I N S T I T U T E

Structure of V-DemIndices, Components,and Indicators

Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute

All rights reserved

V 10 - March 2020

1 Structure of Aggregation

1.1 V-Dem Democracy Indices and Indicators

DemocracyIndex Name

Mid-LevelDemocracy andGovernanceIndex Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernanceIndex Name

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Electoral democracy index v2x polyarchyAdditive polyarchy index v2x apiMultiplicative polyarchy index v2x mpi

Freedom of expressionand alternative sources of information index v2x freexp altinf

Government censorship effort—Media v2mecenefm 0.302Harassment of journalists v2meharjrn 0.354Media self-censorship v2meslfcen 0.344Media bias v2mebias 0.298Print/broadcast media perspectives v2merange 0.297Print/broadcast media critical v2mecrit 0.281Freedom of discussion for men v2cldiscm 0.290Freedom of discussion for women v2cldiscw 0.290Freedom of academic and cultural ex-pression

v2clacfree 0.363

Freedom of association index (thick) v2x frassoc thickParty ban v2psparban 0.383Barriers to parties v2psbars 0.273Opposition parties autonomy v2psoppaut 0.023Elections multiparty v2elmulpar 0.043CSO entry and exit v2cseeorgs 0.370CSO repression v2csreprss 0.413

Share of population with suffrage v2x suffrPercent of population with suffrage v2elsuffrage

Clean elections index v2xel frefairEMB autonomy v2elembaut 0.437EMB capacity v2elembcap 0.520Election voter registry v2elrgstry 0.441Election vote buying v2elvotbuy 0.549Election other voting irregularities v2elirreg 0.333Election government intimidation v2elintim 0.367Election other electoral violence v2elpeace 0.652Election free and fair v2elfrfair 0.304

Elected officials index v2x elecoffLegislature bicameral v2lgbicamLower chamber elected v2lgelloUpper chamber elected v2lgelecupPercentage of indirectly elected legisla-tors lower chamber

v2lginello

Percentage of indirectly elected legisla-tors upper chamber

v2lginelup

HOS appointment in practice v2expathhsHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS selection by legislature in practice v2exaphosHOG selection by legislature in prac-tice

v2exaphogp

HOS appoints cabinet in practice v2exdfcbhsHOG appoints cabinet in practice v2exdjcbhgHOS dismisses ministers in practice v2exdfdmhsHOG dismisses ministers in practice v2exdfdshgHOS = HOG? v2exhoshogChief executive appointment by upperchamber

v2exapup

Chief executive appointment by upperchamber implicit approval

v2exapupap

HOS = HOG? v2exhoshogChief executive appointment by upperchamber

v2exapup

Chief executive appointment by upperchamber implicit approval

v2exapupap

1

DemocracyIndex Name

Mid-LevelDemocracy andGovernanceIndex Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernanceIndex Name

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Liberal democracy index v2x libdemElectoral democracy index v2x polyarchyLiberal component index v2x liberal

Equality before the law and individual liberty index v2xcl rolRigorous and impartial public admin-istration

v2clrspct 0.497

Transparent laws with predictable en-forcement

v2cltrnslw 0.370

Access to justice for men v2clacjstm 0.247Access to justice for women v2clacjstw 0.247Property rights for men v2clprptym 0.452Property rights for women v2clprptyw 0.452Freedom from torture v2cltort 0.389Freedom from political killings v2clkill 0.423Freedom from forced labor for men v2clslavem 0.511Freedom from forced labor for women v2clslavef 0.511Freedom of religion v2clrelig 0.543Freedom of foreign movement v2clfmove 0.413Freedom of domestic movement formen

v2cldmovem 0.406

Freedom of domestic movement forwomen

v2cldmovew 0.406

Judicial constraints on the executive index v2x juconExecutive respects constitution v2exrescon 0.572Compliance with judiciary v2jucomp 0.321Compliance with high court v2juhccomp 0.349High court independence v2juhcind 0.382Lower court independence v2juncind 0.404

