Institute for Antiquity and Christianity

ANNUAL REPORT

1971-72

Bulletin of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity

February 1973 Number 6

A quarterly publication of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, California 91711. Second-class postage paid at Claremont, California.

Contents

Foreword by the Director

Reports of the Research Projects International Greek New Testament. 1 Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti.

The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices 8

5 Coptic Gnostic Library. . . . . . . 8

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Ugaritic and Hebrew Parallels . . . 11 Old Testament Form Critical Project . . 13 The Dead Sea Scrolls . . . . . . . . 16 Catenae of Patristic Biblical Interpretation 16 Patmos Monastery Library . . . . . . 17

Auxiliary Activities Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Layne Foundation Archeological Fellows . , 21 Research Council Seminars . . . . . . 21 Society for Antiquity and Christianity. . .: 22 In ternational Congress of Learned Societies in the Field of Religion 23

Sources of Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Institute Personnel Claremont Faculty 28 Corresponding Members 29 Advisory Board 32

FOREWORD

This is the third annual report of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, covering the period from autumn 1971 to autumn 1972. 1 In the life of the Institute this period has been marked by two milestones: the commencement of the publication of the ultimate outcome of some of the Institute's projects , and the International Congress of Learned Societies in the Field of Religion , for which the Institute was host.

At the beginning of 1970 the Institute decided to seek funds to acquire six cuneiform tablets from Ras Shamra, Syria, that had been removed from the site of the excavation by natives following the Suez crisis and were made available to the Institute in Europe; in December 1971 these important documents of the fourteenth century B.C., the only Ras Sharnra tablets outside Syria and the Louvre, were published. The Claremont Ras Shamra Tablets, edited by Loren R. Fisher in collaboration with Michael C. Astour, Mitchell A. Dahood, S.]., and Patrick D. Miller, Jr., was published by the Pontifical Biblical Institute Press as Number 48 in its series Analecta Orientalia. The volume presents photographic plates, transcriptions, translations, and critical notes. This edition is an instance of the Institute's intention to make available promptly to the learned world those materials from our heritage to which it has access.

In December 1970 I was designated permanent secretary of the International Committee for the Nag Hammadi Codices by the Arab Republic of Egypt and UNESCO, and was entrusted with preparing a facsimile edition of a discovery made a generation ago and still not fully accessible to the scholarly world. In March 1972 a first volume appeared and was presented at a meeting sponsored by the Society for Antiquity and Christianity on 17 March 1972. The commencement of this ten-volume edition, due to be complete in 1974, is again indicative of the Institute's intention to disseminate important documents of our heritage in a timely way.

The Ugaritic and Hebrew Parallels project, initiated by Loren R. Fisher in 1966 at the Institute's inception, has just published the first volume of its work: Ras Shamra Parallels: The Texts from Ugarit and the Hebrew Bible, Volume I, edited by Loren R. Fisher with F. Brent Knutson and Donn F. Morgan, published by the Pontifical Biblical Institute Press as Number 49 ofAnalecta Orientalia. At

1"The Institute for Antiquity and Christianity," NTS 16 (1969-70) 178-195; and "Annual Report: 1969-70 and 1970-71," Bulletin of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity 3 (June 1972). The Institute's annual reports are edited by the associate director, Irving Alan Sparks.

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the annual luncheon meeting of the In stitute, held 3 September 1972 in conjunction with the Society of Biblical Literature and in the context of the International Congress, this volume was first presented to the public.

The research projects of the Institute have tended to be encyclopedic in scope and long-range in planning and execution . Therefore it is a turning point when the period of harvest begins . The publication of the volumes mentioned above , embodying the results of basic re search, is the first fulfillment of the Institute 's major raison d'etre.

Activities during the report period culminated in the International Congress of Learned Societies in the Field of Religion, when the Institute served as host , first for the annual meeting of the Society for New Testament Studies at Claremont , 29 August-1 September, and then for the constituent societies of the Council on the Study of Religion in their first joint meeting, at which they were joined by a number of ancillary societies, at the Century-Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, 1-5 September. Some 2,400 scholars from over 25 nations attended a program oriented to the theme, "Religion and the Humanizing of Man." In th e month of August the Institute staff received, edited and published the plenary addresses

. devoted to different aspects of that theme, so that this volume could be made available at the Congress while it was still in progress-no doubt the most rapid publication to which the Institute will attain, itself an experiment in the ability of the academic community to publish its own materials promptly and inexpensively.

With this major event in the academic study of religion the Institute completed its fifth year of operation. Beginning with limited space and equipment, without financial basis or assured future, we have come 0' age , begun to fulfill our initial promise, and become known to colleagues throughout the world. This achievement is due to many persons, for the Institute draws its motive force from a fundamental principle of collaboration. Essential contributions have been made by Claremont administra tors, the Advisory Board, the Institute 's faculty and staff, the scholars beyond Claremont who cooperate as corresponding members, and the large number of private benefactors who support the work. With the coming year a new ph ase of the Institute's development begins.

James M. Robinson Claremont, California December 1972

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International Greek New Testament Ernest Cadman Colwell, Director

In the course of the report period the project completed its work in preparation for a critical apparatus of the Gospel of Luke. The Greek evidence, which has been the responsibility of the American Executive Committee, was brought into final form and conveyed to the executive editor of the affiliated British Committee, which has charge of the non-Greek evidence.

The textual attestation derived from the Greek evidence for Luke has been assembled in a typescript of 4,495 pages. Begun in the winter of 1969-70, the typescript underwent gradual revision during the preceding report period, at the end of which it had advanced to Luke 17:36. 1 In January 1972 the project stafF completed the first draft of the typescript for the entire Gospel; from 3 January to 15 February 1972 Kenneth W. Clark, the executive editor for the American Committee, carried through a systematic review of the materials. This editorial review identified several points at which the typescript required correction and supplementation. By mid-July the staff had completed these procedures, and the executive editor returned to the Institute for a final inspection of the typescript in the five weeks prior to meetings of the American Executive Committee in August.

The American Committee , whose membership and structure remain unchanged since the last annual report.r' held two consultations at the Institute in conjunction with the 27th annual meeting of the Society for New Testament Studies. The first consultation on 29 August was devoted to deliberations concerning the completed work on the Greek evidence for Luke and to an assessment of the Greek materials which the project had collected for the Gospel of John. The edited typescript for Luke was approved for transmittal to the British

1The development of the typescript on the basis of the project's master file of collations is described in the Institute's second annual report (Bulletin 3 [June, 1972) 1-2), which also provides bibliographic details concerning related expositions of objectives and method governing the typescript.

2During the report !eriod the staff at the Institute was composed of Paul R. McReynolds, research fellow an corresponding member; Irving Alan Sparks; Gerald Postema and Arland Jacobson, research associates; and Barbara Henckel, secretary. The following non-Claremont collaborators furnished assistance: Robert Allison, H. H. Bowerman, Willard Davidson, Eugene Fieg, Jr., and Craig Walker.

3Bruce M. Metzger, chairman, Irving Alan Sparks, vice chairman, M. Jack Suggs, secretary, Kenneth W. Clark, executive editor, Ernest C. Colwell, Eldon J . Epp, Gordon D. Fee, and Allen P. Wikgren. Paul R. McReynolds serves as corresponding and recording secretary.

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Committee. Gordon D. Fee was appointed chairman of the patristic evidence for the critical apparatus of John. A second consultation was held on 31 August, at which the American Committee conferred with J. Neville Birdsall (University of Birmingham), executive editor for the British Committee, concerning the editorial procedures which will govern his integration of the Greek and non-Greek evidence to form a complete critical apparatus for Luke.

In the weeks following these consultations the project delivered to the British executive editor the final typescript, supplemented by a complete microfilm record of the project's patristic file and a list in canonical order of all variants excluded from the typescript as exhibiting no text critical significance. During the next two years, when the British executive editor will be combining the Greek and non-Greek evidence to be published by the Oxford University Press, the project office at the Institute will serve as the source of information for editorial inquiries which require reference to the master file, collations and other materials accumulated during the course of the research.

