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Inhalants and GHB. Presented and put together by: Allie Stoecker , Molly Schlichenmayer , and Kaylyn Evans. Inhalants. From the book: “Represent a novel group of abused substances” (pg. 366). Characteristics: 1) either volatile liquids or gases at room temp. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Inhalants and GHB
Presented and put together by:Allie Stoecker, Molly Schlichenmayer, and Kaylyn Evans
Inhalants
• From the book: “Represent a novel group of abused substances” (pg. 366).
• Characteristics:– 1) either volatile liquids or gases at room temp.– 2) used by sniffing fumes, inhaling fumes, or
spraying an aerosol directly into one’s nose or mouth
– 3) do not belong to another defined class of abused substances
4 Groups of Inhalants
• Volatile solvents = liquid at room temp. but give off fumes that can be inhaled– Adhesives, correction fluids, paint thinners & removers
• Aerosols = sprays that contain various solvents and propellants– Hair spray, vegetable oil cooking sprays
• Gases – Whipped cream dispensers, propane tanks, butane lighters
• Nitrites = compounds of nitrogen– Amyl nitrite, butyl nitrile, cyclohexyl nitrite
Behavioral Effects
• First 3 classes are taken for euphoric effects• Nitrites are taken to heighten sexual arousal &
pleasure • Many of the effects are similar to alcohol intoxication
– Initially: euphoria, stimulation, disinhibition, followed by drowsiness and light-headedness
– Heavier exposure: stronger depressant effects including slurred speech, poor coordination, sensory distortions
– Even higher does: anesthesia, loss of consciousness, coma– Some individuals experience delusional ideas
Behavioral Effects - Tolerance
• Repeated use has been found to sometimes lead to tolerance
• Rewarding and reinforcing effects– Little is known about the mechanisms of RFT
• Possible Inhalant Withdrawal Syndrome:– Nausea, tremors, irritability, sleep disturbances– But this still remains controversial
Neural Effects
• Reduces CNS excitability and causes behavioral impairments
• First 3 groups act directly on nerve cells• But not all will work the same way on the
brain– Different chemical compositions
• Substances are highly lipid soluble, so cross BBB easily and quickly
Neural Effects (cont.)
• CNS-depressant effects due to interactions with various ionotropic receptors– Enhance the function of GABAA and glycine
receptors– Inhibit the activity of NMDA-glutamate receptors
15.2 PET images of brain uptake and distribution of radiolabeled toluene in a baboon
Health Risks
• Will make you dumb(er)!– Performed more poorly on several neuropsychological
tests, showing cognitive impairment• Repeated use can damage the liver, kidneys and
lungs• Brain is vulnerable to toxicity – Damage to the white matter thru loss of myelin
• Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome– A single use can lead to a fatal cardiac arrhythmia
GHB
• Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate• Closely related to GABA, but crosses BBB more
easily• Produces sedation and sometimes anesthesia• Administered per os• Rapidly absorbed
History
• Henri Laborit• 1980’s – body-builders• Banned in 1990, but then became a “club
drug” and later a “date rape” drug• 2000, Schedule I drug• Sometimes still used in patients with
narcolepsy (to reduce the incidence of cataplexy)
Behavioral Effects
• Low doses: produce alcohol-like experience• Higher doses: lethargy, ataxia, slurred speech,
dizziness, nausea, vomiting– Paradoxical CNS excitation at high doses
• Overdose is dangerous due to respiratory depression and comatose condition
Neural Effects and Tolerance
• Possibly inhibits DA release• Evidence for reinforcement is inconsistent• Fewer adverse effects • Reports of dependence are only from case
studies and self-reports– Withdrawal symptoms are reported• Insomnia, anxiety, tremors, psychosis for higher doses
Hypotheses for Mechanism of Action
• 1. Mediated by activation of pre- &/or postsynaptic GABAB receptors – Possibly a direct GABAB agonist with low affinity– Possibly metabolized to GABA in the brain
• 2. Mediated by specific GHB receptor– But receptor structure is not known– Seem to be non-uniformly distributed– High levels of binding in some areas, but not in others
• Endogenous GHB and exogenous GHB thought to activate central receptors
Both GHB and Inhalants are CNS depressants