Legislative constraints on the executive index v2xlg legconLegislature questions officials in prac-tice

v2lgqstexp 0.502

Executive oversight v2lgotovst 0.346Legislature investigates in practice v2lginvstp 0.243Legislature opposition parties v2lgoppart 0.385

Participatory democracy index v2x partipdemElectoral democracy index v2x polyarchyParticipatory component index v2x partip

Civil society participation index v2x cspartCandidate selection, National/local v2pscnslnl 0.799CSO consultation v2cscnsult 0.389CSO participatory environment v2csprtcpt 0.396CSO womens participation v2csgender 0.625

Direct popular vote index v2xdd ddInitiatives permitted v2ddlexciInitiatives signatures % v2ddsigpciInitiatives signature-gathering timelimit

v2ddsiglci

Initiatives signature-gathering period v2ddsigdciInitiatives participation threshold v2ddpartciInitiatives approval threshold v2ddapprciInitiatives administrative threshold v2ddadmciInitiatives super majority v2ddspmciOccurrence of citizen-initiative thisyear

v2ddyrci

Referendums permitted v2ddlexrfReferendums signatures % v2ddsigprfReferendums signature-gathering pe-riod

v2ddsigdrf

Referendums participation threshold v2ddpartrfReferendums approval threshold v2ddapprrfReferendums super majority v2ddspmrfReferendums administrative threshold v2ddadmrfOccurrence of referendum this year v2ddyrrf

2

DemocracyIndex Name

Mid-LevelDemocracy andGovernanceIndex Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernanceIndex Name

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Plebiscite permitted v2ddlexplPlebiscite participation threshold v2ddpartplPlebiscite approval threshold v2ddapprplPlebiscite super majority v2ddspmplPlebiscite administrative threshold v2ddadmplOccurrence of plebiscite this year v2ddyrplConstitutional changes popular vote v2ddlexorObligatory referendum participationthreshold

v2ddpartor

Obligatory referendum approvalthreshold

v2ddappor

Obligatory referendum super majority v2ddspmorObligatory referendum administrativethreshold

v2ddadmor

Occurrence of obligatory referendumthis year

v2ddyror

Obligatory referendum credible threat v2ddthreorPopular referencum credible threat v2ddthrerfPlebiscite credible threat v2ddthrepl

Local government index v2xel locelecLocal government elected v2ellocelcLocal offices relative power v2ellocpwrLocal government exists v2ellocgov

Regional government index v2xel regelecRegional government elected v2elsrgelRegional offices relative power v2elrgpwrRegional government exists v2elreggov

Deliberative democracy index v2x delibdemElectoral democracy index v2x polyarchyDeliberative component index v2xdl delib

Reasoned justification v2dlreason 0.333Common good v2dlcommon 0.586Respect counterarguments v2dlcountr 0.335Range of consultation v2dlconslt 0.252Engaged society v2dlengage 0.235

Egalitarian democracy index v2x egaldemElectoral democracy index v2x polyarchyEgalitarian component index v2x egal

Equal protection index v2xeg eqprotecSocial class equality in respect for civilliberties

v2clacjust 0.216

Social group equality in respect forcivil liberties

v2clsocgrp 0.538

Weaker civil liberties population v2clsnlpct 0.865Equal access index v2eg eqaccess

Power distributed by gender v2pepwrgen 0.510Power distributed by socioeconomicposition

v2pepwrses 0.460

Power distributed by social group v2pepwrsoc 0.459Equal distribution of resources index v2xeg eqdr

Means-tested vs. universalistic policy v2dlunivl 0.668Particularistic or Public good v2dlencmps 0.642Educational equality v2peedueq 0.248Health equality v2pehealth 0.186

*Unmodeled Variance. Uniqueness is the variance that is ’unique’ to the variable and not shared withother variables.

