INFOTECH FINAL (1).pdf

Table of Contents FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Fundamentals of Information Technology (IT).................................................. 1

Computer-&-Communications System................................................................................1

Elements of Computer-&-Communications System: .........................................................3

Hardware .............................................................................................................................3

Hardware Categories: ..........................................................................................................4

Software ..............................................................................................................................9

Categories of Software: .......................................................................................................9

Computer Viruses .............................................................................................................. 11

People ............................................................................................................................... 13

Procedures ......................................................................................................................... 13

Communications ............................................................................................................... 14

Overview Of Developments In Computer And Communication Technology ................ 15

Important Developments in Communication Technology: ............................................. 15

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Data Communication and Networking ........................................................... 19

Data Communication .......................................................................................................... 19

Elements of Data Communication ..................................................................................... 19

Analog and Digital Transmission ....................................................................................... 20

Data Transmission Modes ................................................................................................. 20

Computer Network ............................................................................................................ 21

Major Benefits of Computer Networks .............................................................................. 22

Types of Network .............................................................................................................. 24

Networking Components ................................................................................................... 24

Models of Networking ....................................................................................................... 25

Transmission Media .......................................................................................................... 26

Network Interconnection Devices ...................................................................................... 27

Network Topologies .......................................................................................................... 28

OPERATING SYSTEMS

What is an Operating System? .................................................................... 33

Classification of Operating System ................................................................................... 34

Some Common Operating Systems .................................................................................... 34

Main Functions of Operating System ................................................................................ 37

Basic Components of GUI ................................................................................................... 39

Disk Operating System ....................................................................................................... 41

Input/Output System...................................................................................................... 41

Command Processor ....................................................................................................... 41

Disk Directory ................................................................................................................. 42

Date and Time................................................................................................................. 42

WINDOWS 7

Windows 7 ............................................................................................ 47

Notification Area lockdown ............................................................................................... 48

The Gadgets ...................................................................................................................... 48

The Start Menu ................................................................................................................... 48

Using Jump Lists to open programs and items ................................................. 49

To view the Jump List for a program ................................................................................. 49

To open an item ................................................................................................................. 49

To pin an item to a Jump List ............................................................................................ 49

To unpin an item ............................................................................................................... 49

Libraries ............................................................................................................................... 50

Taskbar ................................................................................................................................ 50

Power Button Options ........................................................................................................ 51

Turning off your computer properly ............................................................. 51

Use the Shut down button on the Start menu ................................................................ 51

Using sleep .......................................................................................................................... 52

When to shut down............................................................................................................. 52

Exploring Programs .................................................................................... 55

Working with windows ............................................................................................................ 56

Parts of a window .................................................................................................................. 56

Changing the size of a window................................................................................................. 57

Switching between windows ................................................................................................... 58

Arranging windows using Snap ............................................................................................... 60

To arrange windows side by side ....................................................................................... 60

To expand a window vertically .......................................................................................... 61

To maximize a window ..................................................................................................... 62

Dialog boxes ........................................................................................................................ 63

Introduction to the Control Panel ............................................................... 67

Navigate the Control Panel ............................................................................................... 68

Set the Time and Date ....................................................................................................... 68

Changing the Theme .......................................................................................................... 69

Changing the Desktop Background ................................................................................... 70

Changing the Screen Saver ................................................................................................ 71

Adjusting the Screen Resolution ....................................................................................... 72

Customizing the Taskbar ................................................................................................... 73

Files, Folders and Libraries ....................................................................... 77

Creating, Renaming, and Deleting Files ................................................................................... 77

Folder .................................................................................................................................... 79

Creating, Renaming, and Deleting Folders .................................................................................. 79

Drive ..................................................................................................................................... 81

Working with libraries ........................................................................................................... 81

Using libraries to access your files and folders ................................................ 85

Exploring Windows Explorer .................................................................................................... 86

Copying and moving files and folders .............................................................................. 87

Creating and deleting files ................................................................................................ 88

Opening an existing file ..................................................................................................... 89

Selecting More Than One File Or Folder .................................................................................. 89

Viewing and arranging files and folders .......................................................................... 90

INTERNET

The Internet ......................................................................................... 95

What is the Internet? ......................................................................................................... 95

What is the difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet? ................... 95

Uses of Internet .................................................................................................................. 96

Web addresses .................................................................................................................... 96

Web browsers ...................................................................................................................... 96

The Menu Bars Options ..................................................................................................... 98

The navigation bar ............................................................................................................. 99

The location bar................................................................................................................. 99

To create a bookmark: ...................................................................................................... 99

Introduction to Search Engines ....................................................................................... 100

How to search the Web .................................................................................................... 100

Advanced search strategies .............................................................................................. 100

Email .................................................................................................................................. 101

E-mail addresses .............................................................................................................. 101

MS POWERPOINT 2007

Getting Started with PowerPoint .............................................................. 106

The Microsoft Office Button ............................................................................................ 107

The Quick Access Toolbar ................................................................................................ 108

The Title Bar ..................................................................................................................... 108

The Ribbon ........................................................................................................................ 108

Rulers ................................................................................................................................. 109

Slides, Placeholders, and Notes ...................................................................................... 109

Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and More .................................................................... 110

Creating Your First PowerPoint Presentation ................................................. 114

Create a Title Slide .............................................................................................................. 114

Create a Title Slide .......................................................................................................... 114

Create New Slides ............................................................................................................ 116

Create an Outline ................................................................................................................ 117

Using Blank Layout ........................................................................................................ 118

Inserting Clip Art ............................................................................................................. 120

Inserting Pictures to your Presentation ................................................................................. 122

Make Changes to Your Slides ............................................................................................. 123

Saving your Presentation ............................................................................................. 124

