2. What is a Repository? Open access digital archive on open
source software A managed, persistent way of making research,
learning and teachingcontent with continuing value both
discoverable and accessible Repositories can be subject or
institutional in their focus Putting content into an institutional
repository enables staff andinstitutions to manage and preserve it,
and therefore derive maximumvalue from it A repository can support
research, learning, and administrativeprocesses. They are commonly
used for open access research outputs 3. What is an institutional
repository?Clifford Lynch, Executive Director, Coalition for
Networked Information, statedIn my view, a university-based
institutional repository is a set ofservices that a university
offers to the members ofits community for the management and
dissemination of digitalmaterials created by the institution and
its community members. It ismost essentially an organizational
commitment to the stewardship ofthese digital materials, including
long-term preservation whereappropriate, as well as organization
and access or distribution. ARL: A Bimonthly Report, no. 226
(February 2003) Institutional Repositories: Essential
Infrastructure for Scholarship in theDigital Age
http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/br/br226/br226ir.shtml 4. Open
Access Institutional RepositoriesWhat is open access (OA)?Many
definitions a report from the Joint Information Systems Committee
(JISC) in the UK of 2006 stated:The Open Access research literature
is composed of free, onlinecopies of peer-reviewed journal articles
and conference papers aswell as technical reports, theses and
working papers. In mostcases there are no licensing restrictions on
their use byreaders. They can therefore be used freely for
research, teachingand other
purposes.(http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/publications/pub_openaccess_v2.aspx)An
Open access institutional repository is that repository where
arecontents are freely available for use. 5. What OA is not ? There
are various misunderstandings about OpenAccess. It is not
self-publishing, nor a way to bypasspeer-review and publication,
nor is it a kind of second-class, cut-price publishing route. It is
simply a meansto make research results freely available online
tothe whole research community.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/briefingpapers/2006/pub_openaccess_v2.aspx
6. Gold and Green OA publishingGold OA - uses a funding model that
does not charge readers or their institutions for access e.g.
Ariadne, D- Lib Magazine and First MondayGreen OA - authors publish
papers in one of the 25,000 or so refereed journals in all
disciplines and then self- archive these papers in open
access/digital/institutional repositories. 7. Institutional
Repositories are:Centered around a university (other academic
institution) andcontain items which are the scholarly output of
thatinstitutionA collection of (digital) objects, in a variety of
formatsInclude works of various degrees of scholarly authority
andfrom various stages in the process of scholarly inquiry.
Inaddition to published works, an IR may include preprints,
theses& dissertations, images, data sets, working papers,
coursematerial, or anything else a contributor depositsTypically
motivated by a commitment to open access 8. Institutional
RepositoriesInstitutions are logical implementers of
repositoriesbecause they can take responsibility for:Centralising a
distributed activityFramework and InfrastructurePermanence that can
sustain changesStewardship of Digital assetsPreservation policy for
long term accessProvide central digital showcase for the research,
teaching and scholarship of the institution 9. IRs & Digital
LibrariesInstitutional Repositories Digital Libraries Are organized
around a May be built around any number ofparticular institutional
organizing principles (often topic,communitysubject, or discipline)
Often are dependent upon the Are the product of a
deliberatevoluntary contribution ofcollection development
policymaterials by scholars for thecontent in their collection
Typically include an important Are mainly repositories andservice
aspect (reference andtherefore may only offer limited research
assistance, interpretiveuser servicescontent, or special
resources.) 10. How does an IR content differ from other digital
collections? Content is deposited in a repository by
contentcreator, owner etc. Repository architecture manages the
content andthe metadata Repository software offers a minimum set of
basicservices put, get, search Repository must be sustainable,
trusted, well-supported and well-managed Heery, R. and Anderson S.
(2005) Digital RepositoriesReview. UKOLN and AHDS. Available
at:http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/digital-repositories-review-2005.pdf
11. Origins & DevelopmentOpen Archives Initiative-Protocol for
MetadataHarvesting (OAI-PMH)Digital Library 12. Why? university
view An institutional repository is a tangible indicatorof research
output of a university thus increasingits visibility, prestige and
public value Repository content is readily searchable bothlocally
and globally Can be used as a marketing tool for the institution
Allows an institution to manage its IntellectualProperty Rights
appropriately 13. Why? funders view Funders see improved access to,
and widerdissemination of research For example, in the UK the eight
researchcouncils have adopted policies mandating thatresults from
their tax-payer funded research beopen, available and accessible to
all via IRs orsimilar subject repositories e.g. Economic and Social
Research Council
http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/Full_text_decision_tree_tcm8-4138.pdf/
14. IRs can be used for: Scholarly communication Storing learning
materials and coursework Managing collections of research documents
Preserving digital materials for the long term Knowledge management
Electronic publishing Research assessment exercise Collaboration
tool 15. Benefits of setting up an institutionalrepositoryFor
researchers Showcase your institutes output Increases citation for
authors 24-hour access through any web-enabled device Lifes work in
one location Satisfies funders mandates Persistent URLsFor
librarians Provides new ways for archiving & preserving
valuable work Time-saving and cost-effective Help to identify
trends Reduce duplication of records 16. More BenefitsFor the
university An effective marketing tool Increase the visibility,
reputation and prestige Greater interdisciplinary research Enhanced
funding Facilitates gathering data such as publications for
AssessmentsFor the global community Free access of scholarly
information Taxpayers fund a large amount of scientific research
Developing countries Increase public knowledge Gain access to a
wide variety of materials 17. Publication and Deposition 18.