3

1.2 Indices Created Using V-Dem Data

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Regimes of the World index v2x regimeElections multiparty v2elmulpar ospExecutive elections multiparty v2elmulpar osp exLegislative elections multiparty v2elmulpar osp legElection free and fair v2elfrfair ospLegislative election free and fair v2elfrfair osp legExecutive election free and fair v2elfrfair osp exHOS appointed by legislature v2ex legconhosRelative power of the HOS v2ex hoswAccess to justice for men v2clacjstm ospAccess to justice for women v2clacjstw ospTransparent laws with predictable enforce-ment

v2cltrnslw osp

Electoral regime index v2x elecregExecutive electoral regime index v2xex elecregLegislative electoral regime index v2xlg elecregElectoral democracy index v2x polyarchyLiberal component index v2x liberal

Accountability index** v2x accountabilityVertical accountability index vv2x veracc

Electoral regime index v2x elecregHOS appointed by legislature v2ex legconhosRelative power of the HOS v2ex hoswEMB autonomy v2elembautEMB capacity v2elembcapElection voter registry v2elrgstryElection other voting irregularities v2elirregElection government intimidation v2elintimElections multiparty v2elmulparElection free and fair v2elfrfairPercentage of population with suffrage v2elsuffrageHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOG selection by legislature in practice v2exaphogpParty ban v2psparbanBarriers to parties v2psbarsOpposition parties autonomy v2psoppaut

Diagonal accountability index v2x diagaccGovernment censorship effort — Media v2mecenefmInternet censorship effort v2mecenefiHarassment of journalists v2meharjrnPrint/broadcast media critical v2mecritMedia bias v2mebiasPrint/broadcast media perspectives v2merangeMedia self-censorship v2meslfcenCSO participatory environment v2csprtcptCSO entry and exit v2cseeorgsCSO repression v2csreprssFreedom of discussion for men v2cldiscmFreedom of discussion for women v2cldiscwFreedom of academic and cultural expres-sion

v2clacfree

Engaged society v2dlengageHorizontal accountability index v2x horacc

High court independence v2juhcindLower court independence v2juncindCompliance with high court v2juhccompCompliance with judiciary v2jucompExecutive respects constitution v2exresconExecutive oversight v2lgotovstLegislature investigates in practice v2lginvstpLegislature bicameral v2lgbicam

4

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Confidence dimension index v2x ex confidenceHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS removal by legislature in practice(Ordinal version)

v2exremhsp ord

HOS removal by the ruling party or partyleadership body in a one-party system inpractice (Mean)

v2exrmhsol 2 mean

HOS removal by a royal council in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS removal by the military in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS = HOG v2exhoshogRelative power of the HOS v2ex hosw

Direct election dimension index v2x ex direlectHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS removal by legislature in practice(Ordinal version)

v2exremhsp ord

HOS removal by the ruling party or partyleadership body in a one-party system inpractice (Mean)

v2exrmhsol 2 mean

HOS removal by a royal council in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS removal by the military in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS = HOG v2exhoshogRelative power of the HOS v2ex hosw

Hereditary dimension index v2x ex hereditaryHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS removal by legislature in practice(Ordinal version)

v2exremhsp ord

HOS removal by the ruling party or partyleadership body in a one-party system inpractice (Mean)

v2exrmhsol 2 mean

HOS removal by a royal council in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS removal by the military in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS = HOG v2exhoshogRelative power of the HOS v2ex hosw

Military dimension index v2x ex militaryHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS removal by legislature in practice(Ordinal version)

v2exremhsp ord

HOS removal by the ruling party or partyleadership body in a one-party system inpractice (Mean)

v2exrmhsol 2 mean

HOS removal by a royal council in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS removal by the military in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS = HOG v2exhoshogRelative power of the HOS v2ex hosw

5

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Ruling party dimension index v2x ex partyHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS removal by legislature in practice(Ordinal version)

v2exremhsp ord

HOS removal by the ruling party or partyleadership body in a one-party system inpractice (Mean)

v2exrmhsol 2 mean

HOS removal by a royal council in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS removal by the military in practice(Mean)

v2exrmhsol 3 mean

HOS = HOG v2exhoshogRelative power of the HOS v2ex hosw

Neopatrimonial rule index v2x neopatClientelism index e v2xnp client

Election vote buying v2elvotbuyParticularistic or public goods v2dlencmpsParty linkages v2psprlnks

