INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES IN INDIA: AN ......International Journal of Library & Information Science (IJLIS) Volume 5, Issue 3, Sep–Dec 2016, pp. 166–184, Article ID: IJLIS_05_03_016

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International Journal of Library & Information Science (IJLIS) Volume 5, Issue 3, Sep–Dec 2016, pp. 166–184, Article ID: IJLIS_05_03_016

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ISSN Print: 2277-3533 and ISSN Online: 2277-3584

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INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES IN INDIA:

AN EVALUATIVE STUDY

Sofi Gh Mohiuddin Jeelani

Department of Library and Information Science, University of Kashmir

Haamid Amin Mir


Basharat Ahmad Wani


ABSTRACT

The present society is an information society where information possess its value in all walks of

life and there is not a single minute when information producing, storing, maintaining and

dissemination didn’t take place. Institutional repositories are a small step towards achieving a big

objective of information dissemination to the right person at right time. Institutional Repository

consists of formally organized and managed collections of digital contents generated by faculty,

staff and students at an institution and are concerned with the collection, management,

preservation, and dissemination of intellectual output of an individual institution in a digital form

within and outside the institution. The Study gives a detailed list of institutional repositories in

India along with their special characteristics/features that make them unique and serviceable to its

user community. Indian researchers get number of barriers in their research while getting needed

material like deterioration of primary source, distance factor & non availability of needed source.

The only way to tap this missing research is the concerned Institutional repositories. Although a

number of studies have been carried out discussing growth and development, technical and

establishment issues of Indian Institutional Repositories, no effort has been made to explore

various kinds of documents available in these repositories. The present study is an endeavour in

this direction.

Key words: Institutional Repositories, Information dissemination, Digital Library, Digital

Repository, Digital Library Software, Open DOAR, Knowledge Repository.

Cite this Article: Dr. R.P. Bajpai, Dr. Kapil Singh Hada and Geetanjali Bajpai, Academic

Libraries and E-Learning: Initiative and Opportunities, Pune, India. International Journal of

Library & Information Science, 5(3), 2016, pp.166–184.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/issues.asp?JType=IJLIS&VType=5&IType=3

Institutional Repositories in India: An Evaluative Study


1. INTRODUCTION

An Institutional Repository is an online locus for collecting, preserving, and disseminating of the

intellectual output of an institution. Before knowing Institutional Repositories, it would be appropriate to

know first about the repository. A repository is a central place where data is stored, mined and where

multiple databases or files are located for distribution over a network or it is a location that is directly

accessible to the user without having to travel across a network (Wikipedia, 2014).Institutional

Repositories provide a centralized framework in which faculty, researchers, scholars, and others can build

their digital collections. According to Gibbon (2004) Institutional Repositories provide these digital

collections with an infrastructure and permanence that can sustain changes. Similarly, Crow (2002) defines

Institutional Repositories as digital collections capturing and preserving the intellectual output of a single

or multi-university community. On the other hand, Johnson (2002) defines Institutional Repository as a

digital archive of the intellectual product created by the faculty, research staff, and students of an

institution and accessible to end users both within and outside the institution, with few if any barriers to

access. Further the content of an Institutional Repository, as per is institutionally defined; Scholarly;

Cumulative & perpetual; and Open & interoperable.

Institutional Repository consists of formally organized and managed collections of digital contents

generated by faculty, staff and students at an institution and are concerned with the collection,

management, preservation, and dissemination of intellectual output of an individual institution in a digital

form within and outside the institution (Singh, Sharma & Kaur, 2011). Institutional Repository is a kind of

service, which an individual institute or organization offers to its community for the management and

dissemination of research materials created by different community members and provide improved access

to their research publications. These are digital collections of the outputs created within a university or

research institution. Whilst the purposes of repositories may vary (for example, some universities have

teaching/learning repositories for educational materials), in most cases they are established to provide

Open Access to the institution’s research output. It is most essentially an organizational commitment to the

stewardship of these digital materials, including long-term preservation where appropriate, as well as

organization and access or distribution. For (Barton & Waters, 2004) Institutional Repositories are

designed to manage, host, preserve and enable distribution of the scholarly output of an institution and it

must be open and interoperable (using OAI complaint software) as suggested by Clifford, A.L & Gerard

V.W. (2005) while defining it as a web-based database of scholarly material. It could be cumulative and

perpetual (a collection of record).

An Institutional Repository collects, stores, disseminates digital resources and also preserves digital

materials for long term usage. It is a set of services that an institute/university offers to the members of its

community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its

community members. An effective institutional repository necessarily requires collaboration among

librarian, information technologists, archives and record managers, faculty, administration and policy

makers (Wikipedia, 2014).

The closed access system to most of the scholarly literature both published and unpublished paved the

way for institutional repositories. The essence of Institutional Repository is to make research and

development publications to be freely available on the internet. This initiative was directed to have an

increased visibility of the research outcomes. Thus the Institutional Repositories were experimented by the

Indian educational institutions and R & D institutes to disseminate their scholarly articles. In India there

are number of reputed R & D institutes, which produce scholarly rich research documents every year, now

adopt this Institutional Repository service in their homepage.

1.1. Statement of the Problem

Indian researchers, for their research purposes, need to consult the primary sources of information

regularly, but due to frequent handling these sources of information are getting deteriorated, which requires

proper preservation. Distance is also one of the barriers for easy consultation of this source of information.

