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Procrastination, Procrastination, Innovation Innovation

and and Self-EfficacySelf-Efficacy

Some slides on Self Efficacy derived from talk on Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures by

Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Scholz Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 

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Self-Concept

- An organized collection of information about the self

- A subjective acknowledgement of who one “actually” is

In other words,

“Knowing the facts about who you are”

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Factors Shaping One’sSelf-Concept

Subjective Observations

Feedback From OthersFiltered by our self-perceptions

Cultural ValuesIndividualistic vs. Collective Cultures

Independent view of self

vs. interdependent view of the self

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PIE Scoring

Scoring

Pscore = a+j+p+y+BB +25 - (d+g+m+s+v)

Procrastination Scale

Iscore = c+f+i+l+o+r+u+x+AA+DD Innovation teaming scale

Escore = b+e+h+k+n+w+t+w+z+CC

Perceived Self Efficacy scale

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Procrastination

Score > 25 is a procrastinator

Score < 25 is a doer.

On larger test study mean is 25.7 STD 4.72

Overall people tend slightly toward procrastination

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Innovation

New measure… We Don’t have a “norm” yet.

Show of hands and compute mean…

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Self-EfficacyAlbert Bandura (1997, 2000)

A person’s knowledge and belief regarding one’s own abilitiesNot so much about whether one actually has

acquired and can utilize these skills

Relevant r/t current and future goal-directed behaviors (Maddux & Gosselin, 2003)

**It is learned and it can be changed

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What is Self-Efficacy?

It is the expectation that one can master a situation, and produce a positive outcome

• Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model says that there are 3 factors that influence self-efficacy: behaviors, environment, and personal/cognitive factors. They all affect each other, but the cognitive factors are important.

• Bandura believed that there is more to learning than just ‘behaviorism’, what you believe about a situation is important too.

Person

Environment Behavior

EnvironmentalSelf-Regulation

BehavioralSelf-Regulation

Covert Self-Regulation

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™SELF-EFFICACY• Levels of confidence (self-beliefs) individuals

have in their ability to complete certain courses of action or achieve specific outcomes or goals

• Influences:– Choice of behaviors– Effort and persistence– Thought patterns and emotions– Self-confidence generally results in successful

outcomes9

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SELF-MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS

• Determine academic goals, objectives, and expectations• Identify appropriate behaviors or activities to achieve

academic goals and objectives• Make and keep commitments to achieve those academic

behaviors or activities• Self-evaluate their performance of the behaviors and

activities that will lead to the achievement of academic goals and objectives

• Seek support and/or resources for self-improvement and academic development

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Self-Efficacy Components

Academic/Business Success Characteristics

Psychometric Profile Character Trait Measures

confidence (self-belief) in ability to complete tasks and achieve goals

conscientiousness, intellectual efficiency (self-confidence/need for achievement), achievement-striving, self-discipline, set goals, be accountable, communicate clearly

self-management, motivational profile, self-confidence, self-directedness, environmental fit, independence, achievement

effort conscientiousness, show interest, initiative and effort, work independently or in a team, manage time and resources, problem-solving

analytical orientation, environmental fit, motivational profile, enterprising, achievement, team orientation, enterprising, people orientation, listening style

persistence conscientiousness, show interest, initiative and effort, work independently or in a team

analytical orientation, motivational profile, achievement, people orientation, independence

resilience to adversity emotional stability, manage conflict comfort with conflict, lifestyle management, self-confidence, acquiescence, relaxed

positive/negative mindset

extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience

social orientation, approach to networking/self-promotion, commitment to career, acquiescence, relaxed

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HYPOTHESES

• Students who strongly manifest self-management characteristics will demonstrate a higher level of academic success.

• Specific self-management characteristics are more strongly correlated to student academic success than others.

• Students who manifest strong self-management character traits are more likely to demonstrate a higher level of competency in all areas identified as essential employability skills, and are more likely to be motivated to learn and to use those skills more quickly and more appropriately. 12

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™FINDINGS TO DATE

• Self-efficacy affects goal-setting, which influences self-evaluation, self-satisfaction, commitment and effort, which in turn affect outcome expectations, goal implementation and academic performance.

• Early identification of students who are at risk for poor academic performance could be facilitated by the use of assessment instruments that focus on relatively stable aspects (i.e. personality) of the student

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™FINDING TO DATE

• Understanding a student’s character traits we may determine which students are more likely to have higher levels of self-efficacy than those who do not.

• Personality also has an impact on how students learn, and understanding this is very important as academic success may be increased if personality and success characteristics are taken into account.

• The quality of a student’s learning experience, especially in the first year, is an important indicator of students’ academic adjustment and of their chances of persevering in college.

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Perceived Self-Efficacy is the belief that one can perform a novel or difficult task, or cope with adversity -- in various domains of human functioning.

