Inorganic and geological materials

144 R ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 51, NO. 5, APRIL 1979

Density

(1N) Diller, D. E. Hydrocarb. Process. 1977, 56(4), 142-4. (2N) Giarratano, P. J.; Collier, R. S. Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev. 1977,

(3N) Haynes, W. M.; Hiza, M. J.; Frederick, N. V. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1976,

(4N) Hiza, M. J.: Haynes, W. M.; Parrish. W. R. J. Chem. Thermcdynam. 1977,

(5N) Mollerup, J. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1977, 87(10), 1015-1020. (6N) Siegwarth, J. D.: Younglove, B. A.; LaBrecque, J. F. NTIS PC A04IMF

(7N) Weitz, P. G.. Jr.; Lamphere, D. Adv. Insfrum. 1976, 37(2), 605, 6 pp. (8N) Weitz, P. G., Jr.; Lamphere, D. Instrum. Cryog Ind. 1976, 1 , 605, 1-6.

Sampling

(1P) Broussard, N. Oil& Gas J . 1977 (9), 204-8. (2P) Cheremisinoff, P. N.; Morresi, A. C. "Air Pollution Sampling & Analysis

Deskbook", Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc.; Ann Arbor, Mich., April 1978,

(3P) Paulson, L. E.; Schobert, H. H.; Ellman, R. C. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 1978, 23(2), 107-118.

(4P) Schulte, K. A,; Larsen, D. J.; Hornung. R. W.; Crable J. V. Gov. Rep. Announce. Index ( U . S . ) 1977, 77(17). 87.

Miscellaneous

(10) Bartel, L. C., 1978, PCAOZIMFA07, Dep. NTIS, 11 pp

76(3). 330-36.

47(10), 1237-50.

9(9), 873-96.

A01. Oct. 1977, 52 pp. (NBS-TN-697).

475 pp.

(2Q) Bombaugh, K. J. NTIS PC AOS/MFAOi, Dec. 1977, 8 5 pp. (3Q) Frost. G. P. 1977, 225 pp. Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No. 77-16,159. (4Q) Haile, J. M.; Mo, K. C.; Gubbins, K. E. Adv. Cryog. Eng. 1976, 27, 501-8. (5Q) Jones, D. C.; Clark, W. S.; Holland, W. F.; Lacy. J. C.; Sethness, E . D.,

U.S. NTIS, P6 Rep 1977, PB-266292. 207 pp. Avail. NTIS. (6Q) Lamphere, D. A.; Weitz. P. G., Jr. U.S. Patent 4062223 (Cl. 73-27R;

GOlN25I18). 13 Dec. 1977. (7Q) La Villa, F.; Pean, Y . Rev. Insf. Fr. Pet. 1977, 32(1), 89--101 (Fr). (8Q) Massicott. A. J. Proc. Int. Sch. Hvdrocarbon Meas. 1977, 52. 305-7. (9Qj MatSW, Y.; Fujimura, M.; Mikcda, M.fHayakawa, S. Japan, Kokai 7678291

( loa) Matsuo, Y.; Fujimura. M.; Mikoda. M.; Hayakawa. S. Japan, Kdtai 7678292 (GI. G01N27/12), 07 Jul 1976.

(CI. GOlN27/12) 07 Jul 1976. ( 1 1'0) Neti, R . M.ykoggenkamp, R. L. U.S. Patent 4 063 895, 20 Dec. 1977,

(12Q) Northrop, D. A.; Bartel. L. C. 1978, NTIS, PC A02IMf A07. 20 pp. (130) O'Fallon, N. M.; Beyerkin, R. A.; Managan. W. W.; Karplus. H. B.; Mulcahey,

(140) Rattray, C. A. F. Br. Patent 1459704 (CI. GOlN27100), 31 Dec. 1976. (150) Rohland, B. E Ger. Patent 124080 (CI. GOlN27158), 02 Feb. 1977. (16Q) Sporton, T. M. Br. Patent 1447488 (CI. GOlN25/30), 25 Aug. 1976. (17Q) Walsh, J. V. "Proceedings of the 1977 symposium on instrumentation

and process control for fossil demonstration plants", 1977, PC AZZIMF A0 7 , Dep. NTIS.

12 PP.

T. P. Report 1976. A M - 7 6 - 4 . No pp. given. Avail. NTIS

Standards

( I R ) ASTM Standards, Part 26, Philadelphia, Pa. 1977

Inorganic and Geological Materials

Joseph I . Dinnin

U.S. Geological Survey, 923 National Center, Reston, Virginia 22092

This review discusses recent literature describing methods used for the analysis of inorganic and geological materials and considers the periodical and abstract literature through October 1978. For the most part, citations are to those published works judged likely to give readers a broad view of recent advances in each specialty and to provide a convenient entry into recent literature in the subject. An effort was also made to include material that may escape notice in other related Fundamental and Applied reviews.

Since mid-year 1978, the average number of abstracts in inorganic analytical chemistry published biweekly in Chemical Abstracts has increased 50%. If the pace continues. it would imply that Chemical Abstracts editors judge that more than 8000 publications per year deal directly with the analysis of inorganic materials. If related publications dealing with equilibria, separations, electrochemistry, spectra, nucleonics, and other fundamental and applied areas are included, the total data base of inorganic analysis probably approximates a t least 10000 publications per year.

"CA Selects", published by Chemical Abstracts, presently offers comprehensive coverage of several topics of interest to inorganic analysts. These include: analytical electrochemistry. solvent extraction, ion exchange, trace element analysis, and X-ray analysis and spectroscopy. This will greatly facilitate search for specific areas of interest in these fields.

A receiit survey in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (291) indicated that approximately 40% of the readers were interested in inorganic analysis, 44% in water analysis, 13% in materials science, 8% in metallurgy, 6% in nonferrous metallurgy, and 5% in ferrous metallurgy. The extensive interest in inorganic

anah sis was somewhat surprising but readers may not be as interested in the analysis of inorganic materials as in the determination of inorganic constituents in a vast range of inorganic. organic, and biological materials. Both areas of interest are considered in this review.

Another recent survey in L4UALY'rICAL CHEMISTRY (192) indicated the following degree of use of various analytical techniques, useful for inorganic analysis. among readers re- sponding to a questionnaire: gas chromatography, 64% ; ultraviolet/visible spectrometry, 64%; atomic absorption spectrometry, 50% ; ion selective electrodes, 35 70 ; ion-exchange techniques, 34 % ; computer techniques, 22 70 ; electroanalysis, 2 2 % ; emission and flame, 22% each; potentiometry, 20%; mass spectrometry, 20%; X-ray spectrometry, 1 2 % ; voltammetry, 12% ; X-ray diffraction, 11 70: electron microscopy, 9%; electron spectroscopy, 7 % ; all other techniques, 3% or less, each.

A study. by techniques, of papers published in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTHKY ( 7 ) found that more than a quarter of the papers published dealt with spectrometric methods. Papers dealing with AAS, fluorescence, mass and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry increased. The past ten years has shown a reduction of approximately 50% in the number of papers dealing with ultraviolet/visible spectrometry and activation analysis. Of the 1570 of papers in electrochemical areas, the number of papers dealing with ion-selective electrodes greatly increased, and the number dealing with other branches of electroanalysis decreased. A4 large increase was also seen in the number of papers dealing with detection, sampling methods, and data handling and manipulation.

This paper not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 1979 by the American Chemical Society

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 51, NO. 5, APRIL 1979 145R

that produce black boxes, which give the chemist more time to read.

Pilipenko and Volkova (176) have provided another of their annual reviews of developments in analytical chemistry. The most recent, covering 1975, became available in English translation in early 1978. In addition to brief reviews of the more popular analytical techniques, they include 21 pages of tables listing, by element, the reagent, method, sensitivity and matrix, and references. The entire October 1977 issue of Zauodskaya Laboratoriya, available in English translation in April 1978, is devoted to a review of the analysis and testing of industrial materials. Although most of the reviews are necessarily brief and sketchy, several are rather extensive and provide glimpses, not elsewhere readily available, of Soviet practice.

Two new series of collected monographs review progress in various fields of analytical chemistry and include “Physical Methods in Modern Chemical Analysis“, edited by Kuwana ( 1 15), and “Contemporary Topics in Analytical Chemistry”, edited by Hercules, Hieftje, et al. (83). The established series, such as Critical Reuieus in Analytical Chemistry (48) , In - ternational Quarterly Scientific Recieuis Journal, Reuiews in Analytical Chemistry (96) , “Wilson and Wilson‘s Com- prehensive Analytical Chemistry” (230) and “Treatise on Analytical Chemistry” ( 1 1 1 ) continued to produce timely reviews a t irregular intervals. Individual reviews are cited below under their respective analytical specialty.

An encyclopedic manual by Pinta (177), on “Modern Methods for Trace Element Analysis”, has been translated from the French. Other general works include an entire issue of Pure and Applied Chemistrj’ (186, D10) presenting the plenary lectures delivered a t the International Symposium on Analytical Chemistry in the Exploration, Mining, and Processing of Materials held in Johannesburg in 1976, and a volume of “Essays in Analytical Chemistry“, edited by Wanninen (244); both publications include a number of fundamental reviews. Brief reviews were also provided by Boniface (31) and by Lifshin and Williams in the third edition of the Kirk-Othmer “Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology” (129).

