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• Speeches about processes-a series of actions that leads to a specific result
The process involved in traveling abroad• Speeches about objects-anything that can be seen
or touchedA speech about your guitar• Speeches about events-when a topic refers to
anything notable that has happenedA speech about the war in Iraq
Purpose
• Descriptions- describingDescribing the traditions of a particular
culture• Explanations-explainingExplaining each of the steps involved in fire
prevention• Instructions-teachingShowing students how to protect themselves
Informative
• you are not presenting info that is controversial
• You are not trying to change audience attitudes
• You are trying to make the audience aware of something
• Usually to improve audience knowledge or ability
Persuasive• Usually involves a controversial topic• You are trying to persuade the audience to
take some sort of action, or change some sort of behavior
Techniques of Informative Speaking
1. Define a specific informative purpose2. Create information hunger
3. Make it easy for audience to listen and understand
• Limit amount of info you present -stick to 3-5 main topics• use familiar information to increase
understanding of the unfamiliar • Use simple information to build
understanding of complex info
4. Emphasize Important points
• Use repetition -with main points -with material that is difficult to understand• Use sign posts
Characteristics of persuasion
• Persuasion is the process of motivating someone, through communication to change a particular belief, attitude, or behavior.
Persuasion is interactive
• Can be compared to the transactional model
• It is an interaction that takes place between speaker and audience
Propositions of fact• issues in which there are two or more sides
with conflicting evidence• listeners are required to choose the truth
for themselvesExample: Kobe Bryant did/did not commit
rape
Propositions of value• go beyond issues of truth to explore the
worth of some idea, person, or objectExamples:• President Bush is/ is not the best president• Animal testing is/ is not wrong
Propositions of policy• Goes a step beyond fact or value in stating
a recommended course of actionExample:• Animal testing is wrong, and everyone
should not buy products that test on animals
Persuasive speeches based on desired outcome
• Convincing- when goal of speech is to make the audience believe something
-Kobe Bryant did not commit rape• Actuating- when goal of speech is to get
audience members to take specific actions -don’t buy make-up that is tested on animals
Persuasion can be categorized by to approaches:
1. Direct persuasion- state the persuasive message outright
(speaker’s goals are clear from the beginning)2. Indirect persuasion- persuasive message is not
clear right away(may start with a question and continue speech to
prove that question and persuade audience)
Creating the persuasive message
• Set a clear persuasive purpose• Structure the message carefully• Describe the problem• Describe the solution• Describe the desired audience response
A few of the most common fallacies
• AD HOMINEM- attack on the person instead of the argument
-the speaker attacks the integrity of the person in order to weaken the argument
REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM
• Reduction to the absurd• Unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to
such extreme lengths that it looks ridiculousStraw man argument- a variation of ad absurdum
fallacy• Speaker attacks a potentially valid argument by
demolishing a weak example and suggesting that it represents the entire position
EITHER-OR FALLACY
• Sets up false alternatives• Suggests that if the inferior one must be
rejected, then the other must be accepted
POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC
• False Cause• Mistakenly assumes that one event causes
another because they occur after one another
ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM
• Appeal to authority• Involves relying on the testimony of
someone who is not an authority in the case being argued
• Occur often in advertising and politics
ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM
• Bandwagon appeal• Based on idea that many other people like
it or agree with it, so should you• Wide spread acceptance of an idea is no
guarantee that it is correct