ych htyke`ftcghmy ol km Ktfk'^kdflfd

Txggfy dog~uftfmb ych 5; K^HD ghgehu doxmyufht kmi Fmifk lou cfbc'`h|h` iftdxttfomt om

ahv fttxht- Ych ^HDD uh~ouy k`to xubhi ych duhkyfom ol k Buox~ ol Yhm #B;>&, km fmlougk`dkxdxt domtftyfmb ol ych Ktfk'^kdflfd ghgehut ol ych B5>, rcfdc doxì otyhmtfe`v |ofdh ych

do``hdyf|h domdhumt ol k`` Ktfk'^kdflfd doxmyufht #Tohtktyuo, Bvmbh``, Gouuftom, kmi Rkmkmif

5>>6&-

Iht~fyh KTHKMt rkufmhtt kbkfmty tykahcoìhut uhdhmy ~uogx`bkyfom ol uhbfomk` |ftfomt

rfycoxy ~ufou domtx`ykyfom rfyc KTHKM, ych fmd`xtfom ol ych XT kmi Uxttfk fm ych Hkty Ktfk

Txggfy #HKT& ckt hllhdyf|h`v yxumhi ych HKT fmyo k ih lkdyo, yo~'yfhu fmtyfyxyfom- Ycft doxì eh

ych lfuty tyh~ yorkui km o|hukudcfmb, `hkihut'`hi kuukmbhghmy ycky roxì lxumftc ych |ftfomkuv

bxfikmdh kmi gkudcfmb ouihut lou oychu ~uo~othi h`hghmyt ol ych uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh- Ahv

yo ycft tyh~ roxì eh ych htyke`ftcghmy ol ych Dog~uhchmtf|h Hdomogfd ^kuymhutcf~ lou Hkty

Ktfk #DH^HK&, km KTHKM!< ~`km ycky `fmat ych KTHKM!4 hdomogfht rfyc ycoth ol Fmifk,

Kxtyuk`fk, kmi Mhr Zhk`kmi- Ycky tkfi, oychut ck|h kubxhi ycky ych HKT roxì ehmhlfy luog

ych jofmy ~xutxfy ol ych DH^HK kt rh`` kt ych Hkty Ktfk Luhh Yukih Kuhk #HKLYK&, rcfdc

hmdog~kttht om`v ych KTHKM!4 doxmyufht-55 Mhhi`htt yo tkv, k tyke`h uhbfomk` ouihu rf`` eh

duxdfk` yo txdc ih|hò~ghmyt- Ych iftkbuhhghmyt ehyrhhm ych ÛD kmi Jk~km fm 5>>95>>8

o|hu ych fmd`xtfom ol Kxtyuk`fk, Fmifk, kmi Mhr Zhk`kmi fm ych HKT thu|h kt k togehu uhgfmihu

ycky mo |fke`h yo~'`h|h` gkmkbhghmy roxì eh ~ottfe`h rfycoxy ych kef`fyv kmi rf``fmbmhtt ol

ych efb ~orhutych ÛD, Jk~km, Fmifk, ych Uxttfkm Lhihukyfom, kmi ych XTyo lfmi doggom

buoxmi kmi kbuhh yo roua yobhychu- Om ych oychu ckmi, rchychu KTHKM ft ~uh~kuhi yo

doxmyhmkmdh ych ~uot~hdy lou txdc km fmtyfyxyfomk` cfhukudcv o|hu ych hsykmy |kufke`h bhoghyuvft k ahv domtfihukyfom, ~kuyfdx`ku`v fl KTHKM ft moy fmd`xihi rfycfm ycky gkmkbhghmy-

54

55

Tfmbk~ouht ûfgh Gfmftyhu @hh Ctfhm @oomb gkih ycft oethu|kyfom #Ykm 5>;>e&-

54KTHKM ghgehut iftgkv o|hu ych Uxii ~uo~otk`, km hku`v fmdkumkyfom ol rcfdc uh`fhi om k domdhuy ol ~orhut

rfycoxy k ahv uo`h lou KTHKM, ft k yh``fmb f``xtyukyfom- Fl kmvycfmb, fy doxì eh kubxhi ycky |kufke`h bhoghyuv kmi k


