INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES, PATRICIA BAY

ANNUAL REPORT - 1975

INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES, PATRICIA BAY Victoria, B.C.

INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES, PATRICIA BAY

ANNUAL REPORT 1975

The Institute Under Construction

December 1975

Victoria, B.C. March, 1976

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Dep Beaufort Sea Sep 17

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Arr. Halifax Dep. Oct 1

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Charter ships Pandora II, with the submersible Pisces IV, and

Theta left victoria July 23 for the 1975 Arctic season. Map

shows their route to Halifax, where Theta went off charter,

and Pandora's return trip through the Panama Canal to victoria.

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Introduction

1975 has been a year which has more than u sually taxed our ability to maintain f lexib ility in the face of the unex­pected . It has seen more than its share of disappointment s . Most o f these disappointments originate in the downturn of the world ' s and o f Canada ' s economy , which led the Government of Canada to inst itute a drastic curtailment of programs , commencing in the summer of 197 5 . Announced programs such as the Georgia S trait Proj ect were postponed into an indefin­ite futur e . Programs being p lanned , such as the cooperative program with the United S tates with respect to the p roj ected large increase in tanker traff ic on the wes t coast and in Juan de Fuca and Georgia S trait s , were reduced to pale ghosts of what had been ant icipated . Because the s lowdown in the west coast economy had reduced s taf f turnover , partic­ularly in ships , the cutback in allowable man-year utilization which was announced in late summer caught us with a maximum number of people on s taff . Only very drastic measures , including the shortening of the hydrographic field s eason and the laying up of the CSS William J . Stewart , enab led us to effect the necessary curtailment s . These cuts went deep into the bone and muscle of our organizat ion .

On the other hand , the Department has agreed to keep the construct ion of our Inst itute facilities at Patricia Bay high in its priorities . Although co sts have escalated , as have costs of all construction in Canada , the proj ect has kept close to schedule . At the end of the year the dock was approaching comp let ion , and it is expected that that and the shop facilities associated with it will be in operat ion in 197 6 . The rest of the structure is taking form , and progress is visible from week to week . God , the unions and Treasury Board willing , we will have our much needed facilities in 1978 .

The effect of budget cuts was by no means the only external influence which impacted on us during 1975 . For example , in February two tank cars filled with pressurized liquid chlorine were lost at sea from a barge on the eas tern side of Georgia Strait . This event produced an emergency of some magnitude . It was not known where exactly the tank cars had been lost , but it was known that if they became rup tured in shallow water there was a s erious danger of the escape of large quant itit ies of gaseous chlorine which would endanger lif e . A crash operat ion was mounted by the Hydro­graphic Divis ion, at the request of the Minis try of Transport , to t ry to locate the tanks if they were in shallow water .

At the same time an examinat ion was made by Ocean Chemis try to determine the behaviour to be expected if the chlorine leaked from the tanks at suff icient depth that it might be expected to remain liquid . This s tudy left some conf idence that in deep wat er the chlorine would produce no

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hazard to humans . Repeat ed sweeps by our vessels , and by contractors to MOT supervised by our hydrographers , revealed many target s . All of these were method ically eliminated , a good number after examination and ident ificat ion by our submersible , Pisces IV , which proved invaluable in this operat ion. The tank cars themselves were not found , but we were ab le to show that there was a very low p robability that they were in shallow wat er .

This ' chlorine tank caper' was merely the mos t spec tacu+ar of a number of event s occurring during the year which deflected us temporar ily from pursuing long established goals .

As important as any of our other activit ies in 197 5 was the culminat ion of the Beaufort Sea Pro jec t , which was managed from our of fices in Victoria by Mr . Allan Milne , Head of our Arctic Marine group . It required the coordinat ion and focussing of several dozen studies carried out by groups based at various locat ions acros s the country , mos t carrying out field work within the Beaufort Sea area . Although reports from many of the individual proj ects were not complete by the end of 197 5 , the basic obj ective of develop ing a preliminary environmental assessment document within 1975 was achieved . The document has been very widely c irculated and is a key input to the Cabinet decision which will be made early in 197 6 concerning whether or not exploratory drilling will proceed in 197 6 .

Not only was the Beaufort Sea proj ect managed from OAS Pac if ic , but every division played some role in the proj ect . Often these roles interlocked . For example , the Tidal and Current Survey Sect ion of the Hydrographic Division ob tained a wealth of water level data in the Beaufort Sea which was used in the cons truct ion of a numerical model of storm surges by the Ocean Physics Division . The Beaufort Sea Proj ect should serve as a revealing mod el of a major environmental ' crash ' program. Despite generally uncooperat ive weather and ice condit ions , it was probably as successful as anyone had any reason to expect . However such crash programs have many inherent limitat ions no t the least of which is the fact that no year is ever quite like any o ther year and a program lasting for only two years cannot hope to present a full environmental pictur e . Nevertheless those responsible for and deeply engaged in the Beaufort Sea Proj ect have been left with a cons iderable sense of well-deserved satisfaction for a diff icult j ob well done .

As always , it is these extraordinary events which attract at tent ion . Again as always the work done by p eople sys tematically going about their regular business effectively and consc ient iously is no less a part of our activity and is no less important . This annual report documents our effort s and accomplishment s of both kinds .

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HYDROGRAPHIC DIVISION M . Bolton - Regional Hydrographer

The maj or field efforts were devoted to a modern survey of Juan de Fuca Strait and its seaward approaches in anticipat ion of the forthcoming Alaskan tanker traffic . As a consequence (probably fortunat e in view o f extremely heavy ice conditions ) n o Wes tern Arctic programs wer e planned .

A new chart format , emphasizing depth contour s , was designed through a cooperative effort of Development and Chart Construction personnel . This format , which has received general accep tance by the maritime community , will b e the base for the production of new navigational chart s f eaturing metric units . Paralleling the transfer of additional man-years from headquarters was the transfer of chart maintenance responsibility for Pacific coast chart s to the region .

In September , Regional Tidal Superintendent S . O . Wigen was seconded to the International Tsunami Information Centre as Associate Director for a one year period . Activities directed towards the Beaufort Sea proj ect were continued , and data collected wil l enhance our navigational knowledge of the area .

In anticipat ion of further man power and monetary restraints in the next fiscal year , it is appropriate to review and , if necessary , revise and modify the various regional hydrographic programs . Contingency plans are being d eveloped which may cause s ignificant adjus tments in 19 7 6 .

Sounding at speed on the Mackenzie River

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R . Wills - Regional Field Superintendent

F . A . Coldham R. A. Pierce K. L . Czot ter R. D . Popejoy G. H . Eaton M. L . Preece N . S . Fuj ino A. R. Raymond

*R . C . Hlina G. E . Richardson J . B. Larkin R. W. Sandilands B . M. Lusk R . U . Shoenrank R. I . May C . R. Tamasi P . R. Milner J . G. Wanamaker A. R . Mort imer D . J . Wood A. D . O ' Connor M . V . Woods

*Left during 1975

This section is respons ible f or all hydrographic f ield operations and includes Hydrographic Development and Sailing Direct ions .

The field season for maj or part ies began in mid-April with the principal field effort being concentrated on the west coast of Vancouver Is land from the Strait of Juan de Fuca north to the Brooks Peninsula .

CSS Parizeau , with B . M. Lusk as hydrographer-in-charge, carried out hydrographic and geophysical surveys ( gravity and magnetic) from the Canada - United S tates boundary o f f the S trait of Juan de Fuca north t o the Brooks Peninsula and out over the 4 0 0 m line . For logis t ic support she was fit ted with a temporary landing pad forward for an Alouet te helicopter .

CSS WM. J . Stewart , with G. E . Richard son as hydrographer -in­charge , surveyed the Canadian portion of the Strait o f Juan de Fuca wes t from Ot ter Point and continued north t o Barkley Sound . The survey o f Barkley Sound was continued from 1 9 7 4 and inc luded a large-scale survey of Bamfield and Grappler Inlets . Work was begun o n a large-scale survey of Ucluelet Inlet .

This party also spent a brief p er iod working on the Fraser River delta front b etween the Rober t s Bank superport and the Tsawwas sen ferry terminal to determine what changes may be o ccuring there .

The ship was withdrawn from the f ield at the end o f Septemb er , three weeks ahead o f schedule , due to man-year and financial cons traint s .

On the Mackenz ie River a party on board the chartered vessel Radium Expres s , with A. D . O ' Connor as hydrographer -in-charge , conducted the annual revisory surveys . In addition, surveys for f ive new chart s were carried out on the river between Head of the Line and Lousy Point , thus completing the new surveys of this section. Reconnaissance surveys were made of the Liard-Fort Nelson river syst em and the Lower Great Bear River .

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Several t imes during the year ext ensive support was given to the Ministry of Transport s earch for four chlorine tank cars lost in the Malaspina Strait area .

Debris washed down from the banks is a navigational hazard on the L iard River

Sailing Direct ions

*T . L. Jones - Head J . W. Chivas

*Ret ired during 1 9 7 5

+R . W . Sandi lands - Act ing Head L . M. Wakefield

+Rotational staff

The sixth edition of B . C . Sailing Directions (North Portion) , Volume I I was received from the printers in February .

In October the f irst edition of the Small Craf t Guide , Volume II , was published . This new pub l icat ion , written with recreat ional boaters in mind , covers the mainland coast from Boundary Bay to Cortes I sland and complement s Volume I , which gives coverage of the Vancouver I sland coast from Sooke to Nanamimo , including the Gul f I sland s .

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It is p lanned to extend coverage for the third edition of the Small Craf t Guide , Volume I, from Alberni to Sooke , including all of Barkley Sound , and from Nanaimo to Campbell River , thus giving comp lete small craf t sailing direct ions and details of shore facilities for all southern B . C . waters . The manuscript for these extensions has been comp leted and is presently being put on tape at the office of the editor in Ot tawa . Publicat ion is scheduled for 19 7 6 .

The manuscript for the tenth edit ion of B . C . Sailing d irect ions , Volume I, has been updated and is expec ted to be ready for publication in mid -19 7 6 .

A gazetteer of local place names is being comp iled . Preliminary data comp iled have alread y proven to be of value to Air Sea Rescue author i t ies on several occas ions . This gazet teer will b e purely an internal listing for such purposes .

No field work was undertaken by this uni t in 1 9 7 5 .

Hydrographic Development

*N . M. Anderson - Head +N . S . Fuj ino +A . R . Mort imer

*Trans ferred to head quar ters

+C . R. Tamasi

+Ro tational s taff

Development Group act ivities were focused on four maj or proj ec ts .

A version of the Univer sity of Washing ton FOCAL was adap ted , under contract , to the Haap s conf iguratin of the PDP8 /e computer and the new ver sion implemented in the process ing of Haap s data collected aboard C S S Pari zeau this season. Following a hectic introductory period which was complicated by computer hardware malfunct ions , this new ver sion of FOCAL operated succes sfully .

Field work cont inued on long range tests of microwave posit ioning s ystems and a report is to be pub lished thi s winter .

A study has been made of the requirements of the Hydrographic Service , Pacific Region , for instrumentat ion , chain callibrat ion and chart lat ticing in connect ion wi th Loran C , s cheduled to be on the air on the west coas t by Januar y 1 9 7 7 .

The Aerial Hydrography Proj ect is progressing slowly but favourabl y with significant input f �om the Canada Centre for Remo te Sens ing . Flight tes ts conducted this summer have provided data which appears to be quite reliable . Horizontal and ver t ical control problems have become apparent in the test area and fur ther evaluat ion of the data is impos s ib le until these are solved . An evaluat ion of the new Kodak water penetrat ion

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film has indicated that there is no improvement over standard colour f ilm . The evaluat ion cannot be considered r igorous as it was not possib le to exercise direct control o f the camera exposure during the tes t s .

Additional activities included input into the specif ications for a Portable Hydrographic Acquisition System (PHAS ) and into a new Fortran program to process Haaps data .

Tidal and Current Survey Section S . O . Wigen - Regional Tidal Sup erintendent

This sect ion conducted maj or f ield programs in the Pacific and the Western Arctic . Hydrodynamic surveys continued in Juan de Fuca Strait and in the approaches to and in Burrard Inlet . Tides and bot tom currents were monitored as part of the Seaufort Sea Proj ect . Vert ical control for hydrographic charting of the Mackenzie-Athabasca waterway was again provided to hydrographers . Considerable time was spent by all unit s in providing information to the general pub lic , engineering consulting f irms , universities and government agencies .

On September 1 Mr . S . O . Wigen lef t for Honolulu , HawAii , to take up a post as Associate Director of the International Tsunami Information Centre for a period o f one year . Mr . W . Rapatz will be the acting regional tidal superintendent during Mr . Wigen' s ab sence .

Hydraulic Research

A . B . Ages - in charge *A . Harrison

*Left 1 9 7 5

K . Lee (CELL) A . Woollard (Computing Services )

A two-dimensional numerical model o f Burrard Inlet was developed and calibration o f this model was b egun by extens ive measurements of tides , currents , winds , temperatures and salinities . Measurement of surface currents in the approaches to Burrard Inlet was done with the co-operation of the Institute of Oceanography , UBC . Simultaneous tidal ob servations were obtained at Indian Arm and Port Moody .

A provisional computer program was d eveloped to preqict the movement of oil spills in the S traits o f Juan de Fuca and Georgia . The program parameters are the surface currents of the two basins , the spreading velocity of the type of oil spilled , and the winds at the time of the accident . Information was provided to government agencies and private industry on problems concerning marine pollution and tidal hydraulics . Especially useful were tidal computations o f the Fraser River made with the aid of the numerical model developed ear lier .

Current Surveys

*K . Cote A . N . Douglas W. J . Harris F. V. Hermis ton

*Left 1975

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W . S . Huggett ( in charge) *M. Petch

W. Tario M. J . Woodward

The main ef fort of Current Surveys was again directed towards the Beaufort Sea Proj ect . In May, eight current meters and t ide gauge arrays were deployed in the Beaufort Sea with the aid of a helicopter , and s even of these arrays were recovered in August from the M . V . Theta . Three o f the arrays were re-deployed and two were recovered in Septemb er . The two arrays deplo yed north o f Herschel Island were no t recovered because of 10 / 1 0 ice coverage in the area from the end of August onward s . The f irst array put down in this area may have been damaged b y ice , or had a fault develop in the acous tic release gear . A report on o ff-shore tides and bottom currents was writ ten and will be included in the Beaufort Sea report .

