Past simpleUse:Use the past simple to talk about finished events in the past. Use it to tell stories, jokes and anecdotes.Form:1) Many past tense verbs are formed by adding -edto the end of the verb.want =>wantedstart =>startedIf a verb ends ine, just addd(liked, hoped).If a verb ends iny, deleteyand add ied (studied, carried). But dont do this if the verb ends in avowel + y(played, NOT plaied.stayed,NOT staied)But a lot of past tense verbs are irregular. You need to learn each one separately. Here are some examples.have => had make => madetake => took sit => satget => got feel => feltPast simple verbs are the same for all persons.I went; you went; he went; she went; they went; we went...2) Form negatives this way:I, you, he , she, we, they...didntinfinitive verbknow, see, go

Dont use the past verb in negative sentences.I didnt had dinner. => I didnt have dinner.3)Form questions this way:DidI, you, he , she, we, they...infinitive verbknow, see, go

Common mistakes:Some students use the past verb in questions.Did you saw the film? => Did you see the film?

Can / Could

Use:1) Usecan/ cantto talk about your abilities now.I can speak English. I cant speak German. Usecould / couldntto talk about abilities in the past.I could speak French when I was a child, but I can't now.I couldnt speak English when I was a child, but I can now.2) Usecanandcouldto make requests. Could is more polite.Can you cook this evening please?Could you pass me the salt? Use can to reply to requests. Can I sit here?=>Yes, you can. Sorry, you cant. Can you cook this evening please?=> Yes, I can. Sorry, I cant. DONT usecouldin replies to requests.Could you lend me some money? Yes, I could. =>Yes, sure! Sorry, I cant.Form:1)Canandcouldare the same for all persons.I can/could speak Englishyoucan/could speak Englishhe / she / it can/could speak Englishwe can/could speak Englishthey can/could speak English.2) The negative form of can iscannot, orcant. The negative form ofcouldiscouldnt.3) There isalwaysaverbaftercanandcould, and the verb isalwaysin theinfinitive form(without to).Sally can help you. NOTSally can helps you. / Sally can to help you.4) Make questions by invertingcanand the subject.I can see you this afternoon.=>Can I seeyou this afternoon? You could help me.=>Could youhelp me?5) Use can/cant and could/couldnt in short answers.Can your brother swim?=> Yes, he can. No, he cant. Could you do the test?=> Yes, I could. No, I couldnt.Common mistakes:1) Some students make questions incorrectly.You can speak English?=> Can you speak English?I could sit here?=> Could I sit here?

BeUse:Usebewith:NamesHello, ImJohn.

Your ageHow oldareyou?Im17.

PlacesLondonisin England.The Pyramidsarein Egypt.The bankisone kilometre from here.

AdjectivesThis hotelisnice.Imhungry.

Jobs and familyIma student.My parentsaredoctors.Thisismy sister.Ann and Tomaremy children.

Other NounsJessisa dog.Hamletisa play.

adjective + nounThatsa nice dress.Shesa good actor.

Form:Positive sentencesIam / mcold / hungrya student / a teacherat home / in the kitchen

You / We / Theyare / re

He / She / Itis / s

Negative SentencesIam not / m notcold / hungrya student / a teacherat home / in the kitchen

You / We / Theyare not / arent / re not

He / She / Itis not / isnt / s not

QuestionsAmIcold / hungry?a student / a teacher?at home / in the kitchen?

Areyou / we / they

Ishe / she / it

Short answersYes,I am.you are.he / she / it is.we are.they are.No,Im not.you arent / youre not.he isnt / hes not.we arent / were not.they arent / theyre not.

ContractionsThe verb be has a full form and a contracted form.I am=ImHe is=HesWe normally use the contracted form (m / s / re) in speaking and informal writing.We write the words in full in formal writing.You can only use one contraction at a time:eg:He isntHes notbut NOTHesntYou can contract be after pronouns (I, you, she etc) and names.

You can contract is after question words.What is your name?=>Whats your name?But do not contract are after question words.Where are you from? =>Wherere you from?