Joseph 1. Dlnnln is a research chemist on the staff of the U.S. Geological Survey where, for some time, he directed the Analytical Services and Research Project in Washington. He has been employed in the Federal Service since graduation from Brooklyn College in 1942 and after Army service and, with concomitant graduate study at the University of Maryland, has also been employed at the National Bureau of Standards and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. His interest in analytical geochemistry has included research studies in the analytical chemistry of niobium and tantalum, platinum metals, chromium minerals, and work in flame emission, absorption, and fluorescence. He is a member of ACS, SAS, AAAS, and The chemistry and Health.

Major T r e n d s in Ins t rumen t s a n d Techniques. If one instrumental development were to be singled out as denoting the major trend or advance of the past few years, it would be the increasing use of microprocessors in instrumentation. This trend has been noted by Laitinen (1181, among others, and is the primary feature noted by observers a t the various instrumental exhibitions.

Reports on the Pittsburgh Conference of the past 2 years (94, 95, 199, 201) have all noted the marked interest in microprocessors that have taken hold in almost every area of analytical instrumentation. Microprocessors have even in- vaded the simple hand pipet, which can now perform operations that cannot be matched by any other system in speed, accuracy, or reliability. Microprocessors now control the operations of atomic absorption spectrometers, polarographs, sulfur, moisture, and carbon analyzers, photoacoustic spectrometers, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers, and top loading balances.

G. E. Penketh (170), in commenting on the 197’7 Society for Analytical Chemistry Conference in Great Britain stated that except for a greater interest in data handling, analytical techniques seemed to have reached a periodic plateau. Programs, expositions, reports, and comments made at major meetings and conferences in this country in the past 2 years indicate that the same observation appears to apply to developments in inorganic analysis in the United States. Al- though several new, or newly revived, instrumental techniques such as photoacoustic spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry are very promising, and are attracting much interest, neither these techniques, nor others, appear to be supplanting spectrophotometry, flame spectrometry, or polarography.

The ultimate in trace chemical analysis, by definition, was represented by the announcement of the detection of a single atom of an element (92, 120). The technique used, called resonance ionization spectroscopy, depends upon selective volatilization by a tunable dye laser, as does a related technique, called SOKRES. The techniques, reviewed by Robinson (2001, have thus far been used to detect atoms of cesium, lithium, and sodium.

Among interesting new instrumental developments, mentioned further under individual categories, are a proton microprobe (32, 122) and the use of a cyclotron as a mass spectrometer in carbon dating (24, 162).

This review is divided into four major sections: General Literature and Reviews; Determination of Individual Ele- ments; Analytical Techniques; Areas of Application.

GENERAL LITERATURE AND REVIEWS The 1976-1978 review period will be regarded as bountiful

in inorganic analytical literature if only because it marks the publication of revisions of three classics in the field; Kolthoff and Elving, “Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, 2nd edition Part 1, Vol. 1, Theory and Practice” (110), first published in 1959; Sandell and Onishi, “Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals“, revised fourth edition (206), previously revised in 1959; and Boltz and Howell, “Colorimetric De- termination of Nonmetals”, (29), first published in 1958. As noted by R. A. Chalmers (40) in his review of the recent book by T. S. Ma and V. Horak, books such as these make one thankful for modern developments in analytical technology

DETERMINATION O F INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS AND ANIONS

Selected books, monographs, and major review articles on the analbTica1 chemistry of the individual elements are listed in Table I and assembled in Appendix -4. The number of reviews total approximately one third of those noted in the last reporting period.

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Selected recent monographs discussing many of the ana-

lytical techniques used for the analysis of inorganic materials are assembled in Appendix B.

Sample Decomposition Techniques. A recent comprehensive review by Sulcek, Povondra, and Dolezal (228) updates and supplements their monograph on decomposition originally published in 1968. Their review, specifically directed to inorganic materials, includes an extensive discussion of the increasingly popular subject of decompositions under pressure in closed systems.

A literature survey of applications c f Teflon-lined bombs for pressure decompositions (238) ai rl continuing investi- gations of losses of trace elements during digestions (240) have been published.

Other general reviews of decomposition have been presented by Sandell and Onishi (206, pp 110-149) in a chapter of the new edition of their book and by Aksel’rud and Molchanov (3) in a monograph, unfortunately not yet available in English translation.

Of major works on separation and concentration published during this reporting period, one by Morris and Morris ( B I ) , although primarily directed at biochemical separations, may contain information useful for inorganic separations. A compendium edited by Perry (R2) contains monographs on purity, solvent separation, liquid extraction. ion exchange, centrifugation, filtration, and other subjects.

Among the most comprehensive discussions of separations and concentration in inorganic analysis is that by Sandell and

Separa t ion a n d Concentration.

146R ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 51, NO. 5, APRIL 1979

Table I. Selected Publications on the Analytical Chemistry of the Elements and Anions

element antimony arsenic

barium boron carbon

cobalt lead lithium mercury

molybdenum nitrogen platinum metals

rare earths rhenium

tungsten

vanadium anions

reference

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

A6 A7 A8 A9 A1 0 A1 1 A1 2 A1 3

A14

A1 5 A16 A17

A18

A1 9 A20 A21

A22

A23 A24

A25

A26 A27 A28

A29 A3 0

A3 1

A32

A33

A34

A3 5

author(s) Hahn, R. B. Nemodruk, A. A. Skonieczny, R. F.; Hahn R. B. Neiman, E. Ya.; Ignatov, V. I. Thompson, M., et al.

Frumina, N. S., et al. Braman, R. S. Chambers, W. E., et al. Belcher, R., Ed. Young, R. S. Ward, R. N.; Fishman, M. J. Poluektov, N. S., et al. Lopez-Rivadulla Lomas, M.;

Zmijemska, W.

Parker, G. A. Volynets, V. F. Beamish, F. E.; VanLoon, J. C.

VanLoon, V. F.; Volynets,

Radushev, A. V.; Akkerman, G. Jaeger, H. Haffty, J.; Riley, L. B., et al.

Zolotov, Yu. A.; Dedkov,

Jones, E. A.; Dixon, K Borisova, L. V.; Ermakov, A. N.

Busev, A. I . , et al .

Topping, J. J. Parker, G. A. Wuensch, G.

Svehla, G.; Teolg, G. Boltz, D. F.; Howell, J. A.

Babco, A. K . ; Pilipenko, A. T.

Fernandez Gomez, E.

M. P.

Y. M., Ed.

Yurist, I. M.; Talmud, M. M.

Gol’dshtein, M. M.; Yudelovich, I. G.

Sandell, E. B.; Onishi, H.

Cresser, M. S. ; Isaacson, P. J.

title or description chapter in “Treatise on Anal. Chem.” monograph on Anal. Chem. of Arsenic; Russian chapter in “Treatise on Anal. Chem.” review of polarographic methods simultaneous detn. of As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te by induc-

monograph on anal. chem. of barium; Russian chapter in “Treatise on Anal. Chem.” chapter in “Treatise on Anal. Chem.” “Instrumental Organic Elemental Analysis” brief review of the analytical chemistry of cobalt brief review of the anal. chem. of Pb monograph on the anal. chem. of Li; Russian review of anal. methods; Spanish

review of activation analysis methods; environmental

chapter in “Treatise on Anal. Chem.”; 1122 ref. “Analytical Chemistry of Nitrogen”; Russian “Analysis of Noble Metals; Overview and Selected

review of the anal. chem. of the noble metals

tively coupled plasma

samples

Methods”

review of spectrophotometric methods review of atomic emission and absorption methods “Manual on Fire Assaying and Determination of the

“New Methods for the Separation and Determination

literature review current state and future trends in the anal. chem. of

Re; Russian “Monograph on the “Analytical Chemistry of Tungsten

Russian review of anal. methods for detn. of W ; 313 ref. chapter in “Treatise on Anal. Chem.” review of anal. methods for detn. of W ; 136 ref.;

review of anal. methods for detn. of V ; 454 ref. monograph on the “Colorimetric Determination of

Nonmetals monograph on “Photometric Analysis, Methods for

Determination of Nonmetals”; translated from Russian

review of complexometric determination of anions; translated from Russian

review of indirect methods for determining F, C1, I, P, S; translated from Russian

chapter on determination forms in inorganic photometry

review of gas-phase molecular absorption for determination of anions

Noble Metals in Geological Materials”

of Noble Elements

German

Onishi (206, pp 704-41) in a chapter primarily devoted to coprecipitation and gathering. Included are discussions on electrodeposition, froth flotation, and mixed crystal formation; a section on the use of inorganic collectors, such as hydrated manganese dioxide and sulfides, contains more than three pages of tables giving, for each metal collected, the matrix, conditions, and reference.

Other general discussions of separations in inorganic analysis are given by Coomber (44) in a work cited in the last reporting period, by Irving (99), Ulrich and Hopke (2371, and Zolotov (260). Selective adsorption reagents for collecting platinum metals have been reviewed by Malofeeva, Mya- soedova, and co-workers in a series of papers (138, 155, 156).