25/31


54

X`yfgkyh`v, rcky ft mhhihi ft k tyuxdyxuh lou fg~uo|fmb doouifmkyfom ol ych fmfyfkyf|ht ol ifllhuhmy

txeuhbfomk` buox~t, uhkttxufmb oychu Ktfkm doxmyufht keoxy ych fmyhmyfomt ol ycoth fmyhmy om

~xtcfmb kchki rfyc ihh~hu fmyhbukyfom, kmi ~uo|fifmb k tyuxdyxuh lou lotyhufmb uh`kyfomt

ehyrhhm fmyhbukyfmb Ktfk kmi hsyuk'uhbfomk` ~orhut- Gouh `fah`v, ycft mhhi ft ehty ghy ycuoxbc

uh|kg~fmb hsftyfmb fmtyfyxyfomt ukychu yckm duhkyfmb mhr omht-Tyuhkg`fmh kmi tvmhubfzh ev lougfmb d`xtyhut kmi `fmafmb fttxht

K`ycoxbc Ktfk ft mo òmbhu tcouy om uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt, kt ych KIE tyxiv ckt rh``

iodxghmyhi, ych ihmtfyv, ihh~hmfmb, kmi fmyuxtf|hmhtt ol fyt kudcfyhdyxuh uhgkfmt rfycoxy k

dog~uhchmtf|h uhbfom'rfih |ftfom- Exy h|hm fl Ktfk rhuh yo yuhki fyt orm ~kyc lou ~km'

uhbfomk`ftg, ych domdhum ft ycky gouh hllfdkdv kmi hllhdyf|hmhtt ft mhhihi ol fyt fmtyfyxyfomt-

Togh hs~huyt eh`fh|h Ktfk ckt yoo gkmv fmtyfyxyfomt ycky io moy bhy ych joe iomh- Ychv dk`` lou

~ukdyfdk` uhloug ol ycoth kuukmbhghmyt fm `fmh rfyc ych domdhum lou o|huk`` kudcfyhdyxuk`

dochuhmdh- ûo~othi uhlougt fmd`xih, kgomb oychu ycfmbt, d`kuflvfmb kmi tyuhkg`fmfmb

fmtyfyxyfomk` uo`ht kmi uht~omtfef`fyfht- Om ych oychu ckmi, oychu hs~huyt kubxh lou uhd`kfgfmbych K^HD gkmikyh kt km hdomogfd louxg lodxthi ~ufgkuf`v om yukih `fehuk`fzkyfom kmi

fm|htyghmykmi, ev fg~`fdkyfom, ~uhthu|fmb ych dog~kuyghmyk`fzkyfomkmi tyuhmbychmfmb

ycoth fmtyfyxyfomt kt ~uoe`hg'to`|fmb ou kdyfom'oufhmyhi ghdckmftgt ukychu yckm jxty ykà

tco~t-

Ych ~hutftyhmy dog~kuyghmyk`fzkyfom ol fttxht fm ych hsftyfmb uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh ol Ktfk ft

doxmyhufmyxfyf|h fm ych `fbcy ol ych buorfmb dog~`hsfyv kmi dog~uhchmtf|hmhtt ol uhbfomk`

dck``hmbht ~othi ev bòek`fzkyfom kmi yukmtmkyfomk`ftg- Fttxht `fah yukih kmi lfmkmdh, chk`yc

kmi cxgkmfykufkm domdhumt, kmi d`fgkyh'uh`kyhi gkyyhut, dkm mo òmbhu eh yuhkyhi kt th~kukyh

luog thdxufyv domdhumt- Ych ih`fehukyh d`xtyhufmb ol fttxht rchuh ykdyfdk` `fmakbht dkm kmi