The typescript constitutes the most comprehensive collection of textual attestation ever assembled for the Greek text of the Gospel of Luke. It extends considerably the amount of evidence in each of the conventional classes of material it embodies: the continuous-text manuscripts, the gospel lectionaries, and patristic citations of the biblical text. And it brings the presentation of this evidence to a new level of methodical control, for the typescript cites witnesses consistently and throughout; every witness included in the typescript is cited in every case where it bears a textually significant variant.

The extension of evidence drawn from the continuous-text manuscripts involves an increase in the number of manuscripts cited and in the systematic survey upon which representative manuscripts were selected. The typescript cites all papyri containing Luke: p3, p4, p7, p4 2, p45, p6 9, p75. With certain exceptions," the typescript cites all uncial witnesses: 01,02,03,04, OS, 07, 09, 011, 013,017,019,021,022,024, 026,027,028,029,030,031, 032,033,034,036, 039,040,041,044,045,047,053,063,070,0102,0108, 0113, 0115, 0117, 0124, 0135, 0139, 0147, 0171, 0177,0178,0179,0181,0182,0190,0191, 0196, 0202, 0211, 0239, 0250, 0253, 0265, 0266, 0267. From among approximately 1,800 miniscule manuscripts containing Luke, whose full citation is neither possible nor desirable in a usable critical apparatus, the typescript cites 138, which were chosen to reflect fully the variegated tradition of the so-called Byzantine or Koine text-type.P 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 13, 16, 21, 22, 27, 28,33,60,66 ,

4The project has found it necessary to exclude several uncial manuscrirts, on account of their inaccessibility or their inadequate preservation; these manuscripts wil be treated in detail in the Introduction of the published critical apparatus.

5By means of the Claremont Profile Method, designed to identify rapidly the textual character of medieval manuscripts of Luke on the basis of "test readings" in Chapters 1, 10 and 20, the project surveyed 1,350 manuscripts, thereby widening the statistical base upon which selection was made. The project was assisted in this survey by the Institut fur Neutestamentliche Textforschung at the University of Munster, whose director, Kurt Aland, made its microfilm collection available for the investigation of 800 manuscripts by Frederik Wisse in 1967-68; and

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69,71, 83, 115, 118, 123, 124,131,157,158,161,174,179,205,209,213, 229,230,251, 262,265,267,297,343,346,348,349,372,382,399,443,461, 472,475,477,478,480,489,517,543,544,565,577, 579,669, 700, 713, 716, 726, 788, 792, 826,827,828,892, 903, 954, 968, 983, 1005, 1009, 1010, 1012, 1071, 1077, 1079, 1080, 1087, 1093, 1187, 1192, 1194, 1195, 1200, 1203, 1210, 1215, 1216, 1219, 1220, 1223, 1229, 1241, 1242, 1247, 1295, 1313, 1319, 1338, 1342, 1347, 1351, 1352, 1355, 1365, 1392, 1424, 1443, 1452, 1458, 1510, 1542, 1574, 1579, 1582, 1604, 1630, 1654, 1666, 1675, 1685, 1691, 2096, 2322, 2372, 2399, 2487, 2500, 2528, 2542, 2613, 2643, 2757, 2766.

The typescript classifies and treats the evidence of the gospel lectionaries in two categories: witnesses to the dominant lectionary text, and witnesses diverging significantly from the basic textual tradition of the lectionaries. On the basis of an extensive sample of gospel lectionaries, the project identified ten manuscripts whose fidelity to the Constantinopolitan norm rendered them capable of citation by the siglum Lect: 6 1 69, 1 333, 1 513, 1 852, 1 853, 1 867, 1 991, 1 995, 1 1084, 1 1750. The typescript also includes the individual textual attestation of 30 divergent gospellectionaries: 1 10, 1 12, 1 32 , 1 48, 1 70 , 1 80 ,1 150,1 184, 1 211 , 1 253, 1 292, 1 299, 1 524, 1 547, 1 854, 1 859, 1 883, 1 890, 1 950, 11016, 1 1056, 1 1074, 11127, 1 1231, 11579, 11599, 11627, 1 1634, 1 1642, 1 1663.

The typescript embodies the textual evidence for Luke of all Greek patristic authors from the first five centuries. The project has relied on the assistance of scores of collaborators in extracting citations from 1254 ancient works.f The resultant compendium of material, comprising a patristic file of approximately 9,000 entries, serves as the base for a canonical index of all patristic references to Luke . The typescript incorporates these references in two elements. (1) At the heading for each verse the typescript presents a list of all patristic references having text critical significance and consisting of citations and adaptations of the biblical text .8 (2) Within the critical apparatus for each verse the typescript includes the textual attestation of all patristic citations.

With the conclusion of its research on the Greek evidence for the Gospel of Luke, the project welcomes this hiatus as an opportunity to register appreciation to hundreds of collaborators in the United States and abroad, to prepare an

by the Pius XII Memorial Library at St. Louis University, whose director, The Rev. Lowrie J. Daly, S.]., extended courtesy to Paul R. McReynolds in inspecting microfilms of 50 Vatican manuscripts in 1967-68.

6For a description of the manuscripts and the selection process, see Ernest Cadman Colwell, etal., "The International Greek New Testament : A Status Report," ]BL 87 (1968) 188 -191.

7The multiplicity of workers has compounded the difficulties presently attending the systematic treatment of patristic evidence for the NT text, viz. the lack of uniformity in the availability of modern critical editions, and the absence of methodical controls in the assessment of the text critical significance of a particular author's scriptural references.

8Another category of reference-allusions-has been excluded from the index as having no value for textual criticism; see Bulletin 3 (J une, 1972) 2, note 9.

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extended introduction for the published critical apparatus, and to help determine the course of future research 'by supporting the present discussions of the International Advisory Committee, for New Testament Textual Criticism.

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Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti Hans Dieter Betz, Director

The project maintains its primary interest in the comparative study of early Christian literature in relation to four corpora: Apuleius, Artemidorus, Plutarch, and the Corpus Hermeticum. In addition to individual and team research on these primary sources, the project has sought to foster increasing attention on religiohistorical investigations of the New Testament through the Graeco-Roman Religion section of the Society of Biblical Literature, which held its second meeting in Atlanta, 30 October 1971, and its third in Los Angeles on 4 September 1972,1 both times under the chairmanship of the project director. The monograph series Studia ad Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti continues as another means of implementing basic research in this field. 2

Since 1970 the project has concentrated its team efforts on a comparative analysis of early Christian literature and Plutarch's theological writings, specifically his "Pythian Dialogues." A second research grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities made possible the continuation of the collaborative work in this report period. During the academic year 1971-72 the research was advanced through individual studies conducted by project contributors and through a series of bi-weekly seminars at the Institute which treated Plutarch's De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet and De Pythiae oraculis. The results of these individual and group studies furnished the basis for extended discussions at a plenary meeting of the project team in March.

The third Corpus Hellenisticum colloquium was held at the Institute 19-23 March 1972, with the following persons participating: Hans Dieter Betz, presiding, David E. Aune, William A. Beardslee, Fred O. Francis, William R. Murdock, Wayne G. Rollins, and Donald A. Stoike. Claremont participants were

IThe SBL section has provided the opportunity for yroject contributors to report on current developments in the project and to offer provisiona proposals concerning some ramifications of the research : D. Georgi, "Reflections on Plutarch's Hermeneutics," and K. O'Brien Wicker, "Man's Social Nature and His Relationship to the Divine" (1971); W. A. Beardslee, "Plutarch's Use of Proverbial Forms of Speech" (1972).