Solvent Extraction. A number of useful works on solvent extraction separations were published during this past reporting period. Included are major general books by Stary and Freiser (B3) , Sekome and Hasegawa (B4), and a work in Russian by Nikolotova and Kartaskova (B5) . General reviews have been prepared by Snyder (218), Zief and Barnard (259), and Kuz’min et al. (117). Sandell and Onishi (206, pp 812-1039) include several chapters on the liquid-liquid extraction of inorganic substances in their new edition. They

include a guide to the literature on extraction and extensive information on the extraction of the individual elements and compounds with various solvents, extraction of chelates, ion association complexes, and organophosphorus compounds. They include numerous useful tables and several hundred references to the recent literature.

Reviews on selected subjects have been prepared by Donaldson, on xanthates (54); Rice, on carboxylic acid (193); Lobanov e t al.. on chelates (130): and Kuzmin. on acvl- pyrazolones (1 i6 ) .

P a p e r a n d Th in -Laye r Chromatography. The Fun- damental review by Zweig and Sherma (262) cities a number of applications of paper -and thin-layer chromatography in inorganic analysis. Among works tha t have appeared since that time are books by Gasparic and Churacek (B6) and Roberts (B7) and reviews by Fritz (63), Tollinche and Risby (232), and Stary (223).

Ion -Exchange a n d Liquid Chromatography. The Fundamental review by Walton (243) includes a tabulation of a number of inorganic applications and new inorganic exchangers. Publications that have appeared since that time include reviews by Brown and Krstulovic (36) and Fritz (63).


The new edition of Sandell and Onishi (206, pp 742-811) contains a chapter on ion exchange and chromatography that includes a great deal of convenient tabular and graphical information.

Recent developments in ion chromatography are discussed in a compilation on the subject edited by Sawicki et al. (208); commercial instrumentation is now available for the new technique (53) . Other recent works have included a review of synthetic ion exchangers (51), the use of complexing reagents in ion exchange (93) , and a brief general discussion by Uden (236) of reagent developments in inorganic chromatographic analysis.

Gas Chromatography, The Fundamental review by Cram and Risby (47) includes a discussion of recent developments in inorganic chromatography (GC) and a convenient collection of recent references. Since that time, the gas chromatography of metal complexes has been comprehensively reviewed by Uden and Henderson (235), who cite a number of recent applications to the analysis of inorganic materials.

The introduction of fluorinated B-diketones is generally credited as the major breakthrough that transformed gas chromatography into a useful procedure for inorganic analysis. Volatile P-diketones have more recently been discussed by Sievers and Sadlowski (215) and Sokolov (219). The gas chromatography of chelate compounds has also been reviewed by Mushak (154) and Belcher et al. (21).

Inorganic GC a t high temperature has been discussed by Rudolph and Baechmann, and co-workers (204,205,234), and the GC of unstable inorganic and organometallic compounds, generally, has been reviewed by Ivanova and Frangulyan (98). Other interesting works include a book by Anvaer (9) . not yet translated from the Russian, and an account by Ettre (57) of the role played by instrument companies in the development of gas chomatography.

T i t r ime t r i c Methods. Although in this reporting period no major publications were noted on gravimetric methods. titrimetry appears to be holding its own as a continuing field of study and application in inorganic analysis. Complexometry (180) and titration reagents in complexometry (181) are the subject of two reviews by Pribil, and by den Boef (52); the complexometric determination of anions has been surveyed by Yurist and Talmud (257) . Other reviews in specialized areas of titrimetry are as follows: Svehla, radio-frequency titrations (229); Cover, automatic titrations (45); Leonard (127), and Johansson and Ingman (102) photometric titrations.

Among more usual titrations noted was a technique called magnetic titration (209) in which changes in magnetic sus- ceptibility, measured with a Guoy apparatus, were used for the determination of end points.

E lec t roana ly t ica l Methods. The Fundamental reviews by Stock (227), Roe (202), Heineman and Kissinger (81), and Buck (37) critically review the literature through most of 1977 in electrometric titrimetry, analytical electrochemistry, and ion-selective electrodes. The book by Galus (B8) , translated from the Polish and covering the literature through 1975. probably remains the most recent general reference. Reviews of individual sub-topics have recently been prepared by Zuman (261) and Fleet and Jee ( 6 1 ) on voltammetry, and Laitinen (119) and Chikryzova ( 4 2 ) on electrometric titrimetry. Heineman (80) has reviewed developments in the exciting new field of spectroelectrochemistry that combines optical and electrochemical techniques. Brief general reviews have been prepared by Songina (2211, Brooks and Mark (35) and Lai- tinen (124) who has discussed progress in electroanalytical chemistry since 1952. The nomenclature of electroanalytical techniques has been clarified by IUPAC (97) .

Recent major works on ion-selective electrodes include books by Vesely et al. @ I O ) , Bailey ( B 9 ) , Midgley and Torrance (146) and reviews by Koryta (1131, Childs (43) , and Pungor et al. (184, 185).

Organ ic Reagents. A bountiful number of books and reviews on organic reagents has been noted during this reporting period. Analysts will welcome a virtual monograph on the subject in the fourth edition of Sandell and Onishi's new edition (206, pp 273-697). Included are extended discussions of chelating reagents, oxygen-bonding chelation, nitrogen and nitrogen-oxygen chelation, oximes, azo reagents, diphenylthiocarbazones, ion association reagents, and many others. Among other publications are brief general reviews by Sawin (207) and Pillipenko and Savranskii (1 75) , available

Table 11. Organic Reagents

Selected Books and Reviews on

hydroxyflavones C1 2-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid C2 di thiofluorescein C2 triphenylmethane dyes C3 organophosphorus reagents C4 Chromazurol S C5 heterocyclic azo-compounds C6 hydroxytriazens C7 p -ketoanalides C8 formazans (dithizone) azo dyes C10 ternary complexes C 1 1 $-diketones C 1 2 basic dyes C13, C14 crown ethers C15, C16 diantipyrylmethanes C17 diphenylamine C18 pyrazolone derivatives c 1 9 oximes c 2 0 mixed ligand complexes C 2 1 chelates C22, (223, C24

C9, c 2 0

C25, C26, C27

in translation. A comprehensive monograph by Popa and Moldoveanu ( 1 79) is available only in the original Romanian.

For convenience, more than two dozen recent monographs and reviews discussing individual organic reagents or derivatives have been listed in Table I1 with references collected in Appendix C. Although the listing is more illustrative than comprehensive, it probably includes many of the reagent systems currently under study. Numerous tables to aid in the search for specific reagents for the determination of individual elements can be found in the reviews of Pilipenko and Volkova (176) and the Fundamental review by Howell and Hargis (88), among others.

Much of the information on new organic reagents is being reported in the foreign literature, primarily that of India and the Soviet Union, and many publications are not readily available except in abstract form. At least three major compendia have been noted in Chemical Abstracts during this reporting period. The monographs edited by Basargin (It?), Bagdasarov (12), and Pilpenko (174) appear to contain numerous papers of value to those interested in organic analytical reagents.

Analysts interested in the history of analytical chemistry will enjoy Stephen's historical survey of the uses of organic compounds as reagents (225, 226). Stephen maintains that new reagents have been found by empirical observation and have not evolved from theoretical considerations.

The corner pharmacy still appears to be contributing useful organic reagents. Two recent examples are the use as reagents of tetracycline (158), a wide ranging antibiotic, and chlor- promazine (69, 70, 187), a drug widely used for the treatment of mental illness.

Nuclear Techniques. The use of cyclotrons (152) and Van de Graff accelerators (24 , 162) as high energy mass spectrometers for the determination of 14C is regarded as a major breakthrough in the field of radiocarbon dating. The technique requires a much smaller sample of materg1 and, when perfected, may almost double the age limit that can reliably be determined. Improved tritium dating, '"Be detection, and trace element determinations are among other useful benefits. Maugh (142) and Hedges (79) have recently reviewed new developments.

Other major developments, books, and review articles are presented by Lyon and Ross in the Fundamental review (133). Major works appearing more recently include a book on radiotracer techniques (58) and reviews of gamma activation (87), radioreagent methods (144), activation analysis (6, 67), neutron diffractometry (151), prompt spectrometry (65), and photoactivation analysis (161) .

The proton microprobe, described by Bosch et al. (323, appears to offer yet another approach to trace element analysis. The technique, a refinement of particle-induced X-ray emission, focuses a proton beam to a spot size of 2 x 2 pm. The method is nondestructive and offers a high spatial resolution and a sensitivity 2 orders of magnitude higher than


the electron microprobe (122). Kinetic-Catalytic Methods. The literature through 1977

has been critically reviewed by Greinke and Mark (74). Reviews and general discussions that have come to attention since that time include a discussion of “Chemistry in a Jiffy” by Bigeleisen (27), catalytic titrations, by Hadjiioannou (77) , and a review of kinetic methods for water analysis (157). The compilation of papers, edited by Wanninen, contains a review of catalytic methods of analysis (255) and other related papers (112, 196).

