INNOVATIVE JUTE PRODUCTS FOR TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS - … · processing in warping and beaming including sizing. Although majority of the looms are traditional for jute weaving, shuttle

Buletinul AGIR nr. 1/2018 ● ianuarie-martie 19

INNOVATIVE JUTE PRODUCTS FOR TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS

Professor Dr. Sadhan Chandra RAY1, Professor Dr. Mirela BLAGA2

1University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India, 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, Romania

REZUMAT. Iuta , „fibra de aur a Indiei”, este o fibră naturală liberiană, cunoscută din punct de vedere chimic ca fibră lignocelulozică. Iuta are luciu, rezistenţă mare, alungire mică, aspect estetic plăcut, dar lungime variabilă. Este biodegradabilă, este disponibilă în cantităţi mari la preţuri mici şi în mod tradiţional este folosită pentru materiale de ambalare (saci). Studii ştiinţifice recente au arătat că iuta poate înlocui cîteva Fiber scumpe, fiind considerată nu numai o importantă fibră textilă indicată pentru ambalaje, ci şi o materie primă pentru producerea textilelor tehnice. Produse tradiţionale din iută ca ţesături suport pentru covoare, frânghii, parâme, chingi se folosesc de zeci de ani în domeniul textilelor tehnice. Totuşi, în ultimii ani se dezvoltă producţia de articole inovative care exploatează enormul potenţial al iutei în domeniul textilelor tehnice. În prezent, aproximativ 10 % până la 15 % din Fiberle de iută sunt transformate în diverse produse textile tehnice (fire, ţesături, neţesute, compozite). Amestecurile de iută sau iută cu alte Fiber s-au dovedit corespunzătoare producerii unor tipuri diferite de textile tehnice inovative, cum ar fi geotextile, ţesături pentru tapiţerie, sacoşe ecologice, ţesături caşerate şi cauciucate, covoare, prelate şi plăci aglomerate din iută. Iuta este privită ca o materie primă din care se realizează produse care protejează mediul şi menţin echilibrul ecologic şi prin urmare deschide noi posibilităţi de producere a textilelor tehnice inovative.

Cuvinte cheie: Fiber, Geotextile, Ambalaje, Textile Tehnice.

ABSTRACT. Jute - the “Golden Fiber of India” - is an agro based natural bast fiber and chemically known as ligno-cellulosic fiber It has silky luster, high tensile strength, low extensibility, good aesthetic appearance but variable staple length. It is bio-degradable and available in inexhaustible quantity at comparatively low price and traditionally being used as packaging material (sacking and hessian). Recent scientific studies carried out have revealed that it has potential to replace several expensive fibers and today jute is looked upon not only as a major textile fiber suitable for packaging but also as a raw material for manufacturing technical textiles. The traditional jute products including carpet backing cloths, soil saver, webbings, ropes and cordage, etc. have been in use for decades in the field of technical textiles only. However, the production of innovative items exploiting the enormous potential of the jute as technical textile is being appreciated in recent times. Around 10 to 15 % of jute fibers are presently converted into diversified jute products (yarns, fabrics – woven, nonwoven & sandwich, composites), may be in India or abroad, which are nothing but technical textiles. Further, jute fiber alone or in combination with other fibers has proved its suitability in the manufacture of different types of innovative technical textiles. Some of the promising products are geo-textiles, furnishing fabrics, shopping/green bags, rubberized & coated fabrics, carpets, and tarpaulin and jute particle board. The major applications are in the field of Pack-tech, Geo-tech, Agro-tech and Home-tech. Today jute is looked upon as a raw material for manufacturing products which protect environment and maintain ecological balance and hence jute has opened up a new avenue for manufacturing innovative technical textiles.

