INGLES- SPOONER the Collected Works of Vol. 1 (1834-1850) [2010]

THE ONLINE LIBRARY OF LIBERTY A Project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
THE COLLECTED WORKS OF LYSANDER SPOONER (1834-1886), IN 5 VOLS.
VOL. 1 (1834-1850)
THE ONLINE LIBRARY OF LIBERTY COLLECTION
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Lysander Spooner (1808-1887)
Lysander Spooner (1808-1887) was a legal theorist, abolitionist, and radical individualist who started his own mail company in order to challenge the monopoly held by the US government. He wrote on the constitutionality of slavery, natural law, trial by jury, intellectual property, paper currency, and banking.
To see other works by this author at the Online Library of Liberty website: <http://oll.libertyfund.org/person/4664>.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Volume I (1834-1850) [473 pp. ]
1.The Deist's Immortality, and an Essay on Man's Accountability for his Belief (Boston, 1834).
2."To the Members of the Legislature of Massachusetts." Worcester Republican. - Extra. August 26, 1835.
3.The Deist's Reply to the Alleged Supernatural Evidences of Christianity (Boston, 1836).
4.Supreme Court of United States, January Term, 1839. Spooner vs. M'Connell, et al.
5.Constitutional Law, relative to Credit, Currency, and Banking (Worcester, Mass.: Jos. B. Ripley, 1843).
6. The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of Congress, Prohibiting Private Mails (New York: Tribune Printing Establishment, 1844).
7. Poverty: its Illegal Causes and Legal Cure. Part First. (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1846).
8. Who caused the Reduction of Postage? Ought he to be Paid? (Boston: Wright and Hasty's Press, 1850).
9. Illegality of the Trial of John W. Webster. (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1850).
10. A Defence for Fugitive Slaves (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1850).
TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner (1834-1886), facsimile PDF in 5 volumes in chronological order of year of publication (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2010).
• Volume I (1834-1850) [473 pp.] • Volume II (1852-1855) [463 pp.] • Volume III (1858-1862) [ 488 pp.] • Volume IV (1863-1873) [ 306 pp.] • Volume V (1875-1886) [ 294 pp.]
Volume I (1834-1850) [473 pp.]
1.The Deist's Immortality, and an Essay on Man's Accountability for his Belief (Boston, 1834).
2."To the Members of the Legislature of Massachusetts." Worcester Republican. - Extra. August 26, 1835.
3.The Deist's Reply to the Alleged Supernatural Evidences of Christianity (Boston, 1836).
4.Supreme Court of United States, January Term, 1839. Spooner vs. M'Connell, et al.
5.Constitutional Law, relative to Credit, Currency, and Banking (Worcester, Mass.: Jos. B. Ripley, 1843).

7. Poverty: its Illegal Causes and Legal Cure. Part First. (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1846).
8. Who caused the Reduction of Postage? Ought he to be Paid? (Boston: Wright and Hasty's Press, 1850).
9. Illegality of the Trial of John W. Webster. (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1850).
10. A Defence for Fugitive Slaves (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1850).
Volume II (1852-1855) [463 pp.]
11.An Essay on the Trial by Jury (Boston: John P. Jewett and Co., 1852).

13.To the Non-Slaveholders of the South (1858).
14.Address of the Free Constitutionalists to the People of the United States (Boston: Thayer & Eldridge, 1860).
15.The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1860).
16.The Unconstitutionality of Slavery: Part Second (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1860).
17.A New System of Paper Currency. (Boston: Stacy and Richardson, 1861).

19.Articles of Association of the Spooner Copyright Company for Massachusetts (1863).
20.Considerations for Bankers, and Holders of United States Bonds (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1864).
21.A Letter to Charles Sumner (1864).
22.No Treason, No. 1 (Boston: Published by the Author, 1867).
23.No Treason. No II.The Constitution (Boston: Published by the Author, 1867).
24.Senate-No. 824. Thomas Drew vs. John M. Clark (1869).

27.Vices are Not Crimes: A Vindication of Moral Liberty (1875).
28.Our Financiers: Their Ignorance, Usurpations, and Frauds. Reprinted from “The Radical Review” (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1877).
29.The Law of Prices: A Demonstration of the Necessity for an Indefinite Increase of Money. Reprinted from “The Radical Review” (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1877).
30.Gold and Silver as Standards of Value: The Flagrant Cheat in Regard to Them. Reprinted from “The Radical
Review” (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1878).
31. Universal Wealth shown to be Easily Attainable (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1879).
32. No. 1. Revolution: The only Remedy for the Oppressed Classes of Ireland, England, and Other Parts of the British Empire. A Reply to “Dunraven” (Second Edition, 1880).
33. Natural Law; or the Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; showing that all Legislation whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part First. (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1882).

Legislative Power whatever over the People of the United States (Boston: Published by the Author, 1882).
35. A Letter to Scientist and Inventors, on the Science of Justice, and their Right of Perpetual Property in their Discoveries and Inventions (Boston: Cupples, Upham & Co., 1884).

BY LYSANDER SPOONER.

Entered according to A ct of C ongress, in the year 1834, by
LTUNDER SPOONER, in
the C le rk s o ffice o f th e D istric t C ou rt
of Massachuset ts .

