Institutional Strengthenig SPAR

8/11/2019 Institutional Strengthenig SPAR

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Syst Pract Action ResDOI 10.1007/s11213-013-9282-z

ORI GIN A PA P!R

Instit"tiona# Stren$t%enin$ &or t%e Ro#e o& 'ass 'e(iain Disaster Ris) Re("ction in *a+an an( In(onesia,An A++#ication o& SS'-ase( Action Researc%

S"(arsono ar(osoe)artoNa(ia oani

ea Santiar

S+rin$er Science4"siness 'e(ia Ne5 or) 2013

A6stract %is +a+er e+#ores instit"tiona# stren$t%enin$ &or t%e ro#e o& ass e(ia in

(isaster ris) re("ction: in *a+an an( in In(onesia. A#t%o"$% t%is researc% is a co+aratie

st"(y in nat"re: t%e "#tiate $oa# o& t%is e+#oration is to i(enti&y +o#icy recoen(ations &or

+arties concerns in (isaster ris) re("ction in In(onesia. So&t systes et%o(o#o$y-6ase(

action researc% ;c%iyaa 2009=ar(osoe)arto 2012:

2013? is con("cte( in In(onesia an( in *a+an. %is researc% is a 6"siness c%an$e +ractice/

e+irica# researc% +ractice in t%e 5or(s o& niersitas In(onesia:niersity o& In(onesia:


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Syst Pract Action Res

%e Ro#e o& 'ass 'e(ia in Disaster Ris) Re("ction

%e ro#e o& ass e(ia in (isaster ris) re("ction ;DRR?: an( in t%e (isaster

ana$eent at #ar$e is reco$nize( ery i+ortant. St"(ies on t%is to+ics coer any(i&&erent iss"es inc#"(in$ t%ose re+orte( 6y nat"ra# %azar( o6serer ;Noe6er 2011?:

an( a#so coer any (i&&erent re$ions as re+orte( 6y See( Asia ;2009?. 'ass e(ia

co"#( ino#e in any as+ect o& DRR cyc#e: starte( &ro +re-(isaster +%ase:

+re+are(ness +%ase: res+onse an( ie(iate re#ie& +%ase an( en(e( at +ost (isaster

+%ase. It is 6e#iee( t%at ass e(ia: a#on$ 5it% ot%er co"nity #ee# or$anizations

an( NGOs: co"#( 6e an e&&ectie c%an-ne#in$ an( 6ri($in$ 6et5een +eo+#e an( any

#ayers o& coor(inatin$ 6o(ies in (ea#in$ 5it% (isaster an( DRR.

%e ro#e o& ass e(ia is an i+ortant iss"e in tota# (isaster ris) ana$eent

;DR'? as intro("ce( 6y Nis%i)a5a ; 2003?. In %is %o#istic a++roac% to DRR:

Nis%i)a5a ; 2003? e+%asize( an essentia# e#eent o& DR': t%at is: en%ancin$

coor(ination an( inte-$ration o& sta)e%o#(ers@ action t%ro"$% $oo( co"nication an(

e&&icient ec%an$e o& in&oration@@. In t%is res+ect: ass e(ia +#ays a ery i+ortant

ro#e in ens"rin$ $oo( co"nication an( e&&icient ec%an$e o& in&oration@ in t%e

DR' o(e#. Rattien ;1990? +ointe( o"t t%e i+ortant ro#e o& ass e(ia in (isaster

ana$eent: 6y e+%asizin$ t%at co"nications are centra# to t%is e&&ortH&or

+"6#ic e("cation: ear#y 5arnin$: eac"-ation: an( +ost (isaster re#ie&@@.

'oreoer: Rattien ; 1990? note( t%e s%i&tin$ actiities ("rin$ t%e internationa#

(eca(e &or nat"ra# (isaster re("ction in 1990 as (ec#are( 6y t%e >nite( Nations: t%at

is: a s%i&tin$ &ro +ost-(isaster re#ie& to +re DRR. %is c%an$es 6y itse#& ca"ses

c%an$es a#so in t%e ro#e o& ass e(ia &ro +ost-(isaster re#ie& to +re-DRR. Seera#

)ey tas)s in ris) re("ction: as note( 6y Rattien ;1990?: t%at ass e(ia co"#( +#ay

si$ni&icant ro#es: are ;1? aoi(in$ %a6itation in %azar(o"s areas: ;2? (ee#o+in$

str"ct"res resistant to t%e ons#a"$%ts o& %azar(s: ;3? (ee#o+in$ t%e a6i#ity to ra+i(#y

eac"ate %azar(o"s areas or to s%i&t resi(ents to %azar(-resistant str"ct"res: ;E?

re("cin$ or e#iinatin$ nat"ra# %azar(s t%ro"$% tec%-no#o$ica# interention ;e.$.: (as:

+#antin$: 6eac% $roin?: an( ;? esta6#is%in$: t%ro"$% +re+are(ness: t%e eans to

J"ic)#y recoer &ro (isastersH5it% inia# a((itiona# s"&-&erin$ an( #oss o& #i&e.