Keywords: Fiber, Geo-textile, Packing, Technical Textiles.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Stages in jute production

Jute - the “Golden Fiber of India” - is a natural bast Fiber. It is an agricultural product and chemically known as ligno-cellulosic Fiber. It has silky luster, high tensile strength, low extensibility, good aesthetic appearance but variable staple length. It is available in inexhaustible quantity & at comparatively low price. India is the largest producer of jute and next is the Bangladesh. Jute is

cultivated in the states like West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa etc. Presently the 77 jute mills spreading all over India produce approximately 1.8 million MT jute products, the world production of jute is about 3.2 million MT. The traditional products are Hessian, Sacking, Carpet Backing Cloth and Sale Yarns. Jute is bio-degradable and eco-friendly. Moreover, the recent studies have established the potential of jute for replacing several expensive fibers in order to develop innovative products as technical textiles. Today jute is looked upon not only as a major textile Fiber suitable for

TEXTILE TEHNICE – PREZENT ŞI VIITOR


packaging but also as a raw material for manufacturing products which protect environment and maintain ecological balance.

Jute plants are cultivated over a period of four months (May – August), plants are harvested and retted traditionally in water before extraction of Fibers in reed form. The Fibers are dried and transported to the jute processing industry in bales/bundles (Fig. 1). First the jute is graded, and accordingly selected for desired product. Jute reeds are converted in to yarn passing through emulsification, carding, drawing and spinning. The modern DREF spinning can result various technical yarns with better aesthetic value (Fig. 2) The yarn bobbins are converted to spool/cone for further processing in warping and beaming including sizing. Although majority of the looms are traditional for jute weaving, shuttle less looms like projectile and rapier looms are getting popularity in industry for manufacturing the jute cloths (hessian, sacking, carpet backing, soil saver, geo-textile, decorative and many other varieties). The post weaving finishing operations depends on type of fabric as well as end application.

Fig. 1. Stages in Jute Product Manufacture

Fig. 2. DREF-2 spun technical yarns (jute in the core and other Fiber on the surface)

1.2. Comparison of jute with cotton, the

largest natural Fiber

In order to understand the jute Fiber, a brief comparison of the same with cotton, the largest natural Fiber, is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of Jute and Cotton

Property Ultimate cell length (mm)

Length / Breadth Ratio Fineness (Denier)

Tenacity (gm/denier) Elongation at break (%)

Density (gm/cc) Moisture Regain (%) at 65% R.H.

Composition (%) Alpha-Cellulose Hemi-Cellulose

Lignin (insoluble resin like substance) Oils, fats, waxes, etc.

Jute 0.8 to 6.0

110 15 to 35 3 to 5

1.0 to 2.0 1.45 12.5

59 to 63 22 to 26 12 to 14 03 to 04

Cotton 15 to 35 25,000

2.5 to 3.5 3 to 4 8 to 10

1.56 8.5

89 to 96 Traces Traces 2 to 3

1.3. Merits and demerits of jute

Jute is renewable (agro-based), cheap, eco-friendly & biodegradable Fiber. It has high tenacity, moisture regain, coefficient of friction and warmth properties with good dimensional stability of the product. But the Fiber is stiff and coarse with variable staple length making it unsuitable for finer yarn. Moreover, it is not skin friendly. The quality of jute Fibers is expressed in terms of Grade (say TD-1 to TD-7 for Indian Tussah jute) determined by the Fiber fineness, tenacity, color, length of reed (plant), root content, defects etc., Grade is equivalent to FQI for cotton.

1.4. Jute in Technical Textiles

The present share of jute is very low in the worldwide manufacture of technical textiles. In Indian context, around 9 % of jute Fibers are converted into innovative and diversified jute products which are nothing but technical textiles. Moreover, around 13 % of jute Fibers converted to exportable sale yarns and twins are also ultimately converted to technical textiles in abroad. Although the contribution of jute Fibers for technical applications other than traditional packaging materials is limited at present, the use of jute Fibers for manufacturing innovative technical textiles is expected to increase in future due to renewed interest for eco-friendly products in one hand and more and more exploitation of the strengths of jute through intensive R & D works of the organizations like Department of Jute and Fiber Technology of the University of Calcutta, Indian Jute Industries Research Association, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibers Technology, Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fibers, South India Textile Research Association, National Jute Board etc. in India along with support of the Govt. of India Policy. International Jute Study Group