TilE DEIST'S nll\IORTALITY.
Deists nrc Icd til believe ill a future existence, by the con-
sldcration, that, without it, our present onc would seem to be
without aim, end or pur ose. As n work of Deity it would
Ilppenr contemptible. Wherell3, by supposing a future life,
we cnn imagine, in our creation, a design worthy of Deity,
viz. to mnke us linally elevated intellectual and moral beings.
'I'hey nrc ed to this belief by the further facts, that our
natures appear to have been specia ly jilted for an eternal
intcllcctuul and moral a vancement; that we are here sur-
rounded by means promotivc of that end; und thut the
principal tendency of the education nnd impressions, which
our minds here receive from the observation and experience
ofwhnt exists and takes place in this world, is to carry them
forward in that pro~res9. "
Agnin,-we are gifted with a desire of knowledge, which
ii stimulated, rather than satisfied, hy acquisition. 'Ve are
here placed in the midst of objects of inquiry, which meet
that dcsire ; and there is still nn unexplored physical, men-
tal and moral creation around 119. Here then are supplied
the mcnns of o r further intellectual growth, '" care nlso
th constant witnes es of actions, object nnd occurrences,
which call into exercise our moral feelings, and thus tend to
to improve our morul susceptibi ities and characters. Anal-
f1~y,nnd ull we know of nature, support the supposition, that,
if we were to continue our existence in the universe, of'which
this woi ld is a part, we should always be witnesses (If more
or fewer actions, objects and occurrences similnr to these
il l
kind. Here too then we may see evidence of means and
measures provided and adopted fur our future moral culture.
Our natures therefore nrc capable of being eternally carried
nearer nnd nearer to perfection solely
by
the p"wer of cau-
ses, which we see to be already in operation. Thc inquiry
therefore is a nnturnl one-s-w hat means this seeming urrnnze-
mcut 1 Docs it
ni l menn nothing 1 Is a scheme capable CIof
such an issue ns our creation appears to be, and for the pros-
ecution of which every thing seems prepared and designed,
likely to be abandoned, by its author, at its commence;ent 1
Ifnot, then is the ev dence reasonable, that man lives
herenfter.
This evidence too is direct; it applies clearly to tile case;
it is based on unequivocal facts, such IIIl ha e been named;
it is not sec ndary; it docs not, like that on which Chris-
tian rely, depend upon the truth of something else which is
doubtful,
An argument against the probability that this theory
of GoJ. intention to carry men on in an intellectual and
moral progress, will be executed in relation to
all
mankind,

has been drawn from the fact that many appear to have cho-
sen, in this world, a path opposite to .. this bright one towards
perfection;" and it is said to be reasonable til Fuppose thnt
they will always con inue in that opposite course. Answer
-There is, in every rational being, n moral sense, or reve-
erence for right. This seminal principle of nn exalted ehur-
ncter never, in this world, becomes extinct; it survives
through vice, degradation and crime: it sometimes seems
almo t to have been conquered, but it never dies; ond often,
even in this world, like a phenix fro her shes, it lift!! it-
self from the degradation of sensual pollution under which it
wns buried, and assumes a beauty and a power before un-
known. How mnny, whose virtuous principles had been np
parcntly subdued by temptation, appetite and passion, have
suddenly risen with an energy worthy an immortol spint,
shaken off the influences that were degrading them, resisted
and overcome the power thdt was prostreting them, become
more resolutely virtuous than ever, and bad their determiua-
tion mnde strong by a recurrence to the scenes they had
passed. This has happened in multitudes of instances ill
this world.
Itshould be remembered that nearly or entirely nil our er-
rors and wanderings from virtue here, proceed from the
temptations offered to our appetites and passions by the things
and circumstances of litis world. The sensual indulgences,
which follow these temptations, at length acquire over ma-
ny a po er, which, iohile tlpnscd to those temptations, they
would probably never shake (Iff. But here we see the benet:'
icent interference of our Creator, for when we are removed
from this world, we are removed also from the influence of
those particular temptations, which have here mastered U~
We hare thcn (without supposing nny t1lin~ unnatural or
improbable) apparently an opportunity to set out (lila new
existence-released from those seductions, which bad before
proved too strong for our principles-s-having also the benefit
of past experience to warn us against the temptations which
mny then be around us, and inspired by a more clear devel-
opement of the glorious destiny ordained to us.
Ifmany have chosen and resolutely entered upon a course
of virtue while in this world, nnd while exposed to nil the
temptutions which h d once acquired l\ power over them, is
it not natural to suppose that the opportunity offered to men
by an exchange of worlds, will be embraced by a l whose ex-
perience shnll have shewn them the, weakness, unhappiness
and degradation of a course opposite to thut of virtue 1
But since many are removed from this life before their
moral purposes are decided by their observation and expe-
rience of evil, mny we not suppose, that, to effect that ob-
ject in such, and to strengthen those purposes in an, entice-
ments nnd temptations will be around us in the next stage of
our existence 7 And who knows whether, if those tempta-
tions should ever become too strong for our virtue. the same
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in our progress-s-at each advance, a new and wider ho-
rizon of God'lI works, nnd a more extensive developement of
his pinus, opening be ore, and corresponding to, our enlarged
and grllwing faculties-e-our intellectual and moral powers
nourished and expanded by such new exhibitions of his wis-
dom, benevolence and power, as shall excite new inquiries
into the principles, measures and ohjects of his moral gov-
ernment, and call forth higher ndmiranon, and purer adorn
tion, (If his I{reatncss and ~oodness 1 \Vas ever n rhnught
more full of sublimity 1 A thought representing all rational
beings as possessing the clements of great nnd noble natures,
capable of being, and destined to be developed without limit-
n. thought re resenting Deity, in the far future, as presiding
over, 1I0tmerely an uuiverse of matter, or such limited in-
tellects as ours are at their departure from this world; but as
ruling over, occupying the thoughts, and inspiring the hom-
age, of a universe of intelligences intellectually and morally
exalted, and co stantly being exalted, towa ds a state high
and perfect beyond our present powers of conception.
Compared with these iews and prospec s, how puerile is
the heaven IIf Chrisnuns-s-how enervating to the mind thcir
languishing nnd dreamy longings after a monotonous and
unnatural bliss. IUany of them do indeed believe in the eter-
nal progress of the soul-but they obtain not this belief from
the Bible. Itwns the much scoffed at theology of reasou ami
nature, that taught to them this doctrine, which is, above all
others connected with the future, valuable to man while here,
and honorable to Deity.
The impression, made by the rtljlresentations of the Bihle ,
is, that men are removed from this world to a state, in which
their intellectual faculties will nlways remain the same as they
were immediately after their entrance thither. They nrc there
represented as eternally praising Deity for a single act, viz.
their redemption-s-an net, which, if it could be real, could
have been performed only in favor of a part of the human
race, and which could, neither from any extraordinary con-
descension, benevo ence or greatness ill the act, eutit Ie Dei-
ty to an. homage in any degree proportionate to what he
would be entitled to, if the theology of renson, on this point,
instead of the theology of Christianity, be true.
How absurd 100 is it to suppo~e that Deity, who must be
supposed to have \\ ilIed the existence of our homage towards
him, should will only that which should spring from so scanty
a knowledge of his designs, and which should be offer d by
intellects so incapable ofapprecinting his character, as Chris-
tianity contemplates.
impracticable
it
other-
wise. The nature of our minds i such that they c nnot al-
ways dwell upon, and take pleasure in, the same thought or
object, how ver glorioll,! or delightful it mny be in it~elf.-