Opening an Existing Presentation .............................................................................. 125

Apply a Theme .................................................................................................................... 129

Apply a Theme to Computer.pptx ........................................................................................ 129

Add a Background............................................................................................................... 130

Run Your PowerPoint Slide Show ....................................................................................... 131

Run Your Slide Show .......................................................................................................... 132

Animations, Transitions, Spell Check, Outline Tab, Slides Tab, Sorter View, and Printing ............................................................................................. 133

Add Animations .................................................................................................................. 133

Add an Animation to a Slide ............................................................................................ 134

Modify the Effect ............................................................................................................ 135

Add Another Animation .................................................................................................. 135

Modify the Animation ..................................................................................................... 136

Add Transitions ............................................................................................................... 137

Add Sound and Set the Speed .......................................................................................... 139

Advance Slide ................................................................................................................. 139

Spell Check ......................................................................................................................... 140

Spell Check ..................................................................................................................... 140

Use the Outline and Slides Tabs ...................................................................................... 141

Use the Outline and Slides Tabs ...................................................................................... 141

Use Slide Sorter View ......................................................................................................... 142

Use Slide Sorter View ..................................................................................................... 144

Print .................................................................................................................................... 144

Print an Outline ............................................................................................................... 145

Print Your Slides ............................................................................................................. 147

Print Your Slides as a Handout ........................................................................................ 147

MS WORD 2007

Understanding the Word Window and Creating a New Document .................... 151

Parts of the MS WORD 2007 Environment ...................................................................... 151

Editing a Document.............................................................................. 157

Open a file ......................................................................................................................... 157

Open a file as a copy........................................................................................................ 157

Keyboard shortcut ............................................................................................................ 158

Open a file as read-only .................................................................................................. 158

Formatting a Text ............................................................................... 169

The Office Clipboard and the System Clipboard .................................................................. 170

Styles save time and make your document look good ................................................. 172

Using direct formatting........................................................................................................ 172

Using styles ......................................................................................................................... 173

Built-in styles turn on timesaving features ....................................................................... 174

An assortment of style types........................................................................................... 174

Character, paragraph, and linked styles ............................................................................ 175

Paragraph styles .............................................................................................................. 176

Linked styles ................................................................................................................... 177

List styles ........................................................................................................................ 178

Table styles ..................................................................................................................... 182

Styles, Quick Style sets, and themes: putting the pieces together ........................... 183

Quick Style sets multiply the usefulness of styles ............................................................ 183

Themes provide font and color schemes for Quick Style sets ........................................... 184

Applying custom font choices.......................................................................................... 187

Applying custom color choices ........................................................................................ 188

Palettes of choices for applying layers of formatting ........................................................ 188

Emphasize or italicize? .................................................................................................... 190

Customized styles ............................................................................................................. 190

Previewing and Printing ................................................................................................... 193

Using the Preview Function ............................................................................................. 193

Using the Print Function .................................................................................................. 193

REVISITING THE DOCUMENT LAYOUT .......................................................... 199

Changing Document Views............................................................................................... 199

Adjust Page Margins ......................................................................................................... 208

Page margin options ......................................................................................................... 208

Change or set page margins ............................................................................................. 209

View page margins .......................................................................................................... 210

Set margins for facing pages ............................................................................................ 210

Set gutter margins for bound documents .......................................................................... 211

Align text left or right, center text, or justify text on a page ................................... 211

Align the text left or right ................................................................................................ 211

Center the text ................................................................................................................. 212

Justify the text ................................................................................................................. 212

Setting Indents and Spacing ............................................................................................. 212

Set an indent by using the TAB key ................................................................................. 212

Change line spacing ......................................................................................................... 213

Creating Headers and Footers......................................................................................... 214

Inserting Page Numbers ................................................................................................... 214

Editing Text ........................................................................................ 221

Using Undo and Redo ....................................................................................................... 221

Checking Spelling and Grammar ..................................................................................... 221

Using AutoCorrect ............................................................................................................ 221

Finding and Replacing Text ............................................................................................. 222

Using Word Count ............................................................................................................. 223

Inserting Date and Time .................................................................................................. 223

Word Templates .................................................................................. 227

Save as a template ........................................................................................................... 227

Start with a blank template .............................................................................................. 227

Create a template based on an existing document ............................................................ 228

Create a new template based on an existing template ....................................................... 229

Add content controls to a template ......................................................................... 229

Add content controls........................................................................................................ 229

Add instructional text to a template ................................................................................. 230

Save and distribute building blocks with a template ......................................................... 231

Add protection to a template ............................................................................................ 231

Add protection to parts of a template ............................................................................... 231

Add protection to all of the contents of a template ........................................................... 232

Working with Graphics ........................................................................... 235

Insert clip art .................................................................................................................... 235

Insert a picture from a Web page................................................................................... 236

Insert a linked picture from a Web page ........................................................................... 236

Insert a picture from a file .............................................................................................. 236

Change an inline picture to a floating picture, and vice versa ........................................... 236

Inserting WordArt ............................................................................................................. 237

Inserting a Shape .............................................................................................................. 237

Add a shape to your document ......................................................................................... 237

Add multiple shapes to your document ............................................................................ 237

Add text to a shape .......................................................................................................... 238

Inserting a SmartArt Graphic .......................................................................................... 238

Insert and Create a Chart ................................................................................................ 239

Working with Columns ........................................................................... 247

Create Columns ................................................................................................................ 247

Modify Columns ................................................................................................................. 249

Insert a Column Break ...................................................................................................... 252

Organizing Content ............................................................................... 255

Table .................................................................................................................................. 255

Create a table ................................................................................................................... 255

Design Ribbon under Table Tools ................................................................................... 258

