INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research Ninghui Sun & Yungang Bao ICT, CAS 2008.10 Intel China Research

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MPU

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Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research

Ninghui Sun & Yungang BaoICT, CAS2008.10

Intel China Research Forum ‘08 – ICRC 10 Year Anniversary

INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING

TECHNOLOGY

Today’s Topic

Turing Award

Nobel Prize

Commercial Benefits

Fundamental Research

Applied Research

Computer Research


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Overview

A View on Interaction of Academy and Industry


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Sources of GDP Growth

IT Related Sources had increased to about 42% in GDP growth rate.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

1948-73 1973-89 1989-95 1995-04

An

nu

al C

on

trib

uti

on

(%

)

Labor Input Non-IT Capital Input IT Capital Input Non-IT Production IT Production

Source: Information Technology and the World

Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson and Khuong Vu,

Scandinavian Journal of Economics, December

2005.


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The Economic Impact of IT Economists have recognized the important role that information

technology (IT) can play in a country/region's development.

The IDC’s study found that spending on IT reaches $1.24 trillion in 2007 worldwide and IT drives significant growth in skilled jobs.

Source: The Economic Impact of IT, Software, and the Microsoft

Ecosystem on the Global Economy, IDC White paper,

October 2007.

Conclusion 1: Information technology (IT) has already played an important role in global development.


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What guarantee IT’s speed?

Car = IT industry Engine = Frontier Research Transmission = Technology Commercialization

Transmission

Engine


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Frontier Research

Fundamental Research (or Basic Research) Which is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles.

Many times the end results have no direct or immediate commercial benefits. However, in the long term it is the basis for many commercial products and 'applied' research. (From wikipedia)

Applied Research Which is research accessing and using some part of the research communities'

(the academy's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state, commercial, or client driven purpose. Applied research is often opposed to pure research in debates about research ideals, programs, and projects.

High impact techniques in IT: Mouse, Internet, Micro-processor, TCP/IP, WWW, …

We adopt the term Frontier Research (FR) to present the effective computer research.

Source: Frontier Research: The European Challenge

High-Level Expert Group Report, February 2005


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Features in Computer Research Long-term

There is a long, unpredictable incubation period (10+ yrs) between initial fundamental research and commercial deployment.

Experimental work Experimental work plays an important role in IT research. Principal Investigator: visionary, risky, management

E.g., David Patterson, John Hennessey, ……

Unanticipated results The unanticipated results are often as important as the

anticipated results. E.g., e-mail & IM

Interaction of research ideas The interaction of research ideas multiplies their impact.

E.g. VLSI & RISC, Graphic & Network & Workstation.

Commercialization IT technologies are easier to be commercialized.


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Startup of Computer Research

1946 ： The ENIAC was unveiled.

1961 ： The IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center was founded.

1965 ： The Department of Computer Science were founded in Stanford University and CMU.

The frontier research in computer science was booming…Years


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Source: Innovation in Information Technology,National Research Council Press, 2003.

The computer flourished through the frontier research of academy

and industry.

The relationship between academy

and industry seems complicated!


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How to classify the arrows?

Arrows between universities and companies

Arrows from FR to products and markets

Arrows from one technology to other technologies


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What do we learn?

University Company

Need 3~5 years

FR Products

Need 5~10 years

FR $1B Market

Need 10~15 years


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Conclusion 2: The interactions between Universities/Labs and Companies on FR advance IT’s development.

Conclusion 3: It takes 10+ years to make FR’s outcomes grow up to $1B markets.

Corollary 1: Never Fight Alone!

Corollary 2: Be patient!

Some Conclusions


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Universities’ Efforts in FR

$1B+ Industry1 Timesharing2 Client/ server3 Graphics4 Entertainment5 I nternet6 LANs7 Workstations8 GUI9 VLSI design

10 RI SC processors11 Relational DB12 Parallel DB13 Data mining14 Parallel computing15 RAI D disk arrays16 Portable comm.17 World Wide Web18 Speech recognition19 Broadband last mile

Total 7 2 2 3 2 5 1 2 4 1 3 1 3

From Berkeley View


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Companies’ Efforts in FR

$1B+ Industry1 Timesharing2 Client/ server3 Graphics4 Entertainment5 I nternet6 LANs7 Workstations8 GUI9 VLSI design

10 RI SC processors11 Relational DB12 Parallel DB13 Data mining14 Parallel computing15 RAI D disk arrays16 Portable comm.17 World Wide Web18 Speech recognition19 Broadband last mile

Total 9 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 …

From ICT View


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Conclusion 4: FR is a luxury human actions. University/Institute have inherent advantages in FR. Companies’ R&D mainly focus on product development.

Corollary 3: Except for IBM, Companies who take great zeal for FR may be split, purchased or disappeared.

Some Corollary


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Criteria of FR Contribution

Two general criteria to evaluate the FR’s contributions Paper Citations

CiteSeer, Google Scholar, Microsoft Libra Industry Impact

FR’s outcomes are adopted by industry directly.


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41 papers with high industry impact selected from 25 years of ISCA (ACM,1998)

Average citation ≈ 160.8 8 times of avg. citations of all ISCA papers (20.3).

Conclusion 5: Paper citation indicates industry impact


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University is the main force and has higher citations.

Papers ProportionAvg.

CitationAvg. Citation (Highest & Lowest Removed)

Company 7 17.0% 154.1 111.6

Univ. & Comp. collaboration 5 12.2% 129 120

Company Related 12 29.2% 143.7 120.3

University 29 70.8% 179.2 158.6

Conclusion 6: University focus on long-term fundamental research. Company focuses on short-term but pivotal research.