(IJSG), Dhaka, formerly known as International Jute Organization (IJO) and some other organizations in India and Abroad have also taken keen interest in the R. & D. of jute. As a result, jute Fiber alone or in combination with other Fibers has proved its suitability in the manufacture of different types of technical textiles. The growth rates of these products are encouraging. Next to Packtech, the widest application of jute is in the field of Geotech. The definition of technical textile and the need of its education became the topics of discussion only in 1970’s. But jute soil saver is being produced by the jute industry since the days of world war, other jute products like webbings, ropes and cordage, roofing cloth etc. have already been in use for decades in the field of technical textiles. However, the enormous potential of the jute as technical textile is being appreciated in recent times. Such technical textiles in the name of diversified jute products are simulta-neously manufactured both in mill and cottage sectors.

In order to overcome the inherent disadvantages of jute as well as to exploit the potentials of jute for replacing other costly Fibers in technical textiles, Research & Developmental activities were initiated in the different R & D and Academic Institutes in 1980s. The production of specialty yarns (jute in core and other Fiber in sheath) in DREF spinning by Sett et al, [1] and finer jute yarn (less than 6 lbs/spindle, i.e. 200 tex) in traditional spinning by Basu et al, and Sur & Aditya [2 & 3] have shown the path for producing technical yarns for converting in to technical textiles. Works of Sengupta et al [4] on developments in mechanical processing of jute Fiber have resulted better quality yarn for the production of jute based technical textiles. Production of various diversified products was reported by Ray et al [5] and ray & Ghosh [6]. Ray and Pramanik [7] have developed Tapes (belts) and Prefabricated Vertical Drain (geotextile application) out of jute using high speed needle loom. Sett and Ray [8] have discussed the potential uses of jute in unorganized sectors for the production of various value added diversified jute products. Saha and Hazra [9] have summarized the trend in jute agriculture, and gradual increase in production of jute diversified products over the years. Hazra et al [10] have dealt in detail the unexploited potentials of jute and allied crops including the jute stick and plant waste in the field of jute diversification. Pan [11] has focused on the prospects of jut-stick as a raw for development of particle boards. Ray [12] studied on handmade paper from jute and allied Fibers. Prospective applications of jute in technical textiles, particularly in Czech

Republic have been reported by Jirsack [13]. Abdullah [14] and Samanta & Guharay [15] have discussed their vast experience in the field of chemical processing of jute Fiber/yarn/fabric for the various end applications. Samanta et al [16] have recently carried fire retardant chemical finishing of jute fabrics keeping in view the requirements of home and other technical textiles. Out of many the most prospective area of jute technical textiles is the geotextile. Application of Jute Geotextile in Rural Road Construction under Prime Minister Gramin Sarak Yojana (PMGSY) in India has been studied vigorously by Chowdhury et al [17]. The Soil Bio-Engineering with jute geotextiles for slope erosion control has been reported by Sanyal [18] based on case studies. Ghosh et al [19] have studied on development of Asphalt overlay fabric from jute in road construction. Design and development of woven jute geotextiles by Ghosh [20] for potential applications in the field of geotechnical con-structions has contributed a lot for the application of jute in technical textiles. Rana [21] has extended his research on development of jute composites and its commercialization. Das et al [22] have also carried a lot of work on jute reinforced flexible composites for hospital sheets, tea bags, automobile hoods etc. Sengupta [23] has been engaged in the production of jute based nonwoven fabric keeping in view product diversification. Ray [24 & 25] has made an exten-sive review on scopes and applications of jute in technical textiles as well as innovative jute products for technical applications. Ray [26] has reported that systematic value addition in jute can ensure its sustenance and livelihood security of millions in India. Based on research findings, Ray [27 & 28] has mentioned the potentials and scopes of jute in knitting and application of jute knitted fabrics in technical textiles. Ray [29] has published an exhaustive chapter on value addition in jute and manufacture of innovative value-added jute products for the easy understanding of jute as value added technical textile. Ray [30] has also discussed the scope of producing jute based knitted technical textiles.

Judicious selection of raw materials depends on the type of product to be developed as well its end application. Jute will certainly be there, but in addition, some other Fibers and or other materials like adhesive, bitumen and chemicals may be used. Further the jute may be in Fiber, yarn and fabric form.