Designing Table .............................................................................................................. 258

MS EXCEL 2007

Overview and Creating New Workbook ....................................................... 263

What is Microsoft Excel 2007? ...................................................................................... 263

Advantages of Using MS Excel 2007 .............................................................................. 263

The Ribbon ........................................................................................................................ 263

Three parts of the Ribbon ................................................................................................ 264

Tabs .................................................................................................................................... 265

Page View Options and Zoom bar ................................................................................... 266

Dialog Box Launcher ......................................................................................................... 266

Display and Hide Ribbon .................................................................................................. 266

Formula Bar ....................................................................................................................... 266

Starting Excel 2007........................................................................................................... 267

Using Start menu. Here are the ways to start Excel 2007 from the Start menu ...... 267

Saving a workbook .......................................................................................................... 268

Closing Workbooks ............................................................................................................ 268

Exiting Excel 2007 ............................................................................................................ 269

Entering Data into the Worksheet ............................................................. 273

Understanding Excel Data Types .................................................................................. 273

Entering Text, Numbers, Dates and Times ....................................................................... 273

Enter Text and Numbers in a Cell ............................................................................ 274

Entering dates .............................................................................................................. 274

Copying or Filling the Same Data using Autofill ............................................................ 275

Using Undo and Redo ....................................................................................................... 275

AutoFill .............................................................................................................................. 275

Editing Cell Content ......................................................................................................... 277

Editing Data Using the Formula Bar ................................................................................ 277

Replacing and Deleting Text in the Cell .......................................................................... 278

Inserting and Removing Cells, Rows and Columns ........................................ 281

Adjusting a Column Width ............................................................................................... 281

Adjusting Row Height ....................................................................................................... 282

Inserting Columns............................................................................................................ 283

Inserting Rows ................................................................................................................... 284

Deleting Cells, Rows and Columns ............................................................................... 284

Adding Number Formats to Data .................................................................................... 285

Adding the Currency Symbol .......................................................................................... 285

Decreasing Decimal Places .............................................................................................. 286

Merging Cells, Rows and Columns................................................................................... 287

Rotating Text and Changing Indents .............................................................................. 288

Adding Cell Borders and Shading and Working with Ranges ............................... 293

Adding Borders to Cells .................................................................................................... 293

Apply or remove cell shading .......................................................................................... 294

Fill cells with patterns ................................................................................................... 294

Using AutoFormat ........................................................................................................... 295

Applying Conditional Formatting .................................................................................... 296

What is Range? ............................................................................................................... 297

Selecting Range ............................................................................................................... 297

Selecting non-adjacent cells ..................................................................................... 297

Naming a range of cells ................................................................................................... 297

Creating Range Names from Worksheet Labels ............................................................... 298

Define a Name ................................................................................................................ 298

Inserting a Range Name to a Formula or Function ............................................... 299

Using Named Ranges in Formulas ............................................................................... 299

Different Ways to View Your Worksheets..................................................... 303

Changing the Worksheet View ........................................................................................ 303

Hiding and Unhiding worksheet ...................................................................................... 303

Unhide a Worksheet ........................................................................................................ 304

Hiding a Workbook ......................................................................................................... 304

Unhide a Workbook ........................................................................................................ 305

Hide and unhide rows or columns .................................................................................... 305

Freezing Column and Row Levels ................................................................................... 306

Splitting Worksheets ....................................................................................................... 306

Locking Cells in a Worksheet .......................................................................................... 307

Unlocking cells ................................................................................................................. 308

Managing Worksheet and its Information ..................................................... 311

Selecting Worksheets ....................................................................................................... 311

Inserting Worksheet ......................................................................................................... 311

Deleting Worksheets ........................................................................................................ 312

Moving and Copying Worksheet ...................................................................................... 313

Renaming a Worksheet .................................................................................................... 314

Using Find and Replace .................................................................................................... 314

Find tab options ................................................................................................................ 315

Replace tab options ......................................................................................................... 315

Sorting Data Using One Column ...................................................................................... 316

Sorting Data Using Two or More Columns ...................................................................... 316

Using AutoFilter ................................................................................................................ 317

To clear a filter: .......................................................................................................... 318

Moving Information Using Drag and Drop....................................................................... 318

Copying Information Using Drag and Drop ..................................................................... 318

Customizing Header and Footer ..................................................................................... 318

Performing Calculations ......................................................................... 323

Understanding Excel Formulas ........................................................................................ 323

Elements of an Excel Formula: ................................................................................... 323

Entering a Basic Formula ................................................................................................. 323

Calculate with Functions ............................................................................................... 324

Some Common functions in Excel: ............................................................................. 324

Relative, Absolute and Mixed References .................................................................. 325

Linking Worksheets ......................................................................................................... 326

Creating Charts.................................................................................... 333

Different Chart Types ...................................................................................................... 333

Elements of a Chart ......................................................................................................... 334

Create a Basic Chart ........................................................................................................ 335

Modifying a basic chart .................................................................................................... 338

Formatting to a chart....................................................................................................... 338

Using a predefined chart layout ..................................................................................... 338

Using a predefined chart style ........................................................................................ 339

Modify the layout of chart elements in a step by step procedure ............................. 339

Modify the format of chart elements in a step by step procedure ............................ 340

Insert a chart title ............................................................................................................ 341

Insert axis titles ................................................................................................................ 342

Insert data labels .............................................................................................................. 343

Learn how to print a partial or entire worksheet or workbook .............................. 347

Learn how to print several workbooks at once ......................................................... 347

Print an Excel table and a workbook to a file ........................................................... 347

Print a chart with worksheet data and a chart without worksheet data............... 347

Printing Your Workbook ......................................................................... 347

Printing a partial or entire worksheet or workbook ..................................................... 347

Printing several workbooks at once ............................................................................... 348

Printing an Excel table .................................................................................................... 348

Printing a workbook to a file .......................................................................................... 349

Printing a chart with worksheet data ............................................................................ 349

Printing a chart without worksheet data....................................................................... 350

Introduction to Information Technology

Compilation of Lectures and Exercises 1

Lesson Objectives: At the end of this topic, one has to:

1. Explain fundamentals of Information Technology (IT) 2. Categories Hardware and software according to its functions and uses. 3. Express the importance of securing computer system against viruses.