A maj or tide and current survey was carried out in the Strait of Juan de Fuca from May to July. Twelve ins trument arrays consisting of eight tide gauges and nine current meters were moored across the S trait from Sheringham Point to Pillar Point , Washington . The purpose o f thi s survey is to study the current flowing through the Strait and its relation­ship to t he difference in bottom pressures acros s the S trait . Analys is of the data and interpretation of the results are presently being carried out by D . Fissel under contract .

Land-lo cked tide gauge at Kay Point in the Yukon was almost completely submerged during s torm

sur ge in the southern Beaufort Sea

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Two current meter arrays were deployed o f f the wes t coast of Vancouver Island in conj unct ion with Dr . A. Huyer ' s s tudy of "Alongshore Coherence at Low Frequencies in Currents Observed o ver the Cont inental Shelf . " All were recovered in April . A summary of the data has been presented and a more detailed study of the data is in progres s .

Tide and current meters were deplo yed in the approaches to Burrard Inlet to provide data for the Burrard Inlet numerical model , and for the stud y of internal gravity waves and longshore currents .

Tidal Sur vey

R . E . Brown C . C . Carracedo

D . E. Hilder *W . Lane

J . J . Manson L . E. Ponse

*left in 1975

A . J . Smedley W . J . Rapatz - in charge until

September 3 0 C . E . Stenning - o n contract F . E . Stephenson - in charge

from October 1

This unit operated nine temporary gauging stat ions on the coas t of Brit ish Columb ia . Data from these stat ions are used to ad vance knowledge of the t idal progress ions on the coas t .

Two Aanderaa TGIA gauges ins talled a t Neah Bay, Washington , were recovered in 1975 . Analys is of records indicates that the float gauge operated by National Ocean Survey in Neah Bay ac curately represents the tides in the Strait of Juan de Fuca .

Two in 1975 . 114 days by IOUBC record .

t ide gauges were recovered from seamount s in the North Pacific An Aanderaa tide gauge on Union Seamount was recovered with

of continuous records and a tide gauge designed for the Sect ion was recovered from Sur ve yor Seamount with 346 days of cont inuous

Ten tide gauges were operated along the shores of the Beaufort Sea during the summer . Two maj or s torm surges occurred during this ob servation period . These are the most thoroughly observed s torm surges in the Canadian Arctic to dat e , and the records provide much needed information for the numerical model of the area .

Several water level gauges were operated in the Mackenz ie River and its tributaries to supplement water level informat ion from permanent gauges for hydrographic surveys of the river .

Tidal records from all permanent and temporary gauging s tat ions were processed and s ent to the Marine Environmental Data Service for permanent s torage .

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Chart Construction Section

F . R . Smithers - Regional Chart Superintendent

K . Bennett R. Korhonen L . Thompson R . Bell A . Lyon J . Underwood P . Browning C . Nas t J . Unti P . Buckle y M . Patton K . Vaino D . Clark K. Peterson B . Watt E. Coulter A . Philp V . Young D . Dobson L . Pickell W. Young M. Farmer T . Plume K. Holman M. Taylor

This section is responsible for the compilat ion , draf t ing , photo­mechanical processing for printing , correction and distribution of all Pacific Coast naut ical charts .

Four new charts were cons truc ted and printed at Evergreen Press in Vancouver dur ing 1975 . Several charts being compiled were total l y reconstructed in order to present them in metric, bilingual format conforming to present Canadian Hydrographic Ser vice policy. As all existing charts will eventuall y be redrawn to conform to these require­ments , plus a new standard paper size , a rescheming of all Pacific Region chart s is underway.

Responsibilit y for maintenance of all the new editions and reprints has been transferred to this office , and all draft ing and reprographic s for print ing are mad e b y the Section before submis sion for out side contract printing . The number of charts printed will increase from 10 in 1975 to 43 in 1976 .

The correct ion and dis tribution unit mo ved to 33 Dallas Road in September to accommodate the constantly increasing volume of publications . The chart corrections unit made 1 , 905 , 06 1 hand amendment s . The chart distribut ion unit proces sed and shipped 165 , 33 9 charts and 6 2 , 24 1 publicat ions . This unit also inspected 2 1 dealers to ensure that the terms of reference were maintained . As a result

'10 dealerships were

cancelled and seven new dealerships established .

The graphic art s unit cons truc ted a display using the prototype of metric chart 348lM as a theme . This booth was set up and s taffed at the Vancouver International Boat and Sport Show . Copies of the chart and questionnaires were distributed , and two senior cartographers answered questions on the metricat ion of charts .

A graphic display was also cons tructed depicting the s teps involved in the cons truct ion of a nautical chart . This was used for a lec ture gi ven at the nat ional convention of the Canadian Power Boat Squadron in Vancouver . It is being used as a permanent display for guided tours of the Chart Construction Section and can be updated as methods of chart construct ion change .

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The MAREP program (a marine reporting s ys tem with the Canadian Power Boat Squadron ) has been very successful on the wes t coast with the submis sion of 250 report s during the year . These r eports were directly responsible f or the promulgat ion of eight Not ices to Mariners .

Survey Electronics Section

J. V. Wat t - Head

The Survey Electronics Sect ion provides elec tronics engineering and technical support for survey, research and ship operations in the Pacific Region. A significant increase in demand s f or engineering assistance combined with maintenance and f ield support kep t the Section ver y busy during the year.

Technical Support Group

W. R. Taylor - Head R. A. Cooke (with FSRG) R . A. Muse L . W . Dorosh M. Osborne D. J. Gregson C. F . Ryan E. W. Hinds T . J . Soutar R. Loschiavo

Activities of the Technical Support Group involved field support for survey parties aboard the Ins titute ships Wm . J . Stewart and Parizeau and the chart er vessel MV Radium Express , in addit ion to general electron­ics maintenance duties for Hydrographic and Ship d ivisions.

A maj or effort was expended in upgrading and rep lacing radio­telephone equipment aboard the chart er ves sels Theta and Pandora II in preparation f or their arctic operations.

Scheduling improvements and revis ions in preventive,maintenance measures before the 1975 f ield season resulted in a s ignificant reduction of equipment failures. Maintenance s chedules for p ermanent shipboard electronic installations were revised , and new schedules will be in ef fect during 1976 .

Engineering Support Group

T . A. Curran J . L . Galloway

Engineering efforts in support of the Hydrographic Development Group and in hydrography-oriented proj ects initiated b y the sect ion have led to favourable progress on the Aer ial Hydrography Proj ect , the contract for the portable hydrographic acquisition s ystem (PHAS), and to the development of a new Fortran-based sof tware package for processing Haap s data .

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Proj ect s such as the redesign of the CMDR current meter to in­corporate C-MOS technology and continued support of the ' UBC ' t ide gauge , being conducted for Tidal Survey, are progressing well .

Data from a single channel satellite navigation receiver were collected , tabulated and forwarded to the Navigation Group of Bedford Inst itute of Oceanography at their r equest . A project to plot Haaps data on a line printer /plotter was init iated , conducted and completed under contract , with the results going to the Bedford Hydrographic Development Group .

Support for oceanographic act ivities involved interface electronics for a drifting buoy experiment using a satellite data link, systems design and modification for a computer-based CTD system , development o f a combination tape translator and computer interface f o r Aanderaa data tapes, redesign of an electronic bathythermograph , and the comp letion of a comb ination Memodyne/ Geodyne data tape reader and computer interface .

Landing pad was cons tructed on CSS Parizeau for heli copt er support during hydrographic surve y

o f f Wes t Coast o f Vancouver Island

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OCEAN CHEMISTRY DIVISION

C . s. Wong - Chief of Divis ion

Marine Hydrocarbons Section

w. J . Cretney - Head

P . A . Christensen ( NRC Postdoctoral Fellow) - GC /MS System W . J . Cretney - Hydrocarbon analysis , clean-room techniques D . R . Green (Visiting S tudent , UBC ) - Pelagic t ar R . W . Macdonald ( NRC Postdoctoral Fellow to July 30, 1975) -

LMW Hydrocarbon gases C . S. Wong - Environment al e ffect s .

The obj ective o f the program is to understand the occurr ence , p athways and f ate o f hydrocarbons (natural , petroleum-based and hal­ogenated ) in the marine environment . The contaminant levels o f these substances in the ocean are poorly known . In addition , analytical and s ampling t echniques for investigating petroleum hydrocarbons in sea water are still being developed . The Division has been concentr ating on contaminant-free sampling and laboratory environment in order to ensure the integrity o f the results .

A contaminant free ' Blumer ' s ampler for LMW and PAR hydrocarbon s amp ling in sea water .

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In f ield sampling , sea water samples f or hydrocarbons work were mainly collected by a 5-liter ' Blumer ' sampler . This consisted o f a 5-liter glass bottle , evacuated and s ealed b y a disc which could be opened at a desired depth by a pres sure act ivated valve . Thus the chance of contaminat ion by the surface microlayer when the sampler was lowered would be minimized .

A portable clean laboratory, eight feet wide b y s ixteen feet long by seven feet high , was f itted with a carbon f ilter to remove hydrocarbon fumes from the ship at the intake of air into the laboratory environment . This laboratory has three compartments : a ' clean ' area near the entrance for preliminary work-up , an ' air-shower ' compartment to remove dust and part iculate contaminants from the operator , and a superclean working area for sample preparation and analysis . It was used with success in the Beaufort Sea on MV Pandora II. This hydrocarbon clean laboratory is the first of its kind for shipboard contaminant-free analysis and sample work-up .

A Finnigan 3300 E gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer_Iistem capable of a mas s range of 10-1000 amu and a sens i t ivit y of 3 x 10 g / sec for cholesterol was applied to the detect ion o f polyaromatic compounds in marine environmental samp les . This GC /MS s ystem was also interfaced with a PDP-ll mini-computer to improve the sensitivit y of measurements . Clean-laboratory techniques for extract ion o f polyaromat ics from biological tissues and marine sediment s are being applied to Beaufort Sea samples . A technique using fluorescence and high speed liquid chromatography (FS-HPLC ) was being app lied to monitor total polyaromatic hydrocarbons at ocean weather stat ion P , along line P , in Saanich Inlet and nearshore wat er s in Victoria .

Trace Metals Section C . S . Wong - Head

C . S . Wong - Lead , mercury in the marine environment , clean room techniques K . Kremling (Visiting Sc ientist , Univers i t y of Kiel) - cadmium in sea water J. P iuze (NRC Postdoctoral Fellow) - Anodic stripping technique , cadmium W . K . Johnson E. Mat sumot o (NRC Postdoctoral Fellow) - Pb-2l0 dating , marine sediment s

The main obj ective o f the Sect ion is to assess the natural and anthropogenic input s of phys iologically signif icant metals into the marine environment , with special reference to coastal and open ocean water s . However , in contrast to marine hydrocarbons of petroleum origin , natural inputs o f trace metals may exceed the anthropogenic ones and the assessment of pollut ion impact is d i f f icult . As in the case of petroleum­based hydrocarbons , trace metals measurements require sub s tant ial care in sampling , preservat ion o f samp le integrity and contaminant-free analysis in clean rooms . One shore clean room and one shipboard clean laboratory with carbon f iltered air at intake were available . These clean rooms are among the f ew in the world for trace environmental studies and the shipboard laboratory was the first of its kind .

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Intercalibrat ion s tudies f orm an important part o f low-level trace measurements , in order to e stablish confidence in the data collect ed . This Section participated in the California Ins titute o f Technology int ercalibration on lead in sea wat er , as part o f an IDOE study, and in a s imilar int ercalibration with west coast laboratories using Juan de Fuca S trait and Lake Washington wat ers . The resul t s illustrated the superiority of a comb ination o f isotope d ilution and clean-room techniques o ver the more conventional t echniques of f lameless atomic absorption and anodic stripping voltammetry. The lead level in s ea wat er , when free from analytical contaminants from dust and aerosol s , and recovery problems , appeared to b e at an order o f magnitude lower than that given b y so-called ' current ' techniques .

S imilarly, mercury levels in sea water were f ound to be much lower when a cold-vapor u . v. method was used , compared to result s obtained b y previous workers . Investigations in station P wat er s , the southern Beaufort Sea , the eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic Oceans indi cated the total inorganic mercury level to be between 5-15 ng/ l in surface ocean wat er s .

The capability o f the Divi sion to perform high accuracy trace metal analysis was enhanced greatly with the installation o f a Nuclide l2-90-SU mass spectrometer in September , 1 9 7 5 . This powerful ins trument , plus contaminant-free sample handl ing techniques , makes i t pos sible to establish trace metal levels with confidence and to provide absolute calibration to much faster but less accurate techniques o f flameless atomic absorption and anodic stripping .

A Nuclide-90-SU mas s spectrometer performs accurate measurement s o f trace metal levels in the marine environment

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Under the Ocean Dumping Program , trace metal s tudies on lead , cadmium , z inc , copper , mercury and chromium were f ormulated t o f ind out ( 1 ) the background levels and var iability o f these trace metals at a maj or dumpsite near Vancouver . ( 2 ) the increase in contaminant levels in sea water immediately after dumping ; ( 3 ) the historical records of heavy metal contaminat ion in undis turbed sediment cores and ( 4 ) the rate of adsorption or d esorption of trace metals into sea water by dumped materials or surface sediment . These s tudies should show whether dumping of dredge spoils and other was tes will lead to signif icant increase s in heavy metal contamination, and what would const i tute safe dumping practice and safe dump ing grounds .

Marine Carbon Budget Section

A. B . Cornford - Head (to March 1 ) C . S . Wong - Head ( from March 1 )

*A . B . Cornford - radiocarbon , C . S . Wong - Inorganic carbon R. D . Bellegay

l3C isotopic s tudies s ystem , air-sea C 02 exchange

P . Munro F . McLaughlin

*left in 1975

Burning of fossil fuels could alter the earth ' s climate . The heat budget of the atmosphere will be affected b y the interference of increas ing amount s of CO2 cont ent in the atmosphere due to burning of gas , oil and coal for home-heating and industrial act ivi t ies . Between 50 to 75 per cent of CO2 appears to remain in the atmosphere while the res t is ab sorbed by the ocean or the biosphere . Thus , to under s tand the global CO2 problem , the three reservoirs , i . e . the atmosphere , the ocean and the b iosphere , have to be studied simultaneously and their interact ions have to be quantif ied f or the construct ion o f a predict ive model .

The Section ' s research effort has been concentrated on the marine aspect of the global carbon dioxide cycle : ( 1 ) the marine air CO2 increase ; ( 2 ) the role o f the ocean in ab sorb ing CO2 and ( 3 ) the effect of the marine biosphere .