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Lifetime of Industry Impact

Computer industry makes fast progress dramatically, so the impact lifetime of FR varies.

Impact-Lifetime

Citation of “Active Message: A Mechanism for Integrated Communication and Computation”

Limin Xiao, Mingfa Zhu, Active Messages on the Dawning-1000 ,1996


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A Case Study: ICT

Phase 1: 1950s~1980s For missions of national strategy. No interaction.

Phase 2: 1980s~2000s ICT transferred the FR technology to China industry.

Single arrow.

Phase 3: Y2000 ~ Now Interactions of academy and industry have been arising in China.

More coordinates with international companies.

中国计算机事业的摇篮

Established in 1956

First computing research institute in China

1956

Phase 1


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103 机

第一台小型通用数字电子计算机First Computer in China1800 次 / 秒（磁心内存）1958 年 8 月

“ 有了”

19561958

夏培肃院士

第一台自行设计的小型通用数字电子计算机First Self-Design Computer in China250 次 / 秒1960 年 5 月

107 机

电子管

195619581960

第一台自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机First Transistor Computer in China6 万次 / 秒（浮点）1965 年 6 月

109 乙机

晶体管

195619581960

1965

自行研制的晶体管大型通用数字电子计算机 (115KFlops)Contribute to Design of Atom Bomb/Satellite in China1967 年 9 月

109 丙机

“ 功勋机”

195619581960

19651967

第一批小规模集成电路通用数字电子计算机First LSI Computer in China 18 万次 / 秒1971 年 5 月

111 机

集成电路

195619581960

19651967

1971

大型向量中规模集成电路数字电子计算机中国最快的大型计算机Vector Computer 1000 万次 / 秒（向量）1983 年 11 月

757 机

向量机

高庆狮院士

195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

大型计算机系统Mainframe Computer2000 万次 / 秒（主处理机 + 向量机）1991 年 9 月

KJ8920 机

石油行业

195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

联想式汉字微型机系统 Legend Personal Computer1987 年

LX-PC

倪光南院士

195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

1987

Phase 2


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智能中心从这里起步Established in 1990

Supported by 863 High-Tech Program of China

李国杰院士LI Guojie

195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

1987

1990


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Dawning-1195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

1987

1990

1993

第一台 SMP 服务器First SMP Server in China 168 VAX MIPS1993 年 10 月

SMP


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Dawning-1000195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

1987

1990

1993

1995 第一台 MPP 超级计算机中国最快的超级计算机First MPP Supercomputer in China 25 亿次 / 秒 1993 年 10 月

MPP


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Dawning-2000195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

1987

1990

1993

19951998 第一台 Cluster 高性能计算机

First Cluster HPC in China 200 亿次 / 秒 1998 年 12 月

Cluster


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曙光 2000-II1117 亿次 / 秒 2000 年 1 月

195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

1987

1990

1993

1995199820002004

曙光 30004032 亿次 / 秒 2001 年 2 月

曙光 4000-L3 万亿次 / 秒 2003 年 3 月

TOP10

曙光 4000-A11.2 万亿次 / 秒 2004 年 6 月


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195619581960

19651967

1971

1983

1991

1987

1990

1993

1995199820002004

2008

中国最快的高性能计算机The Fastest HPC in China 233.5 万亿次 / 秒 2008 年 11 月

Dawning-5000

Blade Cluster


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ORC: A successful joint project for frontier research

Interaction with Intel

Phase 3


TECHNOLOGY Objective Provides a leading open source compiler of Intel Itanium

to the compiler and architecture research community

Joint efforts among Programming and System Lab (PSL)/ICRC, Intel CTG Advanced Compiler Technology (ACT) Lab, ICT Sharing IP (arch-independent and arch-dependent)

ORC 2.1 got better: 5% than ECC 7.0 and 30% than GCC 3.1

Open Research Compiler (ORC, 2000~2002)


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Contribution to Research Community

University groups using ORC U. Del, U. Minn, U. Ghent, Georgia Tech, U. Maryland, Rice U.,

U. Houston, Princeton U., TsingHua U., Peking U., U. Alberta, MIT, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, INRIA, UPC, CAS.

Industry Tensilica: compiler for extensible embedded processor STMicro electronics: compiler for embedded ST200 processor Intel: Research on Speculative multi-thread compiling

Over 15,000 downloads till now at

http://ipf-orc.sourceforge.net/


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What is ICT’s gain

More joint projects between ICT and Industry Shangri-la project (ICT & Intel) Open64 compiler project (HP, ICT, UDel, and

Tsinghua)

Papers Liu Yang, Sun Chan, G.R.Gao., Roy Ju, Guei-Yuan Lueh, Zhaoqing

Zhang, Inter-Procedural Stacked Register Allocation for Itanium Like Architecture ,Proc. of ACM SIGARCH International Conference of Supercomputing, San Francisco, CA, June 23th -26th, 2003.

Parallel compiler for multi-core and HPC


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China’s Puzzle

Frontier Research (adopted from world)

Applied Research

Technology Commercialization

What China has done in the past decades is filling gaps which means that developing the second-class technologies to meet the needs of the Chinese people.

-- Prof. Kai Li Princeton Univ.


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Suggestions

International companies treat the FR affairs with Chinese university/Institute not only as the Market Activities.

International collaboration is a significant and essential way for Chinese academy to reach world-class.

Industry should provide more supports for Chinese frontier research, especially facilities.

China Solving the Issues

proposed by International

Advanced Issues proposed by

China


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Thanks ！

Documents

INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY Interaction of Academy and Industry in Computer Research Ninghui Sun & Yungang Bao ICT, CAS 2008.10 Intel China Research