2The second volume of the series was published during the current report period: G. Mussies, Dio Chrystostom and the New Testament (Leiden: E. J . Brill, 1972). A recent publication connected with the project is the translation by H. D. Betz and E. W. Smith, Jr. of the essay by Herbert Braun, "Plutarch 's Critique of Superstition 'in the Light of the New Testament," Occasional Papers of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity 5 (1972). Another is H. D. Betz, "Ein seltsames mysterientheologisches System bei Plutarch," Ex Orbe Religionum: Studia ad Ceo Widengren oblata (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972) 1.347-354.

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Kathleen O'Brien Wicker, Ruth Dannemann, Peter A. Dirkse, William C. Grese, Edgar W. Smith, jr., and Antoinette C. Wire . The colloquium focused chiefly on the contributions of W. Beardslee, De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet ; D. Aune, De esu carnium; D. Stoike, De genio Socratis; W. Rollins, De Pythiae oraculis; W. Murdock, De Iside et Osiride, and H. D. Betz and P. A. Dirkse, De sera numinis vindicta. In addition to resolving numerous questions that had arisen in the study of specific treatises, the colloquium further refined the structure of the final pu blication.

During the summer of 1972 a group at Claremont held a series of work sessions on De defectu oraculorum. This study along with De Superstitione by M. Smith and De genio Socratis by D. Stoike, were the subject of further team discussions at a fourth colloquium, held at the Institute 27-28 August. Participants were: Hans Dieter Betz, Morton Smith, Abraham J. Malherbe, William Beardslee, Donald A. Stoike, Stephen Benko, and Fred O. Francis. Claremont participants were Kathleen O'Brien Wicker, Ruth Dannemann, William C. Grese and Edgar W. Smith, Jr.

The status of the individual and group work at the close of the report period indicates that the combined research will be completed by January 1973. It will be published in the series Studia ad Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti. It is anticipated that final editing and the compilation of indices (passages of early Christian literature, Greek terms, subjects) will occupy the project staff3 through June 1973, as will a by-product of the research, an annotated bibliography on Plutarch's religion. At the same time, the possibilities of undertaking a second phase of the project, devoted to Plutarch's ethical writings, are under investigation.

Minor changes in the participating scholars and their assignments are reflected in the table of contents of the projected volume:

Table of Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

I. De Superstitione (Moralia 164E - 171F) by Morton Smith .

II. De [side et Osiride (Moralia 351C - 384C) by Hans Dieter Betz and Edgar W. Smith, Jr.

III. De E apud Delphos (Moralia 384C - 394C) by Hans Dieter Betz and Edgar W. Smith, Jr.

IV. De Pythiae oraculis (Moralia 394D - 409D) by Wayne G. Rollins

V. De defectu oraculorum (Moralia 409E - 438E) by Kathleen O'Brien Wicker

3 Research associates at the Institute during the report period were Ruth Dannemann, Peter A. Dirkse, William C. Grese, and Edgar W. Smith, Jr.

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VI. De sera numinis vindicta (Moralia 548A - 568A) by Hans Dieter Betz, Peter A. Dirkse, and Edgar W. Smith , Jr.

VII. De genio Socratis (Moralia 575A - 598F) by Donald A. Stoike

VIII. De faci e quae in orbe lunae apparet (Moralia 920A - 945D) by William A. Beardslee

IX. De esu carnium orationes II (993A - 999B ) by David E. Aune

X. Fragmenta by Hans Dieter Betz

XI. Indices 1. Passages from the Early Christian literature 2. Greek words 3. Subject matter

Additional assignments for further study in the Plutarch corpus are:

Platonicae Quaestiones Hendrikus Boers Septem sapientium convivium David E. Aune

Vitae parallelae Fred O. Francis Herman C. Waetjen

Anti-Epicurean Writings Abraham J. Malherbe

Assignments in ~ther corpora under study are: Apuleius, Metamorphoses XI Wilfred F. Bunge

Artemidorus, Oneirocritica Burton L. Mack

Corpus Herm eticum Dieter Georgi

Corpus Herm eticum XIII William C. Grese

Joseph and Aseneth Edgar W. Smith, Jr.

Paralipomena [eremiaet Robert A. Kraft Sextus Empiricus Edgar Kren tz

4 A new edition and English translation of this work has been published by Robert A. Kraft and Ann-Elizabeth Purintun, Paraleipomena [eremiou (Texts and Translations 1, Pseudepigrapha Series 1; Missoula, Montana: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972).

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The Coptic Gnostic Library and

The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices James M. Robinson, Director

The work of these two projects was so closely interlocked during the report period that they may be described most conveniently together.

The work of the year was largely oriented to the third work session of the technical sub-committee of the International Committee for the Nag Hammadi Codices l in the Coptic Museum in Old Cairo, 11-23 December 1971. A grant from the American Philosophical Society made it possible for the sub-committee to be accompanied by the volume editors of the Coptic Gnostic Library project of the Institute, i.e. of the English edition of the Nag Hammadi texts: Douglas M. Parrott and James A. BrashIer (Volumes 1 and 2, containing Codices I-II and III-VI); Frederik Wisse (Volume 3, containing Codex VII); Bentley Layton (Volume 4, containing Codex VIII); Charles W. Hedrick, research associate of the project, substituting for Birger A. Pearson (Volume 5, containing Codices IX-X); and John D. Turner (Volume 6, containing Codices XI-XIII). Although the technical sub-committee was entrusted primarily with the assembly of fragments and the establishment of page sequence for the facsimile edition, and the volume editors with the collation of the transcription of the text for the English edition, each activity unavoidably involved the other. The volume editors, in view of their familiarity with the contents of the codices, made important contributions to the work of the technical sub-committee, as well as the converse being true.

The first volume of the facsimile edition, containing Codex VI, appeared in March 1971.2 It contained a preface, prepared by the project director as secretary of the International Committee for the Nag Hammadi Codices, to whose members it was circulated in first drafts; then the last draft was submitted to the publisher and to Victor Girgis, Director of the Coptic Museum, who prepared the Arabic translation , signed by Gamal Mokhtar, Under-Secretary of State for Cultural Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt and Chairman of the UNESCO Committee, Pahor Labib, Director Emeritus of the Coptic Museum, and Victor Girgis. The preface is followed by four photographs of the leather cover of Codex VI, including one dating from 1949 that shows at the left margin of the opened codex

lSlllren Giversen (Denmark), Rodolphe Kasser (Switzerland), Martin Krause (Germany), and James M. Robinson (USA), Secretary.

2The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices (Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1972) Codex VI.

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a protruding folio that displays a column of letters not belonging to Codex VI. This photograph led to the discovery that the folio , together with seven other folios comprising a single tr actate, is all th at survives of Codex XIII; before Codex VI was buried late in the fourth century A.D. one tractate was removed from Codex XIII (which apparently was not buried with th e rest of th e library ) and tucked inside the front cover of Codex VI, wh ere it was pres erved until th e discovery of the Iibrarv.r' Next the 72 pages of the codex are reproduced in natural size by collotype . Th ey are placed on th e pages so that th e folio s are restored to their original relationships in th e codex. Th e recto and verso of each folio cover the same area on th e front and back of a page, and successive folios are aligned with each other, just as they were when the codex was first produced. Each folio lies on the printed page without background , rising directly from the white surface of the paper. Since the background of th e photographs was black, it was necessary to paint out the background. This was th e work of technicians at the printing firm of E . Schreiber in Stuttgart, under the expert supervision of James A. Brashler, research associate o f the project currently in residence at th e University of Tiibingen. In the case of lacunae this masking procedure becomes a matter of scholarly precision in distinguishing vestiges of original ink from empty space. Simil ar technical skills are manifested in th e plates, e.g . of pages 7 and 8, which at some time had been cropped to fit within undersized plexiglass panes, with a resultant loss of vestiges of a top line and th e bottom margin. This situation is attested only by early photographs which on other grounds were not suitable for use in the facsimile edi tion ; the crucial elements could, however , be spliced from them onto more recent and adequate photographs with such skill that only a trained eye notices the seams. Two final plates contain unidentified fragments whose meag er vestiges of letters indicate how thorough a job was achieved in placing the few significant fragments that survive .