Sofi Gh Mohiuddin Jeelani, Haamid Amin Mir and Basharat Ahmad Wani


The only way to tap this missing research is the concerned Institutional repositories. Although a number of

studies have been carried out discussing growth and development, technical and establishment issues of

Indian Institutional Repositories, no effort has been made hitherto to explore various kinds of documents

available in these repositories. The present study is an endeavor in this direction.

1.2. Scope

The scope of the study is limited to 43 Institutional Repositories in India.

1.3. Objectives

The main objectives of the study are:

1. To enlist the Indian institutional repositories & the software being used by the institutions for building

these repositories.

2. To explore various types of documents available to users in these repositories

3. To identify the type of institutions and subject coverage of Institutional repositories developed in India.

4. To compare various type of research materials available in the Institutional Repositories.

2. METHODOLOGY

For the present study the Institutional Repositories owned by Academic institutes/ Research &

Development (R&D) institutes in India have been selected from the secondary sources, metadata

harvesting services, directories etc for this study. The data related to these institutional repositories have

been collected from the respective institutions’ websites and other secondary sources. The data is analyzed

based on certain parameters enumerated as: 1) Number of document items, 2) Software used, 3) Languages

adopted, 4) Growth of collection etc. The Open DOAR; Directory of Open Access Repositories & ROAR;

Registry of Open Access Repositories have been used to identify the Open Access Repositories in India.

The repositories which are institutional and with a minimum of 100 documents were selected for the study.

3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

India has a long tradition of higher education dating back to the Gurukul system 700 to 500 years B.C. At

the time of independence in 1947 (Basu, 1989) says India inherited 20 universities and 496 colleges with

237,546 students. Currently there are about 650 universities (includes central, state and deemed

universities), 39 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratories, 16 Indian Institutes of

Technology (IITs) and ten Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). IITs are autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education.

IIMs are graduate business schools in India that also conduct research and provide consultancy services in the field

of management to various sectors of the Indian economy.

Access and Visibility, according to Arunachalam (2008), are the two main problems faced by Indian

scientists. They find it difficult to access what has already been published because of the high costs

involved in subscribing to journals and databases. Similarly researchers in the rest of the world were

unable to access what the Indian researchers are doing. This is because much of the research work done in

India is published in the national journals, which are not indexed by the leading abstracting and indexing

databases. This leads to low visibility and low readership of research papers published by scientists from

India. Pappalardo (2007) credited the advent of the internet and other digital reproduction and

communication technologies that enable the people to have access to information far more easily than ever

before.As per Markey et al., 2007institutional repositories can be conceptualized around three main roles:

a) An electronic scholarly communication forum,

b) A digital library, and

c) A Knowledge Management system.



A survey of Institutional repositories in Greece conducted by Chantavaridou (2009) found that content

availability seems to be hindered by fear of copyright infringement rather than financial charges. Similarly

Kim (2011) conducted a survey of 17 Carnegie doctorate-granting universities in the United States, in

which he found that long-term preservation and copyright concerns are the motivating factors for the

professors for their Institutional Repository contribution. Mark & Shearer (2006) suggested that initially

Institutional Repository staff should deposit, assign Metadata and check copyright on behalf of the faculty.

However, academics have been slow to embrace the concept of institutional repositories as the data from

the survey of academics in New Zealand indicated so, and these academicians show little interest in using

repositories for increasing the accessibility of their own work, or to access the work of others. As a result

number of deposits remains low (Cullen & Chawner, 2010). However, Doctor (2008) in a study indicated

that faculty in business schools from different academic areas and teaching experience do use digital

resources for scholarly publications and teaching material. Xu (2005) found that long term preservation,

easy access, and support for a variety of formats are the most appreciated benefits of institutional

repositories by faculty. According to Chan, Kwok, & Yip (2005) the reference librarians have an important

role in recruiting the content for institutional repositories and interpreting publisher’s policies to authors.

Institutional Repositories have been growing rapidly over the past five years, and publications on

Institutional Repositories have flourished as well (Rieh et al., 2007). A comprehensive report on a census

of institutional repositories in the United States Academic Institutions by (Markey et al., 2007), published

recently, and reported the staffing, finances, planning, system selection, policies, benefits, and

beneficiaries of Institutional Repositories. Yeats (2003), on the other hand, presented the benefits of

Institutional Repositories, along with Crow (2002) and Chan (2004) described the benefits of IRs and

showed convincing reasons for establishing an Institutional Repository.

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

There are about 2618 repositories in the whole world hosted by Open DOAR, out of which 2218 are

institutional. In Indian case, there are about 69 repositories which are listed by Open DOAR and run by

various types of organizations such as universities, institutes, research organizations, government and non-

government organizations, etc. These repositories contain various types of items. Out of these 69

repositories, 60 are institutional, 7 are disciplinary and 2 are aggregating. Data collected is analyzed by

using different techniques and the findings are presented with the aid of tables, graphs & charts wherever

necessary in the following section.

5. REPOSITORIES UNDER THE SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY

For the present study, we have taken 43 institutional repositories as 17 of the institutional repositories

could not be opened/accessed (Table 1). These 43 institutional repositories have been studied considering

the Repository software used, Repository type, Content types in the repository, Languages, Subject area,

Year wise growth in number of the repositories etc.



Table 1 Selected Institutional Repositories in India

S.

No

.