6
There is in them an ever-restless desire of change, and of
new objects of investigation and contemplation, and it is by
the operation of this principle that our eternal intellectual ad-
vancement is to be carried on. But Christianity offers to
us, in its promised heaven, one prominent subject onlj' of re-
flection and interest-a subject, which, ifit were real, al-
though calculated perhaps to excite gratitude for a time,
coul never, without the aid of a miracle, operate upon our
present natures so as to produce an eternal delight.
But it
probably be said that our natures will be so
changed, a to be filled to forever rccei ve pleasure from tho
same source. Answer 1st. Such a change would be a deg-
radation of our present natures, and that we cannot believe
that Deity would ever cause, Answer 2d. Ifour natures
are to be so essentially changed as nhvays to rest satisfied
with one subject of contemplation, to always receive their
highest nnd constant pleasure from one fountain, and to have
their intellectual thirst forever qu nched, we should not then
be the
same beings
that we were. Answer 3d. Such a
cha ge in, or rather annihilation of, our mental appetites, is
inconsistent with our further progress, because the princi-
ple, which is to urge us on, will then be removed-therefore
a belief in the Christian's heaven is inconsistent with a belief
in the eternal progress of the soul.
The theory of successive existences is rendered probable,
by the obvious necessity of having our situations, and the ob-
jects of investigation and reflection, by which we are to be
surrounded, correspond to the state of our capacities. The
same condition, which, like this world, is suited to the infan-
cy of our being, would not be best adapted to the improve-
ment of one w o had existed for a series of ages.
Further-it is difficult to ac ount for tile temporary char-
acter of our present existence, otherwise than by supposing
it the first of a series of existences. The idea that it was in-
tended as a state of probation is one of the mos absurd that
ever entered the brains of men. It is absurd, in the first
place, because the fact, that so large sportion of mankind
are removed from it before their characters have beep deter-
mined by influences calculated to try them, is direct evidence
from Deity himself that he did not intend it for that purpose;
and, in the second place, it is absurd, because the tttilit!} of
a state of probation is not the most obvious thing in the
world, when it is considered that the consequence of one is
admitted to be, that a part of mankind become eternally mis-
erahle and wicked, whereas, without one, it must be admit-
ted that all might become such beings as I have previously
supposed them designed to be.
Th O lii lib f Lib t ll lib t f d P 6

The Bible threatens everlasting punis ment to such as do
not believe itto be true-or to such as do not bel eve that a
certain man, who grew up in the town of Nazareth, was a
Son of'the Almighty! Is it just to punish men for not think-
ing that true, which is improbable almost beyoud II. parallel 1
Ifnot, the Bible defames the character of Deity by char ing
him with such conduct.
Is our belief an act of th will l Ifit were, the threat might
operate as a motive to
induce
us to believe, or to pe suade us
to make up our minds that we would believe. But no ono
pretends that II.man can believe and disbelieve II. doctrine, or
think it true and alse, whenever occasion seems to require.
Our minds are 80 constituted that they are convinced by
evidence. Sometimes too they believe a thing, and in per-
fect sincerity too, without being acquainted with any real ev-
idence in favor of its truth.
Sllch
of the impressions, which the minds of some persons receive
from the circumstance that the thin~ is generally believed by
others with whom they are acquainted, r from the fact that
it has I 0 7 l g
been belz 'e ved
by others. These circumstances,
although they can hardly be considered as evidence, yet have
the effect of evidence ie . satisfying many. 'fbere is
afash-
in religion, by which men's minds are carried away. We
may see it every where. Such. it will by admitted on all
hands, is the case in Pagan countries, and it is also more or
less the case in civilized and enlightened nations. Although
the evidenceof l\Iahomet's baving been a Prophet of God, is
probably insufficient to convince any enlightened, impartial
mind, possessed of common strength, still, it entirely satisfies
the mind of a 'J'urk of'the strongest intellect. The reason is,
that the little real evidence is aided in its influences by the
associations and impressions of his whole life.
W en the mind is thus comp le te ly sa ti sf ied of the truth of
a thing, is there any obligation of morality, which requires a
man to look farther 1 Ifit were so, men could never safely
com to a conclusion on any subject; it would be their duty
never to consider any thing to be settled as true. But God
has so constituted our minds that when they are convinced,
hey rest satisfied until their doubts are excited by opposite
evidence or impressions Until
man to doubt.
herefore there be any moral wrong in res-
ing satisfied in a belief, of which the mind is convinced,
there is no alternative but to say that G d, by havin so on-
stituted our minds, bas made himself'the author of that wrong.
One, who is entirely satisfied of the truth of a matter, al-
though be be in reality mistaken,
feels

8
to inqu re further into its evidences, and •.of course, violates
no moral obligation by not Inquiring-s-therefore he cannot be
morally guilty. I such an instance, if them were any wrong
on the par of anyone, it could be only on the part of God
for having so constituted the individual. as that, in such a
case, he would here no moral sense to direct him aright,
ItIS only when a man's doubts are excited, that bis mor-
al sense directs him to investigate. Supposing then a Pa-
gan or l\Iahometan were to feel entirely satisfied that his sys-
to spend his time in inquiring into other systems 1
Is
acting uprightly in considering his faith as certain until his
doubts are excited 1 Is it then just to punish him 1 Ifnot.
then Jesus could never have been authorized by Deity, in the
manner be imagined, to threaten punishment to such an one
on account of his belief.
It is so likewise, when men arc entirely convinced that a
narrative, for example, is untrue-they have then no moral
sense that commands them to inquire into its evidences, and,
of course, do not violate their moral sense in not inquiring.
Christians feel no moral obligation to investigate the eviden-
ces of Alahometanism, because, without any investigation,
they are convinced that it is untrue. lfabometans are in the
like condition in respect to Christianity; and whether Christ-
ianity, or Alahometanism, or neither, be true, the Mnhome-
tan is as innocent on this point as the Christian.
If a man read the narratives of the miracles said to have
been performed by Jesus, and his mind be perfectly convinc-
ed that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the truth of
such incredible facts, his nioral sense does 110trequire him to
go farther-it acquits him in refusing his assent. So if he be
not entirely satisfied, and his moral sense dictate further in-
vestigation, and IJe then make all which be thinks affordllany
reasonable prospect of enlightening him, and IUsmind then
become entirely convinced of the same fact a8 before, his
conscience is satisfied, and he is innocent.
How many have done this, and have become Deists. 'W e
have the strongest evidence too, that, in their investig tions,
no nreasonable prejudice against Christianity has operated
upon their minds. Vast numbers of men, living in Christian
countries. where it was esteemed opprobious to disbelieve
Christianity-men, whose parents, friends and countrymen
were generally Christians, and whose worldly inte est. lore
of reputation, love of influence, and even the desire of hav-
ing bare justice done to their characters, must all have natu-
rally and strongly urged them to be Cllri tians; and whose
early religious associations were all connected with the Bi-
ble-men, too, of honest. strong and sober minds, of pure
lives and religious habits of thought, have read the Bible,
have read it carefully and coolly. hare patiently examined
its collateral evidence, and have declared that they were en-
tirely convinced tbat it