Fundamentals of Information Technology (IT)

We are living in an information age dependent upon digital information. Digital information is electronic information, the result of computer processing. Every type of job relies upon getting information, using it, managing it, and relaying information to others. Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. However, do not think of a computer merely as the machine with the keyboard and the mouse, although that might be true for some types of computers. Embedded computers may be inside your household appliances, the VCR, the automobile, planes, trains, powerplants, water purification plants, calculators, and even inside a few toys. These embedded computers are very small. They affect our lives each day. Why, even modern traffic lights operate with computers. They are all around us. Think of additional ways in which computers affect our lives each day.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY is a technology that merges computing with high-speed communications links carrying data, sound and video. The most important consequence of information technology is that it is producing a gradual fusion of several important industries in a phenomenon that has been called technological convergence. TECHNOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE, also known as digital convergence is the technological merger of several fields through various devices that exchange information in the electronics, or digital, format used by computers. The fields are computers, communications, consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass media. Technological Convergence is derived from a combination of two recent technologies: computers and communications.

Computer-&-Communications System

Computer is an electronic device capable of accepting data (input), processing data

arithmetically and logically, producing output and storing the results for future use under the control of instructions stored in its own memory.

Communications (or telecommunications) technology consists of electromagnetic devices and systems communicating over long distances.

Fundamentals of Information Technology

2 Compilation of Lectures and Exercises

Main aspects of computing:

1. Input : In the input phase, data is entered or otherwise captured electronically and is converted to a form that can be processed by the computer.

Data is the raw material (facts and figures) to be processed by the computer. Input is the data that you put into the computer for processing. Example of data/input: name of student, grades in quizzes, projects and major exams.

2. Processing: In the processing phase, the data is manipulated or transformed into information.

Example: Computation of final grade

3. Output: In the output phase, the information, which has been processed from the data, is produced in a form usable by people.

Information is the processed, summarized data and output is the information

which is the result of processing

Example of information/output: Name of student with his/her final grade

4. Storage: In the storage phase, data, information, or programs are stored in computer-processable form.

The four aspects of computing consist of the operations mentioned above. Communications is an extension capability of each phase. Data versus Information. The word data is the plural of datum, though data commonly represents both singular and plural forms. Data are raw facts or observations, typically about phenomena or business transactions. More specifically, data are objective measurements of attributes (the characteristics) of entities (such as people, places, things and events). People often use the terms data and information interchangeably. However, it is better to view data as raw material resources that are processed into finished information products. Information is data that have been converted into a meaningful and useful context for specific end users. Information is processed data placed in its proper context to give it value for specific end users. Thus, data are usually subjected to a value-added process (called data processing or information processing) where:

a. its form is aggregated, manipulated and organized b. its content is analyzed and evaluated c. it is placed in a proper context for human user



Elements of Computer-&-Communications System:

The elements of computer and communication system are hardware, software, data/information, people, procedure and communication.

HARDWARE

Hardware are the parts of the computer itself including the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and related microchips and micro-circuitry, keyboards, monitors, case and drives (hard, CD, DVD, solid-state (ssd), floppy, optical, tape, etc...). These are those components or physical pieces that make up the computer. Hardware are those things you can touch. Other extra parts called peripheral components or devices include mouse, printers, modems, scanners, cameras and cards (sound, color, video) etc... Each piece plays a role in the operation of a computer. Together they are often referred to as a personal computer. The previous page shows different pieces of the computer's hardware.

Figure 1

Different Parts of a Desktop Computer



SYSTEM UNIT

The main part, processing unit and devices, of a microcomputer is a system unit. A system unit includes a board called a motherboard that holds a microprocessor chip (or a CPU), memory chips, and expansion slots. Electronic circuitry is printed on the board and it connects between two main parts of a microcomputer, the microprocessor and primary storage and other parts. The system unit is housed within the system cabinet. A system unit includes the following parts:

a. Motherboard b. Microprocessor c. Memory Chips d. System Clock e. Buses f. Ports g. Expansion Slots and Cards

Hardware Categories:

The element responsible for the main operations of the computer is the hardware. The hardware categories are the following:

1. Input hardware 2. output hardware 3. processing hardware 4. storage hardware 5. communications hardware

1. INPUT hardware consists of all devices that allow people to enter data and program (a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do) into the computer. An input device accepts data and converts it into computer-readable form ready for processing or storage. Input devices can be categorized as keyboard entry device and source data entry device.

Keyboard entry device is a device used to encode data by key depression, these devices include:

1. Computer keyboards The keyboard is used to type information into the computer or input information. There are many different keyboard layouts and sizes with the most common for Latin based languages being the QWERTY layout (named for the first 6 keys). The standard keyboard has 101 keys. Notebooks have embedded keys accessible by special keys or by pressing key combinations (CTRL or Command and P for example). Ergonomically designed keyboards are designed to make typing easier. Hand held devices have various and different keyboard configuration and touch screens.



2. Terminals - ex.: ATM(automated teller machine), POS ( Point Of Sale Terminals) 3. Touch devices - ex.: express banking (customers use the telephone to transact

business with the bank where a recorded instruction guides the user from the beginning up to the end of the transaction.