Therma l Methods. The Fundamental review by Murphy (153) includes a glossary of terms in thermal analysis wherein a neophyte can learn the meaning of terms such as ther- modilatometry, thermosonimetry, and thermoacoustimetry. Reviews noted since that time include general discussions by Bark (14) and Wendlandt (246); dynamic or catalytic thermal analysis by Greenhow (731, and Barrall and Gritter (17); discussions of simultaneous techniques by Paulik (169); and a discussion of injection enthalpimetry by Akstinat ( 4 ) .

Light Absorption Spec t rometry . The new edition of Sandell and Onishi’s “Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals, General Aspects” contains a discussion of ab- sorptiometry (206, pp 15G243) in addition to comprehensive discussions of organic reagents, separations, and other subjects. Revision of the major section on application to the determination of the elements is apparently not as yet underway in this work, although it is planned for the revision of the popular major work by Snell ( B I I ) .

Other interesting works which have been noted since publication of the Fundamental review (88) include comments by Pilipenko on photometric methods (172, 173), a review by Nazarenko and Flyantikova (159) of methods for the analysis of high purity substances, and an account by Beckman et al. (19) of the history of spectrophotometry a t Beckman In- struments, Inc.

F luorometr ic a n d Phosphorometr ic Methods. The books by Snell ( E l l ) and Sandell and Onishi (206) both include discussions of fluorometric methods of analysis and supplement the recent monograph of Schulman (B12) which discusses principles and general practice. A number of inorganic applications are included in the references in the Fundamental review by O’Donnell and Solie (165). Numerous others are included in 5 tables of fluorometric methods for the individual elements prepared by Scherbov and Plotnikova (212) in a review covering the years 1973-76. Scherbov and Plotnikova also include extensive data on chemiluminescent and other luminescent methods of analysis tabulated and referenced by element. This greatly facilitates search of the literature. Other recent reviews of the developments and applications of chemiluminescence have been prepared by Paul (168) and Mendenhall (143).

Other recent related reviews are as follows: Sherbov and Astaf eva, luminescence analysis, using inorganic crystal phosphors (211); Wright and Gustafson, ultratrace inorganic analysis, using laser excited fluorescence (253); Vo Dinh and Winefordner, room temperature phosphorimetry (241); Johnson, Callis, and Christian, rapid scanning fluorescence spectroscopy (103); Guilbault, molecular fluorescence spectroscopy (76); and O’Haver, history of fluorescence and phosphorescence as an analytical tool (166).

Emission Spectroscopy. Major books and reviews that have been published through 1977 are included in the comprehensive Fundamental review by Barnes (16). Pub- lications that have appeared since that time include a two- volume book on applied atomic spectroscopy, edited by Grove (B13), a review of industrial applications by Nedler (160), and a review of pulsed laser spectroscopy by Topp (233).

As noted by Barnes and others, emission spectroscopy appears to be undergoing a renaissance as analysts rediscover the practical advantages of its capacity for simultaneous multielement determinations. A great deal of interest is being focused on the use of newer excitation sources, particularly inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) and microwave plasmas. Commercial availability of packaged instruments should ensure future application to a wide range of inorganic materials. Boumans (33) has recently reviewed plasma sources in general. ICP’s have been briefly reviewed by Fassel (60) and Robinson (199). The most comprehensive recent reviews are by Dahlquist and Knoll (50) and by Barnes (15) in a virtual monograph on the subject.

F lame Spec t rometry . Electrothermal atomization and cold vapor atom formation are two areas of intensified interest in the flame spectrometric literature of the past two years. In instrumentation, major interest appears to have been focused on systems for multielement analysis, signal processing, and the use of Zeeman modulation for background correction.

A critical and comprehensive look a t these subjects and numerous others is included in the Fundamental review by Hieftje and Copeland (85); a guide to the massive literature and applications continue to be available in the “Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy” (64).

Recent publications include a new edition by M. Slavin of the popular book on AAS by W. Slavin (B15) , and chapters by Langmyhr (126) on direct analysis of solid samples, and by Ramirez-Munoz (190) on AAS and atomic fluorescence flame photometry (AFS).

Recent reviews include a discussion of AFS by Winefordner (252), developments and trends in instrumentation by Aidarov (21, and a discussion of the Zeeman effect by Maugh (141).

Mass Spec t rometry . Although there is no coverage of inorganic applications in the Fundamental review (38) , Burlingame et al. direct interested readers to a review by Spalding (222). Other recent reviews, including inorganic applications, have been prepared by Stefani (224), Skinner (216), Werner (247). Ramendik (188), and Hintenberger (86). The use of a cyclotron and Van de Graff generator as mass spectrometers for the separation and determination of isotopes for 14C dating has been mentioned elsewhere in this review.

In f r a red a n d Raman Spectrometry. The Fundamental review of infrared spectrometry (135) lists by title approximately 200 books and reviews, some of which deal with inorganic analyses. The review by Estep-Barnes (56) is primarily directed at the infrared analysis of minerals and geological materials.

A Raman microprobe, developed and described by Rosasco and co-workers (28,203) has been used for the characterization of individual microcrystals of talc, tremolite, and related silicate minerals and appears to have potential for application in microanalysis.

The Fundamental review by Cowley (46) discusses recent developments in applications of electron microscopy to the materials sciences. In addition to a glossary of terms, the review also presents an invaluable list of acronyms in electron microscopy. A review of transmission electron microscopy has been prepared by Williams and Paton (251).

X-ray Spec t rometry . The Fundamental review by Macdonald (134) critically appraises recent developments in excitation, dispersion, data manipulation, sample and instrumental techniques, and also presents a convenient glossary. Major works noted more recently include a new general text by Bertin (25) and a compendium on practical X-ray spectrometry, edited by Herglotz and Birks (84). Included in this work are chapters reviewing precision and accuracy (258), analysis of metals and alloys (68), geological applications (591, microanalysis and trace analysis (66) , and mining and ore processing (125). Other recent reviews have been prepared by Jenkins (101), Nikol’skii (163), Norrish and Chappell (164), and Losev et al. (132).

“X-ray analysis and spectroscopy”, are among the subjects now available from “CA Selects”. Among interesting recent applications is the use of X-ray spectrometry for the determination of valency of manganese in minerals (239) and the determination of the various oxidation states of vanadium (254).

Electron probe microanalysis has more recently been reviewed by Maugh (1401, Long (1311, and Malissa (137); ion microprobe analysis was reviewed by Whatley and Davidson (250); auger electron spectrometry was reviewed by Thompson (231).

Elec t ron Spectroscopy. The Fundamental review by Baker, Brisk, and Liotta (13) includes a number of studies of inorganic systems as do two recent compendia edited by Briggs (B14) and Brundle and Baker (E161 which they note. Other recent reviews have been prepared by Hercules (821, Cheng and Prather, (41), Hufner (89) , and Wagner (242).

NMH a n d O t h e r Spec t rometr ic Techniques . The Fundamental review of nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (245) includes a significant number of inorganic

Elec t ron Microscopy.


monograph on trace element analysis of geological materials by Reeves and Brooks (D5) , in addition to brief descriptions of instrumental techniques, includes a discussion of methods of sampling and storage, sample pretreatment, standard rocks, use and statistical interpretation of geochemical data.

Major reviews of silicate analysis have been prepared by Bennett (D6) and by Abbey, Aslin, and Lachance (07); brief reviews of analytical techniques in the earth sciences were prepared by Rubeska ( 0 8 ) and Abbey (D9) . The plenary lectures delivered at the 1976 Johannesburg symposium on analytical chemistry in exploration and mining have been published in a single issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 0 1 0 ) and reissued as a book (011) ; individual papers from this series are cited in respective sections of this review.

The general application of atomic absorption spectrometric methods to the analysis of geological materials has been reviewed by McLaughlin (012). Langmyhr (013) has reviewed methods for direct A A S analysis. Other selected applications of AAS to the analysis of geological materials are itemized in Appendix D (014-025). To provide descriptive information and avoid repetition, titles of the individual papers are provided.

Barnes (16) has cited most of the reviews and recent papers on the application of emission spectroscopic methods for the analysis of geological materials. Other recent applications are included in Appendix D (026-027).

The application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to the analysis of geological materials has been reviewed by Fabbi (028). Selected recent applications of XRF spectrometry are listed, with title, in Appendix D (03S-043) . Applications of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, photoelectron spectroscopy, the analysis of selected ores and minerals, and other selected subjects in geochemical analysis are listed, with titles, in Appendix D (044-063) .

Extraterrestrial Analyses. Inorganic analytical instrumentation has continued its accelerated journey into space in the past biennium, but a t a somewhat reduced pace. Contributions to lunar analyses have been made by Belyaev (23) in a review of lunar soil analysis and by Adler and Trombka ( I ) in a review of the X-ray and y-ray remote sensing analyses of Apollo 15 and 16. Analyses performed as part of the Viking missions to Mars have been discussed by Young (256), Anders and Owen ( R ) , and Metz (145).

Chemical Characterization. The identification of chemical species is becoming an increasingly greater concern in many areas of inorganic analysis. Some problems in characterization may routinely approach the method of attack in which X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning elec- tronmicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, and a number of physical tests were used for the characterization of boiler scale in a nuclear reactor (90, 91). Particulate characterization has been reviewed by Kinsman (108) in a recent compendium on materials analysis. Florence and Batley (62) have reviewed many of the problems encountered in the identification of chemical species in water analysis; Campbell. Laul, and Nielson et al. (39) have discussed the characterization of fine particles of fly ash. The Applied review on surface characterization undoubtedly contains numerous other examples of more current attacks on the problem.