the evidence against itappeared to them irresistible, and that
by it the faintest shadows of doubt were driven from their
minds. Their consciences rest satisfied with this conclusion
-their moral perceptions tell them that their conduct in this
matter has been upright-they know, as absolutely us men
can know any thing of the kind, that if they are in an error,
it is an error, n t of intention, but of judgment, not of the
lieart, but the head; and yet the sentence of the Bible
against such men is, .. the smoke of your torments shall as-
cend up forever and ever!" The enormity of the punish-
ment, and the monstrousness of the doctrine, are paralleled
by each other, but are paralleled by no doctrine out of the
Bible, in which enlightened Christians believe. l\Ien can
hardly be guilty of greater blasphemy than to say that this
doctrine is true. And yet the Bible employs these unright-
eous and fiend-like threats, to drive men to believe, or to
close their minds against evid nce lest they should disbelieve,
narratives and doctrines as independ nt of, and as unimpor-
tant to, religion and morality, as are the histories of Ceesar
and Napoleon-narratives, which set probability at defiance,
and doctrines, which do injustice to the characters of God
and men.
1\Iany C,hristians say the reason, why men do not believe
the Bible, is, that they do not examine it with an humble
mind-and an humble mind, s they understand it, is one
which has prepared itself, as far as it is able, by prayers.and
fears, and a distrust of its own ability to judge of the truth of
what it ought to believe, to surrender its judgment, to sup-
press its reasonings, to banish its doubts, and then believe the
Bible on mere assumption, in spite of the incredibility of its
narratives, the enormity, impiety and absurdity of its doc-
trines, and the contemptible character of its evidences.
They are accustomed to say that the doctrines of the Bi-
ble are too humiliating for the pride of men to acknowledge.
But Deists acknowledge as strong religious obligations, and
as pure moral ones, as Christians. As for the humiliation of
believing Christianity, there certainly"is nothing more humil-
iating in believing that Jesus performed miracles, or that he
was prophesied of before his coming, than there is in be-
lieving any other f ct whatever. If it be humiliating to be-
lieve one's self that wicked animal, which the Bible repre-
sents man to be, it is because it is contrary to nature and
reason to be willing to consider, ourselves wretches worthy of
all detestation, especially when our own knowledge of the
moral character of our intentions gives the lie direct to any
such supposition. Every human being knows, or may know,
if he will but reflect upon the motives which have go erned
him, that he never in his life performed a wrong act simply
from a desire to do wrong. No man loves vice, because it is
vice, although many strongly love the pleasure which it
sometimes affords. lUen are induced to wrong actions by a
variety of moti es, and desires, but the simple desire to do
2

wrong never inhabited the breast. or controlled the conduct.
of any individual. Yet in order to prove th t men's natures
are in the slightest degree intrinsically and positively wicked,
it is necessary to prove that individuals nre, at least. some-
times. influenced by a special desire of doing wrong. To
prove that men are led. by any other desires, t commit
wrong actions, only proves the natural strength of those de-
sires, and the comparative weakness of their virtuous prin-
ciples, or, in other words, it proves the imperfect balance of
course, ought to be guarded against, because it often leads men
to do wrong, and which may need, though not deser"e. the
admonitory chastisement which God applies to men-but it
does not prove any positive wickedness of the be art. So
that, even if a man were (as no man ever was) entircly des-
titute of all regard to right, still. if he had not ny special
desire of doing wrong, whatever other desires he might have,
and to whatever wrong conduct they might lead him, he
would nevertheless be intrinsically only a sort of moral neg-
ative-he would not be at heart positively wicked.
But the very reverse of the doctrine of intrinsic wicked-
ness is true of every man living, for every man's character is
more or less positively good-that is, he has some regard to
rigbt- nd that egard is as inconsistent with wickedness of
heart, or a desire to do wrong, as love is with dielike.-In a
large portion of mankind, this regard to right is one of their
cardinal principles of action, and showe itself to be too strong
to be overcome by any but an unusual impulse or tempta-
tion. Now is a man, who, 8S far 8S he knows. and as far ns
he thinks, means to do right, whose general intentions are
good, and wh is generally on his guard lest he should do
wrong. to stultify his intellect. and discredit the experience
of his whole life, in order to believe a book, written two
thousand years ago, in scraps by various individuals, and
whose parts were collected and put together like patchwork,
when it tells him that he is a " desperately wicked," deprav-
ed and corrupt villain 1 A an might as well tell me that I
do not know the colour of my own skin, or the features of
my own face, as that I do not know the moral character o
my own intentions, or, (if theologians like the term better,)
of my heart-and he might as well tell me that DIy skin is
black, or my eyes green, as that my inclination is to do wrong.
or that my heart is bad. He would not, in the former case,
contradict my most positive knowledge any more directly
than in the latter.
. 'Ver I to say that all men's bodies were corrupt and
loathsome, everyone would call me a person who had been
in some way so far deluded (and what greater delusion can
there be 1)
that I U Jouldnot belie"e the £"idenee of my oUJn
senses. Yet. had I always been told by my parents, my friends,
and by everyone about me, and had I read in a book.
which I beli ved to be the ord of God, from my earliest
The Onliine library of Liberty <oll libertyfund org> Page 10