Publication and DepositionAuthor writes paper 19. Publication and
DepositionAuthor writes paper Submits to journal 20. Publication
and DepositionAuthor writes paper Submits to journal Deposits in
e-printrepository 21. Publication and DepositionAuthor writes paper
Submits to journal Deposits in e-printrepository Paper is refreed
22. Publication and DepositionAuthor writes paper Submits to
journal Deposits in e-printrepository Paper is refreedRevised by
author 23. Publication and DepositionAuthor writes paper Submits to
journal Deposits in e-printrepository Paper is refreedRevised by
authorAuthor submits final version 24. Publication and
DepositionAuthor writes paper Deposits in e-print Submits to
journal repository Paper is refreedRevised by authorAuthor submits
final version 25. What type of content can be deposited in an
Institutional Repository? Faculty Pre-prints, post-prints, research
findings, working papers, technical reports, conference papers
Multimedia, videos, teaching materials, learning objects Data sets
(scientific, demographic, etc.) and other ancillary research
material Web-based presentations, exhibits, etc. Students Theses
and dissertations Projects and portfolios Awarded research
Performances and recitals 26. Starting & Maintaining an IRSteps
to Building an IR1. Justify the relevance to the institution and
contributors2. Develop a policy framework. How will we find this
content and what will we do with it?3. Build the
infrastructureBonus: Get institutional support and a mandate. 27.
Starting & Maintaining an IRIR Technology IR software (Open
Source/Commercial) OAI-PMH harvesting protocol/software (Free)
Intel/Pentium servers for IR Linux/Red Hat OS, MySQL/PostGre DBMS,
Apache/Tomcat web server, Perl/Java (Free) 28. Starting &
Maintaining an IRCore issues Policy Decisions Organizational Issues
Cultural Issues 29. Starting & Maintaining an IRPolicy
decisions Scope : Reinforce the repositorys active support for
theinstitutions mission, values and goals- Identify/build a context
in which the repository is necessary- Multidiscipline / single
subject /Entire research output/database for each functional unit
Types of documents- Single database for different types /single one
Software: OSS like DSpace or GNU Eprints or develop own Research
Deposit Types: Thesis, Journal articles, Preprints, Reports,
Conference papers, Book Chapter, etc Resources: Human, IT, Funding
Stake holders: Library, Each Department, Institute as a whole
Services : Focus on building services not collections 30. Starting
& Maintaining an IR Management and Organizational Issues
Deposit options-Researcher self deposit and /or assisted deposit-
Metadata quality - Ensuring quality and rich metadata is labour
intensive Digitization: Born digital / Scanning File formats:
Accept all, Only PDF and/or other, Conversion Only full text
database and/or Bibliographic Copyright: RoMeO Publishers Copyright
policies Quality assurance: Peer review, Editing Deposit Agreement
and Use Agreement- Depositors declaration: Non-exclusive license -
Copyright/Patent/Trademarks- Repositorys rights and
responsibilities: Distribute, Store, Migrate, CopyRearrange,
Remove- Use Agreement: Copy, Distribute, Display, Share, Author
credit 31. Starting & Maintaining an IRCultural Issues
Advocacy- Sensitive to organizational culture and background-
Community size- Strategy: stakeholders, management committees
Copyright- Concern of researchers, Legal department Positioning-
Library/Institute Website 32. Starting & Maintaining an IRKey
Issues: Faculty buy-in Submission polices Copyright issues Deposit
types Metadata OAI-PMH compliant systems Specialized staff Outreach
and Liaison services 33. Obstacles to building a repository
in-house Open source institutional repository software is free to
acquire butexpensive to implement Delays due to slow response times
from over-burdened IT services Lack of personnel with the correct
skills Projects often go on for much longer than necessary Other
priorities can crop up unexpectedly and divert resources awayfrom
the repository project 34. Four Widely Used SystemsProduced by
Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress), focused on
maintainingscholarly output. Not open source.Developed at the
University of Southampton (UK). Widely considered to bethe least
complex of the major repository software platforms. Developed at
Cornell and University of Virginia. Based on a framework known as
the Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Framework.