Marine air CO increase has been watched closely at ocean weather station P (SOON , llSOW) . This t ime series from the only marine C02 stat ion in the world i s now in its seventh year . Weekly air samples were collected on the weatherships and analyzed in our infrared CO2 lab oratory, which al so performed air CO2 analysis and reference gas calibrations for other Canadian CO2 stations , at Sable Island and Alert Bay, manned by the Air Quali t y MonLtoring and Surveys Division of the Atmospheric Environment Service .

- 19 -

The role of the ocean in absorb ing COZ is being studied in two ways : ( 1 ) the air-sea COZ exchange by cont inuous air COZ and pCOZ sea-water measurement s and rad iocarbon studies at ocean weather station P , and ( Z) the carbonate chemistry of the surface sea water at stat ion P and in the Pac ific Ocean . Carbona te chemistry samples from ships of opportunit y in the Pac ific Ocean were also processed by the S illen-Dyrssen t echnique to yield carbonate chemistry parameters of pH, alkalinity, total COZ and p COZ'

The effect of the mar ine b iosphere on the COZ cycle is being studied using a CEPEX enclosure of sea water . In the carbon budget, the magnitude of biological uptake has not been suc cessfull y quantified due to a large numb er of factors in the natural environment . These include temperature of the sea, dif fusion, var iat ion in water proper t ies and, more cruc ially, our i nability to assess the d imensions of the bio logical factor s , ego resp irat ion, phytoplankton photosynthesis and organic carbon fluxes . The CEPEX approach, described in a later sect ion, offers an opt imum scale in strategy. It is int ermediate between the large­scale natural open-ocean work, which is difficult for data gathering, and the laboratory-experimental scale, which is too simple and unreal­istic for the highly complex natural s ystem . A one-month preliminar y experiment was performed in September, 19 7 5 , b y adj usting the pH of a CEPEX enclo sure to pH 7 . 6 . Details are given in the Chemical Transfer Sect ion .

Chemical Oceanography Section

R. W . Macdonald - Head

R. W . Macdonald - Coas tal chemical oceano graphy, Arctic chemistry C . S . Wong - Mar ine Pollut ion R . D . Bellegay P . Munro C . M. Jackson F . McLaughlin

Chemical Monitoring Program at Stat ion P

Long-term trend s of chemical parameters at oc ean weather stat ion P (SOON, l4S 0W) were monitored as a cont inuing effor t of the Division .

Neuston-net tows were made between Victoria and stat ion P to collect tar balls and other surface pollutant s . Samples of total dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters were also collected . Weekly samples of atmospheric COZ, surface alkalinity, total COZ and surface radiocarbon were taken . Cont inuous shipboard infrared measure­ments of marine air COZ and pCOZ were made on a quarter-yearly basis . Samples of nutrients were taken at station P to provide informat ion about long-term fluc tuat ions in relation to circulation and the marine food chain . The weathership program also included collect ion of tritium samples and measurements of mercur y and dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons in sea water . (Bellegay, Jackson)

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Beaufort Sea B aseline S tudies

Project C-1 : Distribution of t ar and other p articulat e pollutants along the Beaufort Sea coas t

This project hopes to establish the b aseline distribution o f particulat e pollutants , especially t ar and plas tics , and hydrocarbon characteristics of the coas t al sediments in the present d ay Beaufort Sea coasts . A coas t al survey was conducted by Tha1ass ic Dat a to cover some of the areas s tudied in the 1 9 74 summer and new areas on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula. The major areas invest igated included : ( 1 ) The Yukon coas t from Shingle Point Spit t o Herschel Island ; ( 2 ) the front of the Mackenz ie River Delta, including Garry , Pe11y , Hooper and Kendall Island s , and ( 3 ) Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, from Kit tigazuit to Drift Point . As in the 1 9 74 survey , no visual t ar pollution or natural seep age was found , except for a piece o f greas e picked up at Drift Point . However , plastic wastes , in p arti cular those related to mar ine seismic activi ties , were prevalent in coas t al areas , even on s tretches o f beaches cleaned o f such wastes in the 1 9 74 beach walk . Beach and near shore s ed iments , marine organisms and f i sh were collected and l aboratory analysis made to establish their hydrocarbon char acteristics . (Wong , Cretney)

Work-up of sea water s amples for hydro­carbon s tud ies in Beaufort Sea cruise , ins ide a portable clean l aboratory on board MV Pandora II

Project C-3 : B aseline information on chemic al oceanography and Petroleum-b ased hydrocarbons in the southern Beaufort Sea

Objectives o f this project are ( 1 ) to provide a comprehensive understanding o f the chemical oceanography o f the area and ( 2 ) to establish the b aseline levels of petroleum-b ased hydrocarbons in the southern Beaufort Sea drilling area, by measuring classes o f hydrocarbons and identifying some specific hydrocarbons in sea wat er , marine sediments , marine organisms , marine mammals and f ish .

- 2 1 -

A cruise on the MV Pandora II was manned b y Ocean Chemistry Division in August , 197 5 . No tar or plastic wastes were found in the Neust on-net tows . The levels of dissolved hydrocarbons in sea water were similar t o those found i n uncontaminated open ocean waters i n the north east Pacific Ocean . The levels of dissolved gaseous hydrocarbons , including methan e , ethane and olefins , were low in general . Mercur y levels were among the lowest found in ocean waters . . Using hor izontal Miller net tows , rich pas tures of phytoplankton and layers of zooplankton were found in deeper wat ers off the ice edge . The waters were so rich in copepods that in some cases almost 1 cc of natural oil could b e collected from the net . An uncharted sub sea ' pingo , ' only 15 m from the sea surface , was discovered . Forty-eight stations and one 24-hour t ime series were occupied and the results are to be published as a Beaufort Sea final report . (Wong , Cretney)

North Atlant ic-Pacific 7 5 Cruise

To ut ilize the ship time from Halifax to Victoria for the return trip of the MV Pandora II from the Arctic , a chemical oceanographic cruise was organized to collect sea water samp les for T , S , 0 , nutrient s , C02 " trace metals , par t iculates , hydrocarbons , mercur y and surface tar so that properties between the Atlantic and Paci fic oceans can be compared . A total of 1 7 oceanographic stations to a depth of about 4 , 000 metres were occupied during the 6 , 66 2 nautical miles track from Halifax to Victoria via the Panama Canal . Preliminar y results indicat e that a marked dif ference in hydrocarbon pollution existed between the two ocean s . The At lantic waters , in particular within the Gulf S tream , were polluted heavily b y viscous fresh tar , while the Pacific waters at about 200 miles off the North American coast showed little or no tar po llution . Mercur y was found to be low in general , between 5-15 ng/ l , using a cold vapor atomic absorpt ion technique on board . (Won g , Bellegay)Ocean . The

Chemical Transfer Stud ies in CEPEX

The Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment ( CEPEX) is an inter­nat ional cooperat ive program involving Canadian , Amer ican , Brit ish , Japanese and West German scient ists to study the effects of pollutants on mixed trophic levels of pelagic mar in e organisms , using large enclosures of natural s ea water in Saanich Inlet . Oc ean Chemistry part icipat ion is in its second year and three experiments have b een performed on carbon d ioxid e , cadmium and lead . Samples from a hydrocarbon experimen t were also analyzed in Ocean Chemistry.

In the year 207 0 , C02 released b y fossil fuel burning is exp ected to reach its maximum concentrat ion in the atmo sphere . Its chemical and biological effects on the ocean have not been invest igated on a scale of the natural environment of the CEPEX dimens ions . The Division ' s CO2 experiment was conducted using a specially des igned air- sea s ystem with a 2 m diameter plastic dome enclosing an atmo spher ic reservoir over a �-scale CEE ( Controlled Ecosystem Enclo sure) with about 60 , 000 liters of sea wat er . The pH of the enclosed sea water was acidif ied to about 7 . 6 to

- 2 2 -

s imulate a C02 cond it ion possibly occurring in the year 207 0 . Carbonate chemistry parameters , C-14 uptake rate , phytoplankton biomass and maj or species ident ificat ion , and nutrients , etc . , were regularly samp led during the produc tion and decay c ycles , both for the acidif ied s ystem and a control under und isturbed condit ions . Preliminary results indicated that both the photosynthetic rate and biomass of planktons were unaffected b y a shift of pH from about 8 . 1 to 7 . 6 .

The cadmium experiment was carried out under the d irec t ion of Dr . K . Kremling who was with Ocean Chemistry under a one-year Canada-Wes t Germany scientific exchange program . A control \CEE and another \CEE spiked with higher levels of cadmium were used and the cadmium contents in sea water and part iculates were analyzed in the Divis ion ' s clean laboratory. Preliminary results ind icated large var iations of cadmium : a rapid drop of the metal concentrat ion in the upper 5 m with increasing produc tion rat e , and then an increase of the cadmium values to about the original value after the death of the phytoplankton .

A preliminary lead experiment was also carried out using three \CEEs , one as a control , one sp iked with isotopic pb206 as inorganic lead and one with toxic tetraethyl lead . The purpose of this experiment was to have a general idea of the logistic and analyt ical problems associated with isotopic and organic lead spiking technique . Mas s spectrometric analysis in progress indicates the applicability of the technique . In the summer of 19 7 6 a full experiment of about one month ' s duration will b e conducted . (Wong , Munro )

Ocean Chemistry Divis ion used a plastic dome o ver a large enclosure of s ea water at pH 7 .6 to s tudy the po ssible biological effects of C02 condi tions s imulat ed to concentrations possible b y the year 2070 , as part of the Controlled Ecos ystem Pollu­tion Experiment (CEPEX) in Saanich Inlet.

W. H. Bell R. H. Bigham L . F . Giovando G. Kamitakahara

*L . P. Landry A. Lee

*Left in 1975

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OCEAN PHYSICS D,IVISION P. w. Nasmyth - Chief of Division

Coastal Zone Oceanography Section D. M. Farmer - Head

J . H . Meikle D . G . Sieberg L . A. Spearing J . A . Stickland D . J . S tucchi

This year Coastal Zone Oceanography acquired a launch-based conductivity-temperature-depth profiler and data acquisition s ystem . The firs t field trials o f this equipment took p lace in August and the resulting data formed an essential part of our s tudy of exchange through Quats ino Narrows . Despite a number of early technical problems , our CTD is now working well and we appear to be close to our goal of b eing able to take salini ty and t emperature p ro files from a launch with an accuracy com­parable to that o f s tandard bottle and thermometer measurements .

The f ield data processing capability developed for analysing recording current-meter tapes proved invaluable during our f ield oper­at ions . This year we spent considerable effor t developing a s imilar capabilit y for processing CTD tapes .

Fiord Studies

The large set o f current-meter data collected in Howe Sound in 1972 / 73 has now been summarised and published .

Saanich Inlet , l ying on the doorstep o f the new Institute o f Ocean Sciences , is ideally placed for s tudying certain exchange processes common to many B . C . f iords . This year we began a program o f recording ins trument moorings , set to sample at a low frequency, to measure small f luctuations in t emperature and salinit y at depth . These will be b acked up with a series of temperature / salinit y profiles and oxygen measurement s in an effort to learn more about the exchange through Satellite Channel and its dependence on the oceanography of Haro S trait .

Our maj or program in 1975 was a s tud y o f the Rupert-Holberg s ystem , together with the o ceanography o f Quats ino Narrows and Quatsino Sound . Following last year ' s preliminary current measurements in the Rupert­Holberg basin , we carried out a more detailed survey, backed up b y a

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Unique current measurements o f an internal surge in B abine Lake . The sudden t emperature fluctuations ( top) indicat e arrival of the surge . The 'st ick diagram ' below represents successive currents at different dept hs and clearly shows the r ap id direct ion change as sociated with the surge.

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series of CTD profiles , in Augus t and S ep t ember . The t iming was fortuitous . In April , 197 4 , our observations had shown the presence o f a t idally induced d ensity current that p lunged over the Quatsino Narrows sill and ran along the bottom of the basin . This year our measurement p eriod (August-September) seems to have coincided with the transition from a near surface exchange with negligible current at depth , t o a d eep water exchange in which the f lood t ide spread throughout the water column . We also t ook a number of salinity/temperature profiles in the area . Although these are still in an early s tage of analysis , it is already apparent from t ime series taken within the Narrows that the f lood waters possess appreciable density s tructure despite the s trong t idally generated mixing .

In order t o ob tain a longer term descrip t ion o f the exchange processes occurring between Quatsino Sound and the Rupert-Holberg syst em , recordin g ins truments s e t to measure small fluctuations in temp eratur e and salinity have been moored both inside and outside of the narrows . By carefully relat ing salinity and temperature changes between different ins truments , we have been able t o track changes in the exchange mechanism as i t switches from d eep t o surface exchange and back again .

Portable data trans lation sys t em, des i gned for in­s tallation in small oceano­graphic launch, allows for immediate replay of ins t ru­ment data t apes in the field. Ent ire sys tem travels in two shock-mounted waterproof field cases .

Task Forces , a Buoy Model and Other Coastal Studies

Contributions have b een made to a number of environmental impact asses sment programs . These have included studies concerned with the proposed expans ion of Vancouver International Airpor t , suggested s ites for a proposed steel mill , and also for new and enlarged f erry terminals . An oil-sp ill scenario was developed for use in Canada-U . S . discussions on environmental aspects of a tanker terminal in the S tate of Washington .

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A numerical model has been developed to s imulate the s tatic deformation of an o ceanographic mooring by currents . Thi s model brings together a number of relevant aspects that have been treated separately elsewhere and it will s erve as a useful tool in designing future mooring operat ions , especially in swiftly f lowing water s .

In conj unct ion with the Institute of Oceanography at the Univers i t y of British Columb ia , two computer s imulated movies have been made showing the movement s of drift drogues in s tudies of Pendrell Sound and Port Mellon . The Pendrell Sound study i s in support of Fisheries Research Board invest igat ions of o yster spat operations ; d etailed heat budget o f the sound is now being carried out with IOUBC .

We have begun a new program, to be conducted largely under contract , to take a closer look at the substantial set of data in the form of daily salinity and temperature measurements collected at lighthouse s tat ions along the B . C . coast . The f irst phase of this proj ect , which comprises the development of appropriate analysis techniques and their application to three lighthouse series , is now complete. Future work will cover remaining stat ions and a look at ways of p lacing the sampl ing program on a more rat ional footing .

Although the f ield operations in Babine Lake are concluded , we are continuing analys is of the large data set accumulated in 19 72-73 . This year we continued our s tudy of internal surges and related the ob servat ions to existing non-linear wave theory.