Repository

Name

Host

Organisation

Subjects Contents Total

Items

As On

05-06-

2014

Software Languages Year

Of

Establ

ishme

nt

Url

1 DeepBlue

Knowledge

Repository@PDP

U

Institute of

Petroleum

Management

Pandit Deendayal

Petroleum

University (PDPU)

Multidisciplinary Articles;

Unpublishe

d

166

Items

DSpace English NA http://spmlib.pdp

u.ac.in:8080/xm

lui/

2 Digital Repository

of West Bengal

Public Library

Network

West Bengal Public

Library Network,

Kolkata

Multidisciplinary Books 10196

Items

DSpace,

Version:

1.8.2

English;

Bengali

2010 http://dspace.wbp

ublibnet.gov.in:8

080/jspui/

3 DIR@IMTECH CSIR-Institute of

Microbial

Technology

(Council of

Scientific and

Industrial Research

– Institute of

Microbial

Technology),

Chandigarh


References;

Theses

1359

items

EPrints,

Version:

3.3.10

English

2008 http://crdd.osdd.n

et/open/

4 DKR@CDRI Central Drug

Research Institute

(CDRI), Lucknow

Biology and

Biochemistry;

Health and

Medicine

Articles;

Unpublishe

d

890

Items

DSpace

English 2007 http://dkr.cdri.res

.in:8080/dspace/i

ndex.jsp

5 DRS@NIO NICMAS (NIO

library), National

Institute Of

Oceanography

(NIO), Goa

Science General;

Technology

General; Arts and

Humanities

General

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses

4499

items

DSpace

English 2006 http://drs.nio.org/

6 DSpace @

GGSIPU

Guru Gobind Singh

Indraprastha

University, Delhi


Theses;

Learning

Objects

137 items DSpace,

Version:

1.7.2

English 2007 http://14.139.60.

216:8080/xmlui/

7 DSpace@GIPE Gokhale Institute

of Politics and

Economics

(GIPE)

Multidisciplinary Unpublishe

d; Books;

Multimedia

12587

items

DSpace,

Version:

3.1

English 2011 http://dspace.gipe

.ac.in/jspui/

8

DSpace@IIAP Indian Institute of

Astrophysics,

Bangalore

Physics &

Astronomy

Articles;

Theses;

Multimedia

; Special

7220

items

DSpace English 2004 http://prints.iiap.r

es.in/

9 DSpace@IIMK

Indian Institute of

Management

Kozhikode (IIMK),

Kerala

Business and

Economics

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses;

Unpublishe

d

669 items DSpace English 2005 http://dspace.iim

k.ac.in/

10 DSpace@IITB Indian Institute of

Technology (IITB),

Bombay


Conference

s

14099

items

DSpace,

Version:

1.8.0

English 2010 http://dspace.libr

ary.iitb.ac.in/jspu

i/

11 DSpace@IMSC Institute of

Mathematical

Sciences, Chennai

Mathematics and

Statistics

Conference

s; Learning

Objects

296 items DSpace,

Version:

3.0.5

English NA http://www.imsc.

res.in/xmlui

12 DSpace@INFLIB

NET Information and

Library Network

Center

(INFLIBNET),

Gujarat

Multidisciplinary Conference

s; Learning

Objects;

Special

1328

items

DSpace,

Version:

1.6

English;

Hindi

2004 http://ir.inflibnet.

ac.in/



13 Dspace@IUCAA

Inter-University

Centre for

Astronomy and

Astrophysics

(IUCAA), Pune

Chemistry and

Chemical

Technology; Earth

and Planetary

Sciences

Articles;

Conference

s

2539

items

DSpace

Version:

1.8.2

English 2011 http://www.iucaa.

ernet.in:8080/jsp

ui/

14 DSpace@MS

University

Smt. Hansa Mehta

Library, Maharaja

Sayajirao University

of Baroda, Gujarat

Multidisciplinary

Theses

271

Items

DSpace,

Version:

1.7.0

English 2013 http://14.139.121

.106:8080/jspui/

15 Dspace@NITR

National Institute of

Technology,

Rourkela (NITR),

Orissa

Chemistry and

Chemical

Technology;

Physics and

Astronomy;

Mechanical

Engineering and

Materials

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses;

Books

2033

Items

DSpace English 2005 http://dspace.nitr

kl.ac.in/dspace/

16 DSpace@TU

Thapar University Multidisciplinary

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses

2612

items

DSpace English NA http://dspace.thap

ar.edu:8080/dspa

ce/

17 Dyuthi

Cochin University

Of Science &

Technology

(CUSAT)


Theses;

Learning

Objects

3103

items

DSpace,

Version:

1.8.1

English 2008 http://dyuthi.cusat

.ac.in/

18 Archives of Indian

Labour V.V.Giri National

Labour Institute,

Uttar Pradesh

Geography and

Regional Studies;

History and

Archaeology;

Social Sciences

General; Law and

Politics

Unpublishe

d; Books;

Multimedia

; Special

42845

items

HTML English;

Tamil

1998 http://www.indial

abourarchives.or

g/

19 Eprints@CMFRI

Indian Council of

Agricultural

Research (ICAR),

Central Marine

Fisheries Research

Institute (CMFRI)

Agriculture, Food

and Veterinary;

Biology and

Biochemistry;

Ecology and

Environment;

Health and

Medicine

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses;

Unpublishe

d; Books;