tcoxì eh gkih ehyrhhm kmi kduott fmtyfyxyfomt gkv eh ych rkv kchki fm o|hudogfmb ych

tfòt ycky uhtx`y luog dog~kuyghmyk`fzkyfom kmi thbghmykyfom- Fm ycft uhbkui, ych rco`h'ol'

bo|humghmy kmi rco`h'ol'todfhyv tyukyhbfht ehfmb kio~yhi ev togh Ktfkm doxmyufht fm

ihk`fmb rfyc yoikvt dck``hmbht txbbhtyt ycky domdhuyhi hllouyt kuh ehfmb xmihuykahm- Cor

ychth òbfdt doxì thu|h kt k bxfih lou Ktfkm uhbfomk`ftg ft k ahv domtfihukyfom-

Lotyhu dòthu `fmat rfyc bòek` fmtyfyxyfomt kmi lukghrouat

Ktfk dkm ykah ehyyhu ki|kmykbh ol bòek` fmtyfyxyfomt kmi dom|hmyfomt- Ktfkm hdomogfht kuh

dòth`v fmyhbukyhi rfyc ych uhty ol ych rouì1 Ktfk ft ych ~kukifbgkyfd o~hm uhbfom- Lx``v

hs~òfyfmb ych ~oyhmyfk` lou uhbfomk` hdomogfd fmyhbukyfom ychuhlouh uh{xfuht uhgo|fmb uhgkfmfmb

ekuufhut yo duott'eouihu dog~hyfyfom fm ych uhbfom fm rkvt ycky kuh dog~kyfe`h rfyc Ktfkt

hdomogfd `fmat rfyc oychu ~kuyt ol ych rouì- Exfìfmb om hsftyfmb bòek` fmtyfyxyfomt kmi

dom|hmyfomt ft km oe|foxt rkv ol kdcfh|fmb ycft uhtx`y-

lukbghmyhi kmi fmdochuhmy uhbfomk` kudcfyhdyxuh ehmhlfyt KTHKM tfmdh ycky uhmihut ifllfdx`y kmv kyyhg~y ev kmv

gkjou ~orhu yo domyuo` kmi ihlfmh ych uhbfomk` ~uodhtt-


26/31


59

2-5 Ehvomi Fmtyfyxyfomt @fbcymhtt

Htyke`ftc efmifmb kbuhhghmyt

K `fgfykyfom ckt yo io rfyc ych ihlkx`y if~ògkyfd kmi thdxufyv goih` hg~òvhi fm Ktfkm

uhbfomk`ftg- K if~ògkyfd dom|hmyfom ycky gkaht lhr yo mo ihgkmit om ghgehutcf~

doggfyghmyt, ift~`kvt mo ~uhdfth kmi efmifmb oe`fbkyfomt, ~uf|f`hbht domthmtxt ukychu yckm

ihdftf|hmhtt kmi lk|out momfmyhulhuhmdh, iht~fyh fyt xthlx`mhtt fm ych hku`v ~cktht ol Ktfkm

uhbfomk`ftg, ft `fah`v yo eh fmtxllfdfhmy lou o|hudogfmb hghubfmb oetykd`ht yo ihh~hu fmyhbukyfom-

Htthmyfk``v, fy ~uhthu|ht ukychu yckm uh|ftht ych uhbfomk` tykyxt {xo- Lou txuh, fy ft xmuhk`ftyfd yo

kttxgh Ktfkm fmtyfyxyfomt kuh ~uh~kuhi yo gkah lxmikghmyk` dckmbht o|humfbcy- Exy ych

~o`fyfdk` doggfyghmy yo fmyuoixdh tyuxdyxuk` uhlougt ev rkv ol km h|o`xyfomkuv uokigk~ tcoxì

eh fmtyfyxyhikmi, fg~ouykmy`v, kichuhi yo-

Fg~uo|h uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt bo|humkmdh kmi hmiorghmyt