Do not contract short answers:Yes, I am NOTYes, ImCommon mistakes1. In English, every sentencemusthave a verb. Some students write sentences with no verb.I very hungry. =>Im very hungryMy brother in his bedroom. =>My brother is in his bedroom.2. Some students write questions incorrectly.She is your sister?=> Is she your sister?

Past simpleUse:Use the past simple to talk about finished events in the past. Use it to tell stories, jokes and anecdotes.Form:1) Many past tense verbs are formed by adding -edto the end of the verb.want =>wantedstart =>startedIf a verb ends ine, just addd(liked, hoped).If a verb ends iny, deleteyand add ied (studied, carried). But dont do this if the verb ends in avowel + y(played, NOT plaied.stayed,NOT staied)But a lot of past tense verbs are irregular. You need to learn each one separately. Here are some examples.have => had make => madetake => took sit => satget => got feel => feltPast simple verbs are the same for all persons.I went; you went; he went; she went; they went; we went...2) Form negatives this way:I, you, he , she, we, they...didntinfinitive verbknow, see, go

Dont use the past verb in negative sentences.I didnt had dinner. => I didnt have dinner.3)Form questions this way:DidI, you, he , she, we, they...infinitive verbknow, see, go

Common mistakes:Some students use the past verb in questions.Did you saw the film? => Did you see the film?BeUse:Usebewith:NamesHello, ImJohn.

Your ageHow oldareyou?Im17.

PlacesLondonisin England.The Pyramidsarein Egypt.The bankisone kilometre from here.

AdjectivesThis hotelisnice.Imhungry.

Jobs and familyIma student.My parentsaredoctors.Thisismy sister.Ann and Tomaremy children.

Other NounsJessisa dog.Hamletisa play.

adjective + nounThatsa nice dress.Shesa good actor.

Form:Positive sentencesIam / mcold / hungrya student / a teacherat home / in the kitchen

You / We / Theyare / re

He / She / Itis / s

Negative SentencesIam not / m notcold / hungrya student / a teacherat home / in the kitchen

You / We / Theyare not / arent / re not

He / She / Itis not / isnt / s not

QuestionsAmIcold / hungry?a student / a teacher?at home / in the kitchen?

Areyou / we / they

Ishe / she / it

Short answersYes,I am.you are.he / she / it is.we are.they are.No,Im not.you arent / youre not.he isnt / hes not.we arent / were not.they arent / theyre not.

ContractionsThe verb be has a full form and a contracted form.I am=ImHe is=HesWe normally use the contracted form (m / s / re) in speaking and informal writing.We write the words in full in formal writing.You can only use one contraction at a time:eg:He isntHes notbut NOTHesntYou can contract be after pronouns (I, you, she etc) and names.

You can contract is after question words.What is your name?=>Whats your name?But do not contract are after question words.Where are you from? =>Wherere you from?

Do not contract short answers:Yes, I am NOTYes, ImCommon mistakes1. In English, every sentencemusthave a verb. Some students write sentences with no verb.I very hungry. =>Im very hungryMy brother in his bedroom. =>My brother is in his bedroom.2. Some students write questions incorrectly.She is your sister?=> Is she your sister?

present continuous

Use:1) Use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening now. Ellenis havinga bath at the moment. Right now, Markis talkingto her manager.Form:PositiveIam / mverb+ing

Youare / re

He / She / Itis / s

We / Theyare / re

NegativeIm notverb+ing

Youarent / re not

He / She / Itisnt / s not

We / Theyarent / re not

QuestionAmIverb+ing

Areyou

Ishe / she / it

Arewe / they

Spelling Rules:If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add ing.come=> Im coming.have=> Hes having lunch.Common mistakes1) Some students forget the verbbe.I watching television. => Im watching television.She not coming. => Shes not coming.2) Some students make questions incorrectly.She is working? => Is she working?3) Some students make spelling mistakes.Im studing law. => Im studying law.