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%e i+ortant ro#e o& ass e(ia: es+ecia##y o& N: in (isaster ana$eent inc#"(in$

in DRR is a#so in(icate( 6y t%e +roision t%at: in t%e cases o& any ty+es o& (isaster occ"r or

#i)e#y to occ"r: t%e 6asic 6roa(caster s%a## transit 6roa(castin$ 5%ic% 5i## sere to +reent

s"c% occ"rrence or iti$ate s"c% (aa$e ;see t%e artic#e 108 o& t%e roa(castin$ Act?.'ean5%i#e: t%e *a+an 'eteoro#o$ica# A$ency s%a## en(eaor to ie(iate#y anno"nce t%e

res"#t o& o6serations o& eteoro#o$ica# +%enoena 6y see)in$ coo+eration 5it%

6roa(castin$ instit"tions ;see t%e artic#e 11 o& t%e 'eteoro#o$ica# Act?.

It is note( t%at co+are( to t%ose (ee#o+e( in *a+an: instit"tiona# &rae5or)s

"n(er#yin$ t%e stren$t%enin$ &or t%e ro#e o& ass e(ia in DRR in In(onesia is sti## in

(ee#o+in$ +%ase. %is st"(y is (esi$ne( ain#y to e+#ore %o5 t%e Goernent o&

In(onesia is tryin$ to (ee#o+ necessary instit"tiona# &rae5or)s in stren$t%enin$ t%e

ro#e o& ass e(ia in DRR 6y "sin$ *a+an@s e+erience as 6est 6enc%ar)in$ &or

6est +rac-tices. %e e+erience o& *a+an in (isaster ana$eent: inc#"(in$ in DRR: is

"se( as a 6enc%ar) &or In(onesia an( ot%er (isaster-+rone co"ntries &or soe

reasons. Cirst: as it is #ocate( at


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s%o5s sc%eatic re+resentation o& t%e "#ti-#ee# ca"sa# o(e# &or Ne5

Instit"tiona#is in !conoic Socio#o$y as intro-("ce( 6y Nee ;2003?.

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Ci$. 1 A o(e# &or t%e ne5

instit"tiona#is in econoic

socio#o$y ;Nee 2003?

A#t%o"$% t%is +a+er is not a +"re#y econoic socio#o$y ana#ysis: t%e NI!S o(e#

intro("ce( 6y Nee ;2003? is "se( as a t%eoretica# &rae5or) to e#a6orate instit"tiona#

stren$t%enin$ &or t%e ro#e o& ass e(ia in DRR in t5o co"ntries. In s%ort: t%is st"(y:

&o##o5s Nee ; 2003?: is to s+eci&y an( e+#icate t%e nat"re o& t%e re#ations%i+s

6et5een e#eents at (i&&erent #ee#s o& t%e "#ti-#ee# ca"sa# o(e# to e+#ain %o5

in&ora# socia# or$anizations interact 5it% #ar$e instit"tiona# str"ct"res@@.

SS'-ase( Action Researc% in Action to !+#ore t%e Ro#e o& 'ass'e(ia an( Its Instit"tiona# Stren$t%enin$ in Disaster Ris) Re("ction

%is researc% is SS'-6ase( action researc% ;


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a6#e 1 s%o5s t%e c%aracteristics o& t%is st"(y as an e+irica# researc% +ractice.

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As in(icate( 6y t%e a6#e 1: t%e "#tiate res"#t o& t%is researc% is i(enti&icationo& +o#icy recoen(ations &or re#ate( +arties in instit"tiona# stren$t%enin$ &or t%ero#e o& ass e(ia in DRR in In(onesia.


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Goernent

o&

Re+"6#ic o& In(onesiaL I(enti&ie( 6yt%e a"t%ors

123


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scienti&ic +ositiis in re+eata6i#ity@@. In SS' recoera6i#ity is sec"re( +"6#icity@@5%i#e +ositiists@@ re+eata6i#ity is 6ase( on o6ectiity@@ an( "niersa#ity@@@@.

a6#e 1 s%o5s a (etai# o& t%e ana#ysis t%e interention: t%e ana#ysis one.