Before the end of th e report period, book reviews and translations were reaching the project office from East Germany; perhaps most significantly, a previously unidentified tr actate was identified by Hans-Martin Schenke of the Humboldt University in Berlin as an excerpt from Plato 's Republic (588B - 589B) ; his excited letter announcing this fact was po sted 25 July 1972.

The appearance of the first volume in the facsimile edition was accompani ed by a brochure containing an introducti on to The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices. 4 It is in tended as an objective, factual statement of the circumstances of the disc overy of th e library, the various publication proposals leading up to the actual publication , th e contents of the facsimile edition, acknowledgem ents , and an appendix listing th e various inventories of th e library

3J ames M. Robinson, " Inside the Fr ont Cover of Codex VI ," Essays on the Nag Hammadi Texts in Honour of Alexander Bohlig, ed . by Martin Krause (Nag Hammadi Studies 3 ; Leiden : E. J. Brill , 1972) 74-87 .

4The introduction was written by the project dir ector as secretary of the UNESCO Committee, to which it was circulated ; it was revised in Cairo in December 1971 at the meeting of the technical sub -committee, published by E. J . Brill of Leiden, and reprinted as Occasional Paper 4 of the In stitute.

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as these have been improved from 1949 to 1972. This introduction is to be republished in enlarged and revised form in an introductory volume to the ten-volume facsimile edition which will be the last volume to appear.

In view of the rapid tempo with which the facsimile edition is scheduled, the next volume is underway before the preceding one has appeared. The first draft of the preface to Codex VI was dated 25 October 1971 and the last draft 15 December 1971 (from Cairo); the first draft of the preface to the next volume, containing Codex VII, was dated 4 February 1972 and the last draft 10 March 1972; the first draft of the preface to the third volume, containing Codices XI-XIII, was dated 28 March 1972 and the last draft 16 October 1972. Thus the facsimile edition is assuming the appearance and procedures of an assembly line.

The editorial board of the monograph series Nag Hammadi Studies met at the Institute 30 August 1972 in conjunction with the 27th annual meeting of the Society for New Testament Studies. During the preceding year two volumes appeared: L'Evangile de verite, by Jacques-E. Menard, and Essays on the Nag Hammadi Texts in Honour of Alexander Bohlio, edited by Martin Krause. An important event of the editorial board meeting was the presentation to the Institute by Jean Doresse of his Nag Hammadi Archive. "As a young French graduate student in 1947 he first identified the materials in Cairo and was the leading figure in the first years to catalog and report the find. His file of 97 negatives and 275 prints is an irreplaceable record, in that some papyrus materials that subsequently broke off and were lost are recorded on these photographs and nowhere else. The Institute is supplementing this archive with materials already in the project office and with material it is soliciting from libraries and individuals involved in the discovery during the early years. 5 The new archive makes of the Institute a repository of Nag Hammadi materials to which investigators of the subject may address themselves for such archival information.

5See Bulletin of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity 4 (September, 1972) 4-5.

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Ugaritie and Hebrew Parallels Loren R. Fisher, Director

In August 1972 the first volume of the project appeared under the title, Ras Shamra Parallels: The Texts from Ugarit and the Hebrew Bible. 1 The volume of over 550 pages is dedicated to the memory of James L. Bruce. 2 Three chapters comprise the volume: Chapter I, "Literary Phrases," by Antoon Schoors; Chapter II, "Ugaritic-Hebrew Parallel Pairs," by Mitchell Dahood, S.J., with the collaboration of Tadeusz; and Chapter III, "Flora, Fauna and Minerals," by Jack M. Sasson. There are 72 pages of indices.

A. Schoors has treated 57 proposals of parallel literary phrases, characterized by a state of mutuality when two phrases are "identical, or when one could be regarded as a literal translation of the other."J While rejecting some of the parallels previously adduced in this category, Schoors has refined the arguments in support of others. M. Dahood has expanded the previously published collections of "Parallel Pairs" to 618 examples. This is to be compared with 290 reported in Dahood's Psalms commentary." This new evidence will stimulate further the lively discussion of parallel pairs which is underway. J. Sasson has investigated 124 instances of parallel terms for flora, fauna, and minerals, thereby contributing, not only to the understanding of parallel usage of many terms, but also furnishing notes on the text and translation of some of the most difficult Ugaritic texts.

Although no formal review has been published at the time this report is being written, the project acknowledges positive initial comments in the form of correspondence. The volume was discussed at length by some colleagues attending the International Congress in Los Angeles, where it was first presented publicly. And the publication was announced to the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies

1Loren R. Fisher, editor and F. Brent Knutson and Donn F. Morgan, associate editors (Analecta Orientalia 49-; Rome : Pontifical Biblical Institute Press, 1972). The project staff expresses special appreciation to Father Joseph N. Tylenda, to Mitchell Dahood, S.J ., and to the staff of the Press for the skill and efficiency with which they have brought this volume through the publication process.

2Mrs. James L. Bruce has sustained the project's research through generous annual gifts, and was joined by her daughter Mrs. Jordan Nathason in 1969-70, when their contributions were matched by a research grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

JRSP 1, 3. 4Psalms (The Anchor Bible 17A; Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1970) 3. 19 and 445-446.

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by P. C. Craigie.P The project welcomes correspondence , particularly notes of addenda et corrigenda .

While Volume I was in the press, editorial work began on Volume II. Contributions in the second volume will include the work of Michael C. Astour on "Place Names," Loren R. Fisher on "Parallel Structures," F. Brent Knutson on "Genres," Marvin H. Pope on "Divine Names and Epithets," Anson F. Rainey on "Institutions," Richard Whitaker on "Formulae," and Tadanori Yamashita on " Pro fessions." In addition, M. Dahood will augment his contribution in Volume I by treating 66 additional "Parallel Pairs." It is expected that Volume II can be sent to the press in the spring of 1973.

Volume III will contain analyses of "Epic and Mythological Motifs ," " Personal Names," "Cultic Parallels," and "Wisdom." Contributors for Volume III are Terry Fenton, Dan Hughes, John Khanjian, F. Brent Knutson, Baruch Levine, Patrick D. Miller, Jr., Donn F. Morgan, H. Neil Richardson, M. E. J. Richardson, and Roy Y. Uyechi.

During the summer of 1972 several members of the project's team visited the Institute to advance their contributions. R. Y. Uyechi worked at the Institute from mid-June through August. P. D. Miller, Jr. conducted similar studies at the Institute during the summer session of the School of Theology, where he was Visiting Professor of Old Testament. And in August F. B. Knutson and R. Whitaker consulted the project's files in order to complete portions of their assignments. In the course of the International Congress the project director and staff6 conferred with other contributing members, especially Terry Fenton and M. E. J. Richardson, who attended the Congress as participants from abroad.

5Newsletter of the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies, Section for Ugaritic Studies and the Hebrew Bible 2 (November, 1972) 2. The project extends fraternal greetings to the CSBS, whose organization of this Section in recent years provides another instance of the increasing attention being devoted to comparative studies of Ugaritic and Hebrew texts.

6During the report period research associates at the Institute were Donn F. Morgan and Duane E. Smith; Harold Lay joined the staff in the autumn of 1972.

[12]

Old Testament Form Critical Project Rolf P. Knierim, Director

During the report period the project continued its work on a compendium of form critical analysis for the Hebrew Bible. The contributing membership of the project remained constant: George W. Coats, Rolf P. Knierim, Dennis ]. McCarthy, S.]., Gene M. Tucker, H. Eberhard von Waldow, ]. William Whedbee, Erhard Gerstenberger, Ronald E. Murphy, O. Carm., and Kent H. Richards. Knierim and Tucker also serve as co-editors."