Present SimpleUse:Sentences in the present simple tense are trueall the time. I come from Japan. I live in Paris. I like animals. I have three sisters.Form:1) Form the present simple this way:PositiveIlikeanimals

you

helikes

she

it

welike

they

NegativeIdontlikeanimals

you

hedoesnt

she

it

wedont

they

QuestionsDoIlikeanimals?

you

Doeshe

she

it

Dowe

they

Short answersYes,IdoNo,Idont

youyou

hedoeshedoesnt

sheshe

itit

wedowedont

theythey

Spelling Rules for 3rd person (he / she / it) If a verb ends inconsonant + y, changeytoiand addes.I studyEnglish. He studiesEnglish. If a verb ends intch, ss, x, shorz, addes.She watchestelevision.Susan missesher family.He fixesthe television.My dad washesthe car on Sundays. Some verbs have irregular spellings:I go he / she / itgoesI do he / she / itdoesI have he / she / ithasCommon mistakes1) Some students forget to add s for he/she/it.My mother like chocolate. My mother likes chocolate.2) Some students make the negative form incorrectly.Tom no work here. Tomdoesntwork here.Tom isnt work here.Tom dont work here.3) Some students forget to use Do and Does to make questions.You like this song? Doyou like this song?Is your father work here? Doesyour father work here?

Future ContinuousUse:a) Use the future continuous to talk about an event that willalready be in progressat aspecified timein the future.This time next week,Ill be drivingto my parents house.Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:By ..., This time next week..., In __ years time...; when + present simple; by the time + present simple.When you arrive, Ill be driving home.By the time I get home, youll probably be having a bath.b) The future continuous can be used instead of the present continuous for future plans.Will you be going to Janes party?Yes, but Ill be getting there a bit late, because Im going to a meeting after work.c) We can also use the future continuous tomake a guessabout something that is in progressat the moment.Dont phone Richard now, hell be having dinner.Oh no, I forgot about the dinner! Itll be burning, I know it!These sentences are not about the future but we can use the future continuous to talk about what weassumeis happening at the moment.Form:a) You can make the future continuous withwillorgoing to. Make the future continuous this way:Positive and NegativeIyouhe / she itwetheywill bewont beverb + ing

am / are / is going to be

QuestionsWillWontIyouhe / she itwetheybeverb + ing?

AmIsAregoing to be

b) Remember that some verbs are not used in continuous tenses. These include verbs connected with possession:possess, own, belong,likes and dislikes:like, love, hateand other abstract verbs:seem, be, cost, want.Future perfectUse: Use the future perfect to talk about an event that willbe finished and complete before a specified time in the future.This time next week,Ill will have finishedthis project.Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:By ..., This time next week..., In __ years time...; when + present simple; by the time + present simple.When you arrive, Ill have prepared the dinner.By the time I get home, my mum will probably have tidied the house. The future perfect is also use to make predictions about future events that will be complete before a specified future time.Do you think Mel will have eaten all the chocolate cake?No, she wont have done that!Form:Make the future continuous this way:Positive and NegativeIyouhe / she itwetheywill havewont havepast participle

QuestionsWillWontIyouhe / she itwetheyhavepast participle?

Be going tois rarely used to make the future perfect tense.Toms going to have finishedhis lecture by the time we get there.

Future perfect continuousUse: Use the future perfect continuous to talk about an event that willbe in progress for some time before a specified time in the future.Janet will be really tired when we get home. Shewill have been lookingafter the children all day! It can be used to make predictions about event that willbe in progress before a specified time in the future.Joe wont mind that we are late. Hewont have been waitinglong. It can be used to predict what was happening in the past.What do you think the men were doing in the store room?Dont worry. Theywill have been unpackingboxes. Both thefixed future timeand thelength of timeof are often mentioned in future perfect continuous sentences.By the end of this week, Ill have been working here for five months.Fixed future time: the end of this weekLength of time: five monthsBut this is not always the case.Anne will be in a bad mood at the party this evening becauseshell have been doinghousework.Form:Positive and NegativeIyouhe / she itwetheywill havewont havebeen + verb-ing

QuestionsWillWontIyouhe / she itwetheyhavebeen + verb-ing?