Numerical Modelling Section

P . B. Crean M. Foreman

Georgia Strait Model

R. W. Stewart - Head

R . F . Henry P . J. Richards (Computing

Services )

The results obtained from a vert ically integrated numerical model s imulating the propagation of mixed t ides in the waters between Vancouver Island and t he mainland suggest the existence of large res idual currents in regions characterized by complex topography and s trong t idal s treams . To further investigate these residual currents , and also to provide more detailed resolut ion of the velocity f ields in certain important areas , a model emplo ying a mesh size one half that used in the previous work has been d eveloped and is undergoing trials .

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In collaboration with the Institute of Oceanography, University o f British Columbia , f ield s tudies are being undertaken to determine the factors governing the movement of the Fraser River discharge away f rom the river mouth and in part icular to examine the format ion of small s cale fronts · between the river water and the sea wat er in the Strait of Georgia .

The observat ions are being made from a shallow draft launch and include drogue tracking , and CSTD , d ye and veloci t y profiles . It i s proposed that the results of this s tudy will e ventually b e incorporated in a numerical simulation of estuarine processes in the S trait of Georgia . (Crean)

Storm Surges

Two storm-surge models of the southern Beaufort Sea were comp leted , one a large-area model designed for d etailed retrospect i ve s tudie s , the other an economical small-area model designed for inclusion in the environmental prediction s ystem at Arctic Weather Central , Edmonton .

Trial runs conducted and compared with historic surge records indicate that the maj or features of the surges are correctly s imulated . Development work will continue as more surge records are acquired . (Henry)

Helium-filled balloon , used for special photo graphy b y Remo te Sens ing Section , i s tested f o r leakage in the hangar

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Offshore Oceanography Section

C . De Jong *A. Hart ley

P. Kimber L . S . Kuwahara

*Left in 1975

Weathership Oceanography

J . F . Garrett - Head

*E . W. MarIes B. G. Minkley s . Tabata R. E. Thomson

This was the 19th year f or the o ceanographic t ime series at ocean weather s tation P (SOON , l45 °W) . Of the seven patrols manned by ocean­ographers this year , the manning of f ive was contracted to Chemex Laboratories of North Vancouver , under contract to Off shore Oceano­graphy , and of one to Seakem of Victoria , under contract to Ocean Chemistry . Six data report s were produced bringing the series up to volume number 6 6 . (Garrett)

Oceanography of the Offshore Region of British Columbia

The quality of surface salinity and temperature ob servations along Line P over the past few years permit s resolution of f ine surface features . The persis tence in t ime and location o f some o f these features , such as the relative minima and maxima o f salinity and temperature , suggests the occurence of mini-oceanographic boundaries or fronts along the Line , possib ly caused by a unique c irculat ion sys tem in the region .

A cruise carried out aboard CNAV Endeavour from Augus t 18 t o September 10 off the B . C . coast had a s one of its obj ectives the observation of surface salinity and temperature continuously along the cruise track, in a program s imilar to those carried out from the two weatherships , t o permit the delineation of at least some o f these b oundar ies . Informat ion acquired should help establish how such boundaries come about .

Data ob tained along the seven tracks parallel t o Line P and the two tracks perpendicular t o them exhibit as much variab ility as has b een observed along Line P. In some cases minima and maxima along the track appear to extend meridionally for over 400 km. Compar ison of the cont ours drawn from continuous data and d is crete stat ion data show that the former yield , as expected , cons iderab ly more detailed and complicated sur face pat terns , although the gros s features of salinity and temperature of both sets are s imilar .

Five relative salinity mlnlma represented along Line P to the eas t o f longitude l36 °W can b e attributed to the advec tion o f low-salinity water from a number of coastal areas . The salinity minimum closest t o the coast appears t o have i t s origin o f f Tof ino , and i s believed to be a

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comb inat ion of the water from Juan de Fuca S trait and drainage-influenced water from the wes t coast of Vancouver Island . Inshore from this location is an area where the salinity is relatively high and the water cold , probab ly due to either upwelling or t idal mixing over the shallow banks nearby .

The second mlnlmum o f salinity i s located approximately 200 km west of the first . It appear s to have its origin along the wes t coast of '

northern Vancouver Island and probably is a mixture of the local wes t coast water and that from southern Queen Charlotte Sound . The third minimum , lying approximately 100 km wes t of the second , almost certainly originates in Queen Charlotte Sound . It appears possible that the second and third minima have a common source , as they appear to be separated only by a narrow ribbon o f high salinity water . The fourth mlnlmum appears to be associated with the low sal inity wat er of northern Queen Charlotte Sound , and also with the water lying west of the southern Queen Charlotte Island s . It is not clear whether or not the low-salinity water found in the latter locat ion initially originated in the Sound . The f ifth minimum located at approximately 136 °W longitude is o f particular interest as it appears to have o curred during 197 3 , 1974 and 1 9 7 5 at about the same location. From the data availab le it is dif ficult to trace the origin of this minimum . It may originate even farther north than the Queen Charlotte Island s .

Near surface temperature distribut ion , based on the continuous dat a , is more complicated than salinity and more difficult to interpret , although some features such as tongues of cold or warm water , can b e interpreted i n terms o f advection . For example , the cold water lying northeast of s tat ion P can be considered as the inf low from the centre of the Alaska Gyre and the warm water that intercepts Line P can be cons idered as the advect ion of warm water from the south . Also , some of the minimum temperatures observed along the line east of longitude 1 3 6 ° W appear to be due to the advection o f cold coastal wat ers . One difficulty in the interpretation of temperature distribution of the surface layers of the ocean is the great er sensitivity to summer heat ing than to surface dilut ion . Thus , during an interval o f three weeks ( the durat ion o f the cruise) s igni ficant changes in temperature can occur . (Tabata)

Sea Surface Temperature and Infrared Satellite Imagery

The main ob stacle to the succes sful application of satellite sensing to o ceanography of the offshore region of B . C . is that a relatively large area o f f the coast is seldom cloud-free . However , NOAA VHRR imagery for September 11 , 1975 , showed a clear area extending south from the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands t o the lat itude of the Columbia River . The infrared imagery depicted the coldest lilaters off the mouth of Juan de Fuca Strait , agreeing with temperature obser­vations made during the August- September cruise , I t also showed patches , or fingers , o f cold water occurring at about four locations fro� mid­Vancouver Island to the area of Cape S t . James . These patches extend

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Dist ribution of surface salinity ( ° / 0 0 ) from two sets of data obtained from CNAV Endeavour

during a three-week summer cruis e . Distribution was det ermined from discrete sampling ,

represented by do t s . The second set of d a t a , indicated by 0 , did not materially a f fect the salinity contours except a t the entrance to Juan d e Fuca S trai t .

Distribut ion o f surface �alinity ( ° / 0 0 ) a s det ermined from continuous sampling along the

cruise track , represented by dashed line s , shows the fine d e tail obtained when cont inuous

data were used . Parallel orientat ion of contours to the meridians is influenced by the fact that sampling was carried out on s even lines parallel to Line P ( including Line P

i t self ) and only two lines perpendicular to them. This gave more than three times as

much cont inuous d a t a along the l a t i tudes than along the meridians .

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seaward from the coastal areas , and some at least app ear t o extend t oward Line P . Such interpretation is in accord with that deduced from the examinat ion of salinity and temp erature data collected during the Augus t-September cruise .

Oceanographic Data Quality

The cruise also provided an opportunity t o examine the quality o f ' surface ' t emperature and salinity data obtained b y means of the sal�no­graph-thermograph , which records the proper t ies o f sea water pumped through the sea water loop , by comparison with the laboratory d eter­minat ion of salinity of water collected by the sea water loop and in bucket samp les , and by the Guildline CTD . Only the salinity data col­lected by the different methods were examined , as the temperatures ob tained by the sea water loop were apparently influenced by the amb ient temperatures of the ship , and were not considered sufficiently accurate to warrant detailed comparison with those obtained by o ther means .

The salinities determined by the salinograph-thermograph were 0 . 11 % 0 higher than those measured by a laboratory salinometer which was routinely calibrated with Copenhagen water . When this f igure was applied as a correction to the salinograph-thermograph values the resulting salinities were within 0 . 01 % 0 of the laboratory salinometer values in more than 7 5 per cent of the cases . Thus , when the salinograph-thermo­graph is properly cal ibrated it is capable of yielding salinity values that are within 0 . 01 % 0 of the actual values . Salinities obtained by the Guildline CTD were 0 . 04 % 0 too high . There was no s ignificant difference between salinit ies determined from bucket samp les and those from the sea water loop (at 3 m depth) . A conclusion can b e drawn that the surface bucket salinities and the 3 m loop salinities are the same in open waters off the coast . According to data ob tained from CTD cas t s the 3 m and 10 m salinities are , in mos t cases , the same . The implicat ion is that the higher salinities o f surface samp les as compared to 10 m values in some earlier data from the North Pacific are probably erroneous in mos t cases . For detailed distribution of surface salinity these values should be used with caution , unless the accuracy sought is less than 0 . 01 % 0 ,

Internal Gravity Waves

Internal gravity waves which are propagating vert ically through a randomly varying hor iz ontal wind ( or current ) shear are shown t o los e energy through scatter ing . A s a consequence the usual growth i n amplitude o f these waves as they propagate int o regions o f decreasing fluid density is somewhat curtailed while the decrease in amp litude with increasing density is enhanced . By treating the problem stochast ical ly , the amount o f dissipation is determined explicitly , without the need for artificial viscosit ies . (Thomson)

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Longshore Currents in the Strait of Georgia

Between May and S eptember , two moored current meter l ines with surface f loatat ion and two thermistor chains were deployed westward o f the front o f the Fraser River Delta . Their purpose was t o determine the relation , if any , b etween onshore propagating int ernal waves and the persistent northward f low previously observed within two kilometres o f the delta . One 15 m depth current meter was anchored about f ive kilometres offshore , outside the longshore regime ; the o ther was anchored within the regime . Unfortunately , damage to instruments during mooring procedures , malfunc tioning thermistor chains , and collisions with shipping greatly reduced the amount of usable dat a . Good data is presently being worked up . (Thomson)

Lead Patterns in Sea- Ice

Satellite imagery of the ice-covered Canada Basin in the Arc t ic Ocean shows the presence of large-scale spatially rectilinear leads separated by distances o f about 100 kilometres . An interpretation in terms o f the reflection of planetary waves originating from the northern Basin , self consistently and in accord with o ther inf ormation , describes many o f the observed f eatures . An alternate explanation based on the s tructural dynamics of the ice in conj unc tion with the winds and current s i s being investigated . (Thomson , with J . Marko )

Potent ial Vorticity Within the Ocean

The balance and redistribut ion of potential vort icity in a turbul ent , inhomogeneous ocean has been examined analyt ically . A vort icity law describ ing the way vortic ity is lost and gained in a closed ocean basin was developed . The theory o f Welander (197 3 ) , concerning large s cale circulat ions driven by turbulent mixing of potential vorticity, has b een examined in detai l . Our invest igation reveals important flaws n o t only in Wellander ' s argument but also in the classical mixing-length theory of Prandt l ( 1925) and of Taylor ( 19 15 ) . (Thomson , with R. W . Stewart )

Pacific Yacht ing Series

Three detailed art ic les on what is known about the currents and waves in the Strait of Georgia appeared in P�cific Yachting , a magazine of about 2 0 , 000 subscribers published in Vancouver . In addition one article dealt with the characteristics of surface and internal gravity waves in general . Also appearing in 1975 were art icles on currents in the Strait o f Juan de Fuca , Upwelling , and Tidelines . (Thomson)

Beaufort Sea Near Surface Currents

As par t of the Beaufort Sea Proj ect the open wat er surface curren t s and their relationship with the wind i n the southern Beaufort Sea were observed for the second summer . The technique o f d ep loying and tracking radio b eacon equipped drogues using aircraft was somewhat improved this year , but the mos t important improvement was in the ice conditions which

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permitted work up to 7 1 o N . The wind is the maj or influence on the surface currents , particularly during s trong wind s , but there is also a s ignificant component o f the motion associated with the flow o f the fresher Mackenzie River water over the underlying ocean water . This means that current predictions based on the wind alone can not be very reliable .

This s tudy was carried out by Dobrocky Seatech o f Victoria under contract . (Garrett)

Drift Buoy Development

The availab ility o f the RAMS location and data collection system aboard the Nimbus 6 satellite launched in June encouraged a r evival o f our program f o r d eveloping expendable satellite tracked drifting buoys for ocean current measurements . A boat-shaped hull was designed and constructed o f plywood f or attachment to a s tring of floats support ing a 2 5 m or 5 0 m ' window blind ' drogue . Eight buoys o f this type were launched in mid-December , seven of them at SO O N , 135 °W , and one at the dock at Patricia Bay . Two of the open ocean buoys failed while b eing transported to the launch site, but the f ive that were working when launched were still transmitting at year end , having drifted about 20 miles towards the south eas t . (Garrett)

Boat-shaped buoy , shown as it was launched from CSS Parizeau in Decemb er , is one o f five being tracked by

satellit e for o cean current measurements

*J . D . J . W . R. A . A . W . R . A . A . E . S . W .

Bradbury But cher

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Frozen Sea Research Group E . L . Lewis - Head

P . E . (Comput ing Services ) R . G .

Cooke ( Survey Electronics) D . L . Koppel R. B . Lake D . R . Moody E . R .

Oswald Perkin Richards Sudar Topham Walker

Moorhouse *P . Wadhams (Postdoctoral Fellow)

*Left in 1975

Two f ield trips t o d ' Iberville Fiord in northern Ellesmere Island were made during 197 5 . In April the lowes t air temperature we have ever recorded , -49 ° C , was measured . During this trip water s tructure prof iles were made along the f iord . Current measurement s were made with the CMI ( Christian Michelsen Ins t itute , Norway) ultrasonic instrument and a prototype telemet ering current meter syst em was tested . This system , with sensors affixed to the ice-bo ttom and on the sea bed , is for use in the ' Pipeline Proj ect ' , in April , 197 6 , when 10 such systems will b e deployed across one of the proposed inter-island gas pipeline crossings north of Parry Channel .

On the second trip , in June , the weather was much warmer than normal and r iver runof f began two weeks ear lier than usual . Runof f measurements were made on r ivers near our base . Water structure and current measurements were made in the f iord . The telemetering current meter sys tem was further tested .