Presidentialism index e v2xnp presExecutive respects constitution v2exresconExecutive oversight v2lgotovstLegislature controls resources v2lgfundsLegislature investigates in practice v2lginvstpHigh court independence v2juhcindLower court independence v2juncindCompliance with high court v2juhccompCompliance with judiciary v2jucompEMB autonomy v2elembaut

Regime corruption index e v2xnp regcorrExecutive embezzlement and theft v2exembezExecutive bribery and corrupt exchanges v2exbribeLegislature corrupt activities v2lgcrrptJudicial corruption decision v2jucorrdc

Civil liberties index v2x civlibPhysical violence index v2x clphy

Freedom from political killings v2clkillFreedom from torture v2cltort

Political civil liberties index v2x clpolGovernment censorship effort — Media v2mecenefm 0.329Harassment of journalists v2meharjrn 0.383Media self-censorship v2meslfcen 0.396Freedom of discussion for men v2cldiscm 0.236Freedom of discussion for women v2cldiscw 0.236Party ban v2psparban 0.510Barriers to parties v2psbars 0.423Opposition parties autonomy v2psoppaut 0.431CSO entry and exit v2cseeorgs 0.298CSO repression v2csreprss 0.317

Private civil liberties index v2x clprivFreedom from forced labor for men v2clslavem 0.472Freedom from forced labor for women v2clslavef 0.472Property rights for men v2clprptym 0.375Property rights for women v2clprptyw 0.375Freedom of foreign movement v2clfmove 0.361Freedom of domestic movement for men v2cldmovem 0.271Freedom of domestic movement for women v2cldmovew 0.271Freedom of religion v2clrelig 0.478Religious organization repression v2csrlgrep 0.496

6

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group v2xpe exleconPower distributed by socio-economic posi-tion

2pepwrses 0.599

Social class equality in respect for civil lib-erty

v2clacjust 0.458

Access to public services distributed bysocio-economic position

v2peapsecon 0.344

Access to state jobs by socio-economic po-sition

v2peasjsoecon 0.311

Access to state business opportunities bysocio-economic position

v2peasbecon 0.350

Exclusion by Gender index v2xpe exlgenderPower distributed by gender v2pepwrgen 0.417Gender equality in respect for civil liberties v2clgencl 0.342Access to public services distributed bygender

v2peapsgen 0.391

Access to state jobs by gender v2peasjgen 0.246Access to state business opportunities bygender

v2peasbgen 0.258

Exclusion by Urban-Rural Location index v2xpe exlgeoPower distributed by urban-rural location v2pepwrgeo 0.588Urban-rural location equality in respect forcivil liberties

v2clgeocl 0.405

Access to public services distributed byurban-rural location

v2peapsgeo 0.371

Access to state jobs by urban-rural loca-tion

v2peasjgeo 0.307

Access to state business opportunities byurban-rural location

v2peasbegeo 0.329

Exclusion by Political Group index v2xpe exlpolPolitical group equality in respect for civilliberties

v2clpolcl 0.501

Access to public services distributed by po-litical group

v2peapspol 0.486

Access to state jobs by political group v2peasjpol 0.261Access to state business opportunities bypolitical group

v2peasbepol 0.394

Exclusion by Social Group index v2xpe exlsocgrPower distributed by social group v2pepwrsoc 0.492Social group equality in respect for civilliberties

v2clsocgrp 0.517

Access to public services distributed by so-cial group

v2peapssoc 0.432

Access to state jobs by social group v2peasjsoc 0.316Access to state business opportunities bysocial group

v2peasbsoc 0.338

Political corruption index v2x corrLegislature corrupt activities v2lgcrrptJudicial corruption decision v2jucorrdc

Executive corruption index v2x execorrExecutive bribery and corrupt exchanges v2exbribeExecutive embezzlement and theft v2exembez

Public sector corruption index v2x pubcorrPublic sector corrupt exchanges v2excrptpsPublic sector theft v2exthftps

7

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Women political empowerment index v2x genderWomen civil liberties index v2x gencl