Ychth roxì fmd`xih tyuhmbychmfmb fmtyfyxyfomt thduhykufkyt kmi duhkyfmb hllfdfhmy uhbfomk`

exuhkxdukdfht k`to ev ihifdkyfmb gouh cxgkm kmi lfmkmdfk` uhtoxudht, htyke`ftcfmb d`hkuhu

ghgehutcf~ ux`ht kmi kio~y gouh gkjoufyv |oyfmb, kmi ih`hbkyfmb gouh uht~omtfef`fyfht kmi

~orhut luog mkyfomk` kbhmdfht yo doggom uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt-

Gkfmykfm fmtyfyxyfomk` l`hsfef`fyv

K ahv ~kuy ol tyuhkg`fmfmb hsftyfmb uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt fm|o`|ht ych iftgkmy`fmb ol xm~uoixdyf|h

#ou fmihhi doxmyhu~uoixdyf|h& oubkmfzkyfomt kmi |kufoxt yv~ht ol buox~t- Togh o|hukudcfmb

fmtyfyxyfomt ck|h ehhm ihtdufehi kt `fyy`h gouh yckm ykà tco~t- Ycky tkfi, ifkòbxh domyufexyht

yo ych exfìfmb kmi txtykfmfmb ol mougkyf|h lukghrouat ycky ~`kv `hbfyfgkyfmb lxmdyfomt- Togh

lxmdyfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt ck|h k`to ehhm domtftyhmy`v fmhllhdyf|h fm ghhyfmb ychfu hdomogfd ykubhyt-

ô`fdvgkahut rf`` mhhi yo hshudfth jxifdfoxtmhtt fm ihdfifmb fl kmv kuukmbhghmy ihthu|ht yo

eh iftdkuihi- Ky ych tkgh yfgh, xmihu'~hulougfmb fmtyfyxyfomt doxì thu|h yo ghhy ych uhbfomt

mhhit fm oychu rkvt- Fm km huk ol hdomogfd xmdhuykfmyv, tyukyhbfd kmi ykdyfdk` l`hsfef`fyv doxì

~uo|h yo eh k |huv fg~ouykmy {xk`fyv, kmi rcky thhgt k `fkef`fyv yoikv doxì ~uo|h yo eh km

ktthy yogouuor-

Ev ych tkgh yoahm, doxmyufht tcoxì domyfmxh yo ih|hò~ fmtyfyxyfomt ihtfbmhi yo hs~òfy

dog~h``fmb lxmdyfomk` o~~ouyxmfyfht- Txebuox~t ol Ktfkm doxmyufht tykmi yo uhk~

ift~uo~ouyfomkyh ehmhlfyt luog lxmdyfomk` fmfyfkyf|ht ycky kiiuhtt ychfu t~hdflfd mhhit- Ukychuyckm rkfyfmb lou ych hghubhmdh ol ~km'Ktfkm kbuhhghmyt, ychv dkm domyfmxh yo ~xtc kchki om

ychfu orm fm buox~t ol fmyhuhtyhi bo|humghmyt ou ky ych txeuhbfomk` `h|h`, ih|hò~fmb

t~hdfk`fzhi fmtyfyxyfomk` kuukmbhghmyt dk~ke`h ol hs~òfyfmb ychth dog~h``fmb o~~ouyxmfyfht-

Ycky tkfi, h|hm ky ych uhbfomk` `h|h`, ych duhkyfom ol lxmdyfomk` kuukmbhghmyt txdc kt ych

DGFG kmi ych KGUO ft k booi tfbm ycky ych uhbfom ft ~uh~kuhi yo go|h ycfmbt lourkui-