Standard Reference Materials. The preparation and study of standard reference materials (SRM), and geochemical standards in particular, is apparently becoming an analytical specialty with its own society (E14), journal (E12), symposia, reviews, and an extensive and burgeoning literature. Geo- standards Neicsletter has published two issues per year for a total of four issues, each containing more than a dozen papers. The role of reference materials in analysis has been reviewed by Uriano and Gravatt (E26), and Beeghly et al. (E5), and has been discussed by Anders (E3) , Vandenbelt (E28) , Uriano and Cali (E271 and others.

Selected recent references concerning SRM are collected in Appendix E. Sources of reference materials have been compiled by Beeghly et al. (ES) and Jenkins (E15). Lists of reference samples for the earth sciences have been compiled by Flanagan ( E l l ) and were made available by Sandell and Onishi (206, pp 180-182) and Reeves and Brooks ( 0 5 , pp 85-83). Recently issued earth science standards have appeared in numerous papers in recent issues of Geostandards Neu s 1 e t t er.

applications. Further applications can be found in the recent book by Leyden and Cox (B17); recent developments have been reviewed by Griffin (75).

Other recently reviewed more esoteric branches of spectrometry are as follows: photothermal spectroscopy (34) ; angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (1 78); circularly polarized luminescence spectroscopy (194): microwave spectroscopy (197); optogalvanic spectroscopy (107); and a spectroscopic system for selectively exciting probe ion luminescence (SEPIL) (147).

Photoacoustic spectroscopy, which is the subject in many recent publications, now rates its own acronym “PAS“ (104). The general field has been reviewed by Karasek (104) and Somoano (220) and was the subject of a compendium (167) and a symposium a t the fifth FACSS Conference in Boston, in October 1978. Kreuzer (114) has described the use of a laser optiacoustic IR spectroscopic detector for gas chromatograph?; tha t offers orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than conventional IR detectors.

Fire Assaying. Sandell and Onishi (206, p 825) describe fire assaying as a high temperature liquid-liquid extraction process. A general manual on fire assaying has been prepared by Haffty, Riley, and Goss (78). Fire assay as a standard method is described in an ASTM book of standards (11). Although fire assay is frequently followed by atomic absorption spectrometric determination (198), a recent procedure de- scribes a final determination by pulse polarography ( 5 ) .

Trace Analysis. Among the most comprehensive recent discussions of trace element determination is that by Sandell and Onishi in a chapter on “Contamination and losses in trace analysis” in the fourth edition of the Sandell book (206, pp 43-100). Conveniently gathered from many sources are tabular data normally difficult to find. Included are data on the trace element content of particles in air, impurities in- troduced by solution evaporation, composition, resistance, and leaching of glass and other laboratory apparatus, trace element content of purified reagents and distilled water. trace element losses by adsorption and evaporation, and numerous other subjects vital for trace element analysis.

Sample contamination, storage, reagent purity, and related subjects are more than minor problems in trace analysis; they are regarded as the controlling factors (189). An increasing number of studies of these subjects has been noted in recent years (30, 49, 148, 149).

Trace analysis is among the subjects now gathered in abstract form by “CA Selects“. Information on individual subtopics should be readily available.

Microchemical Techniques. The fact that the new, sensitive instrumental techniques can be us’ed for determining microquantities of elements in exceedingly small amounts of materials has practically obliterated the academic distinction between trace analyses and microchemistry. I t is immaterial whether the microelement is a major or a very minor per- centage of the material; only a very tiny amount of material is required for analysis. However, the special microchemical techniques for handling very small samples are still necessary in many areas of inorganic analysis, no matter what method is used for the final determination.

Some perspectives in traditional micro and trace analysis have been discussed by Belcher (22) . Many of the newer instrumental techniques for analyzing small particles are reviewed by Grasserbauer (71); in effect, most of the methods discussed under characterization can be considered as microchemical techniques. Other recent reviews have been prepared by Marr and Toelg (1391, Price (182, 183), and Levy (128).

AREAS O F APPLICATION The analyses of ferrous metallurgical materials, light metals,

and surface characterization are discussed in other Applied reviews in this Journal. The determination of specific elements in various inorganic materials can readily be found in the biweekly and other regularly published indices of Chemical Abs trac ts and other abstracting services.

Geological Materials. Books recently published on the analysis of geological materials include a compendium, edited by Zussman, on instrumental methods in mineralogy ( 0 1 ) ; Todor, on thermal analysis of minerals (02); Stanton, on geochemical exploration methods ( 0 3 ) ; and Schroll. on principles and uses of analytical geochemistry ( 0 4 ) A

150R ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 51, NO. 5 , APRIL 1979

Wate r Analysis. A number of publications that will undoubtedly be mentioned in the Applied review of Water Analysis in this journal should be called to wider attention. Many contain information tha t may be useful for selected problems in inorganic analysis. The yearly reviews of inorganic analysis by Shuman and Fogleman (213, 214) contain numerous analytical references tha t can readily be found by referral to tables on voltammetric, ion-selective electrode, and atomic absorption spectrometric methods. Details of specific analytical procedures can readily be found in manuals published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (10) and the American Public Health Association (72). Recent books on water analysis by Midgley and Torrance (146) and Mackereth et al. (136) may also be of more widespread interest.

Envi ronmenta l Analysis. Many publications concerned with environmental pollution discuss problems associated with the analysis of inorganic particles, vapors, or other inorganic materials. Reference to many such recent publications can be found in the Applied reviews on Air Pollution, Solid and Gaseous Fuels, and Water Analysis. Morgan and Bretthauer (150) have discussed some of the general problems associated with the determination of metals and bioenvironmental systems. A guide to analytical methods for inorganic pollutants has been prepared by Smyth (21 7) . Specific, detailed analytical procedures can be found in a publication prepared by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environ- mental (SCOPE) (210) and in a review of chemical methods for analyzing airborne particulates by West e t al. (248). Several recent books on air analysis (105, 106, 171) may also be of more widespread interest.

History. Analysts interested in the history and evolution of analytical methods and instruments should enjoy reading the "History of Analytical Chemistry", edited by Laitinen and Ewing (121) from contributions by 50 of their peers. This historical account has been supplemented by publication of papers delivered a t the fiftieth anniversary symposium of Analytical Chemistry (2231, tracing the history of both the science and the journal during the past half century. Papers delivered a t a British symposium have also been published and contain contributions by Belcher (20) , Betteridge (26). Egan ( 5 5 ) , Stephen (225), and West (249). The contribution by Stephen on the history of organic reagents has been more fully elaborated (226). The development of analytical techniques has been traced by Irving (100). Kolthoff (109) has described analytical chemistry in the first quarter of this century.

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Appendix A. Selected Books and Revlews on the Analytical Chemistry of the Elements.

i A l ) Hahn. R . B., "Antimony", in "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry", Part 11, Vol. 10, I. M. Kokhoff, P. J. Elving, E. B. Sandell, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1978, pp 271-338.

iA2) NeWruk, A. A., "Anaiytmi Chemistry of the Elements: Anamcai Chemistry of Arsenic". Nauka, Moscow. 1976, 242 pp: Russian: Chem. Abstr., 87. 110918j (1977).

(A3) Skonieczny, R. F.: Hahn. R . B., "Arsenic". in "Treatise on Anaiytical Chemistry ', Part 11, Vol. 10, I. M. Kolthoff. P. J. Elving, E. B. Sandell, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1978, pp 205-270.

(A4) Neiman, E. Ya.; Ignatov. V. I. Zh. Anal. Khim.. 31, 970-83 (1976). (A5) Thompson, M.; Pahlavanpour, B.; Walton. S. J., Kirkbright, G. F. Analyst.

(London), 103, 568-579; 705-13 (1978). (A6) Frumina, N. S., Goryunova, N. N.; Eremenko. S. N.. "Analytical Chemistry

of Barium", Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 199 pp. (A71 Braman. R. S., "Boron", "in Treatise on Analytical Chemistry". Part 11,

Vol. 10, I . M. Kolthoff, P. J. Elving. E. 8. Sandell, Ed., Wiiey. New York. 1978, pp 3-101.

(A8) Chambers, W. E.; Coulter, P. D.; Greinke. R . A,, "Carbon", in "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry", Part 11, Vol. 10, I . M. Kolhoff, P. J. Elving, E. E. Sandell, Ed., Wiiey, New York, 1978. pp 103-203.

(A9) Belcher, R. . Ed., "Instrumental Organic Elemental Analysis", Academic, New York, 1977, 299 pp.

(A10) Young, R. S., Chemsa, 2(11), 196-7 (1976): 122 ref. (A1 1) Ward, R . N.; Fishman, M. J. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 957, 81-4

11976). (A1'2) Poluektov, N. S.; Meshkova, S. B.; Poluektova, E. N., "The Analytical

Chemistry of Lithium", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1975. (A13) Lopez-Rivadulla Lamas, M.; Fernandez Gomez, E. Quim. Anal., 30, 251-7

(1976); Chem. Abstr., 87, 77743y (1977). (A14) Zmijewska, W., Radioanal. Chem., 35, 398-418 (1977). (A15) Parker, G. A., "Molybdenum", in "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry". Part

11, VoI. 10, I . M. Kolthoff, P. J. Elving. E. B. Sandell, Ed., Wiley. New York, 1978, pp 339--446.