Past Perfect

Use:a) The past perfect is anarrative tense. This means it is used when telling a story about the past.It is used in the same paragraph as verbs in the past simple tense, and is often used in the same sentence as a past simple verb.The past perfect describes an event which happenedbefore another event in the past. We use it when we do not want to say the events in the order they happened.Example:A sentence with the events in the order they happened:Johnwentto the shop on the way home from work, so hegothome late.Both verbs are in the past simple.A sentence in which the events are NOT in order:Johngothome late because hehad goneto the shop on the way home from work.The event which happenedbeforethe other verb is in the past perfect tense.b) The past perfect is also used in other structures such as:I wish: I wishI had cleanedthe house!Third Conditional: IfI had practicedharder, we might have won the competition.Form:Iyouhe / she / itwetheyhadhadntpast participle

Write any adverbs between had and the past participle.The filmhad already started.The posthad just beendelivered.

Past Perfect ContinuousUse:The past perfect continuous is used when telling a story about the past. It is generally used alongside other narrative tenses such as the past simple.The past perfect continuous describes an event which was in progress for a period of timebefore another event in the past. We use it when we do not want to say the events in the order they happened.Example:A sentence with the events in the order they happened:John was having trouble sleeping, so he went to the doctor late.A sentence in which the events are NOT in order:John went to the doctor because hehad been havingtrouble sleeping.The continuous event which happenedbeforethe other verb is in the past perfect tense.b) Write any adverbs between had and beenTheyhad already beenwaiting for half an hour.Hedonly been workingthere a week before he got fired.Form:Iyouhe / she / itwetheyhad / dhadntbeen + verb-ing

will / wont

Use:Willandwontare used to talk about the future.Willis positive andwontis negative.I will be late tomorrow.John wont be at the party next Saturday.Use will and wont to:a) Make predictions.In the year 2050, people will live under the sea.b) Make an offer or promise.Ill buy you a drink.John will help you with that box.c) Make a decision about the futureat the same time as you speak.Sorry, we dont have any tea.Thats OK,Ill havecoffee.Form:1) Will is the same for all persons.I will go, you will go, he / she will go, we will go, they will go.2)Alwayswrite a verb in the infinitive form after will.Youwill happywhen you hear the news.=>You willbehappy when you hear the news.3) You can contract will tollfor pronouns.Ill buy it. Well be late.Hell be late home today. Theyll be delighted.

But dont contractwillwith names.Markllbe late.=>Mark will be late.

4) To write questions, writewillbefore the subject.Will you buy me a drink?Will Tom get the job?5)The short answer forWillquestions is: Yes, I/you/he/she/he/they/we willNo, I/you/he/she/he/they/we wont.Do not contractwillin short answers.

Will John be late?Yes, hell.=>Yes, he will.Common mistakes:1) Some students forget to write will before the subject in questions.You will be late? =>Will you be late?2) Many students use will to talk about their plans. But you should usegoing toor thepresent continuous.I will meet my friends on Friday. =>Im meeting my friends on Saturday.Im going to meet my friends on Saturday.

Comparatives reported_speech

Use:Use reported speech to talk about what another person said in the past.Eve: Iwentto the party on Friday night.James: Eve said that shehad goneto the party on Friday night.Form:1) When reporting speech, the verb in the sentence may shift to a past tense.am / is / arechanges towas / were

I am fine.She said that she was fine.

present simplechanges topast simple

I like it.He said he liked it.

present continuouschanges topast continuous

Shes sleeping.He said that she was sleeping.

willchanges towould

Ill be there.You said that youd be there.

canchanges tocould

I can come to the meeting.You said that you could come to the meeting.

past simplechanges topast perfect

I did the shopping.Tom said that he had done the shopping.

present perfectchanges topast perfect

Ive read that book.I told him that Id read the book.

past continuouschanges topast perfect continuous

She was walking home alone.He said that she had been walking home alone.

present perfect continuouschanges topast perfect continuous

Ive been working,I told him that Id been working.