27/31


58

2-4 Ehvomi H`fyh Uhbfomk`ftg

Hmdoxukbh kmi mxuyxuh ~kuyfdf~kyouv uhbfomk`ftg

Kmoychu `fgfykyfom ckt yo io rfyc ych h`fyftg fmchuhmy fm Ktfkt hsd`xtf|h`v fmyhubo|humghmykèukmi ol uhbfomk`ftg- Hxuo~hkm uhbfomk`ftg ft moy luhh ol h`fyfty ~uo~hmtfyfht hfychu1 fmihhi,

rchychu omh ykaht ych fmtyfyxyfomk` ou fmyhubo|humghmyk` tfih ol ych ihekyh om Hxuo~hkm

fmyhbukyfom, ych ~orhu ol Hxuo~ht fmyhumkyfomk` thduhykufkyt kt k ahv iuf|hu ol uhbfomk`

fmyhbukyfom ft gouh ou `htt kttxghi #^xdck`k ;666&-59

Ev kmi `kubh, Ktfk ckt ~uhd`xihi ych fmd`xtfom ol ~ufmdf~`ht ~f|oyk` yo Hxuo~hkm uhbfomk`ftg,

txdc kt txetfifkufyv, ~uo~ouyfomk`fyv, ~oo`hi to|huhfbmyv, iftyufexyfom ol dog~hyhmdht,

ih`hbkyfom ol ~orhut, kmi hmlukmdcfthghmy ol mom'tykyh kdyout- Dhuykfm`v, Ktfk gkv moy eh lx``v

uhkiv lou txdc ~ukdyfdht- Mou kuh k`` ychth mhdhttkuf`v k~~uo~ufkyh lou Ktfk- Vhy, KTHKM ckt

fmifdkyhi k rf``fmbmhtt yo fmduhghmyk` hg~orhughmy ol KTHD, rcf`h TKKUD ckt fmmo|kyhi k

`fgfyhi, vhy duhkyf|h ih`hbkyfom ol lxmdyfomk` ~orhut ev rkv ol fyt uhbfomk` dhmyhut- Ych

htyke`ftcghmy ol ych KGUO ft kmoychu fg~ouykmy ih|hò~ghmy- Yo km hsyhmy, Ktfkm

bo|humghmyt ck|h toxbcy yo kddoggoikyh ych uhbfomt hgeuvomfd ~kuyfdf~kyouv uhbfomk`ftg,

kt ihgomtyukyhi ev ych hsftyhmdh ol ~kuk``h` txggfyt dog~uftfmb df|f` todfhyv oubkmfzkyfomt,

kmi ych ~uo`flhukyfom ol thgf'ollfdfk` ifkòbxht kmi louxgt #lou hskg~`h, ych Tckmbuf'@k

Ifkòbxh kmi oychu thdomi'yukda kdyf|fyfht&- Kubxke`v, ychth kddoggoikyfomt ck|h uhmihuhi

Ktfk'^kdflfd uhbfomk`ftg `htt hsd`xtf|h yckm ehlouh- Eh ycky kt fy gkv, uhbfomk`ftg'h`fyh ukychu

yckm uhbfomk`ftg'bk`fy uhgkfmt fyt iftyfmbxftcfmb lhkyxuh- H|hmyxk``v ycft fg~`fht gouh

kyyhmyfom yo fm|o`|fmb df|f` todfhyv fm ych bo|humkmdh ol uhbfomk` fmtyfyxyfomt-

59Kt Hvk` #5>;>: K5& ckt txbbhtyhi, ych uhk`fyv ft ycky, lou ych HX, exuhkxdukdv ft moy ych ghkmt yo km hmi1 fy ft

ych |huv htthmdh ol kdyf|fyv- Ych HX k`rkvt tyooi lou ych yufxg~c ol exuhkxdukdv o|hu cftyouv-


28/31


5>3- Hghubfmb Ktfkm Uhbfomk`ftg- K ^kuymhutcf~ lou Tckuhi

ûot~hufyv- Gkmf`k: KIE-

KIE- 5>;>- Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Uhbfomk` Fmyhbukyfom- Yorkui km Ktfkm Hdomogfd Doggxmfyv-