(A16) Volynets. V. F.; Volynets, M. P., "Analytical Chemistry of the Elements: Analytical Chemistry of Nitrogen", Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 307 pp; Russian; Chem. Abstr.. 88, 8 6 1 6 3 ~ (1978).

iA17) Beamish, F. E.: Van Loon, J. C.; with the assistance of Lewis, C. L., "Analysis of Noble Metals". Academic, New York. 1977, 344 pp.

(A18) Van Loon, J. C. Pure Appl. Chem., 49, 1495-1505 (1977). (A19) Radushev, A. V.; Akkermann, G. Zavod. Lab.. 43, 516-46 (1977). (A20) Jaeger. H., in "Applied Atomic Spectroscopy", E. Grove, Ed., Plenum,

New York, 1978, pp 1-51. (A2 1) Haffty, J.; Riley, L. B.; Goss, W. D., "A Manual on Fire Assaying and

Determination of the Noble Metals in Geological Materkls", U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 1445, US. Govt. Printing Office, Supt. of Docs., No. 119.3: 1438. 1977, 58 PP.

(A22) Zolotov, Yu. A,; Dedkov. Yu. M., Ed.. "New Methods for the Separation and Determination of Noble Elements", Nauka, Moscow, 1974, 134 pp; C k m . Absir.. 86. 199376b (1977),.,

(A23) Jones. E. A,, Oixon. K., A Review of the Literature on the Separation and Determination of RareEarth Elements, Report No. 1943, National Insttute for Metallurgy, Randburg. S. Africa, 1978, 16 pp.

(A241 Borisova. L. V.: Ermakov. A. N., V . sb. ReniiKhimiya. Tekhnol., Alaliz., 15-26 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 86, 83207 (1977); 86, 1002569 (1977).

iA25) Busev, A. I . , Ivanov, V. M.; Sokolova, T. A,, "Analytical Chemistry of the Elements: Analytical Chemistry of Tungsten", Nauka. Moscow, 1976, 238 pp.; Russian; Chem. Absb., 86. 182608k (1977).

(A26) Topping, J. J. Talanta. 25, 61-72 (1978). (A27) Parker, G. A,, "Tungsten". in "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry", Part

I 1 Vol. 10, I . M. Kolthoff, P. J. Elving, E. B. Sandell, Ed., Wiley. New York. 1978, pp 447-556.


(A281 Wuensch, G. Fresenius' 2. Anal. Chem., 288, 337-43 (1977). (A29) Svehla, G.; Toelg, G. Talanta. 23, 755-68 (1976). (A301 B o k , D. F.: Howell, S. A., Ed. "Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals,

2nd Ed.,", Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1978, 560 pp. (A31) Babco, A. K.: Piiipenko, A. T., "Photometric Analysis: Methods for

Determination of Nonmetals", Mir: Moscow, 1976, 374 pp; Russian: Chem. Abstr.. 87, 145336~ (1977).

(A32) Yurist, I. M.. Talmud, M. M. Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 1984-2001 (1976). (A33) Gol'dshtein, M. M.: Yudlevich, I. G. Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 801-8 (1976). (A34) Sandell, E. 6.: Onishi, H., "Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals",

(A351 Cresser, M. S.: Isaacson, P. J. Talanta, 23, 885-8 (1976).

Appendlx B. Selected Books and Monographs on Individual Analytical Technlques

(B1) Morris, C. J. 0. R.: Morris P., "Separation Methods in Biochemistry". 2nd

Wiley, New York, 1978, Chap. 5, pp 244-272.

ed., Pitman, London, 1976, 1045 pp. (82) Perry, E. S., Ed., "Separation and Purification". 3rd ed.. Wiley. New York,

1978. 432 DD. (83) Stary, J.;'Freiser, H., "Chelating Extractants of Liquid-Liquid Distribution

Reactions", Pergamon, Oxford, England, 1978, 238 pp. (84) Sekone, T.; Hasegawa, Y ., "Solvent Extraction Chemistry: Fundamentals

and Applications", Dekker, 1977. 919 pp, (B5) Nikolotova, 2 . I . ; Kartashova, N. A,, "Handbook of Extraction, Vol. 1.

Extraction with Neutral Organic Compounds", Atomizdat, Moscow, USSR, 1976, 598 pp: Chem. Abstr., 86, 61303y (1977); Russian.

(B6) Gasparic, J.; Churacek. J., "Laboratory Handbook of Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography". Wiley, New York, 1978, 362 pp,

(87) Roberts, T. R., "Journal of Chromatography Library, Vol. 41: Radiochromatography", Elsevier, New York, 1978, 184 pp.

(B8) Galus. Z., "Fundamentals of Electrochemical Analvsis". Wilev (Hoisted). New York, 1976, 520 pp

(B9) Bailey, P L ; Analysis with Ion-Selective Electrodes , Heyden, London, New York, 1976, 228 pp.

(810) Vesely, J.: Weiss, D.: Stulik, K., "Analysis with Ion-Selective Electrodes", Wiley, New York, 1977, 220 pp.

(B11) Snell, F. D., "Photometric and Fluorometric Methods of Analysis, Part I", Wiley, Interscience, New York, 1978, 864 pp.

(B 12) Schulman, S. G., "Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectroscopy: Physiochemical Principles and Practice", Pergamon, Oxford, New York, 1977, 288 pp.

(B13) Grove, E. L., Ed., "Applied Atomic Spectroscopy", Vol. 1 and 2, Plenum, New York, 1978, pp 344 + 312.

(814) Briggs, E., Ed., "Handbook of X-ray and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy", Heyden & Son, Philadelphia, 1977, 398 pp,

(815) Shvin, M., "Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy", 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience. New York, 1979, 208 pp,

(B16) Brundle, C. R.: Baker, A. D., Ed., "Electron Spectroscopy: Theory, Techniques, & Applications", Volume 1, Academic Press, New York, 1977, 459 00. rr .~

(817) Leyden, D. E.: Cox, R. H., "Analytical Applications of NMR", Wiley, New York, 1977, 480 pp.

Appendix C. Selected Books and Reviews on Organic Reagents

(C l ) Katyal, M.; Prakash, S. Talanta, 24, 367-75 (1977). (C2) Wronski, M. Talanta, 24, 347-54 (1977). (C3) Tikhonov, V. H. Zh. Anal. Khim., 32, 1435-47 (1977). (C4) Szczepaniak, W.: Siepak, J.; Kuczynski, K. Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 23,

211-23 (1978): Chem. Abstr.. 89, 69961u (1978). (C5) Martynov, A. P.; Novak, V. P.; Reznik, B. E.; Mal'tsev, V. F. , Reported

Doc., VINITI 68-76, 1975, 53 pp, in Russian; Chem. Abstr., 88, 98549a

(C6) Ivanov, V. M. Zh. Anal. Khim., 993-1017 (1976). (C7) Chakraborti, D.; Majumdar, A. K. J. Indim Chem. Sac., 54, 258-64 (1977). (C8) Das, J. J. Indian Chem. Sac., 54, 278-84 (1977). (C9) Podchainova, V. N.: Bednyaglna. N. P.; Malkina. T. G.; Ogloblina, R. 1.;

Shevellna, 1.1.: Dubinina, L. F.: Dement'eva, M. I.; Kuznetsova, T. A. J , Ana/. Chem. USSR, 32, 822-836 (1977).

(C10) Pilipenko. A. T.; Savransky, L. I. Talanta, 25, 451-9 (1978). (C11) Haddad, P. R. Talanta. 24. 1-13 (1977). (C12) Uhlemann, E.: Morgenstern, R., 2. Chem.. 17. 405-11, (1977), in German:

(C13) Marczenko. 2. Mikrochim. Acta, 2(5-6), 651-84 (1977), in German: Chem.

(C14) Lomonosov, S. A.: Nosova, I. P.: Sorokin, G. Kh. Zh. Anal. Khim., 32,

(C15) Knipe, A. C. J. Chem. fduc., 53, 618-622 (1976). (C16) Delphin, W. H.; Horwitz, E. P. Anal. Chem., 50, 843-8 (1978). (C17) Petrov, B. I . ; Degtev, M. I . : Zhivopistsev, V. P. Zh. Anal. Khim., 31,

1076-80 (1976). (C18) Frumina, N. S., "Theory and Practice of Using Reagents of the Di-

phenyhmine Chss in Analysis", Izdatel'swo Saratovskogo Universiteta: Saratov (USSR), 1976, 113 pp; Chem. Abstr., 88, 15522n (1978).

(C19) Ust-Kachkintsev, V. F., Ed., "FyTazokne Derivatives as Analytical Reagents", Permsk. Gos. Univ.: Perm, USSR, 1976, 158 pp; in Russian: Chem. Abstr., 88, 163388~ (1978).

(C20) Peshkova, V. M.: Savostina, V. M.; Ivanova, E. K.. "Analytical Reagents: Oximes". Nauka, Moscow. USSR. 1977. 236 OD: in Russian: Chem. Abstr..