years, that such was the fact, and that corporal substances
were above all things deceitful, there can be no doubt that 1
should have partially believed it now, or, at least, during my
childhood and youth. Still, my sensei, and my experience
do not more clearly disprove that fact, than they do that
men's hearts or intentions are intrinsically wicked. But
Christians believe the contrary, nnd simply because it has
been dinging in their ears from their childhood; because
they have habitually read it in what they supposed the word
of God, from 0. period prior to the time when they were ca-
pahle of'judging; ofmeu's characters; because they have thus
been taught to attribute every wrong action of men to the de-
plora le wickedness of their hearts; and because they have
been tauzht to consider it a virtue to look upon their own and
The humiliation therefore of believing the Bible, is princi-
pally the humiliation of believing a detestable falsehood for
the sake o holding one's self in abhorrence-an humiliation
calculated to destroy that self respect, which is one of the
strongest safeguards of virtuous principles-an humiliation,
to which no person ou ht to submit, but into which many of
the young, the amiable and the innocent have been literally
driven.
ligious men have disbelieved Christianity; tkat many, wko
saIDthe supposed miracles, disbelieved it;· that the incon is-
tencies of the Bible have given rise to hundreds of different
systems of religion; that every sect of the present day, in
order to support its creed, is obliged to deny the plain and
bvious meaning fpor\ions of the Bible; nd that the truth
r importa ce of almost every theological doctrine contained
in it is denied by one sect or another, which professes to be-
lieve in the inspiration of the book itself, if they are not proof
that this pretended light from God is but the lurid lamp of
superstition, are, at least, sufficient evidences that a man
may
to be what it pretends to be,
viz. a special revelation of luminous truth. But is it credi-
ble that Deity as made to men a communication, on a be-
lief or disbelief in which, he has made their eternal happi-
ness or misery to depend, and yet that he bas made such an
one, and has made itin such a manner, that men may reas-
onably disbelieve it to be genuine
t
Even if we attribute men's unbelief to the perverseness of
their dispositions, still the greatest of sinners are the very
ones whom this system professes to be more especial y in-
tended to save-and would these then be left uneonvinced t
How absurd is it to suppose that Deity would go so far as to
violate the order of nature in order to save me of perverse
minds by bringing them to n knowledge of the truth, and
-Jobn 12-37-" But though he had done 10 many miracles befo e
,hem, yet they believed not on him."

l~
t hat he should then fail of doing it by reason of the very ob-
Stacie, which he had undertaken to remove. To IiRythat he
has done all in his power to convince men, is to say, thnt, in
a comparatively momentary period from their birth, minds
of his creation have become too powerful for him to control.
To say that he has
not
done all ill his power, is to attribute
to him the absurdity of dopting means for the purpose of ac-
complishing the greatest object lin relation to this world) of
his moral government, when he must have been perfectly
aware that those means would be insufficient.
Is
it credible that, ifGod have made to men a communica-
tion, on a belief in which depends all their future welfare, he
would have interlarded it with so much that is disgusting and
improbable, as that the wbole would be disbelieved, rejected
and trodden underfoot, by well-meaning men! On the con-
trary, "auld he not have made is so probable as to have car-
ried conviction to every mind that could be benefitted by it!
Was he not bound by every principle of parental obligation
to have made It self evidently true 1 Ought he not, when
such tremendous consequences were at stake, and if need
there wer , to bave written this communication over the
whole heavens, in letters of light, and in language that could
not be misinterpreted. that man of every age, nation and
colour, might rend and nev r crr 1 'Vould he not have com-
pletely establish d. in the mind of every accountable being,
by a. sufficient and immoveable proof, the truth of every
syllable essential to their salvation 1
If
according to the best judgment which t e perceptions he
has given us will enable us to form, he must be whnt
I
will
not name.
But this is not all. Tbe Bible requires of a certain por·
tion of mankind, not only, that they believe
it
a. revelation
from God, but that they violate their consciences in order to
to believe it. For example, by requiring all men, without
exception, to believe it or be damned, it requires the believ-
ers in the Koran nnd the Shaster to renounce those books as
false. Tbis it is impossible for them to do, unless they first
investigate the evidences against their truth. Now, Ihink
no candid man will pretend. "eith r that those believers would
not feel as much horror at the supposed impiety of disbeliev-
ing those 1I00ks, us a Christian does at that of disbelieving
the Bible, or thut it would not require on their part as great
a struggle with their consciences to go into the inrestigution
of the evidences against the truth of those books, as it would
on the part of the Christian to go into the investigation of the
evidences against the truth of the Bible. Yet the Bible, by
demanding of them that they believe it, virtually demands
that they thus violate their consciences in order to go into
such nn investigation as is necessary to lead them to disbe-
liev those systems, which they now revere as too sacred to
be doubted; and it demands this of them too on the threaten-
ed penalty of eternal da nation.
Th O lii lib f Lib t < ll lib t f d > P 12