2) To report speech, useHe / She / I said (that) ...You can also useHe / She told me (that)...; I told him / her (that)...3) Dont use quotation marks () when reporting speech.4) References to times in the past also may need to change when using reported speech,if that time is no longer the same.this morning / week / monththatmorning / week / month

yesterdaythe previousday

last week / monththe previousweek / month

agoearlier / previously

tomorrowthe following day

next week / monththe followingweek / month

will / be going to for predictionUse:Bothbe going toandwillcan be used to predict future events. In many cases they can be used interchangeably.Experts believe that the recessionwillcontinue.Experts believe that the recessionis going tocontinue.However, in some cases they are used differently: Usegoing towhen there is evidence about what is going to happen.Look at the time! Were going to belate! Usewill / wontwhen guessing about the future.I bet Robin will be late again. Willis often used with phrases such asI think, I expect, I dont think,I bet , Im sure, I doubt if/thatwhen making predictions It is more common to useI dont think + will,notI think + wontI think it wont rain => I dont think it will rainForm:be going toPositiveIam / mgoing toverb (infinitive form)

you / we / theyare / re

he / she / itis / s

NegativeIm notgoing toverb (infinitive form)

youarent OR re not

he / she / itisnt OR s not

QuestionsAmIgoing toverb (infinitive form) ?

Areyou / we / they

Ishe / she / it

Short AnswersYes,I am.No,Im not.

you / we / they are.you / we / they re not / arent

he / she / it is.he / she / it s not / isnt

willPositive / NegativeI / You / He / She / It / We / Theywillverb (infinitive form).

wont

WillI / you / he / she / it / we / they /verb (infinitive form)?

Present Perfect Continuous

Use:Use present perfect continuous in two situations.1) You started something in the past and you are still doing it now.Ive been working all morning(and Im still working now).2) You have just finished doing something. The effects of this activity can still be seen.Ive been gardening, so my hands are dirty.Form:Form the present perfect continuous in this way.Positive and NegativeI, you, we, theyhe, she, ithave / haventve /ve nothas / hasnts / s notbeenverb + ing

Examples:Youve been eating chocolate. Ive not been sleeping well.QuestionsHaveHasI, you, we, theyhe, she, itbeenverb + ing?

Examples:Have you been drinking? Has Emily been seeing her ex-boyfriend?

Present Perfect vs Past SimplePresent PerfectUse:1) Thepresent perfecttense is often used to tell up-to-date news.Great news! Janehas hada baby!But you cannot use the present perfect with phrases relating to finished time.Great news! Jane has had a baby yesterday!So, to ask about and give more details, you need to use thepast simple.Great news! Janehas hada baby!Whendid she haveit?Shehadit last night!2) The present perfect can be used with phrases relating tounfinishedtime, such as:this week, today, this yearIve seenRoger twice this week.Thats the second timeIve seenthat film this year.3) The present perfect is often used in sentences with these words:just, yet, already, ever, neverIve just finishedthe report.Karenhas finishedthe book already.Ihavent finishedthe report yet.Ive never beento Spain. Have you ever been?4) The present perfect is used to describe periods of time that start in the past and continue until the present. It is often used withforandsince.Ive lived here for five years.James has worked here since last summer.

The present perfect and past simple may appear in the same sentence:Ive livedhere sinceI wasa child.Tomhas beenunemployed sincehe leftthe factory.Past SimpleUse:The past simple can be used with phrases relating tofinishedtime, such as:yesterday, last week, last month, in 2010, two weeks agoJemma left the company six weeks ago.I emailed Tony last week.Form:Present PerfectPositiveI / you / they / wehe / she / ithave / vehas / spast participle

NegativeI / you / they / wehe / she / ithavent / ve nothasnt / s notpast participle

QuestionsHave

Hasyou / they / wehe / she / itpast participle?