The principal consultation of the co-editors and contributing members last year was held 22-26 March 1972 at Emory University. The consultation treated numerous matters involving the research and eventual publication, including the specific title of the published work, which was changed to The Interpreter's Handbook ofOld Testament Form Criticism. 2

The Emory consultation placed special attention on the genre listing, comprising some 175 pages and providing a systematic synthesis of the Claremont files on genres and terminology.r' The genres in the listing were assigned to the team members according to the category for which each member was responsible. The listing will serve as a basis for developing the project's index of genre definitions, which are currently under review, and which should be ready for final resolution at the project's next consultation at the Institute in February 1973.

The Emory consultation also settled the procedures for handling printer's proofs of the published results. Upon the completion of the editorial process for each contribution, by the co-editors, the writer, and the press, that contribution will be prepared in galley proof, corrected, and held. It is expected that such individualized treatment of contributions will expedite the final publishing process. Some material is already set in galleys, in accordance with this policy.

The primary activity of the Emory consultation was the joint evaluation of work already in typescript from various contributors, and the discussion of

lThe project's staff at the Institute during the report period consisted of Charles R. Mabee and Antony F. Campbell, S.]., research associates; at the close of the report period Mabee was replaced by Michael H. Floyd and Frederick C. Tiffany, who will work with Campbell in 1972-73. .

2The Handbook will augment the series of reference and study tools published by Abingdon Press (The Interpreter's Bible and The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible ), but it is materially and editorially distinct from the series.

3See the Bulletin 3 (June, 1972) 19, for a more detailed description of this terminological analysis of form critical literature.

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problems emerging from the execution of individual assignments. These deliberations proved useful in illumining specific problems by means of insights and perspectives achieved in other investigations.

The International Congress of Learned Societies in the Field of Religion provided another occasion for discussion among the co-editors and contributors. It also presented the co-editors with the opportunity to confer directly with colleagues," such as Klaus Koch and Norbet Loh fink. An immediate result of these contacts is that G. Tucker and J.W.Whedbee have been given access to the files that K. Koch has been collecting for several years on the prophetic genres, with a view to a history of prophetic speech. Koch's generous cooperation is paralleled by that of Claus Westermann, who has placed the materials of the Genesis institute in Heidelberg at the disposal of G. Coats.

Another instance of the international cooperation being afforded the project is the collaboration developing with the editors of the Hermeneia commentary series. When H. W.Wolff's Hosea (BKAT XIV/1 ) was being translated for the series, E. Gerstenberger, one of the project's contributors who was in Heidelberg at that time, acted as consultant for the translation. As a result Wolff requested that the form critical terminology to be employed in the translation of his Joel-Amos (BKAT XIV /2) for Hermeneia be standardized in accordance with the terminology being adopted by the Institute's project. Contacts have been established between the translator, the editors of Hermeneia, and the project director. Lists of terms have been discussed and determined, and have been circulated to other scholars concerned. The project director has contracted with the editors of Hermeneia to review the typescript of the Joel-Amos translation with particular regard to its language.

The project's international horizon also includes plans for a German edition of the Handbook, to appear almost simultaneously with the original English publication. Negotiations between Abingdon Press and a German publishing firm are approaching the final stage. In order for the German edition to appear as soon as possible after the English publication, galley proofs of the project's materials will be furnished to German translators. The project's files of technical terminology in English and German will govern and expedite the German translation of the complete work.

In the course of its research the project has sought the counsel of other scholars working in the field of Old Testament form criticism, through personal correspondence, and through the forum provided by the Form Criticism Seminar (Hebrew Scriptures) of the Society of Biblical Literature, which held working sessions twice during the report period, 25 and 26 October 1971 in Atlan ta, and 5 September 1972 in Los Angeles. In order to furnish a larger circle of colleagues with more extensive material for discussion in advance of publication, the project has entered an agreement with the editors of Interpretation to devote the October 1973 issue of that journal to Old Testament form criticism as exemplified by the 4The Advisory Council consists of Klaus Baltzer, Brevard S. Childs, Klaus Koch, James Muilenberg, Claus Westermann, and Hans Walter Wolff.

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project; the issue will contain a lead article on form critical methodology and theory by the project director, followed by examples of application in various areas of the project by contributing members.

t l

[15 ]

The Dead Sea Scrolls William H. Brownlee, Director

and

Catenae of Patristic Biblical Interpretation Ekkehard Muehlenberg, Director

The Institute's Annual Report includes descriptions of research project activities only in those cases where the report period has witnessed significant changes in the objectives, methods, and personnel involved in the research projects. The projects cited above have not undergone such modifications during this report period, but have continued the investigations detailed in previous reports. In 1971-72 the Institute staff cons isted of Gerald Frens for The Dead Sea Scrolls, and David L. Foxgrover for the Catenae of Patristic Biblical Interpretation.

[16]

The Patmos Monastery Library Project

In June 1971 the project inaugurated a program to preserve, make accessible, and study the manuscripts and incunabula of the library of the Monastery of St. John on the island of Patrnos in Greece. Since then a team of American and European scholars has been carrying through a series of assignments to index, catalog, microfilm, and assure the preservation of the 900 manuscripts and 2,000 printed books, dating from the sixth to the nineteenth centuries. The collaborative work has been funded by grants from foundations, private benefactors, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

During the report period the project has continued its plan of individual and team research. Seven participants (Sydney Cockerell, Athanasios D. Kominis, Pere Julien LeRoi, Gilberte Morize, Pere H. -D. Saffrey, Ernest W. Saunders, and Antonia Tripolitis ) worked on Patmos from April through September 1972. John L. Sharpe, III and Irving Alan Sparks conducted work in America, using microfilms of the manuscripts. E. W. Saunders, who was on sabbatical leave in Greece during the academic year 1971-72, served as field director of the project in Athens and on Patmos. 1 A. Tripolitis was acting field director on Patmos following Saunders' departure in July. By the end of the report period the team had accom plished the following results. f

The physical condition of the manuscripts was thoroughly studied by Sydney Cockerell, book specialist of Cambridge, England,3 who drafted a detailed report concerning recommendations for the treatment of the manuscripts and printed books against insect and mildew damage, together with proposals for the repair and conservation of these materials. The fumigation of the library's collection, based on Cockerell's specifications, was officially undertaken by the Department

I On 1 October 1971 the Institute's Research Council appointed E. W. Saunders field director of the project . In view of the distinctive nature of the project, which involves extensive field work abroad, the Council determined not to designate a project director as such, but to place general supervision under the Institute 's director and detailed administration under the Institute's associate director.

2This summary of results is based largely upon a report by the field director presented to the Textual Criticism Seminar of the Society of Biblical Literature, meeting in Los Angeles, 1-5 September 1972 in conjunction with the International Congress of Learned Societies in the Field of Religion.

3 S. Cockerell is the son of the late Douglas Cockerell, whose achievements included the restoration and study of the physical properties of the celebrated Codex Sinaiticus; see The British Museum Quarterly 10 (1936) 180-182, and H.]. M. Milne and T. C. Skeat, Scribe s and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus (London : The British Museum, 1938) 70-86.

[17]

of Agriculture of the Greek government, which au thor ized its personnel to execute the chemical treatment in the [ibrary."

New metal bookcases were painted, finished, equipped with glass fronts, and installed in the Monastery's new, acclimatized library. A special partition was constructed to separate the air conditioning equipment from the manuscript and study areas. New lighting was installed throughout the library. s

The catalog of the Monastery's 2,000 printed books, presently being prepared by A. D. Kominis , reached its final stage. The index of the books was verified during the summer of 1972, with a view toward final editing during the academic year 1972-73. The catalog is scheduled for publication in the Occasional Papers of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity.

The microfilming of the Monastery 's manuscripts , initiated in 1960 under the auspices of the Center of Byzantine Research, was brought near completion by means of a systematic review and supplementation of the microfilm file. All microfilms of the first one-third of the collection were verified against the original manuscripts; fifteen microfilms found to be defective, either by reason of missing or inadequate frames, were re-microfilmed by the project photographer.