Ifthere be any conduct more wicked than nny other which
ean be conceived of, that, which is here ascribed to Deity,
must, it appear to me, exceed in wickedness any other that
the human mind ever contemplated. Its wickedness is, ill
fhct, no less than that of hereafter punishing men through
eternity, for not having done in this world that which they
most religiously believed to be wrong.
And what is it to believe the Bible, that men should merit
the everlasting vengeance of the Almighty for 1I0t believing
it 1 "-hy, setting aside its secondary absurdities and enor-
mities, it is to believe ill these giant ones, viz. that when De-
ity created an universe, in pur uance of a design worthy of
himself, he created in that universe a Hell-a Bell for a por-
tion of the beings to hom he was about to give life-a Iell
for hls children-a Hell that should witness the eternal reign
of iniquity, misery and despair-a Hell that should endlessly
perpetuate the wickedness and the wo of thos who might oth-
erwise have become virtuous and happy; that he then, after
having created men, and given them a nature capable of in-
finite progress in knowledge and virtue, by placing them in a
world full of enticement and seduction, deliberate y laid the
snare, made the occasion, fed the desire, and instigated, in-
vited and seduced to the conduct, which he knew' certainly
would issue in the moral ruin of that nature, and the endless
wretchedness of the individuals: and, finally, that all this
wus right, that such a Being is a good Being, and that he
merits from us no other sentiment than the highest nnd pur-
est degree of filial and religious emotion.
Anti what is the evidence, on which we are called upon to
believe all this 1 Why, it is this. Some eighteen hundred
years ago, a few simple individuals, from among the most
ignorant class, in a most unenlightened, superstitious and
deluded community, where a supposed miracle was but an
ordinary matter, where miracle-working seems often to have
been taken up as a
trade,
and where a pretended Messiah
was to be met, as it were, at every corner, said that they had
this story from oue of the wandering miracle-working .l\Ies-
slabs of the day, who performed many things, w ich ap-
peared to them very wonderful ; although they admit that
these same things, as far as tbey were seen by others, (and
nearly all the important ones, except su h as were studiously
concealed, were seen by others,) did n t, to those others, ap-
pear very wonderfu or unusual. They also expressly ad-
mit that, of those who had once been induced to follow him,
nearly all very soon changed their minds in relation o him,
anti deserted him. They also, by themselves deserting him
when he was a prehended, virtually acknowledge that their
own confidence in him had then go e to the winds, and
would never have returned, had it not been, that, after hav-
jn~ submitted to n part of the usual forms of an execution,
and being aken down for dead, (at three o'cloek or later in
the afternoon.) he, as soon, at th farthest, as the next night

14
but one. (not "three days" after, be it remarked) and how
much sooner we know not. returned to life. (as men are very
apt to do who have been ut partiully ezecuted.] and had
the extraordinary courage to lurk about for several days,
and shew himself. not openly to the world. but in the eve-
ning, and within closed doors, to some dozen who had be-
fore been his very particular friends. 'fhis is altogether
the strongest and most material part of the evidence in
the case.- and the question. which arises in relation to it,
is. whether it be sufficient to sustain such an impeachment.
as has been alluded to, of the character of the Almighty t-
A question. which, if the march of mind continue, men will
sometime be competent to settle.
*It will be recollected that no one of the twelve ever epeak of having
witnessed, or beard of, any II.fcentnto hUlJe71.