4. Set-top boxes (also called information appliance or communication appliance or telecomputer ) - ex.: TV cable box, TV/pc smart box

Source data entry device is special equipment that collects data at its origin and sends

it directly to the computer. Examples of Source data entry devices:

1. Pointing devices Ex.: mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen 2. Scanning devices - Ex.: bar code reader, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character

Recognition), OMR (Optical Mark Recognition), OCR (Optical Character Recognition), Fax machines, image scanner or graphics scanner.

3. Voice recognition devices convert human speech into digital form. 4. Audio input devices - record music and other sound signals and transform them into

digital format to be used as input for multimedia PCs. 5. Video input devices - transform video or films into digital format 6. Digital cameras a camera that takes video or still photographs by recording images on

an electronic image sensor. Most cameras sold today are digital, and digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles.

7. Sensors - collect specific kinds of data from the environment and convert it into computer-readable data. Examples are temperature, humidity, smoke, and gas and light sensors.

2. OUTPUT hardware consists of devices that transform information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand. An output machine is the medium used by the computer in displaying its responses to the users requests and instructions. There are three principal forms of output: screen display, printed and sound. Computer professionals distinguish between softcopy output and hardcopy output. Softcopy output refers to output that is in the form of sound or displayed on a computer screen. Examples of softcopy output devices:

1. Monitor ( display screen) or CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Light Crystal Diode) 2. Video output devices : Video conferencing or teleconferencing, Picture phone 3. Audio output devices Ex.: speakers, Voice output device in ATMs, elevators,

telephones

Hardcopy output refers to printed output. Examples of hardcopy output devices:



1. Printer The printer takes the information on your screen and transfers it to paper or a hard copy. There are many different types of printers with various levels of quality. The three basic types of printer are; dot matrix, inkjet, and laser.

2. Plotter - useful for creating maps, charts, graphs, architectural drawings and other forms of graphics.

3. COM (Computer output microfilm/fiche) produces output in the form of tiny images on a 3.5 mm. roll of film.

4. Multifunction machine - a device that combines the capability of printing, scanning, copying and faxing.

3. PROCESSING hardware consists of the Central Processing Unit (CPU); this hardware is considered as the brain of the computer. Also this is responsible for the processing and control of all the data flowing into, out of and around the system.

Central Processing Unit is the processor - Though the term relates to a specific chip or the processor a CPU's performance is determined by the rest of the computer's circuitry and chips. Currently the Pentium chip or processor, made by Intel, is the most common CPU though there are many other companies that produce processors for personal computers. Examples are the CPU made by Motorola and AMD. With faster processors the clock speed becomes more important. Compared to some of the first computers which operated at below 30 megahertz (MHz) the Pentium chips began at 75 MHz in the late 1990's. Speeds now exceed 3000+ MHz or 3 gigahertz (GHz) and different chip manufacturers use different measuring standards (check your local computer store for the latest speed). It depends on the circuit board that the chip is housed in, or the motherboard, as to whether you are able to upgrade to a faster chip. Furthermore, CPU controls and manipulates data to produce information. In a microcomputer the CPU is usually contained on a single integrated circuit or chip. The single chip is called a microprocessor. This chip and other components necessary to make it work are mounted on a main circuit board called a motherboard. In larger computers the CPU is contained on one or several circuit boards.

4. STORAGE hardware consists of all devices that may store data and programs either

temporarily or permanently. This is sometimes called storage media, computer data storage, or often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers. Storage hardware has two categories primary (temporary, volatile, erasesable) and secondary (permanent, non volatile) storage.



Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. Alternatively referred to as internal memory and main memory, primary storage is a storage location that holds memory for short periods of times while the computer is on. For example, computer RAM and cache are both examples of a primary storage device. This storage is the fastest memory in your computer and is used to store data while it's being used. For example, when you open a program data is moved from the secondary storage into the primary storage.

Examples

1. RAM random access memory, stores information that is being processed and offloads it at a very fast rate to the motherboard of the computer so it can be sent to the northbridge, and then for use to the GUI (graphic user interface), which allows the user to access the information with the mouse, keyboard, monitor, etc.

2. Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent updates).

3. Processor Cache the processor, also known as the CPU (central processing unit), processes information on your computer. In order to do this, it needs somewhere to store the memory, which in this case is the "cache memory." The cache memory transfers data at lightning fast speeds so it can be processed by the cores in the processor. The cache memory holds a lot less space than RAM, however. For example, a processor will usually have around 12 MB of cache memory, whereas RAM may have up to 4 GB per stick. However, the cache memory makes up for that in sheer speed. For instance, RAM will have a speed of 800 Mhz, while the cache memory can operate at 2.4 GHz.

4. Processor Registers the processor registers are the smallest of all primary storage devices. Typically, they hold around 32 to 64 bits, which is good enough for very simple processes such as math calculations. However, the processor registers are the fastest primary storage devices as well. They are primarily used by the processor to handle calculations used to operate the programs. The larger processes involving software and operating system files are handled by the cache memory.

Secondary storage sometimes called auxiliary storage and external memory is all data storage that is not currently in a computer's primary storage or memory. An additional synonym is external storage. These are storage medium that holds information until it is deleted or overwritten regardless if the computer has power.

Examples:

1. Floppy Disk Drive - FDD or FD for short, is a computer disk drive that enables a user to save data to removable diskettes. Although 8" disk drives were first made available in 1971, the first real disk drives used were the 5 1/4" floppy disk drives, which were later replaced with 3 1/2" floppy disk drives. Today, because of the limited capacity and reliability of floppy diskettes many computers no longer come equipped with



floppy disk drives and are being replaced with CD-R, other writable discs, and flash drives.