The analytic catalog of the manuscripts advanced in several ways. The general editor, in consultation with the field director, refined the various formats by which specific classes of manuscripts are to be described, e.g., the lectionaries and the continuous-text biblical manuscripts. Individual contributors to the threevolume catalog proceeded with their assignrnents.P The general editor compie ted an inventory of the library 's manuscripts and the assignment to other specialists of the manuscripts yet to be described. The preparation of the English translation of major segments of the catalog has been initiated by John T. Papademetriou, who is on sabbatical leave in Athens during the academic year 1972-73. During this period the translator will work closely with the general editor.

4Due to the high toxicity of the chemicals employed, governmental regulations require that such fumigation be sanctioned by the Department of Agriculture. The Institute expresses appreciation for the timely authorization of the Department, and for special cooperation extended by the Department in actually carrying through the fumigation as recommended.

SThe project's activities in the library have been implemented through the cooperation and assistance of th e Monastery's Brotherhood, especially the Hegoumenos Archimandrite Theodoretos, the librarian Prohegoumenos Meletios, and the assistant to the librarian Deacon Chrysostom. The Institute states its appreciation for the continuing assistance afforded by the Brotherhood, both severally and jointly. For a vivid and reverent sketch of former exemplary leaders on Patmos, see the recent article by Irina Goodinoff, "Holy Men of Patmos," Sobornost 6 (Summer, 1972) 337-344.

60ne element in the descriptive analysis of the Patmian codices is being expedited by the employment of methods developed by another Institute research project. The analysis of a manuscript calls for the identification of its genealogical position within the textual tradition it represents; in the case of continuous-text manuscripts of the Gospels (TTpaeoo'Y'YEAw.) and gospel lectionaries (Va'Y'YEAta), this identification can be accomplished rapidly by means of the Claremont Profile Method and a lectionary sampling procedure , both of which techniques were originated in the International Greek New Testament project.

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Inventory of th e A naly tic Catalog Volum e I

Co n tents : MSS 1- 101 , 31a(741 ), 101a(739 ), 101b (742 ), 101c(745 ), 101d(759 ), 101 e(769 ), 101(777), 101g(790 ), 101h (891 ), 101i(274 ), 101j (275 ), 101k(276 ).

Contribu to rs: A. D. Kominis, J. L. Sharpe, 1. A. Sparks , E. Muehlenberg. Volume II

Conten ts: MSS 102 - 201, 109a(737 ), 191a( 736), 191b (802 ), 192a(740) , 198a(793 ), 199a (901 ), 19 9b (738 ).

Contribu tors : A. D. Kominis, G. Moriz e, E . Muehlenberg, J. LeRoi, H.-D. Saffrey, E. W. Saunders.

Volume III Conten ts: MSS 202 - 273, 502,743,746, and the liturgical rolls. Contribu to rs': A. D. Kom inis, G. Moriz e, E. Muehlenberg , L. Polites,

H.-D. Saffrey, E. W. Saunders.

[19]

Auxiliary Activities

Publications

Since the primary objective of the Institute is basic research, the results of its work bear the imprint of major publishing houses serving the academic world. Presently the Institute's projects eventuating in publications have entered into agreements with Abingdon Press, E. J. Brill, Oxford University Press, the "Patristische Kommission der Akademien der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Heidelberg, Mainz and Miinchen ," and the Pontifical Biblical Institute Press.

The Institute itself publishes the Bulletin of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, under the auspices of the Society for Antiquity and Christianity. The first issue of the Bulletin appeared in November 1970, the second in January 1972. With the publication of the third issue in June 1972 the Bulletin became a quarterly publication. Three issues of the year are devoted to general information related to the Institute's interests; one issue carries the Annual Report, which contains more detailed and technical descriptions of activities during the preceding report period.

At its meeting 1 October 1971 the Institute's Research Council initiated a publication program for Occasional Papers of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, a series of articles which bear upon the research programs of the Institute. The Council 's provisions for the series define it primarily as reprints of relevant scholarly articles, augmented as funds permit by original publications. The editorial board of Occasional Papers is composed of the Research Council: Hans Dieter Betz, William H. Brownlee, Loren R. Fisher, Rolf P. Knierim, Ekkehard Muehlenberg, and James M. Robinson. The managing editor is Irving Alan Sparks.

During the report period five issues of Occasional Papers appeared:

1. The Coptic Gnostic Library Today by James M. Robinson

2. The Delphic Maxim rNneI ~ATTON in Hermetic Interpretation by Hans Dieter Betz

3. An Enthronement Ritual at Ugarit by Loren R. Fisher and F. Brent Knutson

4. Introduction to the Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices by James M. Robinson

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5. Plutarch's Critique of Superstition in the Light of the New Testament by Herbert Braun

Inquiries concerning the Bulletin and Occasional Papers should be addressed to the Institute's Executive Secretary.

Layne Foundation Archeological Fellows

Layne Foundation of Los Angeles, California, designated Antoinette C. Wire as 1972 Layne Foundation Archeological Fellow in the Institute. In this capacity she pursued advanced studies at the summer school of Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Since 1966 the annual program of Layne Foundation Fellows has provided opportunity for field work in biblical studies to seven students at Claremont Graduate School. Former Layne Fellows are John E. Worrell (1966 ), F. Brent Knutson (1967 and 1969), Elmer A. Martens (1968), John P. Connelly (1968) , Donn F. Morgan (1969 ), and Du ane E. Smith (1970) .

Research Council Seminars

Under the auspices of the Research Council the Institute holds periodic meetings of the Claremont faculty and staff, invited guests, and those corresponding members who may be able to attend. These seminars function both as a point of stimulation and interaction for the ongoing research projects and as a local forum for the presentation and criticism of investigations in related disciplines. During the report period the following seminars were held at the Institute: 11 October 1971, "Ecriture et culture philosophique dans la pensee de Gregoire de Nysse ," by Ekkehard Muehlenberg; 8 November 1971, "Reincarnation," by Quincy Howe, jr.; 6 December 1971 , "Offenbarung im Alten Testament," by Rolf P~ Knierim; 10 January 1972, "The Problems of Interpretation attending a new Akkadian Te xt from Ugarit," by Loren R. Fisher ; 7 February 1972, "2 Cor 6:14-7:1: An Anti-Pauline Fragment," by Hans Dieter Betz; 13 March 1972, "The Official Publication of the Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices," by James M. Robinson; 12 April 1972, "The Penitence of Adam , a new Jewish or Jewish-Christian Adam Book," by Michael E. Stone; and 11 May 1972, "Mani and the Babylonian Baptists: A Historical Confrontation," by Albert Henrichs.

[21]

Society for Antiquity and Christianity

The Society is an association of friends of scholarship who are dedicated to the understanding of the classical and j udeo-Christian heritage through the Institute. It was organized in 1969 under the auspices of the Institute 's Advisory Board, whose members comprised its initial nucleus, with the primary objective of relating the Institute 's activities to society at large. The Society seeks to foster opportunities for interested persons to become involved in the work of the Institute , by means of exhibits, public lectures and forums, workshops and visits at the Institute by school groups, and the publication of the Institute's quarterly Bulletin. Leadership for the Society is provided by the Honorable M. Peter Katsufrakis, chairman, and Mrs. Harold E. Pearson, membership secretary.

Two events highlighted the year's activities. On 17 November 1971 the Society sponsored an open house and reception at the Institute to introduce friends to the new facilities occupied in September. Over 150 persons attended the informal gathering, which feature d exhibits of the V. G . Hills Collection of Cypriote artifacts, the Claremont Ras Shamra Tablets, and the Elizabeth Hay Bechtel exhibit on major scrolls from Qumran in text and photographs. Guests visited the research areas on the second floor of the building, where members of the Institute staff interpreted the current work of the research projects.

