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Injury Causation
PhD course jan- febr 2008
Leif Svanström
Injury Causation
”A kind of”
summary of previous teaching in the Course
Research/Evaluation of
Safety promotion & Injury Prevention
Leif Svanström
Injury Causation
Which are the causes to intervene on?
Research/Evaluation of
Safety promotion & Injury Prevention
Leif Svanström
Relation between Homo sapiens, environmental and societal levels
Disease, injury, material or psychological damage in relation to Homo Sapiens/environmental/societal systems
Causes of Injuries – Factors related to injuries
from
A. Physical Environment
B. Social Environment
C. Habits of Life
D.”Individual” Risk Factors
A. Physical Environment (Areas)1. Transport 2. Housing
3. Production , Commercial , Service 4. Public (School, Public facilities, Institutions)
5. Sports 6. Entertainment , Culture and Park
7. Nature8. Sea, Lake & River
1.Transport Area
Rules of thumb:
10-15% of All Injuries
Children: 60% of deceased, 15-19 years of age: 80%
- High Energy Content Involved
O-VISION
on traffic
What did You learn?
Prevention Demands
Co-operation Between Societal Sectors – Intersectoral work
Contribution from Voluntary Organizations – peoples participation
- Decentralized Work (A Safe Community)
Three Main Areas of Prevention
Separate Un-protected Road Users
Alcohol: 0 – tolerance
Decrease Average Speed
2. Housing Area30-40% of all injuries
Home Accidents: Happens in all Types of Homes and Every Kind of Dwelling as
Apartment, Villa, Outhouse, Garden & Yard. incl. Accidents on Farms, but un-related to Farming or Lumbering.
Children % Elderly Dominate:- Children in Different Stages of Development
- Fall Injuries- 75% of Injuries in the Elderly in Homes
3.Production, Commercial, Service Areas
10-20 % of All Injuries
Mortal Injuries-Decrease of Mortal Injuries-Related to Transport Vehicles
-Falls-Falling Objects
-Machines
The Most Dangerous Branches:
- Foreign and Coastal Shipping- Slaughter- Iron and Steel- Stowing- Metal Recycling (Non-Iron) out of Scrap- Butchery- Ship-Yard- Concrete Industry
Farming & Lumbering, Construction Industry, Transport are Branches with High Mortality Risk.
Environmental Exposure and Injuries
- Organic Solvents- Noise- Lighting- Climate- Heavy Physical Load
Transport Injuries within the Work Sector must be Noticed!
4. Public Area (School, Public facilities, Institutions)
About 10% of All Injuries
- School is more Dangerous to Children than Work to Grown-ups
- 7-9 Years: 1/3 of All Injuries;10-15 Years: ½ of All Injuries (Grown-ups: 1/3 are Work-related)
- Physical Education is 3 Times More Risky than Other Lessons. Basketball, Handball and Gymnastics and In-Door Soccer are most Common.
5. Sports Area15-20% of All Injuries - increasing
- Relatively Few Mortal Injuries
In Sweden:
- Folksam Insurance Company: 4% Leads to Invalidity- Per 1,000 Insured:
- Ice-Hockey 40.4- Handball 18.8- Basketball 9.9
- Bandy 7.8
6.Entertainment, Culture and Park Areas
2-4% of All Injuries
The Area has been Investigated to a Very Limited Extent
7. Nature3-6% of All Injuries
Mountain Accidents are Registered.
Snow-Mobile Related Injuries has been Studied.
8. Sea, Lake & River1-3% of All Injuries
- Has decreased the last 100 Years- Mostly Due to less Exposure
- The Number of Accidents are Halved the Same Time as the Number of Boats has been Doubled
- 6 out of 10 Deceased were Under Influence of Alcohol- ½ were doing Sports-Fishing
- Bigger Boats show fewer Mortal Injuries
B. Social EnvironmentExamples:
- Different Schools- Pupils Mix- Ethnicity
- School Bussing- Long School Hours
- Alternative Pedagogic Programs
- Psycho-Social Load
- Urbanization- Unemployment
-Work Organization, Stress, Monotony, Stimulation,
Demand/ Control, Decision Making, Shift Work
C. Habits of Life1. Tobacco
2. Alcohol- All Injuries: 1/3 Males, 1/6 Females
- High: Single Accidents in Traffic, Drownings, Falls, Snow-Mobiles
- 1/5 of All Emergencies at Hospitals- More when Injury Diagnosis
3. Diet
4. Physical Activity- Regular Warming up
- Experience
D. "Individual"Risk Factors(1)1. Age and Gender
- Children, esp. Boys are Over-Represented- Older Women are Over-Represented
- Younger Men and Motor Vehicles- Women and Falls
- All Road Users Accidents are Dominated by Males, Motor Bike and Moped Related Accidents Strikes
Males to 90 %- Males over 40 Years of Age dominates Boat Accidents
D. "Individual"Risk Factors(2)
2. Genetics-Accident Proneness - Does it Exist?
3. Bodily Constitution
4. Previous Diseases or Injuries