2. CD ROM - Short for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, CD-ROM drives or optical drives are CD players inside computers that can have speeds in the range from 1x and beyond, and have the capability of playing audio CDs and computer data CDs. Below is a picture of the front and back of a standard CD-ROM drive.

3. CD R Alternatively referred to as CD-WO (Write once) or WORM (Write Once Read Many) drive. CD-R is short for CD-Recordable and is a writable disc and drive that is capable of having information written to the disc once and then having that disc read many times after that. If the data is not written to the disc properly, has errors, or has the incorrect information that disc or portions of that disc cannot be erased and is often jokingly referred to as a coaster.

4. Jump Drive Alternatively referred to as a USB flash drive, data stick, pen drive, keychain drive and thumb drive, a jump drive is a portable drive that is often the size of your thumb that connects to the computer USB port. Today, flash drives are available in sizes such as 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 5GB, and 16GB and are an easy way to transfer and store information.

5. Hard drive Alternatively referred to as a hard disk drive and abbreviated as HD orHDD, the hard drive is the computer's main storage media device that permanently stores all data on the computer. The hard drive was first introduced on September 13, 1956 and consists of one or more hard disk platters inside of air sealed casing. Most computer hard drives are in an internal drive bay at the front of the computer and connect to the motherboard using either ATA, SCSI, or a SATA cable and power cable. Below, is an illustration of what the inside of a hard disk drive looks like for a desktop and laptop hard disk drive.

6. Tape or Magnetic tape A magnetically thin coated piece plastic wrapped around wheels capable of storing data. Tape is much less expensive than other storage mediums but commonly a much slower solution that is commonly used for backup. Today, tape has mostly been abandoned for faster and more reliable solutions like disc drives, hard drives, and flash drives. In the image to the right, is a picture and example of magnetic tape taken by KENPEI and shared under the creative commons.



Media refers to the material that stores data, such as magnetic disk or magnetic tape.

Memory is the working storage or the computers work space, where data and programs for immediate processing are held. It is also known as main memory or primary storage or RAM (Random Access Memory). The size of the memory is important. Memory size determines how much data can be processed at once and how big and complex a program may be used to process it.

5. COMMUNICATIONS hardware consists of devices used for communications. Examples of communication devices are the modem, cable, and fax modem.

1. Modem (modulator/demodulator) is an electronic device that allows computers to communicate with each other over telephone lines.

2. Cable is used in local area networks.

3. Fax modem is a modem with fax capability that enables to send signals directly from

computer to someone elses fax machine or computer fax modem. The fax modem allows you to transmit information much more quickly than if it had to feed it page by page into a fax machine.

SOFTWARE

The software is the information that the computer uses to get the job done. Also it refers to the programs, routines, and symbolic languages that control the functioning of the hardware and direct its operation. Software needs to be accessed before it can be used. There are many terms used for process of accessing software including running, executing, starting up, opening, and others. Computer programs allow users to complete tasks. A program can also be referred to as an application and the two words are used interchangeably.

Categories of Software:

1. Application Software - program that can be used to solve a particular problem or to perform a particular task. Types of Application Software: 1. Customized (or User-developed) software - are programs designed for a particular customer or tailored to fit a specific organization. Ex.: Payroll System of a particular company Student Registration System of a particular school 2. General-purpose or Productivity or Packaged software - are productivity tools developed for sale to the general public (ready-made application programs). These are programs that can perform useful work on general-purpose tasks.



The types of packaged software that you will most likely encounter are the following: A. Word processing is the creation, input, editing, and production of documents and texts by means of computer systems.. Ex.: Microsoft Word, MacWrite, Word Perfect, Writer B. Spreadsheet software allows a person to use the computer to use rows, columns, and formulas to display, analyze, and summarize data (mostly numerical data). Ex.: Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, Calc C. Database Management System (DBMS) is a program used to manage multiple data files. It enables users to create and maintain a database (collection of data) and to extract information from the database. Ex.: Microsoft Access, Paradox, dBase, SQL, Oracle D. Desktop Publishing is the design and production of publications using personal computers with graphics capability. Ex.: Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher E. Presentation is software that allows users to use the computer for presentation purposes. Ex.: Microsoft PowerPoint, Impress, Storyboard, Flash F. Graphics software enables users to present information in the form of charts and graphs or to create complex freehand artwork. Ex.: Hollywood, Harvard Graphics, Adobe Illustrator, Fireworks, Cold Fusion, Flash G. Communications software manages the transmission of data between computers over wired or wireless channels. Ex.: ProComm, SmartCom, Crosstalk Some kinds of programs integrate all these functions in one software package, called integrated software. There are many other application programs such as personal information managers, hypertext, multimedia programs and scheduling programs. 2. System Sotware System Software are programs designed to manage the functions of the computer. It enables the application software to interact with the computer. Examples of system software are operating systems, language processors, utility programs, and performance-monitoring software.



1. Operating System acts as the master control program that runs the computer. This program acts as an interface between the user of the computer and the hardware. It oversees the flow of program and data through the computer system. Examples: DOS, WINDOWS, UNIX, LINUX, OS/2, Macintosh Operating System 2. Language Processors or Translators are programs that convert human readable programming languages into machine level instruction and vice versa. There are three types of language processors: the ASSEMBLER, COMPILER, and INTERPRETER. 3. Utility systems are programs developed for frequently used task. These are service routines commonly used in computer operations such as copying, merging and sorting. 4. Performance- monitoring software is a program used to monitor, analyze and report the performance of the overall computer system and the computer components.

Computer Viruses

A virus is a program designed by a computer programmer (malicious hacker) to do a certain unwanted function. The virus program can be simply annoying like displaying a happy face on the user's screen at a certain time and date. It can also be very destructive and damage your computer's programs and files causing the computer to stop working.