Past SimplePositiveI / you / they / we / he / she / itpast tense verb

NegativeI / you / they / we / he / she / itdidntinfinitive verb

QuestionsDidyou / they / we / he / she / itinfinitive verb?

Past Perfect

Use:a) The past perfect is anarrative tense. This means it is used when telling a story about the past.It is used in the same paragraph as verbs in the past simple tense, and is often used in the same sentence as a past simple verb.The past perfect describes an event which happenedbefore another event in the past. We use it when we do not want to say the events in the order they happened.Example:A sentence with the events in the order they happened:Johnwentto the shop on the way home from work, so hegothome late.Both verbs are in the past simple.A sentence in which the events are NOT in order:Johngothome late because hehad goneto the shop on the way home from work.The event which happenedbeforethe other verb is in the past perfect tense.b) The past perfect is also used in other structures such as:I wish: I wishI had cleanedthe house!Third Conditional: IfI had practicedharder, we might have won the competition.Form:Iyouhe / she / itwetheyhadhadntpast participle

Write any adverbs between had and the past participle.The filmhad already started.The posthad just beendelivered.

Past continuousUse:1) Use the past to set the scene of a story before describing what happened.It was raining.I was walkingin the park.Some kids were playingfootball nearby. Suddenly2) Use the past continuous to talk about an action which happened for some time in the past and was then interrupted. Use the past simple tense to talk about the interruption.I was cookingdinner when suddenly there was a knock at the door.3) Use the past continuous to talk about events that were in progress at a certain time.At 5 oclock yesterday afternoon,I was drivinghome from work.Note the difference in meaning:When James got home, I cooked dinner:- I started cooking AFTER he got home.When James got home, I was cooking dinner: - I started cooking BEFORE he got home.Form:PositiveIwasverb+ing

Youwere

He / She / Itwas

We / Theywere

NegativeIwasntverb+ing

Youwerent

He / She / Itwasnt

We / Theywerent

QuestionWasIverb+ing?

Wereyou

Washe / she / it

Werewe / they

Spelling Rules:If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add ing.have=>I was having lunch.If a verb ends inone vowelandone consonant, double the consonant (except w and y).get=>He was just getting up.play=>We were playing.Common mistakes1)Some students remember the verbbebut forgeting.I was watch television.=>I was watching television.2)Some students make spelling mistakes.I wasstuding.=>I was studying.We wereeatting=>We were eating.

Future ContinuousUse:a) Use the future continuous to talk about an event that willalready be in progressat aspecified timein the future.This time next week,Ill be drivingto my parents house.Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:By ..., This time next week..., In __ years time...; when + present simple; by the time + present simple.When you arrive, Ill be driving home.By the time I get home, youll probably be having a bath.b) The future continuous can be used instead of the present continuous for future plans.Will you be going to Janes party?Yes, but Ill be getting there a bit late, because Im going to a meeting after work.c) We can also use the future continuous tomake a guessabout something that is in progressat the moment.Dont phone Richard now, hell be having dinner.Oh no, I forgot about the dinner! Itll be burning, I know it!These sentences are not about the future but we can use the future continuous to talk about what weassumeis happening at the moment.Form:a) You can make the future continuous withwillorgoing to. Make the future continuous this way:Positive and NegativeIyouhe / she itwetheywill bewont beverb + ing

am / are / is going to be

QuestionsWillWontIyouhe / she itwetheybeverb + ing?

AmIsAregoing to be

b) Remember that some verbs are not used in continuous tenses. These include verbs connected with possession:possess, own, belong,likes and dislikes:like, love, hateand other abstract verbs:seem, be, cost, want.

Future perfectUse: Use the future perfect to talk about an event that willbe finished and complete before a specified time in the future.This time next week,Ill will have finishedthis project.Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:By ..., This time next week..., In __ years time...; when + present simple; by the time + present simple.When you arrive, Ill have prepared the dinner.By the time I get home, my mum will probably have tidied the house. The future perfect is also use to make predictions about future events that will be complete before a specified future time.Do you think Mel will have eaten all the chocolate cake?No, she wont have done that!Form:Make the future continuous this way:Positive and NegativeIyouhe / she itwetheywill havewont havepast participle

QuestionsWillWontIyouhe / she itwetheyhavepast participle?