Patents

9742

Items

Eprints,

Version:3

English 2010 http://eprints.cmf

ri.org.in/

20 Eprints@IARI Indian Agricultural

Research Institute

(IARI)

Agriculture ,Food

& Veterinary

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses;

Unpublishe

d

230 items EPrints,

Version: 3

English 2009 http://eprints.iari.

res.in/

21 EPrints@IISc Indian Institute of

Science, Bangalore

(IISc),

Chemistry and

Chemical

Technology;

Mathematics and

Statistics; Physics

and Astronomy

Articles;

References;

Conference

s;

Unpublishe

d; Books;

Patents;

Special

37502

items

EPrints,

Version:

3.3.9

English 2004 http://eprints.iisc.

ernet.in/

22 EPrints@IITD Indian Institute of

Technology (IITD),

Delhi


Theses

2148

items

DSpace English 2005 http://eprint.iitd.a

c.in/dspace/

23 EPrints@NIRT National Institute for

Tuberculosis

Research, Chennai

Biology and

Biochemistry;

Health and

Medicine

Articles;

References;

Conference

s; Theses;

Books

830 items Eprints English 2014 http://eprints.nirt.

res.in/

24 Eprints@NML

National

Metallurgical

Laboratory

Chemistry and

Chemical

Technology;

Technology

General

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses;

Books;

Learning

5768

items

Eprints English 2009 http://eprints.nml

india.org/



Objects;

Patents

25 Eprints@MDRF

Madras Diabetes

Research

Foundation,

Chennai

Health and

Medicine Articles;

Theses;

Books

681

items

Eprints English 2009 http://mdrf-

eprints.in/

26 EPrints@UoM

University of

Mysore, Mysore

University Library

Multidisciplinary Articles 9127

Items

EPrints,

Version:

3.3.10

English 2013 http://eprints.uni-

mysore.ac.in/

27 E

Repository@IIHR Indian Council of

Agricultural

Research (ICAR),

Indian Institute of

Horticultural

Research (IIHR),

Bangalore

Multidisciplinary References;

Unpublishe

d; Special

486 items DSpace,

Version:

1.7.2

English NA http://www.erepo

.iihr.ernet.in/

28 ETD@IISC

Indian Institute of

Science, Bangalore

Multidisciplinary Theses 2255

items

DSpace English 2005 http://etd.ncsi.iis

c.ernet.in/

29 E theses- A

Saurashtra

University Library

Service

Saurashtra

University


References;

Theses

1016

items

EPrints,

Version:

3.3.6

English;

Gujarati

NA http://etheses.sau

rashtrauniversity.

edu/

30 IACS Institutional

Repository

Indian Association

for the Cultivation

of Science, Kolkata

Science General

Articles;

Theses;

Unpublishe

d

221 items DSpace English NA http://arxiv.iacs.r

es.in:8080/jspui/

31 ICRISAT Open

Access Repository

International Crops

Research Institute

for the Semi Arid

Tropics (ICRISAT),

Hyderabad


Conference

s; Learning

Objects;

Multimedia

7471

items

EPrints,

Version:3.3

.10

English;

Arabic

2009 http://oar.icrisat.

org/

32 Indian Academy

of Sciences:

Publications of

Fellows

Indian Academy of

Sciences

Science General;

Health and

Medicine;

Technology

General

Articles 91995

items

EPrints,

Version: 3

English NA http://repository.i

as.ac.in/

33 IR@CECRI CSIR-Central

Electrochemical

Research Institute,

Tamil Nadu

Electrical and

Electronic

Engineering

Articles 2479

Items

EPrints,

Version:

3.2.8

English 2011 http://cecri.csirce

ntral.net/

34 Institutional

Repository@CSI

O

CSIR-Central

Scientific

Instruments

Organisation

(CSIR-CSIO,

Chandigarh

Biology and

Biochemistry;

Chemistry and

Chemical

Technology; Earth

and Planetary

Sciences; Physics

and Astronomy;

Technology

General;

Computers and IT;

Electrical and

Electronic

Engineering;

Mechanical

Engineering and

Materials;

Management and

Planning

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses;

Unpublishe

d; Learning

Objects;

Multimedia

; Special

347 items Eprints

English NA http://csioir.csio.r

es.in/

35

Institutional

repository@VSL Indian Institute of

Management,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat


Conference

s; Theses;

Unpublishe

d;

Multimedia

11166

items DSpace

English 2009 http://vslir.iimahd

.ernet.in:8080/xm

lui



36 Kautilya@igidr Indira Gandhi

Institute of

Development

Research (IGIDR),

Mumbai

Multidisciplinary Conference

s; Theses;

Unpublishe

d

247 items DSpace English 2006 http://oii.igidr.ac.

in:8080/jspui

37 Knowledge

Repository Open

Network (Knoor)

Department of

Library &

Information

Science, University

of Kashmir,

Srinagar(Kashmir)

Science General;

Agriculture, Food

and Veterinary;

Health and

Medicine;

Technology

General

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses

933

Items

DSpace,

Version:

1.8.2

English;

Hindi;

Arabic;

Persian

2011 http://dspaces.uo

k.edu.in:8080/jsp

ui/

38 Mahatma Gandhi

University Theses

Online

Mahatma Gandhi

University, Kerala

Multidisciplinary Theses 1874

Items

Nitya Sanskrit;

Malayalam;

Hindi;

English

2009 http://www.mgut

heses.org/

39 NAL Repository

Information Centre

for Aerospace

Science and

Technology

(ICAST), Bangalore

Mathematics and

Statistics;

