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Institutions • include any form of constraint (formal or informal)
that human beings devise to shape their interaction• reduce uncertainty by establishing a stable structure
to human interaction
Contemporary approaches to institutionalism• Historical institutionalism (1960s)• Rational choice instutionalism (late 1970s)• Sociological institutionalism (late 1970s)
Historical institutionalism
• formal political institutions matter: but which ones and how?
• the institutional structure of the polity is a crucial factor behind behaviour and outcomes
• ‘structuralism’ (institutions) vs. ‘functionalism’ (needs)
• a state consists of institutions which are able to influence group conflict
Key concepts of historical institutionalism
Institutions:
• organizations• rules, conventions, norms, etc.• provide an environment for individuals, who benefit
by following certain patterns of behaviour• disproportionately distribute power across social
groups• are central in determining historical development• are never a single factor
Rational choice institutionalism
• draws on ‘new economics of organization’ and ‘theories of agency’
• institutions are both object and consequence of choice• development of institutions lowers the cost of
undertaking the same activity without them• superiors (principals) monitor and influence behaviour
of their subordinates (agents)
Key concepts of rational choice institutionalism
• Relevant actors have a fixed set of preferences or tastes
• Politics is a series of collective action dilemmas• Institutions structure interactions, providing actors
with exchange mechanisms, which leads to potentially better outcomes
• Institutions are created by voluntary agreement by actors who share common goals/values, in order to realize them (gains from cooperation => origins of institutions)
Sociological institutionalism
• Originates from the subfield of organization theory• Institutions are: - culturally-specific - moral templates• Individuals internalize the norms associated with
institutional roles (=> identity and preferences)• Individuals perceive their actions in a particular context
Studies of international institutions
• Early postwar period (LoN, UN, GATT, IMF)
• Behaviouralism
• Neofunctionalism
• International regimes
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye
Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (1977) international issues, developments in technology, global trade will create a new
environment where states and their use of force will be of little importance
After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (1984)
‘prisoner’s dilemma’ hegemony: a contributing factor, not a necessary condition international regimes• collective action• transaction costs (bounded rationality)• uncertainty and information deficit
Debates since 1980s• How institutions matter?• Do they really have an impact on state behaviour?• Collaboration vs. coordination• Interactive theories (domestic politics)
Institutionalism vs. realismJohn Mearsheimer (1994) insitutions are only reflecting distribution of power liberal institutionalism ignores relative gains collective security theory is unrealistic critical theory aims at replacing realism with utopian expectations the three theories have inadequate empirical record
International theory and security relations• states cooperate to pursue common interests• harmony not implied• reciprocity, accountability, cooperative strategies• information and signalling mechanisms
Security institutions: • military force• use of threat• vital interests
Security institutions: effects• strategies / state security policies• outcomes (altering power resources)• influence (soft power)• ideas and norms
NATO: still here?
• level of institutionalization• exclusive vs. inclusive model• threats and risks• adaptability: hybrid institutions• the nature of European environment• member-state commitment• hybrid nature => security management
CFSP/ESDP• substantive policy outcome• explicit aspirations• exogenous and endogenous factors• functional and normative principles• internalizaton
OSCE• 1994 institutionalization of CSCE reflecting
changing scope of operations