Gkmf`k: KIE-

Kdckuvk, K- ;662- Fihkt, Fihmyfyv, kmi Fmtyfyxyfom Exfìfmb: Luog ych KTHKM Rkv yo ych Ktfk'

^kdflfd Rkv- Ych ^kdflfd Uh|fhr;> #4&: 4;649>6- Ih|hò~fmb Ktfkt Lfmkmdfk` Mougt kmi Tykmikuit- Ekdabuoxmi ^k~hu 4-

KIE Tyxiv Lfmk`fzkyfom Rouatco~ om Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Uhbfomk`ftg fm Ktfk kmi ych

^kdflfd- Tckmbckf- 54 Ihdhgehu-

Ekìrfm, U- 5>>3- Gkmkbfmb ych Mooi`h Eor`: Ych Lukbf`fyv ol Hkty Ktfkm Uhbfomk`ftg-Tfmbk~ouh Hdomogfd Uh|fhr84 #4&: 996923-

Ekxg, U-, hi- ;63>- Dcfmk"t Loxu Goihumfzkyfomt: Ych Mhr Yhdcmoòbfdk` Uh|o`xyfom- Eoxìhu,

Do, XT: Rhty|fhr-

Ehhtom, G- 5>>4- KTHKM ^`xt Ycuhh kmi ych Ufth ol Uhkdyfomkuv Uhbfomk`ftg- Domyhg~oukuv

Toxychkty Ktfk58 #5&: 58;5;;/>6/>2/9;>- Hdomogfd Fmyhbukyfom fm Hkty Ktfk kmi Hxuo~h- @httomt

luog k Dog~kukyf|h Kmk`vtft- Tfmbk~ouh Hdomogfd Uh|fhr88 #;&: ;>3- Fmyhumkyfomk` Hdomogfdt- Lflyc hifyfom- Mhr Ih`cf: Ykyk GdBukr'Cf``-

D`fmyom, C- 5>;>- D`fmyomt Uhgkuat om Uhbfomk` Kudcfyhdyxuh fm Ktfk- Doxmdf` om Louhfbm

Uh`kyfomt- Hkty Rhty Dhmyhu, Como`x`x, Ckrkff, XT- ;5 Jkmxkuv-

cyy~://rrr-dlu-oub/~xe`fdkyfom/5;5;3/d`fmyomt_uhgkuat_om_uhbfomk`_kudcfyhdyxuh_fm_ktf

k_jkmxkuv_5>;>-cyg`

Ihmy, D- G- 5>>3- Hkty Ktfkm Uhbfomk`ftg- Mhr Voua, XT: Uoxy`hibh-


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Ihtahu, E- 5>>3- Ft ych KTHKM Dckuyhu Mhdhttkuv? UTFT Dogghmykufht Mo-22/5>>3-

Tfmbk~ouh: T- Ukjkukymkg Tdcoo` ol Fmyhumkyfomk` Tyxifht- ;2 Jx`v-

cyy~://rrr-utft-hix-tb/~xe`fdkyfomt/^hut~hdyf|h/UTFT>225>>3-~il

Ih|f, Y- M-, hi- 5>>2- Fmifk kmi Ekv ol Ehmbk` doggxmfyv, ych EFGTYHD Hs~hufghmy:

Ekmb`kihtcFmifkGvkmgkuTuf @kmakYckf`kmi Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom- Mhr Ih`cf:Bvkm ^xe`ftchut-

Hgghut, U-, kmi T- T- Ykm- 5>;;- Ych KTHKM Uhbfomk` Louxg kmi ûh|hmyf|h If~ògkdv:

Exf`y yo Lkf`? Ktfkm Thdxufyv- 2 #;&: 99-

H|kmt, ^- 5>>8- Ehyrhhm Uhbfomk`ftg kmi Uhbfomk`fzkyfom: ô`fdv Mhyrouat kmi ych Mktdhmy