Designed by MIT and Hewlett-Packard to manage the intellectual
output of research institutions and provide for long-term
preservation. 35. Subject/Discipline Based Repositories Definition
: Subject repositories are archives which collect and manage
material relating to one or more related subject areas. A number
currently exist mainly within science subjects.Subject repositories
often managed by an individualfor a group 36. Subject/Discipline
Based Repositories Relies on peer interaction no mandate Individual
agreements have to be struck No definitive boundaries Quality
control issues Sustainability issues Transitory collection at risk
Responsibility for preservation Issues over the return on the money
and effortinvested 37. Subject/Discipline Based
RepositoriesSignificant subject repositories include many using
e-Prints or DSpacesoftware: ArXiv - http://www.arxiv.cornell.edu/
(physics, mathematics, non-linear science and computer science)
Cogprints - http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ (Cognitive
sciencesincluding psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and other
related areas) CiteSeer - http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/cs (computer
science) HTP Prints - http://htpprints.yorku.ca/ (History and
theory of psychology) PubMedCentral -
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ (US NationalLibrary of Medicines
digital archive of life sciences journal literature. PhilSci
Archive - http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/ (philosophy of science)
E-LIS - http://eprints.rclis.org/ (library and information science)
RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) 38. How Does an IR Work?The
Open Archival Information System (OAIS) 39. How Does an IR
Work?Submission and Ingestion contributor metadata formatting
CopyrightPost-Submission quality metadata (DC) Intellectual
Property issuesUser QueryOngoing workflows Preservation
Administration Data Management System customization 40. OpenDOAR
Directory of Open AccessRepositories The OpenDOAR service provides
a quality-assuredlisting of open access repositories around
theworld. OpenDOAR staff harvest and assignmetadata to allow
categorisation and analysis toassist the wider use and exploitation
ofrepositories. Each of the repositories has beenvisited by
OpenDOAR staff to ensure a high degreeof quality and consistency in
the informationprovided: OpenDOAR is maintained by SHERPAconsortium
staff at the University of Nottingham,UK
http://www.opendoar.org/about.html 41. Growth of OpenDOAR-Worldwide
42. Benefits in depositing material Increase in citations, impact
and usage (useful forresearch evaluations such as the planned
ResearchEvaluation Framework in UK in 2013) Increase in public
research profile both for theindividual as well as the institution
Preservation of research outputs from the institution 43. ROAR-
Registry of Open Access RepositoriesAims to monitor overall growth
in the number of eprintarchives and to maintain a list of GNU
EPrints sites(http://roar.eprints.org)Available from Southampton
University, UKData gathered automatically via OAI-PMHAlso ROAR
Materials Archiving Policies ROARMAP -163 Institutional
repositories (including Rourkela NationalInstitute of Technology,
Bharathidasan University in India)(http://roarmap.eprints.org) 44.
Other overviews of IRsRepository66 a mash-up by Stuart Lewis
formerly of Aberystwyth, now at Auckland University, New Zealand
based on OpenDOAR and ROAR (http://maps.repository66.org/)World
ranking of institutional
repositories(http://repositories.webometrics.info/about_rank.html)
45. Searching Across Multiple IRsThe use of OAI-PMHcompliant
metadatapermits one stopshopping 46. Repository architecture
Largely institutional focus though some exceptions arXiv,
COGPRINTS, etc Interoperability through centralized
aggregators(national and global) Search services (OAIster, Intute,
) Registries (DOAR, ROAR, ) Harvesting metadata about content using
OAI-PMH(metadata = simple Dublin Core) Content = PDF 47.
Constraints of IR Absence of a well defined institutional policy
Lack of IR expertise in India Insufficient funds for IT
Infrastructure andmanpower Apathy of authors towards time consuming
andlengthy deposition procedure. Ignorance of users in the absence
of appropriateliteracy program 48. Constraints of IR (Contd)
Publishers rigid attitude towards copyright policy Customization of
open source software is a bottleneck Nature of content:
Classified/restricted andUnclassified/Open Diversity of content and
the language used in thefull texts Relying on unproven methods for
long term digitalpreservation. 49. Institutional Repositories:
Indian Scenario Nearly 54 Institutions Dspace 37 Eprints - 13
Greenstone 1 Inhouse - 7 Leading IRs IISc, ISI, NAL, NCL, NIO, RRI,
DU, IITs 50. Digital Preservation in IRsImportance of Digital
Information Preservation 1975 Two Viking space probes sent to Mars
by USA. Data generated by unrepeatable mission cost $1 billion.