·
....
••
, ;
'I'll 'I'll l'~:\n~M\JI,~\tS01"'rllE I••~G. If fln"C(JI(tnll61y rrfi"t 10 J~r"mmrnll" the CnNI!V nl'er~':try tIl ~n('rl'~'j who r.hll!le
I< .:C•\T UIU ; 0 (0 ' .\I.\SS:\CIIUSF.·rTS. him, (ltulc 7th o r 8. J. O . SI'U lIi~1'- this Ilfoli'8,inn, not because tlwir minlls
~ IIIW 'I I Dlg.·III, all befilre-nl10 Rule 6th were nlIRI'lrll to it, hut hrc~IIRI" havinl{ reo
,Gl!ntlemen. t lcel (ll'rannRlIy inl~reSlett C. ~. Sl'e Howe'oJ Prnrlire-n !Jlcnrlix.) cl'i'f'cli n lihl'rhl eduention, it \'fn'l nc!"r~'JIlry
1'1procure :Il'han!:l' ill the laws relating ,ItI anll It prnbRbly wl!uld nnt ennsider th~ tltnt th,'y ..hnuld rhn'I'" ,OI'II! IHo!r:s.inn,
llae:"lmi.~i'll1 or AnnrnrY:J til the U:u, arul con.lnet of lhe.Unr, In rerusing tll reeom- whether thry were fillet! 'nr il. or nlll,-
.incl! no one, unle:l'l he be thus I,er.unlllly mrnll one, who hllli II)('nl a Imrt 0' hil You, Gentlemen, hA well II' I, mll'lt be
interested, will be likely ever to lake the novicint., in e:lrnlnlf hi~ ! lIthsistenco, unrea- aw=,re thnt ns of l'n""
"nl',
\Vith the rc-
trouble th'Htlllchlv til inquire Into, or 1,,11\' sonahle, '1'~I~ Court wlluillund"ubll'llly elY quisite tnl!"ntll lilr n ln wy r-r :,,111 n,lvocRte,
t,ll'lCl").e the i~jll~lke IIIIlI nb1I1r .li~y of tho that the 'f"'" n~ their I,lwn r~Io rrqlli!ell can be found in tho I'rnf;'~.i"~, fitl', if not
1l'~1
ni"'" now tt f, IfCl', I tnke tho \therty or t~Dt thlt 811111rnt
II
'\\'ho \t:\Ve
a,I. lre3.iA:: arul iI~tlllinR to yoU Ihil letter, hI" novlciate, shoukl bt' the Rr1lui5itilm 01 1I0t tltt'~c tRlent~-\Vhll :lrt· in r., rt II :lIJlnhly
nn:1 rl'~J\". 'lllIlIy Rskllll; your consideration t!le nl"'~c"'Jnry qu~Iif ieati.m', fi. r hi. profee- Incompetent to anylhlnlt but the minor anil
..I' III., I-ul.j', . .1011, almolt formal 1'lUts or prf)rc8~ional buai-
n,; the ~t:ltute or 179-1 Ch ... , eJt,b·' Although we hllvo the evitlence or expe- neBII, I thinle you m\l~t also bo aware
Ii,'hin~ the Supreme Ju.lieial Court, it is rlenee, y et we need it not, in onler to demo that the JUt'sentlack orable lawyers is nOJ
p'ilvl,,,·.1 ~S\·('. ,t) th,t nhl Ctlurt ·'.hnll unstrate tllat it must be a nl'l:l'~II:lry opera. owinR to any acarcity or talent among the
and mil", frnm time tl, time, make, r eeonl tlon or these rules, ttl exclude from the pro. peoilie-but is to he attrlbuted &olely to the
and ...~t~hli,h all such rules anll r~gulntionl r",sIIionaclau of young men, who, III a Ren. lact, that the lawlI 01 the State, and tbe
."ilh Jt·spect to the RllmilSiol1or AttorneYI eral rule, would be more likely to excel in it rulell or COllrtll and Darll are Ineh all ope-
flrdinarily practi~inlt in tho ni.l Court, and than any other-I mean tho ,nLL-I:DUCU'- rate to admit mllny. who lire unfit lor the
the ercating or barriatere at J;"v, al the
ED.001.
I aaY,thi!1 class would he more profession, anti to exclude many who are
,lisc:ction 01 the same a.lurt shan dictate- likely to excel in it than any other, because elpecially fined to ned in it.
I'rovi.!tllthat such rules and regulations be they generally do exc l an othera in whllt- Among the well~ducRted poor there art'
not re(lU;tDant to the lawl or the Common- erer tht'y undertake, that requin'l eDergy many, who have a l)a~lJion ror the tJrofn-
\vcallh.
1I
ant) peraeveranee, The aeceu orthill ciasl Ilion, who have all'" an equal talrnt for it,
l'ursullntlo this authority, the Supreme to the "rorenion, and their .uecelle in it, are and at least equal, il not more than equal
(see Bilrelo\Y';J Digest-Title, Coun.ellora ble, In the first place, if t~ey have the IIland at the head of the Bar-and w erethe
\9'
I rO
Ior IIgraduate to IIpenll ytarl, and a antI long continued toil anll exertion, that miRht be, there cannot he a douht that in
lIon·ltraduate fiDt yeau, in tho Blitdy ofthe mast he gone through,irthf.'y would derray, a lillie time the wanlll or the whole com.
1 : 1 I v , belore he can be admit led to pr.ctiae
IIi
10
munity would be supplled with Illwyorl or
in the Common Pleas, and then to practise long a courso.ol"reparatory Iludies al are n grado equal to that of the rew able onee,
/ O U , . year!! in the Co/nmnn PieRI before he now required, t~ey mun, or nec,.lsity, by who are now to be lound but here and there,
can De admitted 'a Counacllor or the SUo that time have exhausted, in a Klt'at de- If Attornevs were permitted to practise,
preme Court. gree, the ...nerg es, that are indispensable to and thull to ilo something ror their I"pp<trt
'rhl's"! rulee, as to the lime ef studv, "re IIUccP.l'''';n the ",!,or;",,· r."'~""'"''.., . J . _ . . . - - . . - 01.",. ..".. 1. & -:""r;r., thrmseJVf'1
peremptory-s-and the custom la, ( \Vh e ther taw; bec use it iotnot in human nature thllt lor doing the minor business of the profee-
the rules cont emplat d it or not.) aner thil a man should acquire, and at the same time lion, fc\v younl: men o r character and tal.
lime has been nominallv passed in Itudy, ear the money to (lay fi,r, ao expensive and ents are eo destitute or resources as to be
whether it really have b ecn passed in Itudy long a course o educatlon, anti retain hil unable to obtain the ncer8aar education-
fIr in idleness, to admit the applicant as a energy [reah and unbroken. He must allo. and \ 1 1 1 1 , i.i' no' /IImuch CI man', rigTa', 1 0
matter or course, without any rurther in- even aner he haa made all this ,.aort, be 10 "Clil hlmulf of T a i l eorlied a6ilily'o torn
quiry III to bia attainments, It is true rar advanced in lire, that be muat enter the
m il
livinr £y
thi. tmploymen',
ClI6y em y
that the persons, with whom he haa studled, prolesaion u der great ditadvantagt'S on ae· otherf
cer iry that he hili been IIdilige,d" in the count
o r
his age, antI must be liule Ihort or I am a,vare that there il l a Itatutt', (1790
pursuit 01 the education prollOr for his pro- inaane to imagine that, with hi. wasted Ch. SS,) tbat provides thlt any perlon
rcsiion-but this certifieate is no evidence powell, he ean then let oul aDd compele ordeeent and good mo al character, who
that sueh has been the fact, and II not 10 with those who commenced fresh and Ihall produce in ourt Iipo"et of Attorney
comidcred by the Dar, because it i. given, younR'. lor tha purpose, IIh,1I hne the power to
lind is understood to be given, indi crimin- Take another cuse-that ofa poor young do whattVt'r an Allorne), rraularly admit-
:delyal well to hose who have bcen grosaly man, who may be (,vhat rew can ver hope ted may do, in the prosecution and manage-
Rn.1 notorlouslr ncgli~cnt, as to those who to be) fortunate enough to obtain crt'llit and ment olnila. But ir he once commence in
have been diligent. So that, in ract, the assilltance,'while getting hil education, on this wa,Y, he must always continu in it,
iime and money, expended in nominally the condition that he Ihall epay aOer he for the Bar or Court will never admit him
preparing for the profceslon, and n t the IIhall have engageti in hi. profession-Io anerwards on the strength or any qualifi.
acquirementl or cnpacity or the candidate, long il the term 01 Itudy required, anti cations that he may acquire by practisinl( in
constitute the real criterion,by which he ia luch is the prohibition UPOIlhia alte:np" to t is way. (Thia flct ,hOWl how utterly
trled when he applirs ror admlsaion, ea n any thing il l the mean time ror hill arbitrary and reekless orright are the rules
'rha 113r in this (\Vorce ter)' County, support, that he muat then come into prae- that are made
\0
!lovern in thi' matter, and
r and I suppose also in the other Counties, lice with such an accumulation or debt upon how inveterate is t!le determination, on the
havc improved, in letter if not in Ijlirit, him as the profesllional pro'peetl 01 rew or part or thill mercenary anC.rta\oerallc co"'-
upon the unju~t and arbitrary character none can jUltiry. Experience hn shewn bination, to exclude, (rom competitioD with
(If tho rulea ol'the Court. The I !lth of the the result to be what anyone millht have them, all who are unable to comply with
ltulcs or the Dar in this County ill i n these foreseen that it would be, The class 01 certain conditions, which hue no neceesa-
words, II N O ) Studcnt ahall commence, or younsr men, before mentioned, the ~ell-rd- ry, or (as experit'n.ce ha~ p!~ved) even
,Iefllnd nn," action, or do any other profes- ueated poor, have been, .Imoat W thout a /rtnt".l connexron WIth an m!\I .Idual'l real
'Iional businese on his uwn account; and no lolitary exception, excluded from the pro- fitneal for the prorl'3l1ion.)
~lutl e nt ahall he employed ror Jlay, in flny resllion, which mnny of them wouM have Itis im)lolinlr upon an Attorney, wh.,
{Imfitll lilr himsell," An.1 the !Jar have chosen and adorned, had it been 0l~n to ba' any conaillt'rDhie buaineea, a ~rell aDd
~uh~tantin1l1 the pO\ller to ~revent the ad.' them, and have been Dctually driven Into unneccssary inconvrnirnctr to obtille him
rni,nio III Dnyone, who .hall infringe tltil other pursuita-andthe proleuloD fl noW' al".YI to take (rom hia elieat, and carr?
rule; because the Court will not take Dpon filled, ,.lth lew eXCf!ptioDI, by men, who with him a power 01 Attorney. Ther ...
lueU' to admit Inv one. who ia Dot reeom- were educated In companUn! ... e aDd alao aDotber objection-:-tbe people are liD·
mended by the Bar. ulllete the nar tball plenl.)'; who haY. DeitMr lbe tapaoitr DOl' aoGaatomcd &o.ain ~"e .. or AUOrDel
ill