Hkty Ktfkm Fmtyfyxyfomk` Fihmyfyv- Fm Y- J- ^hg~h`, hi- Uhgk~~fmb Hkty Ktfk: Ych

Domtyuxdyfom ol k Uhbfom- ;685;8- Fyckdk, XT: Doumh`` Xmf|hutfyv ûhtt-

Hvk`, J- 5>;>- HX Louhfbm ô`fdv k Ghtt- Ych Tyukfyt Yfght- 5> Th~yhgehu: K5-

Bkumkxy, U- ;66>6- Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Uhbfomk` Lfmkmdfk` Doo~hukyfom fm Ktfk:

Fg~`fdkyfomt lou Uhbfomk` Hdomogfd Doo~hukyfom- Ekdabuoxmi ^k~hu ;5- KIE Tyxiv

Lfmk`fzkyfom Rouatco~ om Fmtyfyxyfomt lou Uhbfomk`ftg fm Ktfk kmi ych ^kdflfd- Tckmbckf-

54 Ihdhgehu-

Bvmbh``, K- 5>>2- Ihtfbm Lkx`yt: Ych Ktfk ^kdflfdt Uhbfomk` Kudcfyhdyxuh- @orv Fmtyfyxyh ô`fdv

Eufhl- Tvimhv: @orv Fmtyfyxyh lou Fmyhumkyfomk` ô`fdv- ;3 Jx`v-

Ckkt, G- ;636- Ych Ktfkm Rkv yo ^hkdh: K Tyouv ol Uhbfomk` Doo~hukyfom- @omiom: ûkhbhu-

Cxuuh``, K- ;668- Uhbfomk`ftg fm Ychouhyfdk` ^hut~hdyf|h- Fm: Uhbfomk`ftg fm Rouì ô`fyfdt:

Uhbfomk` Oubkmfzkyfom kmi Uhbfomk` Ouihu hifyhi ev@- Lkrdhyy kmi K- Cxuuh``- Osloui:

Osloui Xmf|hutfyv ûhtt-

Fmyhumkyfomk` Fmtyfyxyh lou Tyukyhbfd Tyxifht #FFTT&- 5>>>>>2- Gkafmb ûodhtt, Moy ûobuhtt: KTHKM kmi ych

H|o`|fmb Hkty Ktfkm Uhbfomk` Ouihu- Fmyhumkyfomk` Thdxufyv45 #;&: ;93;39-

Akytxgkyk, C- 5>>6- KTHKM"t Doo~hukyf|h Thdxufyv Hmyhu~ufth: Mougt kmi Fmyhuhtyt fm ych

KTHKM Uhbfomk` Louxg- @omiom: ^k`buk|h GkdGf``km-


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Akrkf, G- 5>>6- Uhloug ol ych Fmyhumkyfomk` Lfmkmdfk` Kudcfyhdyxuh: Km Ktfkm ^hut~hdyf|h-

KIEF Rouafmb ^k~hu ;>6- Ktfkm LYKt: Yuhmit kmi Dck``hmbht- KIEF Rouafmb ^k~hu

;99- Yoavo: Ktfkm Ih|hò~ghmy Ekma Fmtyfyxyh-

Ahockmh, U- O- ;639- Klyhu Chbhgomv: Doo~hukyfom kmi Iftdoui fm ych Rouì ô`fyfdk`

Hdomogv- ûfmdhyom, XT: ûfmdhyom Xmf|hutfyv ûhtt-

Ahtk|k~kmv, A-, kmi C- @fg, hit- 5>>6- K^HD ky 5>: Uhdk``, Uhl`hdy, Uhgkah- Tfmbk~ouh:

Fmtyfyxyh ol Toxychkty Ktfkm Tyxifht-

Gf`rkui, K- T- 5>>>- Ych Hxuo~hkm Uhtdxh ol ych Mkyfom'Tykyh- Thdomi hifyfom- @omiom:

Uoxy`hibh-

Gouk|dtfa, K- ;663- Ych Dcofdh lou Hxuo~h: Todfk` ^xu~oth , Tykyh ôrhu luog Ghttfmk yo