Technology

General;

Mechanical

Engineering and

Materials

Articles;

Conference

s; Theses;

Unpublishe

d; Learning

Objects;

Multimedia

; Patents

5692

Items

EPrints,

Version:

3.2.0

English 2004 http://nal-

ir.nal.res.in/

40 National Science

Digital Library

(NSDL)

NISCAIR (National

Institute of Science

Communication and

Information

Resources), New

Delhi

Science General Books 579 items DSpace English 2010 http://nsdl.niscair

.res.in/

41 NOPR (NISCAIR

Online Periodical

Repository)

NISCAIR (National

Institute of Science

Communication and

Information

Resources), New

Delhi


References

26083

items

DSpace English 2007 http://nopr.niscai

r.res.in/

42 Osmania

University Digital

Library [OUDL]

Osmania

University,

Hyderabad

Multidisciplinary Articles 24506

items

DSpace English;

Hindi

2010 http://oudl.osman

ia.ac.in/

43 RRI Digital

Repository

Raman Research

Institute, Bangalore

Physics and

Astronomy

Articles;

Unpublishe

d; Learning

Objects

5656

Items

DSpace English 2005 http://dspace.rri.r

es.in/

6. ITEMS IN THE REPOSITORIES

Data analyzed reveals that most of the repositories contain mixture of documents like journal articles,

conference proceedings, annual reports, books/book chapters, project reports, preprints, working papers,

patents, teaching resources, and thesis besides, images, editorials, short communications, data sets,

newspaper clippings, videos, monographs, brochures etc are in small numbers. Distribution of these items

in the repositories under the scope of present study is given in table 2.



Table 2 Distributions of Repository Items

Name Of Repository Journal

Articles/

Research

papers

Theses &

Dissertatio

ns

Conferenc

e papers/

Proceeding

s/

posters/

Workshop

items

Unpublish

ed

Reports/

Working

Papers

Books,

Chapters &

Sections

Multimedi

a &

Learning

Objects

Miscellaneo

us

Total

Items

DeepBlue Knowledge

Repository@PDPU

20

(12.04)

6

(3.61)

_

58

(34.93)

1

(0.60)

66

(39.75)

15

(9.03)

166

Digital Repository of

West Bengal Public

Library Network

_

_

_

452

(4.43)

9744

( 95.56 )

_

_

10196

DIR@IMTECH

1112

(81.82)

243

(17.88)

_ _ 3

(0.22)

1

(0.07)

_ 1359

DKR@CDRI

818

(91.91)

58

(6.51)

_

8

(0.89)

_ 6

(0.67)

_ 890

DRS@NIO

_

_

_

_

4380

(97.35)

_

119

(2.64)

4499

DSpace @ GGSIPU

110

(80.29)

25

(18.24)

_

_

_

2

(1.45)

_

137

DSpace@GIPE 1345

(10.68)

10

( 0.07)

_

327

(2.59)

9619

(76.42)

1286

(10.21)

_

12587

DSpace@IIAP

5674

(78.58)

123

(1.70)

_

1106

(15.31)

_

256

(3.54)

61

(0.84)

7220

DSpace@IIMK

1

(0.14)

_

260

(38.86)

28

(4.18)

379

(56.65)

1

(0.14)

_

669

DSpace@IITB

10504

(74.50)

2262

(16.04)

13

(0.09)

1050

(7.44)

270

(1.91)

14099

DSpace@IMSC

_

170

(57.43)

_

124

(41.89)

_

2

(0.67)

_

296

DSpace@INFLIBNET

65

(4.89)

_

1245

(93.75)

_

_

18

(1.35)

_

1328

Dspace@IUCAA 1995

(78.57)

_

167

(6.57)

_

_

377

(14.84)

_

2539

DSpace@MS University

_

210

(77.49)

_

_

59

(21.77)

2

(0.73)

_

271

Dspace@NITR

867

(42.64)

37

(1.81)

1119

(55.04)

_

10

(0.49)

_

_

2033

DSpace@TU

_

2470

(94.56)

20

(0.76)

_

2

(0.07)

3

(0.11)

117

(4.47)

2612

Dyuthi

_

2070

(66.70)

17

(0.54)

_

_

2

(0.06)

1014

(32.67)

3103



Archives of Indian

Labour

_

_

_

32127

(74.98)

5633

(13.14)

3089

(7.20)

1996

(4.65)

42845

Eprints@CMFRI

6957

(71.41)

177

(1.81)

956

(9.81)

377

(3.86)

898

(9.21)

300

(3.07 )

77

(0.79)

9742

Eprints@IARI

219

(95.21)

1

(0.43)

4

(1.73)

_

2

(0.86)

_

4

(1.73)

230

EPrints@IISc

30652

(81.73)

_

5293

(14.11)

58

(0.15)

131

(0.34)

1341

(3.57)

27

(0.07)

37502

EPrints@IITD

2105

(97.99)

35

(1.62)

_ 8

(0.37)

_ _ _ 2148

EPrints@NIRT

810

(97.59)

_

13

(1.56)

_

7

(0.84)

_

_

830

Eprints@NML 3381

(58.61)

50

(0.86)

1861

(32.26)

184

(3.19)

241

(4.17)

18

(0.31)

33

(0.57)

5768

Eprints@MDRF

660

(96.91)

2

(0.29)

_

_

19

(2.79)