(1978).

Chem. Abstr., 88, 57849e (1978).

Abstr.. 88, 985482 (1978).

224-35 (1977).

I .

89. 70411w (1978).

New York. 1977. DD 81-8. (C21) Bvger, K., in "Essays in Anabytlical Chemisby". E. Wanninen, Ed., Pergamon,

(C22) Iwina, H. M. N.'H.. "Dithizone". The Chemical Societv. Burlinaton House. London-1977 106 pp

142296s (1978)

- (C23) Freiser, H Kem Kozl , 48, 98-106, in Hungarian, Chem Abstr 88,

((224) Pribil, R., "Complexometry" in In t . Rev. Sci.. Ser. Two, 13(2), 49-87 (1976).

((225) Pribil, R., in "Essays in Anatytical Chemistry", E. Wanninen, Ed., Pergamon, New York, 1977, pp 219-232.

(C26) Bell, C. F. "Principles and Applications of Metal Chehtion", Oxford University Press, Fair Lawn, N.J., 1977, 176 pp.

(C27) Bermejo, M. F.: Prieto Bouza, A,, "Analytical Applications of EDTA and Its Analogs", Univ. de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain, 1975, 624 pp; Chem. Abstr., 86, 65081x (1977).

Appendix D. Selected References on the Analysls of Geological Materials

(Dl ) Zussman, J., Ed., "Physical Methods in Determinative Mineralogy", Academic, New York, 1977.

(D2) Todor, D. M.. "Thermal Analysis of Minerals", Abacus Press, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, 1976, 256 pp: Translated from the 1972 Romanian Edition.

(D3) Stanton, R . E.. "Analytical Methods for Use in Geochemical Exploration", Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd, London, England, 1976, 52 pp.

(D4) Schroll, E., "Anawical Geochemistry, Vol. 2: Principles and Uses", Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 1976, 374 pp: in German.

(D5) Reeves, R. D.; Brooks, R. R., "Trace Element Analysis of Geological Materials", Wiley-lnterscience, New York, 1978, 528 pp.

(D6) Bennett, H. Analyst (London), 102, 153-179 (1977). (D7) Abbey, S.. Aslin, G. E. M.: Lachance, G. R., "Recent Developments in

the Analysis of Silicate Rocks and Minerals", Rev. Anal. Chem., In t . Q. Scl. Rev., J . , Vol. 111, No. 3-4, 181-248 (1977).

(D8) Rubeska, I., "Determination of trace elements in geological and mineralogical samples", Analysis, 4, 314-19 (1976).

(D9) Abbey, S., "Analytical Chemistry in the Earth Sciences". Chem. Can. 30, 27-8 (1978).

(D10) IUPAC: Pure Appl. Chem., 49(10), 1465-1628 (1977). (D11) Strasheim, A., Steele, T. W., Ed., "Anaty%cal Chemistry in the Exploration,

Mining & Processing of Materials", Pergamon. New Yofk, 1978, pp 1465-1628. (D12) Mdaughlin, R. J. W., "AAS", a review in "Physical Methods of Determinative

Mineralogy", 2nd ed., J. Zussman, Ed.. Academic, New Y M . 1977, pp 371-89. (D13) Langmyhr, F . J. Talanta, 24, 277-82 (1977). (D14) Bajo. S., "Vohtilization of As(1II. V). StQII, V) and Se(IV, VI from mixtures

of HF and perchloric acid solution: application to silicate analysis", Anal. Chem.. 50, 649-51 (1978).

(D15) Bea Barredo, F., Polo Polo, C.; Polo Diez, L.. "The simultaneous determination of Au, Ag, and Cd at ppb levels in silicate rocks by AAS with electrothermal atomization", Anal. Chim. Acta, 94, 283-7 (1977).

(D16) Armannson, H., "The use of dithizone extraction and AAS for the determination of Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Co in rocks and sediments", Anal. Chim. Acta, 88, 89-95 (1977).

(D17) Hannaker, P.: Hughes, T. C., "Multielement trace analysis of geological materials with solvent extraction and flame AAS", Anal. Chem., 49, 1485-8 (1977).

(D18) Langmyhr, F. J.: Solberg, R.; Thomassen, Y.. "AAS determination of 13 minor and trace metals in phosphate rock concentrates", Anal. Chim. Acta, 92, 105-9 (1977).

(D19) Morozova, I . F., Filimonova, G. P., "AAS determination of rock-forming elements in silicates", Tr. Vses-Nauch-Issled. Inst. Zolota Redk. Metal., 36, 137-48 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 89, 99116q (1978).

(D20) Riddle, C.: Turek, A,, "An indirect method for the sequential determination of Si and P in rock analysis by AAS", Anal. Chim. Acta, 92, 49-53, 1977.

(D21) Srivastava, R. K., "A comprehensive AAS and spectrophotometric scheme for the determination of major and trace elements in rocks and minerals", Neues Ah&. Mineral., (9) 425-32 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 88, 181847s (1978).

(D22) Price, W. J.; Whiteside, P. J., "General method for analysis of siliceous materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and its application to macro and micro-samples", Analyst (London), 102, 664-71 (1977).

(D23) Uchida, T., Nagase. M., Kojima, I . . lida, C.. "A simple decomposition and chelating resin separation for the determination of heavy metals in silicates by AAS", Anal. Chim. Acta, 94, 275-81 (1977).

(D24) Viets, J. G., "Determination of Ag. Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb. and Zn in geologic materials by AAS with tricaprylmethylammonium chloride", Anal. Chem.. 50, 1097-101 (1978).

(D25) Vorob'ev, V. S.: Voronkova, M. A,: Pyatova, V. N.; Stepanova, N. A,, et al. "AA determination of rock forming elements in silicate rocks and bauxites". Zavod. Lab., 44, 415-18 (1978).

(D26) Champ, W. H.: Meeds, C. F., "Application of spectrochemical methods to trace element determinations in geological materials", Geol. Surv Can., Pan.. 76-16. 1976. 11 DO.

(D27) 'Corbett,J. A,. "An examination of an inductively coupled plasma optical emission system for use in rocks and mineral anatysis". CSIRO Mineral. Res. Lab. Invest. Rep. 121, 199, 18 pp.

(D28) Fabbi, 8. P., "Geology" in "X-ray Spectrometry", H. K. Herglotz and L. S. Birks, Ed., Dekker. New York, 1977, pp 297-353.

(D29) Dunham, A. C.: Wilkinson. F. C. F.. "Accuracy, precision, and detection limits of energy dispersion electron microprobe analyses of silicates", X-ray Spectrom., 7; 50-56, (1978).

(D30) Faye, G. C.; Oldegard. M., "Determination of major and trace elements in rocks, employing optical emission spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence", Bull. Nor. Geol. Unders., 35, 35-53 (1975): English.

(D31) Giauque, R. D.; Garrett, R. B.: Goda. L. Y.. "Energy dispersive XRF spec. for determinatlon of 26 bace and 2 m a p elements in geochemical specimens' , Anal Chem 49 62-7 11977)

(D32) Giauque. R D : Garrett, R B , Goda, L Y , Determination of f o w elements in geochemical samples and coal fb ash by XRF spectromeby", Anal. Chem., 49. 1012-17 (1977).

(D33)'Haukka, M: T.; Thomas, I . L., "Total XRF analysis of geological samples using a lowdilution lithium metaborate fusion method. Matrix correction for major elements", X-ray Spectrom., 6, 204-1 1 (1977).


(D34) Gunn, B. M., "The advantages of XRF anaiysis for trace elements in silicate rocks", Nat'i Bur. Stand., SDec. Pubi. 422, 1109-18 (1976).

(D35) Jagoutz, E.; Palme, C., *'Determination of race elements on small geological samples fused in lithium tetraborate with XRF spectrometry", Anal Chem., 50. 1555-8 11978): 49. 717-22 (1977)

(D36) Slaughter: M., "X-ray analysis fn mineral exploration", Dev. €con. Geol.. 7, 37-92 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 88, 1454372 (1978).

(D37) Thomas, I. L.; Haukka, M. T.. "XRF determination of trace and major elements using a single fused disk", Chem. Geol.. 21, 39-50 (1978).

(038) Gijbels, R. H.; Hertogen, J. Pure Appi. Chem., 49, 1555-73 (1977). (D39) Eaedecker, P. A.; Rowe, J. J., Steinnes, E. J . Radioanal. Chem.. 40,

(D40) Jacobs, J. W.: Korotev, R. L.; Bhnchard, D. P.; Haskin, L. A. J . Radioanal Chem., 40, 93-1 14 (1977).

(D41) Plan, J.; Goode, G. C.; Herrington, J. J . Geochem. Explor.. 6, 299-319 (1976).

(D42) Rosenberg, R. J. Eiectr. Nucl. Technoi., 19, 1-28 (1977); Chem. Absfr., 87, 1453021 (1977).