'ean5%i#e: ana#ysis t5o an( ana#ysis t%ree 5ere con("cte( t%ro"$% &ie#( researc% in

t5o (i&&erent areas: nae#y in In(onesia an( in *a+an. Socia# an( +o#itica# ana#ysis are

con("cte( t%ro"$% a series o& interie5s: &oc"s $ro"+ (isc"ssions: in&ora# eetin$s:

as 5e## as seinars 5it% any (i&&erent reso"rce +ersons an( o5ners o& t%e iss"e

a((resse( coerin$ 6ot% si(es: *a+an an( In(onesia.

Cor *a+an si(e: an in&ora# (isc"ssion 5as con("cte( 5it% a $ro"+ o& %o"se5ies #iin$

in 'ita)a-s%i an( o$anei-s%i: o)yo. A seinar 5as con("cte( at aaats"-s%i 5%ic%

5as %oste( 6y *a+an@s #oca# non $oernenta# or$anization ;NGO? ISPRA ;Internationa#

Scienti&ic Prootion Researc% Association?. Soe (isaster ana$eent re#ate( e+erts

5ere +artici+atin$ in t%e seinar inc#"(in$ Pro&. ': Director &or niersity: one o& t%e to+ ran) +riate "niersity in *a+an. %e (isc"ssion #e( 6y Pro&.

'R: a ass e(ia e+ert: a#on$ 5it% researc% tea: 5as atten(e( 6y )ey (isc"ssants:

nae#y &ie st"(ents &ro 6roa(castin$ (e+artent: an( t5o st"(ents &ro c"#t"ra# an(

socia# seinar. %e ro#e o& NGOs in re#ate( ana$eent actiities 5as (isc"sse( 5it%

De+"ty Secretary Genera# an( Director &or niersitas

In(onesia 5%o is a#so a e6er o& PI: In(onesian roa(castin$


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Disaster 'ana$eent A$ency: accor(in$ to a5 N"6er 2E year 2007 on (isaster

co"ntereas"res: %o#(s a si$ni&icant ro#e in DRR. Accor(in$ to t%e #a5: t%is a$ency is

(irect#y res+onsi6#e to t%e Presi(ent &or a## (isaster ana$eent inc#"(in$ DRR: at

nationa# #ee#. M%i#e t%e #a5 re$"#ates t%e esta6#is%ent o& re$iona# o&&ices o& t%eNationa# Disaster 'ana$eent A$ency: t%e #a5 a#so re$"#ates a6o"t t%e (iision o&

tas) an( res+onsi6i#ity aon$ $oernent: #oca# $oernent an( society.

Mit% re$ar(s to t%e ris) re("ction ana$eent: it is i+ortant to note %ere t%e an(ates

to en%ance +artici+ation o& 6"sinesses: NGOs an( co"nity at #ar$e as in(icate( at soe

artic#es o& t%e a5 2E year 2007 on Disaster


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7a6#e 2 -asic re$"#ations in (isaster 9ana$e9ent in *a+an an( in In(onesia

Iss"e a5/ *a+an In(onesiare$"#ations

1 Res+onsi6i#ity a9on$ #ayer Disaster


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Not eiste(

Not eiste(

!ist: 6"t not (irect#y "n(er ana$eent o& Presi(ent.

It is (e#e$ate( to Nationa# A$ency o& Disaster

'ana$eent

None: in t%e case o& KRI

None: in t%e case o& KRI

None: in t%ecase o&KRI

8


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Ci$. 2 Ric% +ict"re o& *a+an@s e+eriences in (isaster ris) re("ction

t%ese +ict"res are e+ressin$ re#ations%i+s an( a#"e "(ents= &in(in$ sy6o#sto coney t%e correct &ee#@@ o& t%e sit"ation= in(icatin$ t%at t%e any re#eantre#ations%i+s +rec#"(e instant so#"tions@@.

o$ic-ase( Strea o& %in)in$, Soe Cee#in$ A6o"t *a+an@s !+erience

Di&&erent &ro t%ose con("cte( at t%e sta$e 1 an( sta$e 2 o& SS'-6ase( AR 5%ic% is a

c"#t"ra# strea o& ana#ysis: ana#ysis con("cte( at sta$e 3 an( sta$e E o& SS'-6ase( AR is

a #o$ic-6ase( strea o& t%in)in$ ;c%iyaa

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Ci$. 3 Ric% +ict"re o& In(onesia@s e+eriences in (isaster ris) re("ction