_

_

681

Eprints @UOM

8653

(94.80)

_

351

(3.84)

_

111

(1.21)

_

12

(0.13)

9127

E Repository@IIHR

_

288

(59.25)

_

5

(1.02)

190

(39.09)

3

(0.61)

_

486

ETD@IISC

_

2255

(100)

_

_

_

_

_

2255

E theses- A Saurashtra

University Library

Service

1016

(100)

_ _ _ _ _ 1016

IACS Institutional

Repository

187

(84.61)

_

_

3

(1.35)

21

(9.50)

_

10

(4.52)

221

ICRISAT Open Access

Repository

4566

(61.11)

222

(2.97)

977

(13.07)

_ 576

(7.70)

1127

(15.08)

3

(0.04)

7471

Indian Academy of

Sciences: Publications

of Fellows

91995

(100)

_

_

_

_

_

_

91995

IR@CECRI 2090

(84.30)

46

(1.85)

2

(0.08)

_ _ 9

(0.36)

332

(13.39)

2479

Institutional

Repository@CSIO

340

(97.98)

_

7

(2.01)

_

_

_

_

347

Institutional

repository@VSL

8646

(77.43)

298

(2.66)

127

(1.13)

2028

(18.16)

_ 67

(0.60)

_ 11166

Kautilya@igidr

_

41

(16.59)

37

(14.97)

169

(68.42)

_

_

_

247


http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp

4%

4%

12%

10%

Knowledge Repository

Open Network (Knoor)

89

(9.53)

Mahatma Gandhi

University Theses

Online

_

NAL Repository

1504

(26.42)

National Science Digital

Library (NSDL)

_

NOPR (NISCAIR

Online Periodical

Repository)

26083

(100)

Osmania University

Digital Library [OUDL]

24471

(99.85)

RRI Digital Repository

_

Total

235919

(66.29)


http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp 176

Figure 1 Distribution of Repository items

66%

10%

3% 1%

Distribution of Repository Items

Journal Articles

Theses & Dissertations

Conference Proceedings

Unpublished reports

Books, chapters &

Sections

Multimedia & Learning

Objects

843

(90.35)

1

(0.10)

_

_

_

1874

(100)

_

_

_ _

7

(0.12)

983

(17.26)

3117

(54.76)

39

(0.68)

15

(0.26)

_

_

_

508

(87.73)

36

(6.21)

_

_

_

_ _

_

_

_

_

35

(0.14)

_

_

828

(14.63)

3781

(66.84)

716

(12.65)

12577

(3.53)

15702

(4.41)

41020

(11.52)

36354

(10.21)

9828

(2.76)


[email protected]

Journal Articles

Theses & Dissertations

Conference Proceedings

Unpublished reports

Books, chapters &

Multimedia & Learning

_

_

933

_

_

1874

15

(0.26)

27

(0.47)

5692

36

(6.21)

35

(6.04)

579

_

_

26083

35

(0.14)

_

24506

716

(12.65)

331

(5.85)

5656

9828

(2.76)

4483

(1.25)

355883

Institutional Repositories i

http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp

7. SOFTWARE ADOPTED BY

Repositories under the scope of present study have adopted different

repositories is indicated in table 3

Name of

Software

Developer

DSpace

DuraSpace

Eprints

University of

Southampton

Nitya

Centre for

Informatics

Research &

Development

Html

W3C &

WHATWG

Percentage of Software being used by Institutional Repositories

Figure 2 Software adopted by Indian Institut

33%

2%


http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp 177

SOFTWARE ADOPTED BY INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES

Repositories under the scope of present study have adopted different software. Software adopted by these

3

Table 3 Software Adopted

Web Address License System

Requirements

http://www.dspace.org BSD License Apache

1.3,Tomcat 4.0,

PostgreSQL 7.3+,

Ant 1.5, Java

language

http://software.eprints.org GNU General

Public

License

Apache, MySQL

database, Perl

language

http://www.nityainc.com N.A N.A

http://www.w3.org/html N.A N.A

Percentage of Software being used by Institutional Repositories

Software adopted by Indian Institutional repositories

63%

2% 2%

n India: An Evaluative Study

[email protected]

TORIES

software. Software adopted by these

System

Requirements

Operating

System

omcat 4.0,

PostgreSQL 7.3+,

Ant 1.5, Java

language

Solaris, Linux

& Windows

Systems

Apache, MySQL

database, Perl

language

Linux or Unix

N.A

N.A

ional repositories

DSpace

Eprints

Nitya

HTMl



7.1. Languages Adopted by Institutional Repositories

Figure 3 Languages adopted by Indian Institutional Repositories

Considering the language diversity all of the 43 repositories, it is evident from the above Chart that

English is used as a basic language by all Indian institutional repositories. Besides English, Hindi is the

second most used language i.e. 4 followed by Arabic language used by 2 repositories. Malayalam, Bengali,

Gujarati, Persian, Sanskrit & Tamil language are the least used languages in the study concerned.