The reasons why hackers create viruses are open for speculation. The most quoted reason is simply to see if it can be done. Other reasons are Ludite based "smash the machine" motivations, antiestablishment/anti-corporate actions, criminal intent, and various others that range into the "conspiracy theory" realm.

Viruses take two basic forms

One is a boot sector virus which infects the section of a disk that is first read by the computer. This type of virus infects the boot or master section of any disks that it comes in contact with.

The second is a program virus that infects other programs when the infected program is run or executed. Some viruses infect both and others change themselves (polymorphic) depending on the programs they encounter.

Though viruses do not damage computer hardware there have been attempts to create programs that will do things like run the hard drive until it fails or lodge itself in the computer's clock (which has a rechargeable battery) allowing it to remain active even months after the computer has been unplugged. Other viruses affect certain microchips (BIOS chip for instance). These microchips need to be modified under normal computer use but the virus program can produce changes which cause them to fail. Other viruses will affect the characters or images displayed on the screen which may give the impression of monitor failure.

Viruses can cause a great deal of damage to the computers it infects and can cost a lot of time and money to correct it. Computer viruses have been around for a long time, even before computers became widely used and they will likely remain with us forever. For that



reason computer users will always need ways to protect themselves from virus programs. The main, common feature of a virus is that it is contagious! Their sole purpose is to spread and infect other computers.

A computer gets a virus from an infected file. The virus might attach themselves to a game, a program (both shareware and commercial) or a file downloaded from a bulletin board or the Internet. You cannot get a virus from a plain email message or from a simple text file! That is because the virus needs to be 'run' or executed before it can take effect. This usually happens when the user tries to open an infected program, accesses an infected disk or opens a file with an infected macro or script attached to it. A plain email message is made up of text which does not execute or run when opened.

Modern email programs provide the ability to allow users to format email messages with HTML and attach scripts to them for various purposes and it is possible for a malicious hacker to attempt to spread a virus by building a virus script into an HTML type of email message. When you are accepting software or scripts on Internet sites or reading mail from unknown senders it is best not to run a program from that site or sender without checking it with an anti-virus program first. Protecting yourself

You can take safeguards against virus infection. The first thing is to get an anti-virus program. Most reputable companies that create virus protection programs release an evaluation copy that an Internet user can download for free and use for a certain amount of time. This anti-virus program will be able to check your computer for viruses and repair damage or delete files that are infected with viruses. You may have to replace infected files that cannot be repaired.

The second thing you can do is purchase a copy of the program. The reason for this is that viruses are constantly being created. When you purchase an anti-virus program you are also purchasing periodical updates which keep your anti-virus program up-to-date and able to deal with new viruses as they are encountered. Commercial virus programs also allow the user to customize when and how the program will check the computer for viruses. You will need to renew this updating service periodically.

If you find that your computer has been infected with a virus use an anti-virus program to clean your computer and make sure to check all the disks that you use. This includes all the hard drives on your computer(s) and all your floppy disks and CDs as well as any media that you save information on. Remember that the virus can easily re-infect your computer from one infected file!

If you have to reload your computer programs, use the original program disks. You may want to check your original disks before reinstalling the software. If your original disks are infected contact the distributor to get replacements.

Always take the time to ensure that your computer is properly protected. Spending money on a good virus checking program could save you hundreds of dollars and lots of time later.

A discussion of viruses would not be complete without mentioning hoaxes. Malicious people without programming skills will send out fake virus warnings causing people to take unnecessary measures which often cause your computer harm. One example tries to get the unsuspecting computer user to delete an important system file by warning them that it is a virus. A legitimate virus warning will provide a link to a website operated by an anti-virus company with more information about that virus. Don't forward a virus warning until you have check out whether it is legitimate.



People

People or Peopleware refers to IT Professionals who provide computer-&- communications systems, and the users, who are the beneficiaries of the systems. People are the most important part of, and the beneficiaries of, a computer and communications system The IT Professionals are the trained workers in the Information Technology field. Basically the Computer Professionals are the following:

1. Data Encoder or Data Entry Operator - prepares/enters data for processing

2. Computer Operator - monitors and run the computer equipment. 3. Computer Programmer - designs, writes, tests, implements and maintains

computer programs 4. Systems Analyst - plans and designs the entire systems of programs 5. IT Manager - coordinates the IT organization

Other IT Professionals:

Computer Librarian

Computer Technician

Computer Hardware Engineer

Software Engineer

Systems Administrator

Database Administrator

Network Administrator

Computer Support Specialist

Telecommunication Specialist

Computer Security Specialist

Web Developer/Web Master

Application Specialist

Application Architect

Procedures

Procedures are descriptions of how things are done, steps for accomplishing a result. Some procedures may be expressed in manuals. Manuals, called Documentation, contain instructions, rules, or guidelines to follow when you use hardware or software.



Communications

Communications is defined as the electronic transfer of data or information from one place to another. The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. Communications has two components: digital and analog communications.

Digital or Data communication consists of digital transmission 0s and 1s. This is the method of transmission by which computers communicate with each other. This is also called computer communications. Components of Data Communication System:

1. Transmitter - any circuit or electronic device designed to send electronically encoded data to another location. This can also be called the source.

2. Transmission path or channel is the path or link through which

information passes. This is also known as a line or circuit. 3. Receiver is any device designed to receive any conveyed message

from the transmitter or the source. This is also known as the sink. 4. Message is the information to be communicated. It is a combination

of text, graphics, image, audio and video.

Analog communication consists of non digital forms of transmission, including voice and video. In the past, analog communications has been the method by which telephone, radio, television, and cable-TV have transmitted.