The second major event sponsored by the Society was the formal presentation on 17 March 1972 of the first volume to appear in The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices. Robert Black, chairman of the Institute's Advisory Board, officiated at evening ceremonies in the Founders Room of Honnold Library. James M. Robinson presented copies of the volume to John E. Fobes, Deputy Director General of UNESCO, Barnaby C. Keeney, president of Claremont Graduate School representing the National Endowment for the Humanities as its former director, Murray B. Emeneau, representing the American Philosophical Society, and Harry Alper t , representing the U.S. National Commission for the United Nations. Professor Robinson presented an illustrated lecture on the nature and significance of the Nag Hammadi manuscript discovery. The program concluded with a reception in the Board Room of the Institute, where guests previewed a special exhibit on the Nag Hammadi Codices. The nine-panel exhibit of text and color photographs has been adopted by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, which will sponsor a two-year exhibit tour in museums and academic institutions in the United States and Europe, beginning in January 19 73.

In the course of the report period the Society engendered support for the general operations of the Institute in excess of twelve thousand dollars, and was instrumental in enlisting special contributions for designated purposes. Members of the Society for 1971-72 are listed elsewhere in this Annual Report as private benefactors of the Institute's programs.

[22]

International Congress of Learned Societies in the Field of Religion

The Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas was founded in 1947 to bring together New Testament scholars of all confessions and nations into an international learned society. For a quarter of a century it has met annually, alternating between Great Britain and the Continent. At the annual meeting in Exeter, England in 1968 the question was raised whether the Society could not meet in America. That autumn the Institute issued an invitation to the SNTS, and in December the Society of Biblical Literature at its annual meeting in Berkeley appointed a committee chaired by James M. Robinson to plan such a meeting. In the spring of 1969 an application for funding was submitted successfully to the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Congress Committee chose among three invitations that of the Institute . Important grants were pledged by the School of Theology at Clarernon t and Claremon t Graduate School.

The Council on the Study of Religion , organized in May 1969 to coordinate activities of the major learned societies in the field of religion in America, adopted at its founding meeting the Congress as its first project. The Congress Committee was expanded to include the permanent executive officer of each society in the Council and, as the number of learned societies participating in the Congress moved beyond those in the Council, the Committee included representation from these as well.

At their regular annual meetings of 1969 the CSR constituent societies and the two main overseas societies, the Society for New Testament Studies and the Society for Old Testament Studies, accepted the invitation of the Congress Committee. In all, eighteen societies, not to mention smaller satellite groups, joined to plan and participate in the Congress:

American Academy of Religion American Catholic Historical Association American Schools of Oriental Research American Society for Reformation Research American Society of Christian Ethics American Society of Church History Catholic Biblical Association ofAmerica Catholic Theological Society of America College Theology Society Foundation for Reformation Research International Organization for Masoretic Studies International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies Late Medieval Seminar Society for Asian Comparative Philosophy

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Society for old Testament Study Society for the Scientific Study of Religion Society of Biblical Literature Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas

In addition, several overseas societies sent a representative: the Japan Society of Christian Studies, the New Testament Society of South Africa, the Northeast Asia Association of Theological Schools, the Societas Ethica, and the Society for Old Testament Studies in Japan. '

The program of the Congress involved 370 different elements. Most of them comprised the regular annual meetings of the participating societies. But an hour in the morning and one in the evening were devoted to plenary speeches, directed to the central theme of the Congress: Religion and the Humanizing of Man.

This theme was chosen to bring into focus an essential dimension of the academic study of religion: the role it has played, could play, and should play in the humanizing of man. The present century opened with an aura of optimism in which the Western world conceived of itself as at least adequately humanized "civilized." The tragedy of the century has been that the promise offered by higher education and technology has not been inevitably realized, to put it mildly, where it counts most-in leading humans to be humane to their fellow humans. English usage has associated with the variant spellings of the same term "human" or "humane" the two conflicting dimensions of man. Humans are not necessarily humane. "To err is human"-all too human. Yet one could hardly be too humane. The dialectic terminology points to the basic human dilemma. It is with this basic human dilemma that religion is concerned. Its appeal to God is in effect a recognition of the human dilemma and a pointer toward its solution. It is in the interest both of religion and of humanity that this fact be brought into focus.

The plenary addresses, far from providing com prehensive coverage or attaining a consensus, were intended as flares set off in different disciplines, methods, confessions and dimensions to light up whole areas in need of further study in terms of this focus. The plenary speakers were chosen often from outside the ranks of theologians or professors of religion. Our objective was to criss-cross areas of the study of religion with the problem of religion and the humanizing of man to such an extent that this central issue could no longer be obscured by conventional departmentalization and habitual approaches to the subject matter. The plenary speakers and their topics were: 1

Leslie A. Fiedler: Can Salvation Come Out of Galilee? Hans Jonas: Technology and Responsibility: Reflections on the New

Tasks of Ethics

1Eleven of the plenary addresses were initially published: James M. Robinson, ed., Religion and the Humanizing of Man (Waterloo , Canada: Council on the Study of Religion, 1972); thirteen addresses will appear in a revised edition, which is expected from the press in January 1973. The executive office of the Council on the Study of Religion is in charge of the publication, while the Institute's office serves as distribution center for the volume.

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Walter Kasper: Christian Humanism Benjamin Nelson: Priests, Prophets, Machines, Futures: 1202, 1848,

1984,2001 Ernst Kasernann: Love Which Rejoices in the Truth Raimundo Panikkar: Sunyata and Pleroma: The Buddhist and Christian

Response to the Human Predicament Albert H. Friedlander: Humanity and the Apocalypse: Confronting the

Holocaust N. Scott Momaday: The Man Made of Words Sydney E. Ahlstrom: The American National Faith: Humane, Yet All

Too Human

Dorothy Selle: Political Theology and the Liberation of Man Philip C. Lawson: The Humanizing of Man and Religion in Black America William F. May: The Recovery of the Humanist's Vocation: A Proposal

for Graduate Study in the Humanities Hans Dieter Betz: Humanizing Man: Delphi, plato , and Paul John L. McKenzie: Biblical Anthropomorphism and the Humaneness of

God

The total registration of the Congress was approximately 2,400. A charter plane brought 203 overseas participants from London; some 30 more came from overseas by other means. This was the first time that such an ecumenical summit of professors of religion has occurred; nor are there specific plans for a second such encompassing event. For until the participating societies have time to assess their experience, it would have been premature to plan beyond the experiment itself. At present there are plans emerging for three of the largest societies to meet together in Washington for their 1976 meetings; and there is tentative discussion of an even larger meeting in 1980. Apart from such publicly visible occasions, the momentum engendered by the Congress has its less spectacular but more pervasive effect in the ongoing work of the Council on the Study of Religion.

[25]

Sources of Financial Support

The general operations and research projects of the Institute received financial support in 1971-72 from private benefactors, foundations, sponsoring institutions, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The Institute registers special appreciation for their generosity and interest, without which its work would be impossible.

The following persons contributed to the Institute's general and special programs:

Mr. and Mrs. James E. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. Theodore N. Law Mr. R . Stanton Avery Mrs. Stanley Leeser Mrs. Elizabeth Hay Bechtel Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Madorsky Miss Grace E. Brown Mr. Elmer A. Martens Mrs. James L. Bruce Mr. and Mrs. Wiley W. Mather Mr. P. Bradley Clark Mr. A. K. Mellos Mr. and Mrs. John B. Cobb, Sr. Mr. Leonard Mendelsohn Mr. and Mrs. Ernest C. Colwell Mr. and Mrs. Louis Mertens Mrs. Garfield Cox Mr. Howard Mickel Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Daseler Mrs. Eloise Morgan Mr. Vincent O. Eareckson Mr. Harvey B. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Herbert L. Eisen Mrs. Lucile P. Morrison Miss Julia Elder Mr. and Mrs. Calvin H. Mullen Mrs. Eugenie Favre Mrs. Kenneth Dale Owen Mrs. William H. Fellows Mr. Isaac Pach t Mr. Peter G. Fettis Mr. and Mrs. Bennett W. Priest Mr. and Mrs. McKee Fisk Mrs. Susan W. Rice Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Forcinelli Miss Beatrice E. Richardson Mr. Andrew P. Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Richardson Mr. Paul W. Gaebelein, Jr. Mr. Jon H. Ringelberg Mrs. Mary Hadley Mr. Richard H. Ritter Miss Muriel Haskell Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Roemer Mr. Arthur L. Henry Mrs. Frances J. Ross Miss Agnes G. Hills Mr. and Mrs. Billings K. Ruddock Miss Virginia Holcomb Miss Lucinda Siegler Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Hutcheson Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Skouras, Jr. Mrs. Charlotte C. Jones Mr. John J. Slocum Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Kolb Mr. H. Russell Smith Mr. W. M. Laub Mrs. Lloyd Hilton Smith

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Mrs. Sylvia B. Stern Mr. Wesley R. Tilden Mr. and Mrs. Togo W.Tanaka Mrs. Dawn Leah Truex Miss Helen Louise Taylor Mrs. Ralph A. Ward Mr. and Mrs. William C. Teach Mr. Jeffrey L. Wilson

In addition to support from the Avery Fund of the Claremont University Center in 1971-72, the Claremont Graduate School provided housing and maintenance for the Institute. Many non-Claremont institutions furnished indirect financial support to projects by providing assistance to faculty members who are corresponding members of the Institute, thus augmenting the resources available for specific research projects.