(D43) Rowe, J. J.; Steinnes, E. J . Res. U.S. Geol. Surv., 5, 397-402 (1977). (D44) Webb, J. S., "Analytical requirements in exploration geochemistry", Pure

Appl. Chem., 49, 1507-18 (1977). (D45) Chao, T. T.; Sanzalone, R. F., "Chemical Dissolution of sulfide ores' ,

J . Res., U S . Geol. Surv., 5 , 409-12 (1977). (D46) Ayranci. E., "The major, minor, and trace element analysis of silicate

rocks and minerals from a single solution", Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. MiR., 57, 299-312 (1977); English; Chem. Absfr., 89, 16212u (1978).

(D47) Hintenberger, H., "Spark source mass spectroscopy and its use in the study of geochemical and cosmochemical samples", Fortschr., Mineral., 54, 141-66 (1977); German.

(D48) Ure, A. M.; Bacon, J. R., "Comprehensive analysis of soils and rocks by spark source mass spectrometry", Analysf (London) 103, 807-22 (1978).

(D49) Giam, C. S.; Goodwin. T. E.; Giam, P. Y.; Rion, K. F.; Smith, S. G., "Characterization of lignites by pyrolysis-gas chromatography", Anal. Chem., 49, 1540-93 (1977).

(D50) Aleksandrova, E. S.: Mironova, 0. F., "Gas chromatographic analysis of gases typical for inclusions in natural diamonds", Zh. Anal. Khim., 33,

(051) Lorec, S.; Buttazzoni, J., "Automation of silicate analysis by photo- colorimeby, atomic emission and absorption spectromeby", Analysis, 6,79-84 (1978): French.

(D52) Adams, J. M.; Evans, S.; Reid, P. 1.; Thomas, J. M.; Waiters, M. J., "Ouantitiatbe anaiysis of aluminosilicates and other sdids by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)", Anal. Chem., 45, 2001-8 (1977).

(D53) Loring. D. H.; Rantah, R. T. T., "Geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter", Tech. Rep. - Fish. Mar. Sew. (Can.) 700, 1977, 58 pp; Chem. Absfr., 87, 210522m (1977).

(D54) Gedeon, A. 2.; Em, C. R. M.; Gardner, K . A,; Hart, M. K., "The applicability of some geochemical analytical techniques in determining total composRions of some lateritized rocks", J . Geochem. Explor., 8, 283-303 (1977).

(D55) Brooks. R. R.; Eoswell, C. R.; Reeves, R. D.. "Elemental abundance data for standard rocks as a measure of the quality of analytical methods", Chem. Geol., 21, 25-38 (1978).

(D56) Wenden, D. A.. "The chemical analysis of geological materials", Univ. Rhod., inst. Min. Res., Rep. 18, 1-53 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 87, 94993x (1977).

(D57) Chen, Ye-Yu; Chen, De-Hui, "Microchemical analysis of olivine and pyroxene", TiCh'iu Hua Ksueh, (2), 135-41 (1978); Chem. Abstr., 89, 991761 (1978).

(D58) Loschi Ghittoni, A. G.; Passaglia, E.; "Microanalysis of zeolites", Acta Salmanf, Cienc.. 50, 161-5 (1974), Chem. Abstr., 86, 164796r (1977).

(D59) Korkisch, J.; Huebner, H.; Steffan, I.; Arrhenius, G.; Fisk, M.; Frazer. J.. "Chemical analysis of manganese modules", Anal. Chim. Acta. 83. 83-92 (1976); 90, 151-8 (1977); 94, 237-44 (1977).

(D60) Young, R. S., "Chemical Analysis of phosphate rock", Top. Phosphorus Chem., 18, 451-514 (1976): Chem. Abstr.. 86, 149873~ (1977).

(D61) Pentinnen, U.; Paiosaari, V.; Siura, T., "Selective dissolution and determination of sulfides in nickel ores by the brominemethanoi method", Bull. Geol. Soc. Fini., 49, 79-84 (1977); English; Chem. Absfr., 89, 841449d ( 197 8).

(D62) Robinson, P.; Walshe. J. L.: "Trace element analysis of pyrite-an interlaboratory survey", Trans. Inst. Min. Metall.. 86, 8216-217 (1978).

115-46 (1977).

981-4 (1978).

(063) Kroshkina, A. B.; Shilova, L. K., "Phase anaiysis of tungsten ores", Zavcd.

Appendix E. Selected References on the Use of Standard Relerence Materials in Inorganic Analysis

(El) Abbey, S., "SY-2, SY-3, MRG-1; Report on the collaborative analysis of three Canadian rock samples for use as certified reference materials; supplement 1". CANMET Report 76-36, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Nov. 1976, 27 pp.

(E2) Abbey, S., "Studies in standard samples for use in the general analysis of silicate rocks and minerals. Part 5 . 1977 Edition of usable values", Geol. Surv. Pap., No. 77-34, Geol. Survey Canada, 1977, 31 pp.

(€3) Anders, 0. U. Anal. Chem., 49, 33A, 34A, 36A (1977). (E4) Anderson, D. H.; Murphy, J. J.; White, W. W. Eastman Org. Chem. Bull.,

(E51 Eeeghly, H. F.; Mears, T. W.; Michaelis, R. E.; Wilson, J. N., in "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry", Part 3, Voi. 3, I . M. Kolthoff, P. J. Elving, F. H.

Lab., 43, 33-5 (1977).

49(1), 1 (1977).

Stross, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1976 pp 1-46. (E6) De la Roche, H.; Govindaraju, K. Analusis, 4, 347-72 (1976). (E7) Date. A. R. Analvst (London). 103. 84-92 (1978). iE8j Faye, G. H.; Bowman,' W. S.; Sutarno, R.. "Antimony ore CD-1, a certified

reference material", CANMET Report 77-63, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. 1977, 11 pp.

(E9) Faye, G. H.: Bowman, W. S.; Sutarno, R., "Tungsten Ores CT-1. EH-1, and n G 1 : Their characterization and preparation for use as Mid reference materials", CANMET Report No. 76-5, Canada Centre for Mineral Energy Technology, Ottawa, Canada, 1976, 17 pp.

(E10) Faye, G. H.; Bowman, W. S.; Sutarno, R., "Zinc-copper ore RU-1: its characterization and preparation for use as a certified reference material", CANMET Report 77-7, Canada Centre for Mineral Energy Technology, Ottawa, Canada, 1977, 18 pp.

( E l l ) Flanagan, F. J. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 38, 1731-44 (1974). ( E l 2 ) "Geostandards Newsletter". 15, rue Notre Dame-des Pauvres, Case

Officielle No. 1 54500 Vanoeuvre les Nancy, France. (E 13) Gillieson, A. H., "Preparation and evaluation of spectrochemical standards"

in "Applied Atomic Spectroscopy", E. L. Grove, Ed., Plenum, New Yo&, 1978, pp 237-72.

(€14) International Working Group (IWG) of the Association Nationaie de La Recherch Technique, Paris.

(E15) Jenkins, R . X-ray Specfrom., 6, 111 (1977). (E16) Mason, G. L.; Bowman, W. S., "Blast furnace slag SL-1; its preparation

for use as a certified reference material: CANMET Report 77-57, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, Canada, 1977, 30 pp.

(E171 Myers. A. T.: Havens, R. G.: Connor, J. J.; Conklin, N. M.; Rose, H. J., Jr., "Glass reference standards for the trace-element analysis of geological materials-comoilation of interiaboratow data", U.S . Geol. Surv. Prof. Pan.. 1013, 1976, 29 pp.

(E18) Nadkarni, R. A.: Morrison, G. H. J . Radioanal. Chem., 43, 347-69 (1978). (E19) Pliner, Yu. L.; Pyrina, M. P.; Kurbatova. V. I . Zh. Anal. Khim., 32, 858-64

11977). (E20) Rhodes, J. R. X-ray Specfrom., 6, 171-3 (1977). (E21) Rowe, J. J.; Steinnes, E. J Res. U.S. Geol. Surv. , 5, 397-402 (1977). (€22) Rubinshtein, E. A,: Vaseva, L. L.; Tsynovnikov. A. S.; Filippova, A. A,;

Gorodentseva. T. B.; Eremeeva. G. A,; Poiitov. P. G. Sfandart, Obrazfsy w Chern. Mefailurgii, 5, 45-7 (1976); Chem. Absfr., 87. 15377y (1977).

(E23) Ryan, D. E.; Holzbecher, J. Anal. Chim. Acta, 98, 269-77 (1978). (E24) Steele, T. W.; Wilson, A.; Goudvis. R.; Ellis, P. J.; Radford, A. J., "Analyses

of the NIMROC reference samples for minor and trace elements", Report No 1945, National Institute of Metallurgy, Randburg, S. Africa, 1978, 218 PP.

(E25) Stoch, H., "The preparation and certification of a reference sample of hematite ore", National Institute for Metallurgy, South Africa, 1978, 43 pp.

(E261 Uriano, G. A.; Gravott, C. C., "The role of reference materiais and reference methods in chemical anatysis". Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 6(4), 361-41 (1977).

(E27) Unano, G. A.; Cali, J. P.. "Role of reference mateMk and reference methods in the measurement process" in "Validation of the measurement process", J. R. De Voe, Ed.. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1977, pp 140-161.

(€28) Vandenbelt, J. M. Anal. Chem., 49, 386A-388A, 390A, 392A. 396A, 398A (1977).

Documents

Inorganic and geological materials