Overview Of Developments In Computer And Communication Technology

The Three Directions in Computer Technology

Smaller size: Everything has become smaller. ENIACs old-fashioned vacuum tubes gave way to the smaller, faster, more reliable transistor. The next step was the development of tiny integrated circuits. Integrated circuits (ICs) are entire collections of electrical circuits or pathways etched on tiny squares of silicon half the size of your thumbnail. Silicon is a natural element found in sand that is purified to form the base materials for making computer processing devices. More power: In turn, miniaturization of

hardware components made more power into the computer machines, providing faster processing speed and more data storage capacity.

Less expensive: The miniaturized processor in a personal desktop computer performs

the same sort of calculations once performed by a computer that filled an entire room.

Important Developments in Communication Technology:

Better Communication Channels The old kinds of telephone connections that is, copper wire have begun to yield to the more efficient wired forms, such as coaxial cable and, more important, fiber optic cable, which can transmit vast quantities of information in both analog and digital form.

Even more interesting has been the expansion of wireless communication. Federal regulators have permitted existing types of wireless channels to be given over to new uses, as a result of which we now have many more kinds of two-way radio, cellular telephone, and paging devices than we had previously. Communications networks connect one or more telephones and computers and associated devices. The principal difference is that broadcast networks transmit messages in only one direction, whereas communications networks transmit in both directions. Communications networks are crucial to technological convergence, for they allow information to be exchanged electronically.



A communications network may be large or small, public or private, wired or wireless or both. Smaller networks may be connected to larger ones. A local area network (LAN) may be used to connect users located near one another, as in the same building.

New Sending and Receiving Devices

A sending device initiates the transmission of data, instructions, and information while a receiving device accepts the items transmitted. Examples of new devices for sending and receiving information:

Cellular phone: Cellular telephones use a system that divides a geographical service into a grid of cells. In each cell, low powered, portable, wireless phones can be accessed and connected to the main (wire) telephone network. The significance of the wireless portable phone is its effect on worldwide communication.

Fax machines: Fax stands for facsimile which means a copy. More specifically, fax stands for facsimile transmission. A fax machine scans an image and sends a copy of it in the form of electronic signals over transmission lines to a receiving fax machine. The receiving machine re-creates the image on paper. Fax messages may also be sent to and from microcomputers.



Name: ____________________________ Time: ________________

True/False: Write true if the statement is correct otherwise false. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

______ 1. In the absence of processing an input cannot be converted to a desired output. ______ 2. In computer system hardware and software are inseparable; these two elements

can stand alone in the absence of other elements. ______ 3. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is the computer primary storage device, internal in nature

but considered secondary storage. ______ 4. Viruses are special customized software. ______ 5. Storage media are affected and infected by viruses from an infected file saved

or stored to them. ______ 6. Fields and records are what the computer hardware deals with. ______ 7. A gigabyte is about 1 trillion bytes. ______ 8. Analog communication is the method of transmission by which computers

communicate with each other. ______ 9. A communications network may be large or small, public or private, wired or

wireless or both. ______ 10. A receiving device initiates the transmission of data, instructions, and

information.

Identification: Identify the statements below. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

_________________ 1. This accepts data and converts it into computer-readable form

ready for processing or storage. _________________ 2. A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. _________________ 3. Transfers data at lightning fast speeds so it can be processed

by the cores in the processor. _________________ 4. The main part, processing unit and devices, of a

microcomputer. _________________ 5. A program designed by a computer programmer to do a certain

unwanted function. _________________ 6. The smallest unit of information inside the computer memory. _________________ 7. They are trained workers in the Information Technology field _________________ 8. It means communication at a distance. _________________ 9. A combination of text, graphics, image, audio and video. _________________ 10. It scans an image and sends a copy of it in the form of

electronic signals.



Name: ___________________________ Time: ________________________

Skills Review: Name the following Computer systems components. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. _______________

2. _________________

3.________________

4.__________________

5.________________

6. _______________

7._____________

8._______________

9._________________________ 10. ______________



At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Learn the basic concepts of data communication and computer networks 2. Realize the benefits of computer networks 3. Describe the various components of data communication and computer networks 4. Differentiate between different types of computer networks 5. Compare the different network models and topologies

Data Communication and Networking

Data Communication

Communication is defined as the transfer of information, such as thoughts and messages between two entities. The invention of telegraph, radio, telephone, and television made possible instantaneous communication over long distances. Data communication concerns itself with the transmission (sending and receiving) of information between two locations by means of electrical signals. It is the name given to the communication where exchange of information takes place in the form of 0s and 1s over some kind of media such as wire or wireless. For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs). The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental characteristics: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.

Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.

Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.

Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.

Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.

Elements of Data Communication

Five basic elements are needed for any communication system. These are:

Data Communications


Message. It is the information to be communicated. This can be anything from text and pictures to audio and video.

Sender. The computer or device that is used for sending data is called sender, source or transmitter. In modern digital communication system, the source is usually a computer.

Medium. The means through which data is sent from one location to another is called transmission medium. If the receiver and transmitter are within a building, a wire connects them. If they are located at different locations, they may be connected by telephone lines, fiber optics or microwaves.

Receiver. The device or computer that receives the data is called receiver. The receiver can be a computer, printer or a fax machine.

Protocols. There are rules under which data transmission takes place between sender and receiver.

Analog and Digital Transmission

Data is transmitted from one point to another point by means of electrical signals that may be in digital and analog form.

Analog Signal. The transfer of data in the form of electrical signals or continuous waves is called analog signal or analog data transmission. An analog signal is measured in volts and its frequency is in hertz (Hz).

Digital Signal. The transfer of data in the form of digit is called digital signal or digital

Documents

INFOTECH FINAL (1).pdf