Fiber: Raw or treated Fibers for Fiber reinforced composites, braided fancy bags.



Yarn: May be single, plied or cord made of 100 % jute or blended with other Fiber, spun in con-ventional flyer spinning, or recently introduced ring spinning and DREF spinning.

Fabric: May be made of 100 % jute or blended yarns, may be also union fabric. Such fabrics may be designed using traditional and modern weaving technology or modern nonwoven and knitting technology.

The necessary finishing treatments are given generally in yarn or fabric state, but if needed, the necessary treatment may be carried out in Fiber form. The finishing treatments are woollenisation / bulking (equivalent to mercerization), dyeing, printing, rubber coating, lamination with aluminum, bitumen impregnation, water proofing, fire retarding etc.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Judicious selection of raw materials depends on the type of product to be developed as well its end application. Jute will certainly be there, but in addition, some other Fibers and or other materials like adhesive, bitumen and chemicals may be used. Further the jute may be in Fiber, yarn and fabric form.

Fiber: Raw or treated Fibers for Fiber reinforced composites, braided fancy bags.

Yarn: May be single, plied or cord made of 100 % jute or blended with other Fiber, spun in conventional flyer spinning, or recently introduced ring spinning and DREF spinning.

Fabric: May be made of 100 % jute or blended yarns, may be also union fabric. Such fabrics may be designed using traditional and modern weaving technology or modern nonwoven and knitting tech-nology.

The necessary finishing treatments are given generally in yarn or fabric state, but if needed, the necessary treatment may be carried out in Fiber form. The finishing treatments are woollenisation / bulking (equivalent to mercerization), dyeing, print-ing, rubber coating, lamination with aluminum, bitumen impregnation, water proofing, fire retarding etc.

3. JUTE BASED INNOVATIVE TECHNICAL TEXTILES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

The different types of jute based innovative technical textiles developed by the author and others under reference are shown and discussed in the undergoing.

3.1. Agricultural Textiles:

Such fabrics are made in weaving, knitting and nonwoven technologies and used for protection of the seeds during germination, protection of weeds (mulch), protection of plants from sun and birds, waste disposal, nursery pots and plant cover etc. (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Jute based agricultural textiles



3.2. Canvas Cloth and Tarpaulin:

It’s a closely woven double warp plain weave cloth. Canvas cloths either in grey state or chemically treated state are suitable for various applications like hatch cover, sun-blinds, mail bag, sail cloth etc. and tarpaulin is used in tents truck cover.

3.3. Protective Textiles:

Although, jute is not considered for apparel use,

the high strength, high abrasion resistance and resistant to heat make it suitable for use in protective clothing against fire & heat as well as cold (Fig. 4). Fire resistant upholstery and winter jackets are the typical jute based technical textiles in this field. Acrylic may be blended with jute for better feeling and aesthetic values. Nonwoven jute felt may also be used as filling or inner lining in the jackets. One special variety of jute-cotton union, popularly known as Khes, is designed such that jute is neither visible nor comes in contact with skin but imparts its warmth and dimensional stability in its application as blanket, floor matt and shawl.

Fig. 4 .Jute based protective textiles

3.4. Jute Composites (Rigid)

The world market for composites is relatively recent but very fast growing. Due to intensive research by IJIRA & NIRJAFT, jute has already captured its position in the composites due to growing demand from the plastics compounding industry to find cheaper, lighter and more eco-friendly alternatives to the use of glass Fibers as reinforcement of plastics. Composites (Fig. 5) mainly replace the metal and wood for various fields of applications including our daily uses like helmet, doors & windows, furniture, decorative etc. The potential for jute-reinforced composite (JRC) has been explored and found suitable for applications like:

i) Furniture; ii) Partitions; iii) Paneling & pre-fabricated shelter;

iv) Railway coaches; v) Boats & Ships; vi) Dash Board Panels; vii) Packing box; viii) Sign boards; ix) Mechanical Components; x) Letter box.