Freedom of domestic movement for women v2cldmovew 0.426Freedom from forced labor for women v2clslavef 0.484Property rights for women v2clprptyw 0.414Access to justice for women v2clacjstw 0.372

Women civil society participation index v2x gencsFreedom of discussion for women v2cldiscw 0.617CSO womens participation v2csgender 0.207Percent (%) female journalists v2mefemjrn 0.529

Women political participation index v2x genppPower distributed by gender v2pepwrgenLower chamber female legislators v2lgfemleg

Rule of law index v2x ruleCompliance with high court v2juhccomp 0.516Compliance with judiciary v2jucomp 0.450High court independence v2juhcind 0.547Lower court independence v2juncind 0.623Executive respects constitution v2exrescon 0.473Rigorous and impartial public administra-tion

v2clrspct 0.383

Transparent laws with predictable enforce-ment

v2cltrnslw 0.454

Judicial accountability v2juaccnt 0.652Judicial corruption decision v2jucorrdc 0.527Public sector corrupt exchanges v2excrptps 0.425Public sector theft v2exthftps 0.426Executive bribery and corrupt exchanges v2exbribe 0.509Executive embezzlement and theft v2exembez 0.406Access to justice for men v2clacjstm 0.493Access to justice for women v2clacjstw 0.493

Plebiscite index v2xdd i plPlebiscite permitted v2ddlexplPlebiscite participation threshold v2ddpartplPlebiscite approval threshold v2ddapprplPlebiscite super majority v2ddspmplPlebiscite administrative threshold v2ddadmplOccurrence of plebiscite this year v2ddyrplPlebiscite credible threat v2ddthrepl

Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index v2xdd cicPopular initiative index v2xdd i piPopular referendum index v2xdd i rf

Obligatory referendum index v2xdd i orEnforcement of Constitutional changesthrough popular vote

v2ddlexor

Obligatory referendum participationthreshold

v2ddpartor

Obligatory referendum approval threshold v2ddapporObligatory referendum super majority v2ddspmorObligatory referendum administrativethreshold

v2ddadmor

Obligatory referendum credible threat v2ddthreorPopular initiative index v2xdd i pi

Initiatives permitted v2ddlexciInitiatives signatures % v2ddsigpciInitiatives signature-gathering time limit v2ddsiglciInitiatives signature-gathering period v2ddsigdciInitiatives participation threshold v2ddpartciInitiatives approval threshold v2ddapprci

8

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Initiatives super majority v2ddspmciInitiatives administrative threshold v2ddadmciOccurrence of citizen-initiative this year v2ddyrciPopular initiative credible threat v2ddthreci

Popular referendum index v2xdd i rfReferendums permitted v2ddlexrfReferendums signatures % v2ddsigprfReferendums signature-gathering period v2ddsigdrfReferendums participation threshold v2ddpartrfReferendums approval threshold v2ddapprrfReferendums super majority v2ddspmrfReferendums administrative threshold v2ddadmrfOccurrence of referendum this year v2ddyrrfPopular referendum credible threat v2ddthrerf

Top-Down component of direct popular vote index v2xdd tocPlebiscite index v2xdd i plObligatory referendum index v2xdd i or

Core civil society index v2xcs ccsiCSO participatory environment v2csprtcpt 0.470CSO entry and exit v2cseeorgs 0.201CSO repression v2csreprss 0.308

Electoral regime index v2x elecregLegislative or constituent assembly election v2xel elecparl

Election type v2eltype 0Election type v2eltype 1Election type v2eltype 4Election type v2eltype 5

Legislature closed down or aborted v2xlg leginterLegislature bicameral v2lgbicam

Presidential election v2xel elecpresElection type v2eltype 6Election type v2eltype 7

Chief executive no longer elected v2x hosinterHOS = HOG? v2exhoshogHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS appointment in practice v2expathhs

Presidential election aborted v2x hosabortHOS = HOG? v2exhoshogHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsPresidential election v2xel elecpres

Legislative or constituent assembly election aborted v2x legabortLegislature bicameral v2lgbicamLegislative or constituent assembly elec-tion

v2xel elecparl

Executive electoral regime index v2xex elecregPresidential election v2xel elecpres