Be going tois rarely used to make the future perfect tense.Toms going to have finishedhis lecture by the time we get there.

Future perfect continuousUse: Use the future perfect continuous to talk about an event that willbe in progress for some time before a specified time in the future.Janet will be really tired when we get home. Shewill have been lookingafter the children all day! It can be used to make predictions about event that willbe in progress before a specified time in the future.Joe wont mind that we are late. Hewont have been waitinglong. It can be used to predict what was happening in the past.What do you think the men were doing in the store room?Dont worry. Theywill have been unpackingboxes. Both thefixed future timeand thelength of timeof are often mentioned in future perfect continuous sentences.By the end of this week, Ill have been working here for five months.Fixed future time: the end of this weekLength of time: five monthsBut this is not always the case.Anne will be in a bad mood at the party this evening becauseshell have been doinghousework.Form:Positive and NegativeIyouhe / she itwetheywill havewont havebeen + verb-ing

QuestionsWillWontIyouhe / she itwetheyhavebeen + verb-ing?

Simple passive

Use:The passive voice is used:a) When the object of a sentence is more important than the subjectThe city was destroyed by the volcano.b) When the subject of the sentence is unknown.This cheese was made in Canada.It is common in formal and scientific writing.Form:You can use the passive voice in all tenses. Use the correct form ofbe + the past participleof the verb.Present Simple:Iyou / they / weIt / She / heamareisPast participletakengivenbuiltmadeeatenbroughtcookedleft...The workers collect the rubbish of Wednesdays.=> The rubbish is collected on Thursdays.

Past Simple:you / they / weI / It / She / hewerewasPeople built the castle over 800 years ago.=> The castle was built over 800 years ago.

Present Perfect:I / you / they / weIt / She / hehave beenhas beenSomeone has taken my book!=> My book has been taken!

Past Perfect:I / you / they / we / it / she / hehad beenWhen we arrived at the airport, someone had resold our tickets.=> When we arrived at the airport, our tickets had been resold.

ModalsI / you / they / we / it / she / hecan bewill bewould bemust beshould becould beYou must wear a hard hat in this area.=> Hard harts must be worn in this area.

To mention who caused the action, useby.The bins were emptiedby the cleaning staff.

Past Perfect

Use:a) The past perfect is anarrative tense. This means it is used when telling a story about the past.It is used in the same paragraph as verbs in the past simple tense, and is often used in the same sentence as a past simple verb.The past perfect describes an event which happenedbefore another event in the past. We use it when we do not want to say the events in the order they happened.Example:A sentence with the events in the order they happened:Johnwentto the shop on the way home from work, so hegothome late.Both verbs are in the past simple.A sentence in which the events are NOT in order:Johngothome late because hehad goneto the shop on the way home from work.The event which happenedbeforethe other verb is in the past perfect tense.b) The past perfect is also used in other structures such as:I wish: I wishI had cleanedthe house!Third Conditional: IfI had practicedharder, we might have won the competition.Form:Iyouhe / she / itwetheyhadhadntpast participle

Write any adverbs between had and the past participle.The filmhad already started.The posthad just beendelivered.

Past Perfect ContinuousUse:The past perfect continuous is used when telling a story about the past. It is generally used alongside other narrative tenses such as the past simple.The past perfect continuous describes an event which was in progress for a period of timebefore another event in the past. We use it when we do not want to say the events in the order they happened.Example:A sentence with the events in the order they happened:John was having trouble sleeping, so he went to the doctor late.A sentence in which the events are NOT in order:John went to the doctor because hehad been havingtrouble sleeping.The continuous event which happenedbeforethe other verb is in the past perfect tense.b) Write any adverbs between had and beenTheyhad already beenwaiting for half an hour.Hedonly been workingthere a week before he got fired.Form:Iyouhe / she / itwetheyhad / dhadntbeen + verb-ing