Fig. 5. Jute composites

3.5. Rubberized and Coated Jute Fabrics

(Jute Reinforced Flexible Composites)

Research works jointly carried out in Department of Jute and Fiber Technology (DJFT), CU and Bengal Waterproof (Duck back) have resulted the developments of various types of rubberized and coated fabrics and products (Fig. 6). Jute has very good bonding properties with natural & synthetic rubbers. A few of the products are mentioned below:

a) Double Texture Rubberized Jute Cloth: It is made by sandwiching a rubber composition between two sets of base fabric. It is a water proof fabric used for manufacture of ground sheet, luggage bags, hold-all etc.

b) Reinforced Rubberized Hospital Sheeting: It is produced by coating both sides of the jute fabric with natural rubber. Basically, it replaces the conventional rubberized cotton sheeting.

c) Jute Fabric – Aluminum Laminated Tea Bag: For exporting tea in 25 Kg and 50 Kg capacity from India and other tea producing countries instead of adhesive bonded heat-sealed bags made from kraft paper-aluminum foil laminate. Such bags have passed through the performance tests conducted at Toklabari Tea research Centre. The bags are much cheaper than the earlier bags made of exported costly kraft paper.

d) Flexible Hood for Automobiles: Flexible, water proof, weather resistant and fire-retardant hood developed by coating both sides of a suitably woven jute fabric with chlorinated polyethylene rubber.



Fig. 6. Products made of jute based flexible composite

3.6. Narrow Fabrics

Different narrow fabrics are made using jute for various technical applications using conventional looms as well as high seed needle looms.

a) Webbings: A narrow woven fabric suitable for load bearing purpose

b) Belts & Tapes: Jute belts & tapes can also be made in high speed tape loom for their application in spindle driving, manufacturing bags, hanging different articles etc. Studies at DJFT for producing spindle driving belt, equivalent to traditional cotton belt, using jute along with other yarns revealed that jute-polypropylene (jute in warp & polypropylene in weft) tape (Fig. 7) can comfortably replace the cotton tape. 100 % jute tape can be widely used in the manufacture of different bags.

c) Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD): Only the manufacturing of jute PVD (Fig. 8) has done directly in high speed needle loom with weave manipulation. No need to cut and sew jute fabric as practiced earlier. The coir thread is to be inserted later on. Braiding technology developed at IIT Delhi and IJIRA can insert the coir threads during manufacturing of the jute PVD.

Fig. 7. Jute and Jute-PP tapes made in needle loom

Fig. 8. Prefabricated vertical drain with and without coir thread in the cell

3.7. Home Textiles (Lifestyle Products)

A lot of home textiles – starting from furnishing to floor coverings - are being made nowadays using jute for home and office decoration. The products are available in delicate & rugged look, textural variety as well as in ethnic & modern print made on both hand & power loom. There is further scope to increase list.

a) Furnishing fabrics such as curtain, sofa cover, bed spread, table covers and matts made of mainly blended or specialty jute yarns are not only popular in domestic market but has acceptability in the export market. Depending upon end use chemical treatment may be given either before or after weaving.

b) Carpets: Jute has wide application in both handmade and machine made carpets (Fig. 9) having simple to very complicated designs. In the costly power loom made carpets, jute is used as stuffer warp and weft but due to specific nature of interlacement jute is not at all visible in the surface. Jute fabric (CBC) is bonded at the bottom of the carpet as secondary backing for improving the performance and increasing the life of the costly carpets. Further, jute fabric acts as the primary backing cloth for producing cheaper tufting carpets at higher speed.

c) Floor Mats, Durries, Wall Coverings etc.: Lifestyle products available in exquisite and gorge-ous pieces.

d) Blanket and Khes: Jute can be used up to 40 to 50 % in these products although the body contact is of intense nature. Intensive studies have been carried in DJFT for both the products and at NIRJAFT for the blanket. Blankets may be produced in both handloom and power loom using different combinations of yarns. Khes is a local product (jute-cotton union fabric) equivalent to licempee in Manipur. Coarser jute is used in alternative order with fine cotton in weft along cotton as warp. The specific order of drawing & denting as well as



weaving produce rib effect along the weft direction and make jute invisible on the surfaces. Jute results the desired warmth and weight. For blanket (Fig. 10), first the jute fabric with DREF spun Jute-Acrylic as weft is made and then raised to get the desired properties of blanket. Weave has a major role in developing such blanket.