Profess ional staff have been heavily involved in task f orces concerned with industrial d evelopments in Arc t ic regions . These relate primarily to mine tailing d isposal into the sea at various locations , and to offshore dr illing for oil in the Beaufort Sea and Queen Elizabeth Island s . Arc t ic offshore industrial proposals are referred t o _ Frozen Sea Research Group for comment on po tential environmental consequences , and this aspect of our work now utilises more than half of the man-year allotment .

Maj or proj ects are listed below , inc luding both in-house and con­tracted s tudies .

1 . Water c irculation associated with a blowout from the s ea bed was simulated at full scal e , using two large compressors at a site o f f Patricia Bay in Saanich Inlet . (Beaufort Sea Technical Report No . 3 3 )

2 . The stat istics of the ice cover in the Beaufort Sea as derived from two year s of laser profilometer data have been investi gated and references made to its potential for oil containment in the event of a spil l . (Beaufort Sea Technical Report No . 3 6 )

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3 . Oil-air mixtures have been inj ected under pressure into a tank of sea water t o investigate possible oil/water emulsion f ormation near the sea bed during the course of the blowou t . (Beaufort Sea Technical Report No . 3 3 . )

4 . Extens ive assistance was extended t o NORCOR in connection with their contrac t ed f ield studies involving oil spilled under growing s ea ice at Cape Parry , N . W . T . (Beaufort Sea Technical Report No . 2 7 )

5 . A s tudy o f the possible climatic effects o f any change in surface albedo of the sea ice due t o oil contaminat ion has been carried out . (Beaufort Sea Technical Report No . 3 5 . )

6 . Laboratory studies o f the behaviour of oil under ice and minimum thickness o f oil in leads have been undertaken by the Imperial Oil Company , Calgary , under contract and a r eport i s to hand .

7 . Assessments o f the environmental effects o f mine tailings disposal into Arctic f iords has b een attempted . Mining sites on Litt le Cornwallis Island and on the shores o f Strathcona Sound have had the greatest prominence .

During the past eight months equipment has been purchased , modified and built to undertake the measurement o f currents a t probable Arctic gas p ipeline crossings . Detailed tests of a GMI ultrasonic current meter that has the cap ability of detecting currents in the range o f 1 mm/ s ec . have b een made in the laboratory and in the field . Although further work is required , the instrument has produced useful results and in the future is likely to produce maj or changes in our understanding o f water movement .

Further d evelopment of the circulator which allows calibration o f an i n situ CTD instrument using its own conduct ivity c ell , has brought the d evice to the s tage where it will be commerc ially produced in 197 6 .

In association with Coastal Zone Oceanography an international cooperat ive proj ect of f iord research has been set up under the umbrella of IDOE. Some exchange of personnel with Norway has been arranged and Chile , Denmark , Iceland and the u . S . have indicated interest in participating .

Sess ile oil drops pho to graphed under sea ice have the mlnlmum thickness of oil possible at the ice/water interface (approx . 8mm) . Thi cknes s is controlled by a balance between gravitational forces and forces due to surface tens ion .

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Remote Sensing Section J . F . R . Gower - Head

J . S . Wal lace

R. L. Grasty - on secondment from Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa

R. A . Neville - NRC Postdoctoral Fellow

B . Oliver - NRC Postdoctoral Fellow

During 1975 the Remote Sensing Sect ion was occupied with spectros copic measurement s o f water colour using the 256 channel silicon diode spectro­met er , with tests and target position measurements using the MIDAS Marine Inert ial Data Acquisit ion System , and with photography in support o f o ther programs at the Institute of Ocean S ciences . Analysis of image data from NOAA ' s VHRR radiometer continued for sea sur face temperature measurements with S . Tabata (Offshore Oceanography Sec t ion) , and altimeter data has been received from GEOS-3 satellite for wave height analyses .

Aerial Spectroscopy Using the 256 Channel Silicon Diode Spectrometer

The ins trument was installed in a Beaver f loat plane and used on a number of trial f light s during the spring of 1975 . Spectra were collected viewing the wat er at the Brews ter angle through a polarizing filter and were compared with chlorophyll concentrations in the water measured by the Univers ity o f Vic t oria . These showed the expected changes in blue/ green ratio with chlorophyll content and also demonstrated that the chlorophyll fluores cence line near 680 nm could be used as a chlorophyll indicator for low level f light s even under cloudy conditions . Further investigations of this fluorescence line are being made using spectra from a research ship , a dock and over a CEPEX enclosed environment bag . Laser-induced fluorescence lines were also measured in the laboratory .

The spectrometer was flown on a CCRS DC3 during the j oint chlorophyll sensing experiment o f f Yarmouth , N . S . , in August . Soil spectra were collected in the lower Fraser Valley in support o f research at DBC .

The spectrometer has been a useful source o f high quality fast scanned digital spectra covering 380 to 1065 nm with a resolut ion of about 10 nm , and should prove useful in an even wider range o f research proj ect s . The airborne installation allows f or removal of dark currents , collection o f sky spectra and monitoring o f the result ing spectral ratios . (Neville)

MIDAS -- Marine Inert ial Data Acquisition System

The system has an LTN-5l inert ial navigation unit interfaced to a mini-computer . Navigat ion and altitude data and data from sensors and o ther instrument s are collected by the mini-computer and s tored on digital videotape . Bench and truck trials showed that the syst em can form the basis of an extremely precise track recovery system . Removal o f the measured INS velocity drift in ground tests gave positions accu­rate t o about 2 0 feet over a half hour run in a truck .

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The system is now being flown in a Beech 18 aircraft b elonging to the B . C . provincial government . An electronically r ead gun s ight system mount ed in the nose i s used t o determine the d irections o f reference positions at sea l evel as the aircraft passes approximately overhead . The s ight allows the aircraf t ' s position t o b e defined t o about ±30 feet , and sightings at 1 0-minute intervals are suff lc ient t o define the INS drift errors to this same accuracy . The position of any intermediate t arget can be determined to a s imilar accuracy . Test s with the system have so far included position measurements o f coastal navigat ion markers and o f freely drifting drogues .

The MIDAS syst em has also been used to f orm thermal images from the output of a PRT-5 infrared s canner g iving 400 foot resolu tion over a swath width o f f ive miles . Soil spectra gathered in the lower Fraser Valley were also collected using MIDAS in the Beech 18 , with the spectro­meter data being recorded along with track and t ime information . Further track recovery and mapping software are now being wri t t en and o ther uses explored .

Photography In Support of Other Programs

A var iety of photography was carried out over the year t o develop and d emonstrate t echniques and to support o ther programs .

1 . Balloon Photography : A series o f 35 rom photographs was taken from a balloon over Rupert Inlet on Vancouver Island , B . C . , to map the upwelling o f mine tailings at different s tates of the t id e . The bal loon had a volume of 1600 cubic feet and , f il led with helium , provided a net lift of about 60 p ound s . This was used to carry a mot or-driven Nikon camera equipped with a f isheye lens and triggered at 10-minute int ervals by a self-contained interval10meter . The streamlined shape of the balloon allowed it to remain near the z enith in mos t wind conditions and it could be conveniently handled and flown from a small launch by a crew of two . Several useful series o f pictures were obtained for cost and effort that compared very favorably with o ther means o f photography . The balloon was f lown by Dr . M . Miyake ' s group at UBC under contract .

Fish-eye phot ograph o f turb idity near Quatsino Narrows is one o f a s eries taken from a balloon by Remote Sensing Section . Detailed current meter obs ervations made by Coastal Zone Section were directed at understanding the mechanism that brings mine tailings from the deep water o f Rupert Inlet t o the surface .

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2 . CCRS Falcon Flight over Vancouver : At our r equest the Falcon aircraft belonging to the Canada Centre for Remot e Sensing flew high level visible and thermal imagery over Vancouver and the area of the Fraser River plume during both f looding and ebbing t ides on June 11 . Surface current data were collected at the same t ime in Burrard Inlet . Details o f the flow shown by Fras er River s il t in the photos and by thermal imagery could be c ompared with this dat a . Surface wat er temper­atures were collected during the day by a number of different agencies to calibrate the thermal imagery , and a low level flight with a PRT-5 radiation thermometer was also used to check atmospheric at tenuation in the infrared .

3 . Ships in English Bay : In support o f a sur face current survey of Burrard Inlet a series of 8 mID t ime-lapse pictures was taken at 10-minute intervals from a mountain s id e t o show the orientat ion o f ships in English Bay . The f ixed location of the camera made the film easy to analyse and even though the target scene was viewed at a g lancing angle of less than 10 ° the ship orientat ions could be measured t o ± 2 0 ° during daylight periods from June 1 to June 10 .

Thermal Imagery Enhanced to Show Sea Surface Temperatures

Thermal VHRR imagery from NOAA satellites c an be enhanced to show variat ions in sea sur face temperature as small as 0 . 5 ° C . These images show the effects of coastal upwelling as well as o ther more transient temperature changes which may be associated with winds or fresh water runoff . Some enhanced images are available from NOAA but , to g ive good coverage o f the area off the B . C . coast , taped data was ordered and software was developed to d isplay the enhanced imagery . Compari sons with Stat ion P and other ship data are still continuing .

Arctic Marine Science

A . R . Milne - Head

R . H. Herlinveaux B . D . Smiley A. L . Watson - on contract D . Aanhout - on contract

The Beaufort Sea Proj ect

The Beaufort Sea Proj ect is an Arctic marine environmental assessment program f inanced by the Federal Government and 18 c ompanies of the Arctic Petroleum Operators Association . F ield s tudies ended in September and were followed by intensive data analysis and report comp ilat ion for 40 s tudie s .

A preliminary assessment based on these studies describes the likely environmental impact of an underwater oil well b lowout at sites proposed for exploratory drilling in the southern Beaufort Sea in 197 6 . Detailed technical reports and s ix general ' overview ' reports of the s tudies will be availab le early in 197 6 .

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Details o f c ontributions made by Ins titute o f Ocean Sciences personnel are reported by Chemistry , Physics and Ship D ivisions and by the Tidal and Current Survey Section of the Hydrographic Division .

A . E . Gargett G . W . Chase

Ocean Mixing Section

P . w. Nasmyth - Head

R . C . Teichrob

During 1975 an analys is system was developed for turbulent velocity data ob tained during a f ield trip in early 1 97 3 , when tows o f roughly 24-hour duration were carried out in a variety of areas in the eastern North Pacific . Two were in coastal boundary regions o f f Vancouver Island , one in sub-arctic waters near ocean weather station P , one in the eas tern North Pacific wat er mas s , and one in a subtropical region east of the Hawaiian I slands .

Analysis of the vast quantitites o f data involved has been a problem because o f the equally vast amounts o f computer t ime required , unt il recently , for spec tral analys is . The system we have now developed uses a Fourier trans form ' box ' des igned to operate as an int egral part o f a mini-computer sys tem at speed s which are orders o f magnitude faster than the FFT algorithm on large computer systems . Velocity data is read from multiplexed d igital tape , pre-whitened by f irst-differencing , and corrected for noise generated by plankton particles contac t ing the velocity probe . The spectrum is then computed and corrected for the measured response function of the probe and f or the effects of both analog and d igital pre-whitening . Block-averaging of spectral estimate s is carried out , and the average estimat es and their variances are stored on magnetic tape , where they are available for further d isplay processing . The same sys tem , with relatively minor changes , can be used to analyse the high frequency temperature data obtained on the same cruise . The system should allow us to analyze all uncontaminated data , resulting in a large increase in the information available f rom d irect measurement about turbulent mixing o f momentum and heat in the North Pacific .

In associat ion with Dr . T . Osborn o f IOUBC , Dr . A . Gargett participated in a j oint microstructure exper iment organized by the Woods Hole Oceano­graphic Ins t itut ion and carried out in the Atlantic during October and November .

The purposes o f the experiment were ( 1 ) to allow intercompari son o f various instruments which purported ly measure the same things ; ( 2 ) to integrate the various s cales of physical var iab les measured by different ins trument s and ( 3 ) to invest igate a theoret ical mechanism predicting different mixing effectivenes s around islands (Bermuda) .

The third aim may not be realized due to lack of a s trongly d irect ional flow onto the island at the time of the experiment . The other two aims

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should b e fully realized with the analysis o f data from many simultaneous drops of s ix free-fall instrument s at mid-ocean , near-island and Gulf S tream locations . Par t ic ipants have agreed to have data from f our stations processed by September , 1 97 6 , when the first attempt at inter­comparison will be made . The IOUBC ins trument was used in 31 drops , and measured two component s of turbulent velocity shear , t emperature and depth from the surface t o maximum d ep ths of around 800 m .

Work has continued on the new ins trumentation and stabilizing system for the submers ible Pisces IV . The stabilizing f ins were de­l ivered on Chri stmas Eve and at t ime o f wri t ing have been attached and have undergone preliminary trials with very promis ing r esul t s . Even at full throttle , piloting appears to have become a ' hands-of f ' operation with no detectab le pitch or yaw . Further trials will be carried out with accelerometers mounted to measure and record submarine mot ion and vibrations quantitat ively .

A f irst set of ins truments t o measure t emperatur e , conductiv ity and velocity ( in two d imensions) micro structur e , as well as mean submarine mot ions , will be ready for test and d e-bugging as soon as trials of the f ins are completed .

The submer s ible Pis ces IV sus­pended from A-frame on stern o f Pandora I I i n preparation f or launch . New stab ilizing fins in retract ed position during launch­ing wil l b e lowered s lightly and angle o f attach adj us ted by hy­draulic control after Pisces is in the water .

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SHIP DIVISION

E . N . Geldart - Regional Marine Superint endent

F . S . Green - Ass is tant Marine Superintendent (deck) D . Marr - Assistant Marine Superintendent (engineer ing) G. R. Meek - Submersible Operat ions Manager

The Pacific Region Ship Divis ion provided ship , submersible , launch and depot support for the 1975 hydrographic and scientic programs and for several federal department s and universities .

CSS PARIZEAU

Mas ter - A. G . Chamberlain Chief Engineer - R . Parkinson

Fol lowing annual refit and drydocking at Yarrows Ltd . , Victor ia , B . C . , CSS Parizeau was emp loyed on b iology , Simon Fraser Univers ity , IOUBC ; ocean chemistry , OAS ; current metering , OAS ; and Towex , DND . The tanker route and resource survey along the west coast o f Vancouver Island was the maj or proj ect of the year .

