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Clark W. GellingsFellow
IEEE IASJanuary , 201219
Innovation & Smart Grids
2© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Near-Zero Emissions
Long-Term Operations
Renewable Integration
Water Management
Electric Vehicles
Demand Response & Efficiency
Renewable Energy
Energy Storage
Sensors & Control
Cyber Security
Supply = Demand
The Power System
Supply to DemandRequires a full portfolio of innovative technologies.
Tomorrow’s Power System
One size does not fit all
3© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Key Technical Issues
Long-TermOperations
SmartGrid
EnergyEfficiency
Near-ZeroEmissions
Water ResourceManagement
Renewable Resourcesand Integration
4© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Many Definitions IBM Smart Grid
IntelliGridSMIntelliGridSM
5© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Highly Instrumented with Advanced Sensors and ComputingInterconnected by
a Communication Fabric that
Reaches Every Device
• Engaging Consumers• Enhancing Efficiency• Ensuring Reliability• Enabling Renewables & Electric Transportation
What is The Smarter and Stronger Grid?
Many Definitions – But One VISION
6© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250PSource: EPRI Report to NIST on Smart Grid Interoperability, June 2009
Smart Grid Domains
7© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure: Basics
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet
8© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
The Portal Empowers Consumers
Choice Convenience Value
• Connectivityto electricity markets
• Information on consumption
• Access toother services
9© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
The Portal Empowers Consumers
• Choose suppliers• Select tariff• Monitoring usage• Respond to price signals• Monitor appliances
and devices• Remotely program
operations• Consolidate bills• Outage detection• PQ monitoring• Security• Data• Entertainment
10© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure:Utility Operations
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet
11© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure:Consumer Opportunities
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet
12© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure:Consumer Opportunities
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
13© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure
Interoperabilityand
Functionality
14© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure
IP AddressableDevices & Tools
For DataIntegration
15© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
The Evolution of Dynamic Systems
• Low TOU penetration and response
• Not verifiable
• Modest use of load control
• Standardized design
• Interoperable devices
• Make it simple and automated
• Learn and adapt to consumer and building behavior
Historic Tomorrow Future
Evolve to Provide for development Enable
Automated Demand
Response
Ubiquitous System
Dynamic Systems
16© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
EfficientBuildingSystems
UtilityCommunications
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributionOperations
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure – Example
• Thermostat receivesday-ahead hourlyprices
• Consumer sets upperand lower limits
• Thermostat “learns”thermal, consumerand weather impacts
17© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Smart Infrastructure… “Prices to Devices”SM
BaseloadGeneration
Load-FollowingGeneration
InterruptibleLoad
Built-InDemand
RenewableGeneration
Fuel-BasedDG
Smart DemandResponse= – –+/–
Smart End-Use Devices
+ +
Day-ahead Hourly PricesOff-Peak Prices On-Peak Prices
18© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
EfficientBuildingSystems
DynamicSystemsControl
DataManagement
DistributedGeneration& Storage
Plug-In Hybrids
SmartEnd-UseDevices
ControlInterface
AdvancedMetering
Consumer Portal& Building EMS
Internet Renewables
PV
Dynamic Systems Infrastructure – Example
Time of Day
UtilityCommunications
DistributionOperations12
Midnight12
Midnight12
Noon
Demand
PreCool
Clip
Recover
19© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
New Infrastructures Need to be Integrated
20© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Building-Level Local Energy Network
21© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Campus-Level Local Energy Network
22© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Bulk Power System
23© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Community-Level Local Energy Network
24© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Distribution System
25© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Market Operator
System Operator
Master Controller
Distribution Management
System
Master Controller
Master Controller
Creating an Architecture with Multi-Level Controllers
Bulk PowerSystem Distribution
System
Community LEN
Campus LEN
Building LEN
26© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
27© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Example of Losses in the Value Chain
coal electricity electricity
Light, heat,
motion, etc.)
100 ~30
~ 65% loss
~ 7% loss
~28
~ 88% loss (incandescent)
~3
U.S.: More than 210 billion kWh per year is lost in the delivery of electricity from power plant to end-use devices
28© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Reduced Losses: Opportunities for Improving Efficiency
Shield Wire SegmentationAdvanced ConductorsBundle OptimizationCorona/Insulation LossesVoltage Optimization
Transmission DistributionSectionalizers
Distributed Regulators
Substation Regulators
Capacitor Banks
Communication Network
Advanced Distribution Optimization
RealtimeMetering
SectionalizersDistributed Regulators
Substation Regulators
Capacitor Banks
Communication Network
Advanced Distribution Optimization
RealtimeMetering
29© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Increased Power Flow
Lead Time
Cos
t
AC to DC Conversion50% - 250%
Current Uprating15% - 20%
Voltage Upgrades50% - 100%
Reconductor20% - 50%
Power Flow Technologies20% - 50%
30© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors
31© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Solid State Current Limiter (SSCL)
Value• Enhanced ability to utilize
existing equipment to manage increasing fault current
R&D Highlight• First ever 15kV class SSCL
design, manufacture and testing at full power
Next Steps• Design refinement for field
testing, 69kV designSSCL: 15kV, 1200 A continuous80 kA rms Symmetric fault current
32© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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How It Works – The Sagometer
• A small camera “looks at” a target on the line• Artificial intelligence in the camera determines sag
(clearance)• Data is sent, along with weather and load information, to
the DTCR software package
33© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Sensor ApplicationsAutomate Inspection & Condition Assessment
Antenna ArrayWireless Mesh On-Line FRA 3D Acoustics Backscatter
Tri-State
SCANA
Powerlink
CenterPoint
Alliant
TNB
PNM
Southern Company
TVA
NYPAATC
Con EdNational Grid
PSE&G
DukeFirstEnergy
34© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Smart Grid:Enabling PHEV Through Smart Charging
MainframeMainframeMainframe
Back Office Systems
MainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframe
Back Office Systems
Plug-In VehicleAMI Path
Smart Charging Back EndEnergy Management, Cust ID, Billing
Non-AMI Path
StandardInterface
• Utility – Auto industry collaboration
• Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid
• Open systems
35© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
(a) (b)
(a) Ratings (Source: Siemens)(b) Various applications (Source: ABB)
Power Semiconductor Devices & Applications
36© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
• FACTS: A “World Class” set of electric transmission VAR and flow path control devices that have extremely fast time response capabilities to match changing load and flow conditions
• FACTS devices utilize solid state electronic switches, which evolved from the “Second” Silicon Revolution– High speed– High power (voltage and
current)
37© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CWG/9250P
Apply Dynamic Thermal Circuit Rating (DTCR)
38© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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FACTS Enhances Transmission Capacity
FACTSDevice
Air
Static SynchronousCompensator (STATCOM)
39© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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FACTS Redirects Flow
FACTSDevice
Unified Power Flow Controller
40© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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FACTS Redirects Flow
FACTSDevice
Convertible StaticCompensator (CSC)
41© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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FACTS in DC Transmission
Air
FACTSDevice
FACTSDevice
DCTransmission
Losses
42© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Energy Balance
43© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Imbalance Conditions
• Over-generation– Total Generation > Total Load– Frequency > 60 Hz– Generators momentarily
speed up• Under-generation
– Total Generation < Total Load– Frequency < 60 Hz– Generators momentarily slow
down
44© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity