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Installing Generation - Behind the Meter
Chris RogersSega, Inc.
November 6, 2014
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
What is “Behind the Meter” Generation?
“Commonly used to refer to the flow of electricity before it hits the meter on the transmission system wires” - SPP IM Dictionary and Quick Reference Guide, 2011
NOT “Photovoltaic (PV) industry term “Behind The Meter” (BTM):A renewable energy generating facility that produces power intended for on-site use in a home, office building, or other commercial facility where the solar PV system is literally “Behind The Meter”, on the owner’s property, not on the side of the electric grid/utility. Similar concept applied to municipals.
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
What is “Behind the Meter” Generation for Municipalities?
• Small Generation - Typically < 10 MW up to 25 MW
• Connected to City’s Internal System < 100 kV - Sub-Transmission
• Generation for Local Consumption - Not for Sale to Third Parties
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Why Install BTM Generation? - Continued Change
• PPA Expiration or Unit Retirements
• Transmission Congestion / Curtailment
• Obsolescence - Economic, Environmental, or Regulatory
• Risk Management - Diversity of Sources and Fuels
• Flexibility - Response to Balance System and Loads
• Load Growth
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Benefits of Behind the Meter Generation
• OWNERSHIP - Local Control - Self Sufficiency
• Avoid Transmission Congestion / Curtailment
• Local System Reliability
• Peak Shaving / Reduction
• Standby / Emergency Response
• Dispatchable vs. Interruptible
• Enhance Market Participation
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Risks of Behind The Meter Generation
• Costs - Capital Intensive Projects
• Responsibility - Cost and Schedule
• Resources - Labor
• Complexity - Coordination
• Fuel Availability / Management
• Electric Interconnection
• Permitting Issues
• Stakeholder issues
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Dispatchable Options for BTM Generation
• Gas Turbine Generators
◦ Simple Cycle
◦ Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
◦ Combined Cycle
• Reciprocating Engine Generator Sets
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Dispatch Options for BTM Generation
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Generator Fuel Net Output (MW)
Heat Rate (HHV, Net)
Overnight EPC Cost ($ Millions)
Overnight EPC
Cost/kW
Solar Mars 100Natural Gas 10.6 11,820 $16.1 $1,522
Dual Fuel 10.6 11,820 $17.6 $1,661
Siemens SGT-400Natural Gas 13.5 10,900 $17.3 $1,284
Dual Fuel 13.5 10,700 $18.1 $1,338
Solar Titan 130Natural Gas 14 11,020 $18.0 $1,283
Dual Fuel 14 11,020 $20.0 $1,425
General Electric LM 2000Natural Gas 16.4 11,070 $22.8 $1,388
Dual Fuel 16.4 11,070 $23.2 $1,417
General Electric LM 2500 PJNatural Gas 21.6 10,640 $28.0 $1,297
Dual Fuel 21.6 10,640 $29.1 $1,346
Siemens SGT-600Natural Gas 22.8 11,070 $25.5 $1,117
Dual Fuel 22.8 11,300 $27.2 $1,192 Wartsila 20V34SG Natural Gas 18.4 8,300 $23.1 $1,256 Wartsila 20V34DF Dual Fuel 18.4 8,370 $23.8 $1,296
Dispatchable Options for BTM Generation
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Characteristics of Natural Gas-Fueled Generation Options
Description Reciprocating Engines Combustion Turbines
OEM Caterpillar Wartsila GE Siemens SolarModel G20CM34 20V34SG LM2500 LM200 SGT-600 SGT-400 Titan 130 Mars 100Rating MW(1) 9.3 9.2 22.8 18 22.8 13.5 14.9 10.5
Heat Rate BTU/kWh(2) 8,000 8,150 11,050 11,300 11,450 10,900 11,300 11,900 0 to 100% Load Minutes 8 10 10 10 20 8 10 10Maintenance Basis Hours Hours Hours Hours Starts Starts Starts Starts (1) Site rating conditions: 59 0F ambient dry bulb temperature, 60% relative humidity, and 900' AMSL elevation. (2) Net heat rate on HHV basis at 100% load for site rating conditions.
Dispatchable Options for BTM Generation
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95%$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300Sample Costs of Dispatchable BTM Generation Options
Recip Engine Plant
Combustion Turbine Plant
Annual Capacity Factor, %
Total Cost($/MWh)
Dispatchable Options for BTM Generation• Compare BTM Options to Conventional Generation Sources
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95%$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
$400
$450
$500Generation Alternatives
Older Coal Unit
Older Coal Unit with Compliance Upgrades
Recip Engine Plant
Combustion Turbine Plant
Newer Large Coal Unit A
Newer Large Coal Unit B
Annual Capacity Factor, %
Total Cost($/MWh)
Renewable Options for BTM Generation
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Projects
• Wind Generators
• Energy Storage - Batteries, CAES
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Solar PV for BTM Generation
• Utility Scale <5 MW to 20 MW
• NREL 2014 Projected Capital Costs - $2/WDC
• 5 MW Municipal Solar Garden - $10,000,000
◦ $180/MWh @ 15% Capacity Factor
◦ $137/MWh @ 20% Capacity Factor
• Solar PV Parity (Subsidized) in 10 States
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Wind Generation - Not Typically BTM
• Current Regional PPA Proposal Ranges
◦ $20/MWh to $30/MWh
◦ 40% to 50% Capacity Factors
◦ 50 MW - “Utility Scale”
◦ Developer Keeps RTC
◦ Purchaser Takes Delivery Risk
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Renewable Options for BTM Generation• Compare Conventional and Renewable Options
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Renewable Options for BTM Generation• Regional PV Projects
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Location MW In Service Owner
Missouri Butler 3 April 2014 DeveloperCity Utilities of Springfield 4.95 August 2014 DeveloperO'Fallon 5.7 November 2014 AmerenIndependence ≤ 5 Late 2015 DeveloperNixa > 5 Late 2015 Developer
Favorite Kansas Behind The Meter Project
Garden City, KS - Jameson Energy Project
2014 KMEA Annual Conference
Key Issues for Successful BTM Generation Projects
• Planning
• Siting
• Financing
• Schedule
• Electric Interconnection
• Contracting Methodology
• Contingency
• Owner’s Participation
• O & M Plans
2014 KMEA Annual Conference