CSS Wm . J . Stewar t

Master - K . J . Sj oholm Chief Engineer - J . D . Henderson

CSS Wm . J . Stewart was drydocked and refitted at Yarrows Ltd . , Victoria , B . C . , and prepared for the annual hydrographic survey season which began April 2 1 . The maj or proj ect for the year was a survey of the proposed tanker route in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and off the wes t coast of Vancouver Island , including Barkley Sound . This work was finished September 20 , approximat ely one month earl ier than usual , and the ship was decommiss ioned .

CSS VECTOR

Master - J . C . Marston Chief Engineer - J . Peat

CSS Vector received her annual drydocking and refit in Yarrows Ltd . , Victoria , B . C . , and carr ied out the following programs : physics , IOUBC ; chemistry , PEl , OAS ; b iology , IOUBC ; geology and geophys ics , EMR ; chlorine tank search , OAS and MOT , and cold water survival , UVic .

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CSS RICHARDSON

Mas ter - M. G . Wheeler Chief Engineer - I . N. Henderson

CSS Richardson was engaged in bri sk activity during the f irst eight months of the year support ing the following programs : phys ics , OAS and IOUBC ; t ide and current s tudies , OAS ; sewage disposal studies with Dobrocky Seatech ; chlorine tank s earch , OAS and MOT ; assistance to resourc e survey party . She was d ecommissioned early in September due to budgetary restraint s .

CFAV LAYMORE

Mas ter - M . J . Dyer Chief Engineer - H . R . Doherty

CFAV Laymore was operated on a cost-sharing basis between DOE and DND during 197 5 . Act ivities included support for the following : Canadian Forces d ivers , DND ; ecology , PEl ; survival , UVic ; b iology , IOUBC and FRB ; acoustics , DREP ; geology , EMR ; geophysic s , IOUBC , and t ide and current s tudies , �AS .

M . V . RADIUM EXPRES S

Master - J . P . O ' Sullivan Chief Engineer - Woodrow Butler

The hydrographers reported another successful summer survey season on this ves sel which is engaged on a f ive-year charter for the annual hydrographic surveys of the Mackenz ie River system between Hay River and the Mackenzie Delta .

MV PANDORA II

Mas ter - R. Dickinson Chief Engineer - Colin Tuck

A variety of roles have been developed for Pandora II , both with and without the submer sible Pisces IV . Her maj or work was carried out in the western Arc t ic in support of the Beaufort Sea Proj ect . Other operat ions included : physics , IOUBC and OAS ; b iology , EPS , UVic , IOUBC ; ecology , BIO ; geology , EMR ; ocean chemistry , OAS ; chlorine tank search , OAS and MOT ; t ide and current s tudies , OAS ; cable survey , DND .

Heavy Arctic ice conditions , which blocked the normal exit route for Pandora II and her consort Theta , made it necessary to sail out by the eas tern route . The r eturn to the wes t coast was made by way of Halifax and the Panama Canal . This ship is probab ly the first commercial vessel to circumnavigate the North American continent .

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M . V . THETA

Master - K . Maro Chief Engineer - A . Johannsen

MV Theta was chartered for a sec ond season in support of the Beaufort Sea Proj ect . Like Pandora , she returned by the eastern route to Halifax , her home port . The ships were lucky when the normally i ce­b lo cked Fury and Hecla Straits permitted clear passage down to Foxe Basin and open water . Theta went off charter in Halifax .

P ISCES IV

Operations Off icer - G . R . Meek Chief Pilot - I . Sanderson

Pisces IV , our deep-dive submersible , underwent her scheduled maj or refit and was engaged in numerous research acrivit ies for scientists and hydrographers . The craft also assisted in the search for the missing chlorine tanks , d iving on ' suspec t ' obj ects picked up on sonar . The tank cars were not f ound .

CSL REVISOR

The revisory survey launch Revisor was inactive as hydrographers were engaged in maj or surveys o f f the west coast of Vancouver Island .

LAUNCHES

Other hydrographic launches also operat ed on a less-than-usual scale . CSS Wm . J . Stewart operat ed some launches during the west coast survey . One o f these , Barracuda , capsized when hit by a large breaking wave at the entrance to Barkley Sound . With the greatest of good fortune and good seamanship , all hands survived with only superficial inj uries (and probably vivid memories) to mark this traumatic experience . Barracuda also assisted at the search for missing chlor ine tank car s earl ier in the year .

DEPOT

The Depot workshops facility continued to rebuild and repair the small craf t . Depot personnel also gave support to hydrographer s and s cientists in the form o f mechanical construct ion and services .

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MANAGEMENT SERVICES DIVISION N. A . Todd - Chief of Division

Institute of Ocean Sciences

The introduct ion to last year ' s annual report commented on the distractingly audible evidence that progress was being made on the construction of new facilities at Patricia Bay . This year there is con­s iderable visible evidence as well .

The proj ect was inaugurated by The Honourable Jeanne Sauve , Minister o f the Environment , on March 14 • . At that t ime there was lit tle to see apart from heavy earth-moving equipment .

Now the workshop-warehouse building has been c losed in and con­tractors are energet ically working towards a mid-April comple t ion . This sect ion will house the launch repair and maintenance workshops , central s tores and large general warehouse . It will also be the temporary home for the UNIVAC 1106 computer which the region has recently acquired .

Progress has been equally sat isfactory on the main building complex . Excavat ion , underground services , concrete retaining wall s and foot ings are complete and a good start has been made on erect ion of the structural steel , so that very shortly a skeletal impression of the f inal form o f the buildings will be evident .

The new wharf is almost complete . Structurally everything is in place , await ing only the f inal hook-ups and testing of the services .

Some preliminary planning was done on the development of a Marine Technology Centre for the 4 0-acre parcel of land held by the Department across the West Saanich Road from the Inst itute . A basic land use s tudy was presented to the mayor and council of North Saanich and a public meet ing was held to discuss the subj ect . One o f the primary concerns of the residents o f the area is the shortage of water at the north end o f the Saanich Peninsula . It was agreed that the proposal to use well water should be tested more fully before proceeding with further plans for the Cent re .

Adminis trat ion

The less dramatic but essential work of providing administrative support is being carried on under increasingly diff icult circumstances . Wi th the complet ion of the Inst itute one o f the se diff iculties - serving group s so geographically disper sed - will be removed . Administrat ion has had to ab sorb its share of the recent cut in man-years and this has made the problem more acute .

S ince last April the f inancial records have relied ent irely on the computerized system . Certain ref inement s are st ill being added to make

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it compatib le with the in-house Hewlett-Packard .

Plans for developing a materiel management system continue . I t is hoped t o have a system operating when c entral s tores moves to Patricia Bay early in 1 97 6 .

Twelve OAS Pacific Region staff t ook the French language knowledge examinat ion and all passed at one level or another .

The Library

L . S . Thomson - Librarian

The library was active in 1975 with a 25 per cent increase in the Interlibrary Loans from various sources .

The collection continued t o grow at a high rate with the addition o f over 7 00 new titles , but the j ournal s increased by only 6 , from 125 to 1 3 1 . We still have a long way t o g o to have a n adequate collect ion of j ournal s .

CS S Parizeau passes Fisgard lighthouse as she l eaves Esquimalt Harbour t o cont inue hydrographic survey

o f f the wes t coas t of Vancouver Island .

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Task Force, Committee and Similar Activities

R . W . Stewart

Advisory Committee on Oceanic Meteorological Research (ACOMR) of WMO

Joint Organizing Commit tee (JOC ) o f the Global Atmospheric Res earch

Program (GARP)

Canadian National Scienti f ic Committee f or GARP

SCOR - lAMAP - IAPSO Working Group on Air- Sea Interact ion

International Council of Scientific Unions ( ICSU) - Committee on

Space Research (COSPAR) - Canadian delegate

Sea Use Council (Canada-USA) - vice-chairman

Regional Board , Pacific Region (DOE)

Regional Board , Pacific Region , Executive Committee

Regional Board , Western and Northern (DOE)

Canada Advisory Committee on Physics (NRC )

National Research Council o f Canada - GARP Grants Advisory Committee

Physical Oceanographic Commission ( IAPSO) - president

Beaufort Sea Steering Committee - chairman

Arctic Environmental Steering Committee

Arctic Waters Oil and Gas Advisory Committee

Royal Society o f Canada Interdisciplinary Select ion Commit tee

W. N. English

Advisory Board on Marine Technology , B . C . Research Council

Pacific Sub-Committee on Oceanography

Regional Board , Pacific Region (DOE) - alternate

Pacific Region Board Working Group on Abatement o f Pollution

from DOE Ships - chairman

Regional Board , Pacific Region , Estuary Working Group

Sea Use Council (Canada-USA) - alternat e

Military Colleges Advisory Board

Regional Ocean Dumping Advisory Committee

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HYDROGRAPHIC DIVISION

Ages , A. B . Environmental Emergency Working Group , Victoria Zone Coastal Water Pollut ion Group , Committee on the challenges o f

modern society , NATO Technical c ommit tee (DOE) , Annacis I sland sewage treatment

Bolton , M . Canadian Institute of Surveying , Hydrographic Technical Committee -

vice-chairman Nat ional Hydrographic Survey Off icers ' Appraisal Board New Research Vessel Users Design Committee - chairman Pacific Sub-Committee on Oceanography o f CCO - alternate Survey Technology Advi sory Committee , BCIT Workshop on Off shore Surveys for Mi.neral Resource Development Canad ian FGGE Planning Group

Hugget t , W . S . New Research Vessel Users Design Committee

O ' Connor , A. D . Canad ian Inst itute o f Surveying , Victoria Branch - execut ive memb er

Rapatz , W. J . B . C . Civil Defense Tsunami Commit tee Ocean Dumping Act - inspector Fisher ies and Marine Contact - ad hoc task force , Mackenzie Bas in

Liaison Committee

Sand iland s , R . W . Hydrographic Technical Committee , Canadian Inst itute of Surveying The Canadian Surveyor - associate editor (hydrography ) Canad ian Hydrographic Assoc iat ion - associate editor Survey Technology Advisory Committee , Camosun College Workshop Group on Offshore Surveys for Mineral Resource Development Board of Trustees , Maritime Museum of B . C . - chairman

Smithers , F . R . Public Informat ion Group , DOE Pacific Board o f Trus tees , Mar itime Museum of B. C . Regional Commit tee on Interagency Routing of Navigat ional Information

Wat t , J . V . Aerial Hydrography Proj ect Sub-Committee o f Oceanography

working group of CACRS

Wills , R. Steering Commit tee , Environmental Effects S tudy , Northwestern

British Columb ia Regional Hydrographic Survey Officer s ' Appraisal Board - chairman Regional Committee on Interagency Routing of Navigat ional Information

- 48 -

OCEAN CHEMISTRY DIVISION

Cretney , W. J . Ph . D . Dissertat ion Committee - D . R . Green at UBC (Hydrocarbons ) Working Group on Laboratory Waste Disposal , Pacific Region

Wong , C . S . Advisory Committee - Geosecs , Carbonate Chemis try Panel Advisory Committee - Chemistry , CEPEX Coordinat ing Committee on Environmental Issues , DOE , Pacific Region Marine Chems itry Committee , Fisheries and Mariene Service ,

Pacific Region - chairman Nat ional Marine Chemistry (Standard ) Group Ocean Dumping Technical Committee , Pacific Region Ph . D D issertat ion Committee - D . R . Green at UBC (hydrocarbons ) Ph . D . Dissertat ion Commit tee - P . Berrang at UVic ( lead )

OCEAN PHYSICS D IVIS ION

Farmer , D . M . Babine Lake Steering Commit tee

Garret t , J . F . Int ernat ional Council o f Scient ific Unions Commit tee on Space

Re search (COSPAR) , Working Group VI , Panel A (weather and climate ) Canadian National Committee for Scientific Commit tee on Oceanic

Research

Giovando , L . F . DOE Steering Committee re environmental effects o f the proposed

expansion of Vancouver Internat ional Airport DOE St eering committ ee re environmental s tudy of Robert s Bank

development Working Group on Environmental Baseline Study of the Lower

Fraser Valley and Fraser Estuary

Lewis , E . L . Panel on Ice . Arctic Oceanography Sub-Committee , Canadian

Committee on Oceanography Sub-Commit tee on Snow and Ice of Commit tee on Geotechnical

Research of Nat ional Research Counc il , Ottawa

Nasmyth , P . W . IGOSS Group of Experts on Technical Systems Design and Development

and Service Requirement s - chairman

Tabat a , S . Ocean Climat ic Panel o f Working Group 3 4 o f the Scient ific Committ ee on Oceanic Research

Thomson , R . E . Brit ish Columbia Coord inat ing Climat e Commit tee

- 49 -

OCEAN ENGINEERING

Teng , K . West Coast Electronic Data Processing Coordinat ing Commit tee , DOE Canadian Informat ion Processing Society , Victoria Sect ion -

program chairman

Johns , R . E . West Coast Electronic Data Processing Coordinating Committee , DOE

SHIP DIVISION

Geldart , E . N Pacific Region Resource/ Survey Vessel Committee - s ecretary Working Group on Abatement of Pollut ion from DOE Ships - secretary

Pictures taken from a CCRS Falcon j e t at 30 , 000 feet show warmer areas ( 15 ° C) as black and colder areas ( 1I O C) as whit e . Pictures were taken during an ebbing ( t op ) and flooding t ide in support of a Burrard Inlet current survey by Tidal and Current Survey Section .

Thermal s canner imagery is used to map tempera­ture of sur face water of Burrard Inlet and Vancouver Harbour .

1 .

- 5 0 -

Research and Development Contracts

Water properties samp ling and meas uremen t pro gram aboard CCGS Van couver at Ocean S tation P . Chemex Labs Ltd. � North Vancouver� B . C.

2 . * Radar investigation o f bird mi gration along the Beaufo rt Sea Co as t . LGL Ltd. � Edmonton� A lberta.

3. * In depth review s tudy and report related to the int erpret ation o f Beaufo rt Sea seab ird and marine mammal s tudies . Donald A . Blood and Ass o ciates � Lantz vi Z Ze� B. C.

4 . Co llection an d chemi cal analysis o f Paci fi c Ocean Water. Se akem Oce anography Ltd. � Vi ctoria� B. C.

5 . Fabri cation and prOVl slon o f speciali zed me chani cal equipmen t for turbulence/micros tructure measurement from the Pis ces submers ib le , Uni ve rs i ty of British Co lumbia. (Dr. T. R. Osb orne� Institute of Ocean­ography )

6 . Study o f the prob lems and exis tin g s o lutions o f o ceanic cartography . Sam Gfe l ler� Vi ctoria� B . C.

7 . Analysis o f envi ronment al s amples , Seakem Oce an­ography Ltd. � Vi ctoria� B. C.