iI
a p ta l' li li on rr I II j; Hm 1 '1 I! J1 i1 lt I nr l: r would n n t t hi nk thn , " r~ t I I r 1 ' 0 1 l, li li 'I I 1, o n ,1 who h :1 /1W i l ll " , I" ' " 1 . 11 ,1 I , :t r .
1 I . . 'lIIlhal
hr I I I I1~ t h l l "t '
une ,
I",lim' hn 1I ( , II , .t t ha t I ' I Il 1 l d I l l' j ; lI I n , I, iL i ~ I he r iu h ll ie i" a" ', 1 i n I II II "i ~I H 'l lf ll 'l Ii ll l' 1 '1 11 1 "1 11 1 1' ",
" "1 1 "" '. 1' 1 i n h i~ " :l U 'l ", I hr y I it l n ot l 'x al ~I Iy " I t hl ' I 'I ·r .I II 1 " n t ·I r. "I II .v e l' 1 0 h n ve t h, · H I II JI " 1 lI "n l~ , o rr a~ il ll ll '. 1 1 '1 1 1 1 1 ' I"JI ' , ;111111',.. I iunilv,
I I n, I l' T ~I I II " 'W "V i t I 'h , lu l .1 l it ' 1 l t' 1 ·1 , ,. . ar . v" : ' 1 : lI ' il il ll '" 1 I 11 " rc lt. 1 t n h i I I I l i lT , li lc h ar l !i ll g ' h i ll I I .v t h e , II ' ,l lI c li n ll ll /' I ' ll ' ( I II \V " I 'I I h , II f r . , i l l
Ihl'\' 1111 ' n fr ll i, ll ht 'r e i . 1 I' lI lI I' ll Ii ll ~ i ll t he ' l' rv it 'I ' II~ c ou n se l, I ha t n re n ll 'l rc ll ·. 1 I II I h" ir 8 f' lI nl )' ' ·l If ll il l: .{ i. T Il l' " '' '' ', 1 11 1 11h "" .
lIlai"'r
more
I h nn I h l' Y k n ll I V :- lh l '
circum-
huvn
h l ' I' 1 I " ' , o 'r , I l I Iv , ! I . . . , 1 I1111 :h
·11,,11'-
~ l al l" I ' , · rt ·a l l· s a , li ~ lr l l, 'l lI g ai ll ~ 1 I h " C I IU I I -
better
tu
I !I 'I w " ll ll h, . . r "\"11 111I';r
s u h . ..:;-
~'I,
:\Ihl I,~1I1t'f"lim ' io ju rio u:! Itl h im . II 11111,\'
hI"
I ' r. II , ,· r h " lV e v l' r I h n l A I I t 'C I ' n t IC l l la ' , h , ) '. ~ r i ll f li n~ I · ;, , ' h " l lI t ' r' l I 1:"",1.
'l'III"'h;lIl~" I w ' l u" l ll ro l ll l~ I ' i $ I h i~ - 1" 1 I1 mornl ( 'h nr nr .l ", h e mado I r rc ll li 'l il e l il r ' I' hl ' " n" tI 'I I1 r ll "' ~ ""il h t t o l h , ' I I h" li . ,I I I' , 1
I I I I I I \' h , ' 1 ' :t ~ ~I ', ll h ll ll ln y I l er s 'l I I,
ab ove the
nud
lilr
thra
rC1S1I1I8,1ely, M r ll r r ol r I I ", t u r t l n - r r t ': I~ ' 1I l I h al n " l Il lI l 'l i1 l 1( '"
"~ l' . .
I' rweutv-oue
year., of 111'CI'lIt:In,1 ns I rnn 1 1 "1 ', I ha l o lh e r" ,l ,c i ll tl iv i" lI nl e with them h y I h" sl ' whn 1'1I11mIlk,·
I Y ' " " :
1 : , 10 \ . 11 I I ,' r : l1 , : l l ar a r r l" r , OD mak i ll g ' I I l 'p l i l' , I - l I I i~h t 1 I ' llT l I' l ilT l I' ~ JlIII I hl 'l O ic lv e s I ll l' re , l :J w Y l' r
q
l it I II ', i , 1 1 11 11 I, ·" ,· ~. :t r\ '. , I ;: I\ 'I !
l i, l n . ·i l! , ,· r I t ) t h l' Common I 'h ': l1 . . r S II - r rl lm whom t he C n ur t " ,o u ld b o i n 1 I1 II Ig rr 1 lC ' IH t I, r' C lI II men fir I ! r" a l " l il 'l 'r ' i" n l' e n l ll . ..
, 1 I1 '1 I l l!C , lI I t l l i ,r n , l lI I i o~ i t ln a~ 1111 \l I llT lT r\ ' , I I I ' insu lt, Ilnr, I l I' n li ll lr n l! ( , 'l lI i \' ar " 1I 1 1 ' 1 I h i. , that
: In ,l P : t ,\ ' in i : I t l the C lt 'r k h i" f \' el lt ,l in ~ 1 \· 1· ·. ; A n,llh l'r ~ ro un ,l, o n " hic h I woul,l mlvo- All nn
nlmnvt
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INGLES- SPOONER the Collected Works of Vol. 1 (1834-1850) [2010]