Fig. 9. Carpets having partial and 100 % jute

Fig. 10. Jute based blanket by raising

3.8. Packing Textiles

Jute has a traditional use in packaging of different commodities – may be food grain or some fancy items. Jute sacks (Fig. 11) made of either sacking or hessian fabrics were the main source of packaging food grains throughout the world till the introduction of poly (PE/PP) bags in 1970’s. Capacity of such sacks is either 100 or 50 Kg. Even today also jute sacks are the main packaging material in India and some other countries, particularly for food grains. In the recent past, technology has been upgraded for producing Food Grade Jute Fabric (FGJF) and then converting the same to sack so that neither any odor of jute batching oil is present there nor any toxicity takes place. Moreover, smaller sacks (bags) are nowadays made for packing rice, flour, fruits and toilet items in small quantity.

Fig. 11. Jute sacks (Food grade)

3.9. Shopping Bags & Soft Luggage

Various types of shopping bags, vanity bags, soft luggage etc. (Fig. 12) are made using jute and available with elegant look and ethnic design.

a) Promotional Bags b) Big Shoppers and other Shopping Bags c) Sturdy Suitcase, Soft Luggage, School Bag,

Hand Bag, Vanity Bag, etc. d) Green Bags: To overcome the environmental

hazards associated with the plastic carry bags, attempts were made worldwide for developing and promoting eco-friendly bags for packing of commodities in the retail shops and super-markets as well as for carrying house hold items. Green bags out of cotton, polypropylene etc. are established in U. K. and Australia respectively. Kolkata, the city of joy, is now the center of attraction of many people for JUTE GREEN BAGS.

Fig. 12. Shopping bags, Folio bags and green bag

3.10. Geo-textiles

The major application of jute in technical textile next to packtech is as geo-textile (Fig. 13 & 14). The worth of Jute Geo-textile (JG) for erosion control and rural road applications both in the east and west was well established even before the synthetics made their scene around 1970’s. The jute mills and related organizations based on the various studies carried out in the region and abroad seem to be more aware of the potential of jute geo-textile in its various forms for rural, geotechnical and environ-mental applications than the users themselves. The R & D activities carried out at IJIRA, NIRJAFT & IJT have contributed a lot for understanding the en-gineering of such fabrics (both woven & nonwoven) for achieving required GSM, strength (tensile, bursting, tearing, impact, puncture), permeability, thickness etc. Further R & D activities on jute geo-textile are in progress. The quantum of production of JG in jute mills is increasing at a very faster rate for fulfilling the growing demand in the market. Prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) recently used in abroad for road construction were made from



hessian cloth by cutting & sewing with a core of coir thread.

The application areas of jute geo-textiles for solving many geotechnical problems are –

i) Strengthening/stabilization of Road/Rail Em-bankments

ii) River/Canal bank Embankments iii) Consolidation of Soft Soil iv) Erosion Control and Soil Conservation v) Slope management vi) Mine Fields Reclamation vii) Trench Drain Function of any geo-textile is effective till

formation of filter cake which takes about 3 to 4 months to develop. Longevity of JG is usually short and can be enhanced to 4 years by suitable chemical treatment (Bitumen coating). Biodegradability of JG is an environmental advantage and not a technical constraint. A typical JG is made with 2/1 double warp twill weave of about 760 GSM and of 20 to 30 kN per meter strength. Recently NIRJAFT has developed a union jute-polyolefin (polyethylene/ polypropylene) geo-textile which has higher longevity. Considering the potential of jute, civil engineers have identified jute geo-textile for its application under “Pradhan Mantri’s Gramin Sarak Yojana” (PMGSY).

Fig. 13. Jute and Jute-PP geotextiles for river bank protection

Fig. 14. Laying of geotextile in Czech Republic in collaboration with India

3.11. 3-D Struto (Nonwoven)

Vertically laid bonded web made of jute or jute and polyester (Fig. 15) can replace the urethane like foams for making mattresses. This is comparatively newer item developed in Czeck/USA.