Recorded data on magnetic tapes was corrupted /unidentifiable after
2 decades despite being kept in climatecontrolled environment.
Scientists could not access data, unable to decode theformats used.
51. Importance of Digital InformationPreservation Original format
developers not alive. Finally old printouts tracked and retyped.
NASA therefore is the biggest supporter of DigitalPreservation
Projects. This illustrates wide gap in information generation and
itsmanagement. 52. Threats Media decay and failure Massive storage
failures, outdated media Access Component Obsolescence Outdated
formats, applications & systems Human and Software errors &
External Events 53. Information DelugePresent & Future
ProjectionsYawning gap betweenOur ability to create digital
informationOur infrastructure and capacity to manage and preserve
it over timeCumulative effect foreseen as future digital dark ages
54. Need for Digital Preservation preserving natural/cultural
heritages for promoting academic research enabling public access to
legacy collections 55. IRs and Digital Preservation An IR is a
model for a preservation system It requires most essentially an
organizational commitment to thestewardship of digital materials,
including long-termpreservation where appropriate, as well as
organization and access ordistribution Attributes of a Trusted
Digital Repositoryan organisation that has responsibility for the
long-term maintenance of digital resources, as well as making them
available [through time and across changing technologies] to
communities agreed on by the depositor and the repository.Research
Libraries Grouphttp://www.rlg.org/longterm/attributes01.pdf 56.
Definition: Digital PreservationThe maintenance of digital
materials over the long-termwith a view to ensuring its continued
accessibility. Itensures that the digital resources are stored
correctlyand maintained adequately in the online world, suchthat
they are available consistently for use over time.Long-term
includes timescales of decades or even centuries 57. Preservation
Strategies Technology preservation Keep the hardware alive
Technology emulation Create an environment to be able to run the
existingsoftware Data migration Convert data to new formats to run
in new applications 58. Open Archival Information System(OAIS)SIP =
Submission InformationPackageAIP = Archive In formationPackageDIP =
Dissemination InformationPackage Published by Consultative
Committee for Space Data System(CCSDS) 2002, ISO 14721 : 2003
standard An archive consists of an organization of people and
systems withresponsibility to preserve information and make it
available tousers. 59. OAIS: Definitions To define an Open Archival
Information System The term open means that the document was
developed in anopen way, and does not imply that access to any OAIS
should beunrestricted An archive is defined as an "organization
that intends to preserveinformation for access and use by a
designated community." (p. 1-8) While an OAIS itself need not be
permanent, the informationbeing maintained has been deemed to need
"Long TermPreservation" Long term = long enough for there to be a
concern about the impact of changing technologies 60. OAIS: Purpose
and Scope Primary focus on digital information Specific aims
include: A framework for the understanding and awareness of the
archivalconcepts needed for long term preservation (access)
Terminology and concepts for describing and comparing:
Architectures and operations Preservation strategies and techniques
Data models Consensus on elements and processes for long term
preservation A foundation for other standards 61. OAIS:
Applicability Applicability: Applicable to any archive, but mainly
focused onorganisations with responsibility for making
informationavailable for the long term Of interest to those who
create information Conformance An OAIS must support the information
model - but does notspecify any particular method of implementation
Mandatory responsibilities (section 3.1) 62. Implementing OAIS
Summing up the fundamentals : OAIS is a reference model (conceptual
framework), NOT ablueprint for system design It informs the design
of system architectures, the development ofsystems and components
It provides common definitions of terms, a common language andmeans
of making comparison But it does NOT ensure consistency or
interoperability betweenimplementations 63. Summing Up : OAIS The
OAIS model is a foundation stone for current and future digital
preservation efforts It is already widely used to inform the
development of preservation tools and repositories It could be used
in the future as a basis for conformance 64. Research Objectives1.
To design an institutional repository using DSpace, that is both
sustainable and viable and can fulfill the long-term digital
preservation of materials deposited into it2. To map the Open
Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model on the in situ
institutional repository, weigh the benefits of OAIS features
against institutional repository usability and to identify the
institutional repository challenges to the relevant features of the
OAIS3. To assess the applicability of products developed by
projects employing the OAIS model on small and medium sized
institutional repositories, using the IIG institutional repository
as a test bed4. To ensure that the required policies, guidelines,
strategies, procedures and agreements exist while implementing the
OAIS model, that will embed digital preservation into IIGs workflow
65. Conclusion from the study This research was able to identify
all the components necessary for the implementation of the OAIS
model for a geoscience domain specific institutional repository