7.2. Subject Area-Wise Indian Repositories

Table 4 Subject Area-wise Indian repositories

S.No. Subjects Repository(s) Percentage

1 Multidisciplinary Etheses-A Saurashtra University Library

Service,

Dyuthi (Digital Repository of Cochin

University of Science & Technology),

DSpace@GGSIPU,

DSpace@GIPE,

DSpace@MS University,

DSpace@Thapar University,

ICRISAT Open Access repository,

E-Repository@IIHR,

DSpace@INFLIBNET,

Digital Repository of West Bengal Public

Library Network,

Institutional Repository@VSL,

Kautilya@IGIDR,

Mahatma Gandhi University Theses Online,

NISCAIR Online Periodical Repository

(NOPR),

Osmania University Digital Library(OUDL),

EPrints@UoM

DeepBlue Knowledge Repository@PDPU,

DIR@IMTECH,

Etd@IISc,

Eprints@IITD

DSpace@IITB

49%

1 1 1 1 1 1 24

43

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50



2 Health & Medicine Knoor,

Eprints@CMFRI,

Eprints@MDRF,

DKR@CDRI,

Eprints@NIRT

Indian Academy of Sciences: Publications of

Fellows

13%

3 Technology General Knoor,


Fellows,

Eprints@NML,

DRS@NIO,

Institutional Repository@CSIO,

National Aerospace Laboratories

Institutional Repository (NAL Repository)

13%

4 Science General Knoor,


Fellows,

IACS Institutional Repository,

DSpace@NIO,

National Science Digital Library (NSDL)

11%

5 Physics & Astronomy DSpace@NITR,

DSpace@IIA,


Eprints@IISc,

RRI Digital Repository

11%

6 Chemistry & Chemical Technology Eprints@IISc,


DSpace@IUCAA,

DSpace@NITR,

Eprints@NML

11%

7 Biology & Biochemistry Eprints@CMFRI,

DKR@CDRI,

Eprints@NIRT,

Institutional Repository@CSIO

9%

8 Mathematics & Statistics Eprint@IISc,

National Aerospace Laboratories

Institutional Repository (NAL Repository),

DSpace@IMSC

7%

9 Mechanical Engineering & Materials National Aerospace Laboratories

Institutional Repository (NAL Repository),


DSpace@NITR

7%

10 Agriculture, Food & Veterinary Knoor,

Eprints@CMFRI,

Eprints@IARI

7%

11 Business & Economics DSpace@IIMK 4%



12 Electrical & Electronic Engineering Institutional Repository@CSIO,

IR@CECRI

4%

13 Earth & Planetary Science Institutional Repository@CSIO,

DSpace@IUCAA

4%

14 Ecology & Environment Eprints@CMFRI 4%

15 Computers & Information

Technology

Institutional Repository@CSIO 4%

16 Management & Planning Institutional Repository@CSIO 2%

17 Arts & Humanities General DRS@NIO 2%

18 Geography & regional Studies Archives of Indian Labour 2%

19 Social Sciences General Archives of Indian Labour 2%

20 Law & Politics Archives of Indian Labour 2%

21 History & Archeology Archives of Indian Labour 2%

Figure 4 Subject Area-Wise Indian Repositories

1=2%

1=2%

1=2%

1=2%

1=2%

1=2%

1=2%

1=2%

1=2%

2=5%

2=5%

3=7%

3=7%

3=7%

4=9%

5=12%

5=12%

5=12%

6=14%

6=14%

21=49%

0 5 10 15 20 25

History & Archeology

Computers & IT

Ecology & Environment

Business & Economics

Law & Politics

Social Sciences General

Geography & Regional Studies

Arts & Humanities General

Management & Planning

Earth & Planetary Science

Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Agriculture, Food & Veterinary

Mechanical Engineering & Materials

Mathematics & Statistics

Biology & Biochemistry

Chemistry & Chemical Technology

Science General

Physics & Astronomy

Technology General

Health & Medicine

Multidisciplinary

Subject Area-Wise Indian Repositories



Table 5 Year-Wise Growth Rate of Indian institutional repositories

Year No. Of Repository Growth Rate

(%) 1998 1 2.32

1999 0 0

2000 0 0

2001 0 0

2002 0 0

2003 0 0

2004 3 7

2005 5 11.62

2006 3 7

2007 2 4.65

2008 4 9.30

2009 6 13.95

2010 5 11.62

2011 4 9.30

2012 0 0

2013 2 4.65

2014 1 2.32

Not Defined 7 16.30

Total 43 100

Figure 5 Year wise growth rate of Indian Institutional repositories

10 0 0 0 0

3

5

32

4

65

4

0

21

7

2.32

0 0 0 0 0

7

11.62

7

4.65

9.3

13.95

11.62

9.3

0

4.65

2.32

16.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

No

. o

f R

ep

osi

tory

Year

Growth Rate of Repositories

No. Of Repository

Growth Rate (%)



8. FINDINGS 1. From Table 1, it is evident that “Archives of Indian Labour” is the first Institutional repository in India

established in 1998 and “EPrints@NIRT” is the latest one as established in 2014.Among 43 Institutional

repositories, 3 repositories contain exclusively electronic thesis and dissertation. These three repositories are

as under:

• Mahatma Gandhi University Thesis Online

• Etheses@Saurashtra and

• etd@IISc

It is also clear from Table 1 that the largest repository is ‘Indian Academy of Science: Publication of

Fellows with 91995 documents/items and ‘DSpace@GGSIPU’ is the smallest institutional repository with

only 137 documents/items’

2. From table 2, it is evident that:

• There are355883documents availablein 43 institutional repositories, out of which 91995(25.84%) are

available in “Indian Academy of Sciences: Publication of Fellows”. The second and the third largest

repositories are “Archives of Indian Labor” and Eprints@IISc with 42845(12.03%) and 37502(10.53%)

documents respectively. However, three repositories viz., ETD@IISC, E Theses-A Saurashtra University

Library service and Mahatma Gandhi University Theses Online exclusively deal with theses. The other

repositories also contain thesis though in small numbers.