Election type v2eltype 6Election type v2eltype 7

Chief executive no longer elected v2x hosinterHOS = HOG? v2exhoshogHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS appointment in practice v2expathhs

Presidential election aborted v2x hosabortHOS = HOG? v2exhoshogHOG appointment in practice v2expathhgHOS appointment in practice v2expathhsPresidential election v2xel elecpres

9

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Legislative electoral regime index v2xlg elecregLegislative or constituent assembly election v2xel elecparl

Election type v2eltype 0Election type v2eltype 1Election type v2eltype 4Election type v2eltype 5

Legislature closed down or aborted v2xlg leginterLegislature bicameral v2lgbicam

Legislative or constituent assembly election aborted v2x legabortLegislature bicameral v2lgbicamLegislative or constituent assembly elec-tion

v2xel elecparl

Electoral component index v2x EDcomp thickFreedom of association index (thick) v2x frassoc thick

Party ban v2psparban 0.383Barriers to parties v2psbars 0.273Opposition parties autonomy v2psoppaut 0.023Elections multiparty v2elmulpar 0.043CSO entry and exit v2cseeorgs 0.370CSO repression v2csreprss 0.413

Legislature directly elected v2xex eleclegLower chamber directly elected v2lgelloUpper chamber direclty elected v2lgelecupPercentage of indirectly elected legislatorslower chamber

v2lginello

Percentage of indirectly elected legislatorsupper chamber

v2lginelup

Chief executive appointment by upperchamber

v2exapup

Chief executive appointment by upperchamber implicit approval

v2exapupap

Freedom of expression index v2x freexpGovernment censorship effort — Media v2mecenefm 0.302Harassment of journalists v2meharjrn 0.357Media self-censorship v2meslfcen 0.380Freedom of discussion for men v2cldiscm 0.232Freedom of discussion for women v2cldiscw 0.232Freedom of academic and cultural expres-sion

v2clacfree 0.305

Alternative sources of information index v2xme altinfMedia bias v2mebias 0.275Print/broadcast media critical v2mecrit 0.257Print/broadcast media perspectives v2merange 0.247

Freedom of discussion v2xcl discFreedom of discussion for men v2cldiscmFreedom of discussion for women v2cldiscw

Access to justice v2xcl acjstAccess to justice for men v2clacjstmAccess to justice for women v2clacjstw

Property rights v2xcl prptyProperty rights for men v2clprptymProperty rights for women v2clprptyw

Freedom from forced labor v2xcl slaveFreedom from forced labor for men v2clslavemFreedom from forced labor for women v2clslavef

10

Democracy IndicesCreated Using V-Dem Data Name

Lower-LevelDemocracy andGovernance IndexName

Indicator Name Tag UniquenessScore*

Freedom of domestic movement v2xcl slaveFreedom of domestic movement for men v2cldmovemFreedom of domestic movement for women v2cldmovew

Party institutionalization index v2xps partyParty organizations v2psorgsParty branches v2psprbrchParty linkages v2psprlnksDistinct party platforms v2psplatsLegislative party cohesion v2pscohesv

Divided party control of legislature index v2x divparctrlNational party control v2psnatparNational party control ordinal version v2psnatpar ord

Division of power index v2x feduniLocal government exists v2ellocgovRegional government exists v2elreggovLocal government elected v2ellocelcRegional government elected v2elsrgelLocal offices relative power v2ellocpwrRegional offices relative power v2elrgpwr

Academic Freedom Index v2xca academFreedom to research and teach v2cafres 0.265Freedom of academic exchange and dis-semination

v2cafexch 0.269

Institutional autonomy v2cainsaut 0.421Campus integrity v2casurv 0.377Freedom of academic and cultural expres-sion

v2clacfree 0.431

*Unmodeled Variance. Uniqueness is the variance that is ’unique’ to the variable and not shared withother variables.** Since the accountability indices do not use standard BFAs, we do not report uniqueness scoreshere. Details regarding model fit can be found in the methodological appendix of V-Dem WorkingPaper No. 58.

11