8 . * Oceano graphic me as urement in the Beaufort Sea b aseline cruise . Seakem Oce anography L td. � Vi ctoria� B . C.

9 . * Organi ze and conduct a be ach walk and an alyse samples in the Beaufo rt Sea area. Tha lassi c Data Ltd. � Vancouver� B. C.

10 . * P rep aration o f material for Beaufo rt Sea te chnical , s cient i fi c and overview report s . R. J. Chi lderhos e � Victori a� B. C.

11 . Con trolled envi ronment po llut ion experiment to provide b iologi cal ident i ficat ion in samplin g o i l pollution mat erials in B . C . coastal waters . Univers i ty of Bri tish Co lumbia� Vancouver� B . C. (Dr. T. R. Pars ons� Department of Bio l ogy)

To tal Amount

$ 2 6 , 9 36

71 , 6 30

19 , 8 70

5 6 , 5 7 8

6 , 4 7 5

9 , 500

16 , 26 1

18 , 364

1 8 , 7 89

40 , 700

5 , 203

- 5 1 -

12 . * Study on the long- term fate o f oil in the environment . W. Richards on� Vi ctoria� B. C.

1 3 . *Physical oceanographi c s tudy of the Beaufo rt Sea Se akem Oce anography Ltd. � Victo ri a� B. C.

14 . *Phys i cal oceano graphic s t udy o f the Beau fort Sea Case Exi s to logi cal Laboratories L td. � Vi ctoria� B. C.

1 5 . *Taxonomi c studies of zoop l ankton from the Beaufort Sea. Cathe rine Grohe � Do l lard des Orme aux� Quebec.

16 . Ana lysis o f Seawater fo r alkalinity and carb on­dioxide . Se akem O ce anography Ltd. � Vi ctori a� B. C.

1 7 . *Research in to the e cology and oil biodegradat ion potential of ar cti c marine an d fresh waters . Fay Pi lkington� Do l lard des Orme aux� Quebe c .

1 8 . *Rese arch on the physiologi cal eco logy and the e f fects o f crude oils on Ar ctic marine inverterb rates . Trudy C. Mul Zin� Senne rvi Ue , Quebec.

19 . '�Taxonomi c s t udies of phytoplankt on s amp l es and spe cimens from the Beaufo rt Sea . M. Foy � Ste . Gene vie ve � Quebec.

20 . *Beaufo rt Sea near-surface current survey . Dobrocky Seate ch Ltd. � Vi ctori a� B. C.

2 1 . Analysis an d exp eriment al measuremen ts of ocean sur face current ob serva tions and moored curren t data from various Paci fic co as t locations . Univers i ty of Bri tish Co lumbia. (Dr. G. D . Pond� Ins ti tute of Oce anography )

22 . ""P ro ces sing of Beaufort Sea Oceano graphic Data and mo difying exis ting p ro grams . Se akem Oce anographi c Ltd. � Vi ctori a� B . C.

2 3 . Deve lopmen t , de sign an d supply for the Pis ces IV submersib le , Products Ltd. � Richmond� B . C.

o f s t ab ili zing fins Canadi an Aircraft

24 . *Fi eld s tudies and an alysis o f marine fauna from the Beaufort Sea an d adj acen t waters . D. Ga lbrai th � Ste . Anne de Be l levue� Quebe c.

25 . Wind tunnel exp eriments o f Pisces IV. G. V. Parkinson� Van couver� B . C.

2 , 2 50

10 , 9 7 9

16 , 622

4 , 600

3 , 600

4 , 3 7 5

6 , 236

6 , 05 5

6 , 42 9

13 , 3 1 0

3 , 7 0 0

45 , 630

8 , 00 0

240

- 5 2 -

2 6 . S t udy o f mlxlng proces s es in Geor gia S trai t . Univers i ty of Bri tish Co Zwribi a� Vancouver� B . C. (Dr. P. LeBZond� Ins titute of Oce anography)

2 7 . * To inves tigate the e f fects o f entrainment and emulsifi cation o f crude oil in Ar ctic Sea ice . Norc� Engine e ring and Research L td� Ye Z Zowknife � N. W. T.

2 8 . An alysis of lighthouse o ceano graphi c dat a . I . Webs te r� Wes t Vancouver� B . C.

29 . Oceano graphic measurement program t o det ermine horizontal dis trib ut ion o f physi cal charac teris tics of o cean water at dif ferent depths . F. Hart Zey � Vi ctoria� B . C.

30 . Computer s o ftware and an alys is o f remote sens ing data. D. Traux� Vi ctori a� B . C.

31 . Computer an alys is o f hydro graphi c dat a . D . Traux .. Vi ctoria .. B. C.

32 . Tes ting o f po largraphi c techniques for t race met al s in seawat e r . Dr . J. Piuze .. Vi ctoria� B. C.

3 3 . P rovision o f computer pro grams and analys is o f o ceano graphic data. Case Exis to Zogi caZ Labs � Vi ctoria .. B. C.

34 . Hand co rre ction o f hydro graphic ch arts . Cas e Exi s to Zogi caZ Labs .. Vi ctoria .. B. C.

35 . Analysis o f tid al and current data ob t ained in harb ours and es tuaries . A . Harrison .. Victoria� B . C.

36 . * Collab o rat ion in p rep aration of final Beaufort Sea reports . H. E. A . Ni cho Z .. Sidney .. B. C.

3 7 . * Co llecting Be aufort Sea O ceano graphic and Me teor­ological Dat a . C. WaZ Zace� Brentwood Bay .. B . C.

3 8 . Preparation o f Fi rs t GARP Glob al Expe riment (FGGE ) b uoy array developmen t p l an , Beak Consu Z tants Ltd . .. Ri chmond .. B. C.

39 . S tudy o f exi s t ing and his tori cal ocean dumping s i tes in the Paci fic region . A. B . Wards .. Abb o ts ford .. B . C.

40 . S tudy o f b ehavi or and response o f b en th i c o r ganisms t o ocean dumping. B. Chang .. Vancouver .. B . C.

9 , 138

54 , 0 7 0

5 , 100

1 , 350

16 , 200

700

3 , 2 9 0

49 , 29 4

40 , 869

1 , 340

1 , 9 9 8

1 , 500

1 9 , 302

4 , 9 35

5 , 100

- 5 3 -

4 1 . S tudy o f exis ting o cean dumpin g t e chnolo gy . Bedk Consu ltants Ltd. " Ri chmond" B . C.

42 . * Computer an alysis o f oceano graphi c d ata for the Beaufort Sea p roj e ct . L. Landry" Vi ctoria" B. C.

10 , 500

3 7 5

4 3 . Appli cati on o f dif ferential pulse po largraphic 8 , 000 technique to ai r-sea interface studies . Dr. P. S. Liss" Schoo l of Environmental Science s " Univers i ty of Eas t Anglia" Norwich" England.

4 4 . Development and cons t ruction of an oceano graphic water 1 2 , 89 6 s amp ler . Seakem Oce �ography L td. " Victoria" B . C.

45 . Service to as s ist in s e t ting up Nu clide SV-90 mass 8 , 000 spectrometer and in devel oping wo rkin g p ro cedures fo r isotop i c dilation te chnique . P. Berrang" Vi ctoria" B . C.

46 . Radio carbon meas urement on carbonate samples . 2 , 880 Dr. A . D. McIn tyre" B. C. Res e arch Counci l " Vancouver" B. C.

4 7 . Computer so ftware developmen t to mod i fy and extend 4 , 000 u!M Fo cal and the PDP8/e computer . J. Van Zee" Univ e rsi ty of Washington" Se at tle .. U. S. A .

4 8 . Computer software devel opmen t to mod ify and extend 500 U/W Fo cal , Version I I . J. Van Zee " Univers i ty of Washington" Seat t le " U. S. A .

49 . Pro fess ional servi ces in support o f Ae rial Hydro graphy , 3 , 000 proj ect . Department of Engineering" Unive rsi ty of New Brunswi ck" Fredericton" N . B.

50 . Parti cip ation in the development o f a sys tem for 5 , 000 pro ces s ing o f pho to gramme tri c an d inert ial navi gation system dat a as requi red for the Aeri al Hydro graphy Proj ect . Dr. S. E. Nas ry" Unive rs i ty of New Brunswick" Fredericton" N. B .

51 . As sembly o f a file on computer compatib le magnet i c tape o f 640 all the avai lable b athythermo graph dat a from the no rth-eas t Paci fi c . Alan G. Law" Vi ct ori a" B. C.

5 2 . *Inves tigation o f the characteris tics and behavior o f a rl slng oil/ gas plume in i ce cove red wate rs . Dr. D. R. Topham" Vi ctoria" B . C.

5 3 . *Provision o f a cons ult ant and advisory servi ces on s t atisti cal methods o f analysis o f data on sea i ce c over and topo graphy and i ts appli cation t o cont ainment o f oil by sea i ce . P. Wadhams " Victoria" B . C.

2 2 , 5 00

3 , 600

- 54 -

54 . *Investigat ion of movemen t o f oi l under sea i ce . Imperi al Oi l Ltd. � Calgary � A lb e rta.

55 . Analys is of slabs from fro zen co re s ob tained in the southern S t rai t of Georgia. Chemex Labs� N. Vancouve r� B. C.

56 . Chemi cal analysis of seawater , p articulates and sediments in the southern S t rai t o f Georgia. Seakem Oce anography Ltd. � Vi ctoria� B . C.

1 0 , 000

2 , 244

25 , 363

5 7 . S tudy and tr acking o f the dispers ion o f dumped materials 2 1 , 360 Dobrocky Seate ch L td. � Vi ctoria� B . C.

5 8 . S tudy o f the release o f t race met als f rom dumped material in seawat er. Seakem O ce anography L td. � Vi ctoria� B. C.

59 . Pho to graphic do cument ation o f benthic or ganisms and habitats at dump si tes in the s outhern S trait o f Georgia . Dobrocky Seate ch L td. � Victori a� B. C.

60 . Sorting o f benthic samp les from disused mi1 lsites . Be ak Consu ltants L td. � Ri chmond� B. C.

6 1 . Sampling of seawater , particulates and undis turbed sediments in the southern S trai t o f Georgia. Dobro cky Seate ch L t d . .. Vi ctori a .. B. C.

62 . Ident ifi cat ion o f benthic samples from dis us ed mil l s ites , National Museum� Ottawa .. Ontario .

NOTE

4 , 56 7

2 , 2 86

3 , 6 6 8

1 7 , 864

1 , 500

1 . Contracts marked * form part o f the Beaufort Sea Proj ect .

2 . Contracts 39 t o 41 and 54 t o 6 2 come under the Regional Ocean Dump ing program.

- 55 -

Publications

Inst i tute o f Ocean Sciences , Patricia Bay , 1974 Annual Report

Bell , W . H . , 1 97 5 : The Howe Sound current metering program . Vols . 1-3 . Pacific Marine Science Report 7 5- 7

Bellegay , R. , B . L . Twaites , T . A . Smythe and C . de Jong , 1975 : Oceanographic observations at ocean s tation P ( 5 0 0 N , l45 °W) , Volume 63 . Pacific Marine Science Report 75-4

Cox , B. K . , and C. de Jong , 19 7 5 : Oceanographic observations at ocean s tation P (500N, l45 °W) , Volume 6 1 . Pacific Marine Science Report 7 5-4

Farmer , D. M. and D . Lemon , 197 5 : Disper sion o f dyed sea-water discharged from moving vessels . Pacific Marine Science Report 75-3

Farmer , D. M. and L. A. F . Spearing , 1975 : Isotherm plots of Babine Lake during the ice- free season , 1 9 7 2-7 3 . Pacific Marine Science Report 75-9

Farmer , D. M. , 1975 : Potent ial temperatures in deep freshwater lakes . Limnology and Oceanography , 20 .

Farmer , D . M. , 1975 : Penetrat ive convect ion in the absence of mean shear . Quart erly Journal o f the Royal Met eorological Society , 101

Garget t , A. E . , 1975 : Horizontal coherence of oceanic temperature structure . Deep-Sea Research , December .

Gower , J . F . R . , 1975 : Uses o f aircraft and balloon photography in studying coastal areas . Pacific Marine Science Report 7 5- 8

Gower , J . F . R. , 1 9 7 5 : Priorities f o r remote sensing in oceanography . Canada Centre for Remote Sens ing Report .

Hughes , G . C . and A. B . Ages , 19 7 5 : Salinity and temperature measurements in the lower Fraser River , 1966-19 7 3 . Pacific Marine Science Report 7 5-2

Marko , J . R. and R. E. Thomson , 19 7 5 : Spat ially periodic lead patterns in the Canada Basin sea ice ; A pos s ible relat ionship to planetary waves . Geophys ical Research Let ters , ( 10 )

Milne , A. R . , 19 7 5 : Beaufort S ea and Mackenz ie Del ta environmental s tudies . Canadian Society o f Petroleum Geologists , 821-82 7 , May .

Minkley , B . , and C . de Jong , 1975 : Oceanographic obs ervat ions at ocean stat ion P (500N , l45 °W) , Volume 62 , September 13 -October 30 , 19 7 4 . Pacif ic Marine Science Report 7 5-5

- 5 6 -

Tabat a , S . , 19 7 5 : Status of Oceanographic knowledge o f the continental shelf and ocean waters off the Pacific Coast o f Canada . Proceedings of workshop sponsored by the Pacific Subcommittee on Oceanography , Canad ian Commit tee on Oceanography , April 17-18 , 1 9 7 5 , Victoria B . C .

Thomson , R . E . , 197 5 : Longshore current generation by internal waves in the Strait of Georgia . Canadian Journal of Earth Sc iences 12 ( 3 ) , 4 7 2-488 .

Thoms on , R . E . , 19 7 5 : The propagat ion of p lanetary waves over a random topography . Journal of Fluid Mechanics 7 0 ( 2 ) , 267-285

Thomson , R . E . , 197 5 : The attenuat ion of vert ically propagat ing int ernal gravity waves in a randomly varying wind / current shear . Journal of the Atmo spher ic Sciences , in pre ss .