• The number of Journal articles account for 66.29% (235919) of the total number of documents within the

repositories as is evident from table 3. ‘Indian Academy of Sciences: Publications of Fellows’ contains the

highest number of Journal Articles/Research papers (91995) followed by EPrints@IISc (30652) and NOPR

(26083), where as KNooR (Knowledge Repository Open Network) DSpace@IIMK contains the lowest

number i.e.(1), followed by DeepBlue Knowledge Repository@PDPU, DSpace@INFLIBNET and KnoOR

with (20), (65) and (89) respectively. The Conference papers/proceedings/workshop items account for

4.41% (15702) of the total document collection of the repositories. The highest number of these documents

are found in Eprints@IISc (5293) and the lowest in KnooR (1).

• The cumulative number of books/book chapters in the repositories is 36354 (10.21%). The highest numbers

are available in Digital Repository of West Bengal Public Library Network (9744) followed by

DSpace@GIPE (9619) and Archives of Indian Labor (5633). Out of the total 12577 Theses & Dissertations,

2470 are present in DSpace@TU followed by etd@IISc with 2255 and Dyuthi with 2070. There are total

41020 unpublished reports/Working papers available in all institutional repositories, out of which Archives

of Indian Labor alone contain 32127, followed by NAL Repository (3117) and Institutional

Repository@VSL (2028). Out of the total 9828 Multimedia & Learning Objects, Archives of Indian Labor

contain the majority 31.43% (3089), seconded by Eprints@IISc (1341).

• The Miscellaneous items, which include patents, reviews, corrections, additions, study centers/units,

editorials, convocations, ideas, short communications, interviews etc., constitute 1.25% of the total

collection of the repositories (Table2). Items in these repositories are presented diagrammatically in fig 1.

3. It is evident from the Fig.2 and Table 3 that the Institutional Repositories in India are rapidly

growing with the help of open source software like DSpace, GNU EPrints, Nitya, HTML etc. Out

of the 43 institutional repositories, 27 have opted for DSpace software (63%) because of its ability

to provide a permanent access to digital content. Another feature of D Sapce is that anybody can

download and customize the application to fit their needs, as the software is free and open source.

Eprints is the second most used software as 14 repositories use this software (33%). Nitya &

HTML are the other but least used software (2%) each.

4. Considering the language diversity all of the 43 repositories, it is evident from Fig.3 that English is

used as a basic language by all Indian institutional repositories. Besides English, Hindi is the

second most used language i.e. 4 followed by Arabic language used by 2 repositories. Malayalam,

Bengali, Gujarati, Persian, Sanskrit & Tamil language are the least used languages in the study

concerned.



5. The data from the Table 4 reveal that maximum no. of repositories contain multidisciplinary

literature in them. Among the various subjects present in Indian institutional repositories,

Multidisciplinary forms the majority with 49%, followed by Health & Medicine 13%, Technology

General 13%, Science General 11%, Physics and Astronomy 11%, Chemistry and Chemical

Technology 11%, Biology and Biochemistry 9%, Mathematics and statistics 7%, Mechanical

Engineering & Materials 7%, Agriculture Food and Veterinary 7%, etc. Among the chosen 43, a

total number of 21 Institutional repositories are multidisciplinary in nature. 6 Institutional

repositories deal with Health & Medicine and Technology General. 5 institutional repositories

exclusively deal with Physics & Astronomy, Science General and Chemistry & Chemical

Technology. Other repositories contain documents regarding Biology & Biochemistry,

Mathematics & Statistics, Mechanical Engineering & Materials, Agriculture, Food & Veterinary,

Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Earth & Planetary Science, Management & Planning, Arts &

Humanities, Geography & Regional Studies, Social Sciences General, Law & Politics etc.

Therefore, it can be stated that, Indian repositories are keeping bias to cover multidisciplinary

literature than specific subject area.

6. From Table 6, it is evident that institutional repositories in India have witnessed varying growth

rates. Although the growth momentum during initial years of development witnessed a sudden

increase i.e. 2.32% in 1998 but later this momentum gradually decreased i.e.0% (from 1999 to

2003). Fortunately, from 2003 onwards, due to efforts of UGC and concerned R&D centers, there

is a visible increase in growth of institutional repositories which recently fluctuated upto 16.30%.

9. CONCLUSION

An institutional repository is a very powerful practice that can serve as an engine of change for institutions

of higher education, and more broadly for the scholarly enterprises that they support. If an Institutional

Repository is properly developed and maintained, it advocates in realizing the goals of an institution, and

addresses an impressive range of needs. More and more universities in India have established their

institutional repositories. The functions and benefits of these Institutional repositories have been gradually

recognized by many countries, unfortunately, Institutional repositories in India are still at their embryonic

stage and there are still many works needed to be done. Institutional repositories’ sustainment and

development depend on many aspects like management, training, platform building, metadata

development, file format, quality control, and technology upgrade, but encouragement of faculty to

willingly contribute to institutional repositories is however an indispensable factor.

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Documents

INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES IN INDIA: AN ......International Journal of Library & Information Science (IJLIS) Volume 5, Issue 3, Sep–Dec 2016, pp. 166–184, Article ID: IJLIS_05_03_016