Fig. 15. Jute-Polyester 3-D nonwoven fabrics for bed cushion

3.12. Handicrafts and fancy jackets

Nowadays a lot of handicraft items (Fig. 16) are produced for home/office decoration as well as stationary purposes. Both gents and ladies fancy jackets are also produced using jute and jute blended yarns. Such products are exported to different countries.

Fig. 16. Jute handicrafts and fashion garment

4. CONCLUSIONS

The growing demand of ecological awareness and eco-friendly product has insisted the producers of technical textiles to eco-label their products. Hence jute being eco-friendly in nature, has opened up a new avenue for manufacturing innovative technical textiles.

− Jute Fibers and its products have tremendous potential as technical textiles due to inherent technical and functional properties rather than its aesthetic or decorative characteristics.

− Jute fabric in the form of woven, non-woven & knitted may be universally used for a wide range of applications in the field of Technical Textiles.



− Jute products are being increasingly accepted in the global market place as environment-friendly "safe" products.

As a result of extensive R&D works carried out by different textile research institutes including IJT and HRD for all categories of people involved with jute along with support of the Govt. Policy, the Jute based technical textiles will certainly pave the way for greater acceptability of these products all over the world in near future.

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[15] Samanta, A K, Guha, Roy T K, Chemical Processing of Jute, Jute basics, Published by International Jute Study Group, Dhaka, 2010

[16] Samanta, A K, Bhattacharyya, R, Chowdhury, R, Fire Retardant Chemical Finishing of Jute Fabricusing Sulfamate and Urea Mixture, Journal of Materials, ASSCIT, USA vol.1(4), p-98-110 (published on line on 10th November, 2015)

[17] Chowdhuri, P K, Goswami, D N, Sanyal, T, Application of Jute Geotextile in Rural Road Construction under Prime Minister Gramin Sarak Yojana (PMGSY), Jute Geotextile (An Anthology of papers on study, development and applications of Jute Geotextiles), published by National Jute Board, GOI, MOT, Kolkata in 2011

[18] Sanyal, T, Soil Bio-Engineering with Jute Geotextiles for Slope Erosion Control, Jute Geotextile (An Anthology of papers on study, development and applications of Jute Geotextiles), published by National Jute Board, GOI, MOT, Kolkata in 2011

[19] Ghosh, M, Banerjee, P K, Rao, G V, Development of Asphalt overlay fabric from jute, Jute Geotextile (An Anthology of papers on study, development and applications of Jute Geotextiles), published by National Jute Board, GOI, MOT, Kolkata in 2011

[20] Ghosh, S K, Design and development of Woven Jute Geotextiles for potential applications in the field of Geotechnical constructions, Volume-106, The Journal of the Textile Institute, Issue-05, pp: 550-563, 1754-2340 (Online), 0040-5000 (Print)

[21] Rana, A K, Development of jute composites and its commercialization, Application of Jute Geotextiles and Innovative Jute Products, Published by Jute Manufactures Development Council (JMDC), GOI, MOT, Kolkata, 2003

[22] Das, D, Dutta S, Ray, P, Some jute reinforced flexible composites, Indian Jute – a New Symphony, Published by Jute Manufactures Development Council (JMDC), GOI, MOT, Kolkata, 2003

[23] Sengupta, S, Jute based nonwoven fabric: Manufacture and product diversification, Edited Book, “Extraction Processing and Diversification of Jute & Allied Fiber” published by National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology (NIRJAFT), ICAR, Kolkata, India in 2015

[24] Ray, S C, Scopes and Applications of Jute in Technical Textiles, AICTE Sponsored National Seminar on “Technical Textiles” organized by the Dept. of Textile Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, held on 20th& 21st August, 2009

[25] Ray, S C.,Innovative jute products for technical applications, 23rd National Convention of Textile Engineers, jointly organized by Institution of Engineers (I), Delhi and IIT Delhi on 26th& 27th March, 2010



[26] Ray, S C, Systematic value addition in jute can ensure its sustenance and livelihood security of millions, Book of papers, International symposium on system intensification towards food and environmental security, organized by Crop and Weed Science Society, BCKV, India on 24th& 25th February, 2011