Gkktyufdcy- Fyckdk, XT: Doumh`` Xmf|hutfyv ûhtt-

Gouk|dtfa, K- 5>>>- Ih Bkx``h Ehyrhhm Bukfm kmi Bukmihxu: Ych ô`fyfdk` Hdomogv ol Luhmdc

HD ô`fdv, ;683;62>- Joxumk` ol Doì Rku Tyxifht5 #5&: 494 kmi 5 #4&: 9;>- Jk~kmt Hku`v Go|ht om ych Hkty Ktfkm Doggxmfyv- Hkty Ktfk Louxg- 5;

Gkudc-

cyy~://rrr-hktyktfklouxg-oub/5>;>/>4/5;/jk~kmt'hku`v'go|ht'om'ych'hkty'ktfkm'doggxmfyv/

Uk|hmcf``, J- 5>>;- K^HD kmi ych Domtyuxdyfom ol ^kdflfd Ufg Uhbfomk`ftg- Dkgeufibh,

XA:

Uxbbfh, J- B- ;664- Gx`yf`kyhuk`ftg: Ych Kmkyogv ol km Fmtyfyxyfom- Fm J- B- Uxbbfh hi-

Gx`yf`kyhuk`ftg Gkyyhut: Ych Ychouv kmi ûksft ol km Fmtyfyxyfomk` Loug- Mhr Voua:

Do`xgefk Xmf|hutfyv ûhtt-

Dkgeufibh Xmf|hutfyv ûhtt-

Th|hufmo, U- D- 5>>


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Tohtktyuo, C-, K- Bvmbh``, D- H- Gouuftom, kmi J- Rkmkmif- 5>>6- Uh~ouy ol Uhbfomk` Ykta

Loudh om Uhbfomk` Fmtyfyxyfomk` Kudcfyhdyxuh- ûh~kuhi lou ych ^kdflfd Hdomogfd

Doo~hukyfom Doxmdf` Tykmifmb Doggfyyhh- Jxmh- Xm~xe`ftchi-

Tohvk, V- 5>;>- Km Hkty Ktfkm Doggxmfyv kmi Jk~kmDcfmk Uh`kyfomt- Hkty Ktfk Louxg- ;2

Gkv-

cyy~://rrr-hktyktfklouxg-oub/ykb/hkd/

Ykm, T- T-, hi- 5>>6- Do``keoukyfom xmihu Kmkudcv: Lxmdyfomk` Uhbfomk`ftg kmi ych Thdxufyv ol

Hkty Ktfk- UTFT Gomobuk~c ;8- Tfmbk~ouh: T- Ukjkukymkg Tdcoo` ol Fmyhumkyfomk`

Tyxifht-

Ykm, T- T- 5>;>k- KTHKM Uhbfomk` Louxg ky ;2: Ych Dxuth Ol Ki Cod'ftg? UTFT

Dogghmykufht 39/5>;>- 53 Jx`v-

Ykm, T- T- 5>;>e- Hkty Ktfk Txggfy 5>;>: Efb Tyh~ Lourkui, ou Extfmhtt'kt'xtxk`? UTFT

Dogghmykufht ;9;/5>;>- 9 Mo|hgehu-

cyy~://rrr-utft-hix-tb/~xe`fdkyfomt/^hut~hdyf|h/UTFT;9;5>;>-~il

Ykm, T- T- 5>;;- Ft Ktfk ^kdflfd Uhbfomk`ftg Oxybuorfmb KTHKM? UXTF Joxumk`;8< #;&: 83

>6- Yorkuit km Ktfk ^kdflfd Doggxmfyv- Ych Ktfk`fma Httkvt6 #Mo|hgehu&:

;9-

Voxmb, O- U- ;666- Bo|humkmdh fm Rouì Kllkfut- Fyckdk, XT: Doumh`` Xmf|hutfyv ûhtt-

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Institutions for Asian Integration: Innovation and Reform