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Perceived Self-EfficacyFACILITATES:

GOAL SETTING

EFFORT INVESTMENT

PERSISTANCE IN THE FACE OF BARRIERS

RECOVERY FROM SETBACKS

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Why is efficacy important?

• whether thinking is• erratic or strategic• optimistic or pessimistic

• what courses of action people choose• goals people set and their commitment to them• how much effort they put forth• their expectations of success• perseverance in the face of obstacles and failure• their resilience to adversity• how much stress and depression they experience• AND the accomplishments they realize

Efficacy beliefs impacts/determines…

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Self-Efficacy

40,0

38,0

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Fre

que

ncy

4000

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Distribution of Self-Efficacy E-Scores

(N= 17,553)

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Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs

  Self-Efficacy Sum Score of German Teachers (N = 302)

Proactive Coping .55

Self-Regulation .58

Procrastination -.56

Emotional Exhaustion -.47

Depersonalisation -.44

Lack of Accomplishment -.75

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Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs 

 

Expected Social Support

.43 .30

 

Self-Efficacy Sum Score of Costa Ricans

Women(N = 393)

Men (N = 258)

Anxiety -.43 -.42

Depression -.46 -.33

Optimism .60 .52

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Self-Efficacy’s impact

Correlates are present with respect to:Improved Learning effectiveness

Improve health (Maddux & Gosselin, 2003)

Treat psychological problemsPhobias (Williams, 1995)

Test anxiety (Smith, 1989)

Fear of sexual assault (Ozer & Bandura, 1990)

Eating disorders (Goodrick et al., 1999)

Substance abuse (DiClemente, Fairhurst, & Piotrowski, 1995)

Improved Innovation Ability ??

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How are these related?The Emotion of Interest• Four variables directly influence interest:

– Conflict

– Complexity

– Novelty

– Uncertainty

• Self-efficacy is directly related to all four of these, so self-efficacy indirectly influences interest through 4 variables… quadratically.

• Uncertainty plays the biggest role in interest.

• Self-efficacy affects uncertainty: “How will the activity end up?”

• If ADHD children have interest in an activity, it leads us to think that they might have a better chance at improving their attention for that activity.

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What research says…

• Fuzzy dart test – skill test, try to hit target with dart at various distances.– distance was adjusted at varying length for different

groups, as well as varying the lengths for another group.

– interest decreased when it got too easy.

– those put in the moderate difficulty condition were most interested in repeating the task.

– those who were placed farthest from the target agreed that it would be more interesting if the line was moved closer to the target.

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What research says…

difficulty

confidence

interest

low moderate high

1

2

3

4

5

6

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Developing Self-EfficacyBandura (1997, 2000)

Mastery Experiences

Vicarious Experiences

Persuasion and Encouragement

Interpretation of Emotional Arousal

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™Self-efficacy Paradox• Self-efficacy is gained through “mastery

experiences” (Bandura, 2006).

• As “hand holding” increases, opportunities for mastery experiences decrease. Ergo, there is less improvement on self-efficacy.

• As “hand holding” decreases, pre-course self-efficacy’s influence grows.

• At right level post-event efficacy improves.

In the BI we won’t hold your hand much, but we’ll not assigning things too far beyond you

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How can I use this information?!

5 strategies for Enhancing Self-Efficacy• Emotional and Physiological arousal

– Relaxation techniques, calming fears

• Verbal Persuasion– Encouragement: convince yourself (or

your friends) success is result of self.

• Vicarious Experiences– observation of modeled behaviors

• Imagined Experience– imagining yourself in the experience

• Performance Experience– actual practice of the activity, “Practice makes perfect!”

Maddux (1995)

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Reducing Procrastinationand Time Management

Develop a mission, goals, and a strong work ethic.

Sort out your tasks.

Prepare a to-do list and assign priorities.

Streamline your work (minimize low-value work; do work that adds value).

Work at a steady, rapid pace.

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Improving Work Habits and Time Management,

continued

Minimize time wasters and interruptions.

Concentrate on one task at a time (multitasking is best for routine tasks).

Concentrate on high-output tasks.

Do creative and routine tasks at the same time or interleave frequently

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Procrastination and Time Management, continued

Stay in control of paperwork, e-mail, and voice mail.

Make effective use of office technology (wisely invest time saved).

Practice the mental state of peak performance (be in the zone).

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Improving Work Habits and Time Management,

Work smarter, not harder Plan carefully, and be imaginative

Use technology that fosters collaboration.

Build flexibility into your system Allow some slack for dealing with unanticipated

opportunities.

Allow time for rest and relaxation.

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Reducing and Controlling Procrastination

Break task down into smaller units.

Make a commitment to others.

Reward self for achieving milestones.

Calculate the cost of procrastination.

Post encouraging notes (“Just do it.”).

Counterattack (force yourself).

Post progress chart in your work area.

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Time Management Skills

Many good books on it.

Worth the time to read at least one