;2009:+. 3? in AR: t%e researc%er is not an o6serer: (etac%e( &ro t%e researc%

&ie#(: 6"t rat%er %e or s%e is ino#e( 5it%in t%e researc% o6ect. y ino#eent 5it%int%e researc% &ie#( t%e researc%er acJ"ires soe &ee#in$@@ as eer$ent +ro+erties &ro

t%e &ie#(: to"c%in$ it@@ in t%e +rocess o& %is or %er researc%. ase( on t%is soet%in$

&e#t@@: t%e researc%er e+resses %is or %er &ee#in$ as a o(e# an( #oo)s into t%e rea#

5or#( a$ain t%ro"$% t%e o(e#. %e researc%er o6tains #earnin$ &ro t%e (i&&erent

6et5een soet%in$ &e#t@@ an( t%e rea# 5or#(@@. In t%e conentiona# seen sta$es o&

SS': t%e &ee#in$ a6o"t rea# 5or#( is occ"rrin$ at t%e sta$e 3 an( sta$e E: t%at are

sta$es o& t%e #o$ic-6ase( strea o& ana#ysis. %ese are sta$es 5%ere act"a#ity@

instea( o& rea#ity@ is e+#ore(. At t%ese sta$es: soe re#eant +"r+ose&"# actiity

systes are se#ecte(: nae( an( constr"cte( into con-ce+t"a# o(e#s.

%ree re#eant +"r+ose&"# actiity systes are se#ecte( an( nae(. Cirst root (e&inition:

5%ic% is re#eant to acro #ee# o& instit"tiona# &rae5or) o& t%e o(e# o& ne5 instit"-

tiona#is in econoic socio#o$y ;Nee 2003? is se#ecte( an( nae( as &o##o5s,

Syste 5%ic% 6e#on$ to an( o+erate( 6y nationa# $oernent o& *a+an to stren$t%en

instit"tiona# settin$ in DRR ;P? 6y contin"in$ to initiate an( to aen( #a5s an(

re$"#ations ;? in or(er to ac%iee ini" stan(ar( o& ris) re("ction ;R?

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Secon( root (e&inition: 5%ic% is re#eant to eso #ee# o& instit"tiona# &rae5or)

o& t%e o(e# o& ne5 instit"tiona#is in econoic socio#o$y ;Nee 2003? is se#ecte(an( nae( as &o##o5s,

Syste 5%ic% 6e#on$ to an( o+erate( 6y N to co+#y its ro#e an(o6#i$ation as o"rna#ists an( (esi$nate( cor+oration ;P? 6y (esi$nin$ an(i+#eentin$ #on$ ter an( e(i" ter +ro$ra ;? in or(er to ac%ieeini" stan(ar( o& ris) re("ction ;R?

%ir( root (e&inition: 5%ic% is re#eant to icro #ee# o& instit"tiona# &rae5or) o& t%e o(e# o&

ne5 instit"tiona#is in econoic socio#o$y ;Nee 2003?is se#ecte( an( nae( as &o##o5s,

Syste 5%ic% 6e#on$ to an( o+erate( 6y #oca# $oernent an( co"nity

to c#ose#y an( re$"#ar#y coo+erate ;P? 6y ana$in$ stan(ar( o+eratin$+roce("res as (esi$ne( 6y re#ate( #a5s an( re$"#ations ;? in or(er toac%iee ini" stan(ar( o& ris) re("ction ;R?

%e re#eant %"an actiity systes se#ecte( an( nae( as t%e root (e&initions can

6e c%ec)e( a#so 6y


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O a5 9a)ers as 9an(ate( 6y N 6oar( o& (irectors an( oca# $oern9ent: NGOs an(constit"tion ana$eent co"nity

! Socio +o#itica# constraints "($etary an( tec%nica##y Socio an( +o#itica# constraintsconstraints

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+"r+ose&"# %o#ons )no5n as %"an actiity systes@. %e o(e#in$ #an$"a$e is 6ase(

"+on er6s: an( t%e o(e#in$ +rocess consists o& asse6#in$ an( str"ct"rin$ t%e ini"

necessary actiities to carry o"t t%e trans&oration +rocess in t%e #i$%t o& t%e (e&initions o&

t%e


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1-9

8. Fulfilling

9. Formulating plan and infrastructure &

responsibility of resource equipment to monitor

for the implementation disaster

6. Setting up cooperation with

other private run mass media

5. Setting up cooperation

with local

government 7 .Conducting

4. Setting up disaster drills

cooperation for reporters


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10 .Define criteria 12. Take(efficacy, efficiency,

Control Actioneffectiveness)

Ci$.

niersity o& o)yo: o)yo

ar(osoe)arto S ;2012?

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Institutional Strengthenig SPAR