Thomson , R. E . , 1975 : Waves . Pac ific Yacht ing 2 ( 3 )

Thomson , R . E . 19 7 5 : The Strait o f Georgia ; Part 1 . Pacific Yacht ing 2 ( 4 )

Tides and Current s ,

Thomson , R . E . , 1975 : The Strait of Georgia ; Tides and Currents , Part 2 . Pacific Yachting 2 ( 5 )

Thomson , R . E . , 197 5 : The Strait o f Georgia ; Tides and Current s , Part 3 . Pacific Yacht ing , 10 ( 1 )

Thomson , R . E . , 1975 : Currents in the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Pacific Yachting , 10 ( 2 )

Thomson , R . E . , 1 9 7 5 : Inlet s , Sills , Tidelines and Temperatures . Pacific Yach ting , 10 ( 5 )

Thomson , R . E . , 19 7 5 : Upwelling - Br inging cold water t o the surface . ( Pacific Yachting , 11 ( 1 )

Topham , D . R . , 1 9 7 5 : Hydrodynamics of a sea bottom o i l well b lowout . Beaufort Sea Technical Report #33

Wadhams , P . , 1975 : Airborne laser profiling of swell in an open ice field . Journal of Geophysical Research 80 ( 3 3 ) 45 20-4 5 3 8

Wadhams , P . , 19 7 5 : Sea ice morphology in the Beaufort Sea . Beauf ort Sea Technical Report #36

Walker , E . R . , 195 7 : Oil , ice and climat e in the Beaufort Sea . Beaufort Sea Technical Report #35 .

Wong , C . S . , and R. W . Macdonald , 1 9 7 5 : Factor s incluenc ing the degree of saturat ion of gases in sea water . American Electrochemical Soc iety monograph, 214-232 .

- 5 7 -

DIRECTOR GENERAL

Stewar t , R . W . ; B . Sc . , MSc . , (Queen ' s ) , Ph . D . (Cantab ) , FRSC , FRS , D . Sc . (McGill ) , LL . D . (Dalhousie)

DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL

English , W . N . ; B . A . (Brit . Co1 . ) , Ph . D . (California)

MANAGEMENT SERVICES DIVIS ION

Todd , N . A . ; B . S . (Glasgow) , M . A . (Carleton) ; Chief of D ivision

Aavik , J . F . Craton , M . 1 . K. Crouch , R . W . Doyle , D . A . Egan , L . L . Firth , C . Foot e , S . B . Gravel , J . N . Hall , E . J . Hogg , W. Lohrmann , B . ; B . A . , B . Sc . ,

M . Sc . (Guelph) Lohse , P . Mackenzie , R . M . D Martyn , B . T .

*Left during 1975

Mou1son , S . A . Oswald , P . E . Parsons , J . E . Peirson , E . Reinst ein , H . G . Sabourin , J . T . Smith , D . C . Smith , G . R . ; B . A . Sc . (ME) (Brit . Co1 . )

P . Eng Thomas , C . D Thomson , L . S . C . ; B . A . . (S askatchewan)

B . L . S . (Brit . Co1 . ) Van Dus en , T . S . Wakef ield , L . M .

*Zwo1insky , V .

- 5 8 -

Permanent Staff

Bolton , M . ; Regional Hydrographer

Ages , A. B . ; B . A . Sc . , M . A . SC . (Brit . Col . ) , P . Eng .

*Ame s , S . E . *Anderson , N . M . : B . Sc . (Victoria)

Dip . AIT Bell , R . D . Bennett , K . M . Brown , R . E . Browning , P . C . Carracedo , C . Chivas , J . W . Mas ter , F . G . Clark , D . J . Coldham , F . A . Coldwell , J . H . Cooke , R . A . Coulter , E . t-! . Curran , T . A . ; B . A . S c . (EE)

(Brit . Col . ) P . Eng Czotter , K . L . ; Dip . BCIT Eaton , G . H . ; Dip . BCIT Farmer , M . Fuj ino , N . S . ; DIP BCIT Galloway , J . L . ; B . A . S c . (EE)

M . A . SC . (EE) (Brit . Col . ) , P . Eng .

Osbourne , M . ; Cert . ( T . I . ) Pat ton , M . M . Philp , A . R . Pickell , L . M . Pierce , R . A . Plume , T . C . Popej oy , R . D . Preece , M . L . ; Dip . BCIT

Rapat z , Y . J . ; B . Sc . (Victoria) Raymond , A . R . ; Dip . Algonquin

College Richard son , G . E . Ryan , C . F . ; Dip . RRE (England ) Sandiland s , R . W . ; Lt . RN (Rtd) Shoenrank , R . U . ; B . Sc . (Victoria) Smithers , F . R .

*Lef t during 1975

Gregson , D . J . ; Dip . BCIT

Harris , W . J . Hermis t on , F . V . Hind s , E . W . ; Dip . BCIT

*Hlina , R . C . Dip . BCIT Holman , K . R . Huggett , W . S . ; Mas ter , F . G . Johnson , R . W .

*Jones , T . L . ; Mas ter , F . G . Josephson , K . G . Korhonen , R . K . Larkin , J . B . , B . Sc . ( P . E . I . ) Loshiavo , R . ; Dip . BCIT Lusk , B . M . ; 350 T Lyon , A . G .

May , R . I . D . ; Dip . BCIT Milner , P . R . ; Dip . BCIT Mort imer , A . R . ; Master , F . G . Muse , R . A . ; Trade Cert . CAF Nas t , C . J . O ' Connor , A . D . ; Master , H . T .

(U . K . ) 350T

Stephenson , F . E . ; B . Sc . (Vic toria) Tamasi , C . R . ; Dip . BCIT Taylor , M . S . Taylor , W . R . ; Dip . RCC Thompson , L . G . Wanamaker , J . G . ; D ip . BCIT Wat t , B . M . Wat t , J . V . ; B . A . Sc . (EE)

(Brit . Col , ) , P . Eng . Wigen , S . O . ; B . A . Sc . (Brit . Col . )

P . Eng .

Wills , R . ; Mas ter , F . G . Wood , D . J . Dip . BCIT Woods , M . V . ; Dip . BCIT

*Young , V . N . ��Young , W .

- 59 -

OCEAN CHEMISTRY DIVISION

Wong , C . S . ; B . Sc . , M . S c . (Hong Kong ) , Ph . D . ( S cripp s ) , Dip . Mar . Sc . (UNESCO) , MCIC , FRIC ; Chief of Division

Bellegay , R. D . ;

*Cornford , A. B . ; Cretney , W . J . ; Jackson , C . M . ; Johnson , W . K . ; Macdonald , R . W . ;

Dip . NAIT , Ass . Deg . in Oceanography Community College , Seattle)

B . Sc . (McMaster ) , Ph . D . (Brit . Col . ) B . Sc . , Ph . D . (Brit . Col ) B . Sc . (Victoria)

Dip . BCIT B . Sc . (Dalhousie) , Ph . D . (Dalhousie )

COMPUTING SERVICES

Butcher , J . W . ; B . Sc . (Victoria) , M. Sc . (Toronto ) Douglas , A . N . ; B . Sc . (Victoria) Johns , R . E . ; B . Sc . (Victoria) , M . Sc . (Brit . Col . ) Page , J . S . ; B . Sc . (Brit . Col . )

*Morgan , C . G . ; B . S c . , M . Sc . (Alberta) Richards , P . J . ; B . Sc . (Brit . Col . ) Smith , D . B . ; B . Sc . (Victoria) Teng , K. ; B . A. Sc . , M . A . (Brit . Col) Woollard , A . L . ; B . Sc . (Victoria)

OCEAN PHYSICS DIVISION

( Shoreline

Nasmyth , P . W . ; B . A. Sc . , M . A . , Ph . D . (Brit . Col . ) ; Chief of Division

Bell , W. H . ; B . A . Sc . (Brit . Col . ) , M. Sc . (Hawaii) , P . Eng . Bigham , R . H . Chase , G . W . ; Dip . BCIT Crean , P . B . ; B . Sc . (Dublin) , M . A . Sc . (Toront o ) , Ph . D . (Liverpoo l ) D e Jong , C . Farmer , D . M . ; B . Com. , M . Sc . (McGill) , Ph . D . (Brit . Col . ) Garrett , J . F . ; B . A. (Harvard ) , Ph . D . (Brit . Col . ) Giovando , L . F . ; B . A. , M . A . , Ph . D . (Brit . Col . ) Gower , J . F . R . ; B . A . , M . A . , Ph . D . (Cantab ) Herlinveaux , R . H . Kamitakahara , G . R . ; B . Sc . (Toront o) Koppel , A . W . Kuwahara , L . S . C . ; B . Sc . (Brit . Col . ) Lake , R . A . ; B . Sc . (Brit . Col . ) , M . Sc . (Washington) Lewis , E . L . ; B . Sc . , M . Sc . , Ph . D . (London)

*Marles , E . W . ; B . Sc . (Victoria) Meikle , J . H . Milne , A . R . ; B . A . Sc . (Toront o ) , M. Sc . (McGil l ) Minkley , B . G . ; Dip . BCIT Moody , A . E . Moorhouse , S . W .

- 6 0 -

Perkin , R . G . : B . A . S c . , M . Sc . (Brit . CoL ) Henry , R . F . ; B . Sc . ( Edinburgh) , Ph . D . (Cantab ) Richard s , D . L . Sieberg , D . G . ; Dip . (VVI) Spearing , L . A . F . ; B . Sc . (Brit . Col . ) St ickland , J . A . Stucchi , D . J . ; B . Sc . (York) , M . Sc . (Dalhousie) Sudar , R . B . ; B . A . S c . (Toronto ) Tabat a , S . ; B . A . , M . A . ( Brit . Col . ) , D . Sc . (Tokyo ) Teichrob , R . C . ; Dip . BCIT Thomson , R . E . ; B . Sc . , Ph . D . (Brit . Col . ) Walker , E . R . ; B . Sc . (Manitoba , M . A . (Toront o ) , Ph . D . (McGill) Wallac e , J . S .

*Left during 1975

Geldart , E . N .

Green , F . S .

Marr , D .

Keene , R . W .

Bradbury , J . D .

Chan , C . C .

CSS PARIZEAU

Chamberlain , A . G . Fisher , E . G . Archibald , D . Christie , J . N . Clarke , L . E . Parkinson , R. Kyle , R . G . Orr-Hood , J .

CSS Wm . J . Stewart

Sj oholm , K . J . Easson , R . J . Barboz a , C . S . Palmer , S .

SHIP D IVIS ION

1st Class Marine Engineer , Fellow Inst itut e of Marine Engineer s ; Regional Marine Superintendent

Mas ter Mariner ; Assistant Marine Super intendent (deck)

1st Class Marine Engineer , Fellow Ins titute of Marine Engineers ; Assistant Marine Superintendent (Engineer ing)

Master , F . G . (X) ; Relief Master

Depot Supervisor

Engineer 1st Class Motor ; Relief Engineer

Master , F . G . ; Master Master , F . G . ; 1st Officer 2nd Mat e , F . G . ; 2nd Officer Rad io Certif icate ; wlo Supply Officer Engineer 1st Class Combined ; Chief Engineer Engineer 2nd Class Motor ; Senior Engineer Engineer 4th Class Motor ; 2nd Engineer

Mas ter , F . G . ; Mas ter Mas ter , F . G . ; 1st Off icer Mat e , F . G . ; 2nd Officer (Deceased ) Supply Officer

Henderson , J . D . Gib son , R. B . Bateman , S . P . Conway , A .

CS S VECTOR

Mars ton , J . C . Shaw , B . Bishop , S . O . Clouston , G .

Peet , J . S to rer , T . H . P earson , R.

CS S RI CHARDSON

Wheeler , M. G . Henderson , J . N .

CFAV LAYMORE

Dyer , M. J . Doher ty , H . R .

MV RADIUM EXPRESS

O ' Sull ivan , J. Butler , W.

MV PANDORA II ( Charter)

Di ckinson , R . Tu ck , C .

MV THETA ( Charter)

Marko , K. Johanns en , A .

P I S CES IV

Meek , G . R . Sanderson , Cap t . I . Homer , G . M . Taylor , R. H. Witcombe, A . E .

- 61 -

Engineer 2nd Class Steam ; Chief Engineer Engineer 3rd C lass Ste�; S enior Engineer Engineer 3rd Clas s Combined ; 1st Engineer En gineer 4th Clas s Combined ; 2nd Engineer

Mas ter , F . G . ; Mas ter Mas ter , H . T . ; 1st O f fi cer Mate , H . T . ; 2nd Officer Engineer 3rd Class Mo tor , Chief Engineer ( deceased) Engineer 3rd Clas s MO tor , Chief Engineer Engineer 3rd Class Mo tor , 1st Engineer Engineer 4 th Class Mo tor ; 2nd Engineer

Mas ter , 350 T ; Mas ter Engineer 4th Cl as s Motor ; Chief Engineer

Mas ter Chief Engineer

Mas ter Chief En gineer

Mas ter Chie f En gineer

Master Chie f En gineer

Operations Officer Chief Pilot (DND ) Pilot Pilot Pilot

MANAGEMENT SERVICES

N.A. Todd

ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT

B.A. Lohrmann

FINANCE

J.E. Parsons

PURCHASING

R.W. Crouch

PATRICIA BAY O & M

H.G. Reinstein

LIBRARY

LS. ThomlJon

INDUSTRIAL

lIASON OFFICER

G.R. Smith

DEPOT

J.D. Bradbury

C.S.S. Wm. J. STEWART

K. Sjoholm

C.S.S. PARlZEAU

A.G. Chamberlain

C.S.S. VECTOR

J. Marston

C.S.S. RICHARDSON

M.G. WhHler

C.S.L REVISOR

CHARTER SHIPS

LAUNCHES

M. Bolton

RELD HYDROGRAPHY

A. Wills

CHAAT PRODUCTION

F.R. Smithers

TIDES AND CURRENTS

S.O. Wigen IW.J. Rapau . Acting)

SURVEY ELECTRONICS

J,V. Wstt

BEAUFORT SEA PROJECT

A.R. Mllns

OCEAN ENGINEERING

W.N. English

COMPUTING SERVICES

K. Tang

DESIGN AND

DEVELOPMENT

OCEAN CHEMISTRY

C.S. Wong

CARBON BUDGET

C.S. Wong

HYDROCARBONS AND PESTICIDES

W.J. Cretney

TRACE ELEMENTS

C.S. Wong

CHEMICAL

OCEANOGRAPHY R.W. MacDonald

OCEAN PHYSICS

P.W. N81Imyth

FROZEN SEA

E.L lewis

COASTAL ZONE OCEANOGRAPHY

C.M, Farmar

OFFSHORE OCEANOGRAPHY

J.F. Garrett

OCEAN MIXING

PROCESSES P.W. Naamyth

NUMERICAL MODEWNG

(R.W. Stewartl

REMOTE SENSING

J.F.R. GowOf

ARCTIC MARINE SCIENCE

A.R. Mlln.