Inquiry 1Inquiry 1SedentarizationSedentarization

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Neolithic (New Stone Age)

Palaeolithic (Old Stone

Age)

Fertile Crescent:Fertile Crescent:SedentarySedentary people first began building people first began building permanent permanent villages around 8 000 BC.villages around 8 000 BC.These lands were These lands were fertile*fertile*. . *This meant the soil was good to grow crops *This meant the soil was good to grow crops (vegetation).(vegetation).Agriculture (farming) was born! Humans had Agriculture (farming) was born! Humans had developed the techniques to developed the techniques to cultivate*cultivate* plants. plants.*Cultivate means to prepare and work on (land) in *Cultivate means to prepare and work on (land) in order to raise crops. order to raise crops. They raised livestock (i.e. cows, pigs and goats).They raised livestock (i.e. cows, pigs and goats).They grew crops (i.e. wheat and barley).They grew crops (i.e. wheat and barley).

Palaeolithic people:Palaeolithic people:1.1.They constantly searched for food. This They constantly searched for food. This

made them made them predatorspredators!!

2.2.They were forced to follow the migration They were forced to follow the migration of animals and could not built permanent of animals and could not built permanent shelter (houses). This made them shelter (houses). This made them nomads!nomads!

3.3.Nomads Nomads relocatedrelocated once they ran out of once they ran out of food. This meant they had to move to a food. This meant they had to move to a different location. different location.

They lived in small groups (10-30 people).They lived in small groups (10-30 people).

They were forced to follow the migration They were forced to follow the migration of herds.of herds.

Survival depended on successful hunting Survival depended on successful hunting (men) and gathering (women)(men) and gathering (women)

From From nomadicnomadic to to sedentary life:sedentary life:((From constantly moving around to settling downFrom constantly moving around to settling down):):

Around 8,000 BC humans began to Around 8,000 BC humans began to cultivate plants.cultivate plants.

How did they discover these agricultural How did they discover these agricultural (farming) techniques?(farming) techniques?

Humans observed that new plants grew Humans observed that new plants grew where the seeds were left on the ground.where the seeds were left on the ground.

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The archaeological Site of The archaeological Site of Ein Mallaha ::

Ain Malla-haAin Malla-ha was a was a Natufian settlement built and settled settlement built and settled around 10,000–8,000 BC.around 10,000–8,000 BC.

The site is located an area surrounded by hills in Northern The site is located an area surrounded by hills in Northern Israel; near a lake.Israel; near a lake.

The area was once heavily forested.The area was once heavily forested.

The villagers ate lots of meat and fish.The villagers ate lots of meat and fish.

This village showed evidence of This village showed evidence of Palaeolithic practises (hunted) and Palaeolithic practises (hunted) and Neolithic practises (farmed).Neolithic practises (farmed).

We call this an example of a We call this an example of a transition transition between both periods.between both periods.

Archaeological evidence shows that dogs Archaeological evidence shows that dogs were already a part of human society were already a part of human society around the end of the Ice Age. around the end of the Ice Age.

An elderly man and a puppy were buried An elderly man and a puppy were buried together, over 10 000 years ago.together, over 10 000 years ago.

Humans invented tools in order to Humans invented tools in order to perform certain tasks in agriculture.perform certain tasks in agriculture.

Such tools included: hoe, sickle, grinder Such tools included: hoe, sickle, grinder and rubbing stone.and rubbing stone.

How Were Neolithic Villages How Were Neolithic Villages OrganizedOrganized??Land Development:Land Development:

Farmers settled near fields to grow crops.Farmers settled near fields to grow crops.

Villages were protected by high walls. Villages were protected by high walls.

Villages held 150-200 people.Villages held 150-200 people.

Ex: Village of Catal Huyuk around 6,000 BC. Ex: Village of Catal Huyuk around 6,000 BC.

The village of Catal Huyuk is located in The village of Catal Huyuk is located in Turkey.Turkey.

One of the world’s oldest villagesOne of the world’s oldest villages

Approx. 7000 peopleApprox. 7000 people

Square or rectangular houses Square or rectangular houses

Attached housesAttached houses

No streetsNo streets

Painted frescos decorated interior wallsPainted frescos decorated interior walls

Neolithic people produced many sculptures of Neolithic people produced many sculptures of plump women plump women (i.e. Mother Goddess).(i.e. Mother Goddess).

Women were valued because they ensured (made Women were valued because they ensured (made sure) the survival of the group by bearing children.sure) the survival of the group by bearing children.

Villagers started Villagers started claimingclaiming and and owningowning land as soon land as soon as they began growing.as they began growing.

Fertile land was valuable.Fertile land was valuable.

What is a skilled trade?What is a skilled trade? Skilled trade – A job that is carried out by Skilled trade – A job that is carried out by someone who has the capacity to do someone who has the capacity to do something well; technique, ability. Skills something well; technique, ability. Skills are usually acquired or learned.are usually acquired or learned.

Population Increase:Population Increase:Crops and livestock ensured (guaranteed) food on the Crops and livestock ensured (guaranteed) food on the table.table.Families grew in numbers because of this.Families grew in numbers because of this.

Social Division of Labour (jobs):Social Division of Labour (jobs):Men and women performed different tasks.Men and women performed different tasks.The more challenging tasks were given to villagers that The more challenging tasks were given to villagers that were either talented, gifted or more intelligent.were either talented, gifted or more intelligent.Examples of such skilled trades are: mining, basketry, Examples of such skilled trades are: mining, basketry, pottery, weaving and metallurgy.pottery, weaving and metallurgy.

Specialized skills led to new social groups; such as soldiers, Specialized skills led to new social groups; such as soldiers, miners, and skilled artisans miners, and skilled artisans Artisans/craftsmenArtisans/craftsmen also known as trades-people. Why?also known as trades-people. Why?Once they made it, they could trade it!Once they made it, they could trade it!Artisans made bricks, containers, baskets, tools and fabrics Artisans made bricks, containers, baskets, tools and fabrics

Trade:Trade:Food surpluses (extra food) led to trade within the village Food surpluses (extra food) led to trade within the village itself and between different regionsitself and between different regions

It was common to trade vegetables for tools!It was common to trade vegetables for tools!

Commercial Trade:Commercial Trade:Merchants travelled hundreds of kilometres to Merchants travelled hundreds of kilometres to trade with other regions (communities).trade with other regions (communities).

BarteredBartered (traded) objects for other objects. (traded) objects for other objects.

Political power:Political power:We needed to be well-coordinated and We needed to be well-coordinated and well-organized to well-organized to clear landclear land, , irrigate irrigate fieldsfields, , harvest cropsharvest crops, etc., etc.

Neolithic villages were politically Neolithic villages were politically organizedorganized

Two (2) models can be considered:Two (2) models can be considered:

11stst Model: Strong Central Model: Strong Central Authority:Authority:

A single leader, advised by his close A single leader, advised by his close familyfamilyControlled the village; coordinated all Controlled the village; coordinated all workwork

22ndnd Model: Village Council: Model: Village Council:•This group of men, which was formed by the heads of each family, held meetings to make important decisions.

EmergenceEmergence of Social of Social Hierarchy:Hierarchy:Some jobs required special skills. Some jobs required special skills.

Skilled jobs were highly valued. Skilled jobs were highly valued.

Having villagers who mastered these skills was Having villagers who mastered these skills was important because they knew how to perform a important because they knew how to perform a specific service or task well.specific service or task well.

Skilled workers had more power than peasants. Skilled workers had more power than peasants.