[27] Ray, S C, Fundamentals and Advances in Knitting Technology, book published by Woodhead Publishing UK & India, 2012, ISBN No. 9789380308166 (Single Author)

[28] Ray, S C, Potential and Scope of Jute in Knitting, Indian Journal of Natural Fiber, July, 2014

[29] Ray, S C, Value addition in jute and manufacture of innovative value-added jute products, Jute Development – Technological interface between tradition and modernity, Edited by Dasgupta D, Agrobios (India), ISBN: 978-81-7754-526-5, 2014, pp151-179

[30] Ray, S C, Knitting - The most flexible system of fabric manufacture, Edited Book, “Extraction Processing and Diversification of Jute & Allied Fiber” published by National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology (NIRJAFT), ICAR, Kolkata, India in 2015

About the authors

Professor Dr. Sadhan Chandra RAY University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India

After obtaining B. Sc. Tech. Degree in Textile Technology from the University of Calcutta in 1976, the author started his career in teaching at Assam Textile Institute, Guwahati. He completed his M. Tech. from I. I. T. Delhi in 1981 and joined in Govt. College of Engineering and Textile Technology, Berhampore (GCETTB), West Bengal (WB). Being sponsored by the Govt. of WB, He obtained his Ph. D. Degree from I. I. T. Delhi in 1992. Thereafter, he joined in the Department of Jute and Fiber Technology, University of Calcutta in 1992, from where he has retired recently as Professor in Fabric Manufacture. He has received – (i) National Scholarship of the Govt. of India, (ii) West Bengal State Govt. Scholarship, (iii) Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India Scholarship and (iv) Quality Improvement Programme Fellowship of the Govt. of India during his student life in various courses. He has guided a large number of students in carrying their Research Projects for B. Tech., M. Tech. and Ph. D. Degree. as well as guided the students in getting their Industrial Training and Proper placement in Industry. He has published about 100 papers in Peer Reviewed Journals and National/International Conferences. He is involved with different Textile Journals including Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research (IJFTR) as Member, Board of Editors. His book on – “Fundamentals and Advances in Knitting Technology” published by Woodhead India & UK in 2012 is available and popular throughout the world. He has also written Chapter in four Edited Books. He has travelled UK, Germany, Turkey and Bangladesh in connection with academic development.

Professor Dr. Habil. Mirela BLAGA, Ctext ATI „Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Professor at Faculty of Textiles, Leather and Industrial Management, with expertise in the area of Knitting Technologies, CAD Systems for Knitting, Functional Knitted Products, e-Learning applied in textiles, IT Applications. Dr. Blaga coordinated 4 international educational projects, 2 international research projects and 2 national research one. She is member of 4 international journal editorial boards, scientific reviewer of 13 ISI international journals, Ph.D external evaluator for 15 Ph.D from India, member of 30 scientific committees of international conferences. Her scientific activity comprises of 2 English book chapters, 10 technical books, 30 international journal articles, 107 international conferences articles (50 oral presentations), 32 national journals and 20 national conferences. Dr. Blaga is coordinator of the Faculty Erasmus academic exchange agreements for students and professors, with more than 40 countries. She is member of the University Senate for the mandate 2016-2020. She was involved in 15 EU projects calls, as expert evaluator for FP7 and Horizon 2020 Marie Curie research programs, 2011-2017. She was chairman of the IFKT 2012 congress (www.ifkt.ro), AUTEX 2015 world textile conference (www.autex2015.ro) and she is chairman of the workshops for textile education within „eLearning and Software for Education”, ELSE 2013-2017 (http://www.elseconference.eu). Prof. Blaga is the President of Romanian Section of the International Federation of Knitting Technologists (IKKT), member in the AUTEX board (Association of Universities of Textiles in Europe), Chartered Member of Textile Institute of Manchester (Ctext ATI) and member of other professional organizations, including the Society of Technical Experts and Consultants.

Documents

INNOVATIVE JUTE PRODUCTS FOR TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS - … · processing in warping and beaming including sizing. Although majority of the looms are traditional for jute weaving, shuttle