During this report period special grants were made to the work of the Institute by the American Council of Learned Societies, American Philosophical Society, Hudson Foundation, Layne Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Division of Higher Education of the United Methodist Church.

[27]

Institute Personnel

Claremont Faculty

Hans Dieter Betz Professor of New Testament , School of Theology

William H. Brownlee Professor of Religion, Claremont Graduate School

Harry J. Carroll, Jr. Edwin Clarence North Professor of Classics, Pomona College

Ernest C. Colwell Director Emeritus, Institute for Antiquity and Christianity,

and President Emeritus, School of Theology Loren R. Fisher

Professor of old Testament, School of Theology Stephen L. Glass

Associate Professor of Classics , Pitzer College Quincy Howe, Jr.

Associate Professor of Classics , Scripps College Rolf P. Knierim

Professor of old Testament , School of Theology Ekkehard Muehlenberg

Associate Professor of Early Church History, School of Theology Harry Neumann

Professor of Philosophy, Scripps College Robert B. Palmer

Professor of Classical Languages and Literature, Scripps College James M. Robinson

Professor of Religion, Claremont Graduate School Irving Alan Sparks

Assistant Professor of Religion, Claremont Graduate School Eric L. Titus

Professor of New Testament, School of Theology J. William Whedbee

Assistant Professor of Religion , Pomona College Kathleen O'Brien Wicker

Assistant Professor of Religion, Scripps College

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Corresponding Members

Carl Andresen University of Gottingen

Michael C. Astour Southern Illinois University at

Edwardsville

David E. Aune St. Xavier College

Klaus Baltzer University of Munich

William A. Beardslee Emory University

Hendrikus W. Boers Emory University

Alexander Bohlig University of Tiibingen

Herbert Braun University of Mainz

Roger A. Bullard Atlantic Christian College

Wilfred F. Bunge Luther College

Henry Chadwick Christ Church, Oxford

Brevard Childs Yale University

Kenneth W. Clark Duke University

George W. Coats Lexington Theological Seminary

Frank M. Cross, Jr. Harvard University

Mitchell Dahood, S.J. Pontifical Biblical Institute

C. J. deCatanzaro Petersborough, Canada

Matthias Delcor Catholic University of Toulouse

Gerhard Delling University of Halle

Eldon J.Epp Case Western Reserve University

Gordon D. Fee Wheaton College

Terry L. Fenton Haifa University

Fred O. Francis Chapman College

Robert W. Funk University of Montana

Dieter Georgi Harvard Divinity School

Erhard Gerstenberger University of Heidelberg

H. L. Ginsberg Jewish Theological Seminary

Seren Giversen University of Copenhagen

Cyrus H. Gordon Brandeis University

Antoine Guillaumont Ecole des Hautes Etudes

Marguerite Harl The Sorbonne

Andrew K. Helmbold Frederick College

Hans Jonas New School of Social Research

F. Brent Knutson University ofArkansas at Little

Rock

Klaus Koch University of Hamburg

Athanasios D. Kominis University of Athens

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Robert A. Kraft University of Pennsylvania

Martin Krause University of Munster

Edgar Krentz Concordia Theological Seminary

Baruch Levine New York University

Burton L. Mack Methodist Theological School

George W.MacRae, S.J. Weston College

Abraham J. Malherbe Yale University

Menahem Mansoor University of Wisconsin

Dennis J. McCarthy, S.J. Pontifical Biblical Institute

Paul R. McReynolds Pacific Christian College

Jacques-E. Menard University of Strasbourg

Bruce M. Metzger Princeton Theological Seminary

Patrick D. Miller, Jr. Union Theological Seminary in

Virginia

Gilbert Morize Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire

des Textes

James P. Muilenburg Claremont, California

Dieter Muller University of Lethbridge

Roland E. Murphy, a.Carm. Duke University

Jean Nougayrol Musee du Louvre

John T. Papademetriou University of Colorado

Douglas M. Parrott . University of California, Riverside

Birger A. Pearson University of California,

Santa Barbara

Malcolm L. Peel Coe College

H. J. Polotsky Hebrew University

Marvin H. Pope Yale University

Anson F. Rainey University of Tel Aviv

Rolf Rendtorff University of Heidelberg

Abbe Marcel Richard Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire

des Textes

Kent H. Richards Iliff School of Theology

M.E.J. Richardson University of Manchester

H. Neil Richardson Boston University School of

Theology

William C. Robinson, Jr. Andover-Newton Theological

Seminary

Wayne G. Rollins Hartford Seminary Foundation

Kurt Rudolph Karl-Marx University

Henri-Dominique Saffrey, a.p. Couvent Saint-Jacques

Jack M. Sasson University of North Carolina

Ernest W. Saunders Garrett Theological Seminary

[30]

C.F.A. Schaeffer St. Germain-en-Lave, France

Hans-Martin Schenke University of Berlin

William R. Schoedel University of Illinois

Anton Schoors University of Louvain

John L. Sharpe, III Duke University

John H. Sieber Luther College

Morton Smith Columbia University

Donald A. Stoike California Concordia College

M. Jack Suggs Brite Divinity School

Antonia Tripolitis Agnes Irwin School

Gene M. Tucker Emory University

John D. Turner University of Montana

Roy Y. Uyechi Jarvis Christian College

J.P.M. van der Ploeg, D.P. University of Nijmegen

W. C. van Unnik University of Utrecht

H. Eberhard von Waldow Pittsburgh Theological Seminary

Herman C. Waetjen San Francisco Theological

Seminary

Richard Whitaker Central College

Allen P. Wikgren University of Chicago

Francis E. Williams Visalia, California

William H. Willis Duke University

R. MeL. Wilson St. Mary's College

Orval Wintermute Duke University

Frederik Wisse University of Tiibingen

John E. Worrell Hartford Seminary Foundation

Tadanori Yamashita Mount Holyoke College

Jan Zandee University of Utrecht

[31]

The Advisory Board Robert Black, Chairman

Mrs. Elizabeth Hay Bechtel Santa Barbara, California

Mr. Otto L. Bendheim, M.D. Phoenix, Arizona

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Black Claremont, California

Mr. Lawrence T. Cooper San Marino , California

Mr. McKee Fisk Santa Cruz, California

Mr. George D. Jagels San Marino, California

The Hon. M. Peter Katsufrakis Tarzana, California

Rabbi Irving A. Mandel Pomona, California

Mrs. Wayland A. Morrison Arcadia, California

Mr. Bennett W. Priest Los Angeles, California

Mrs. H. Harold Richards Denver, Colorado

Mrs. Charles T. Richardson Claremont, California

Mrs. Lloyd H. Smith Houston, Texas

Mr.Togo W. Tanaka Westwood, California

Mr. F. Thomas Trotter Claremon t, California

Barnaby C. Keeney, ex officio Claremont Graduate School

[32]