Supplemental G

A series of computer instructions is referred to as software or a computer program.

Business solution developers should focus on the software component of technology for several reasons:

Software enables an organization to utilize the potential of information technology.

Software enables an organization to enhance the personal productivity of employees customers and suppliers.

An organization’s information system is characterized more by software than the hardware components used to execute user instructions.

The value of computer software lies in its ability to help the organization do something better, such as improve management’s decision, efficiently provide goods and service to customers, or improve the effectiveness and efficiency of decisions, operations and information processes.

Software can contribute toward a valid solution in the following ways: By improving organization. Improve operating,

information and decision processes. By providing real-time, useful information. Store,

maintain and make, available the information decision makers need to plan, execute and evaluate organization activities.

By improving organizational and individual capacity to identify and control business and information risk. Provide flexibility to change and aid un the effort to balance operational efficiency and effectiveness.

By achieving organization strategy, accomplish goals and strategies.

In an attempt to make the computer easier to use, alternative means of instructing computers have been developed. Several categories of software, including:Programming LanguagesOperating System SoftwareCommunications SoftwareApplications Software

105 Loop DS OH 106 GET TRAN107 LR R11, R1108 LA R10, ISRECORD109 MVC ISJEY, TXKEY110 PRINT GEN116 WRITE ECB1, KN,

NAMEFILE, ISAMAREA, “S”, (R11)117+ CNOP 0,4118+ BAL 1,*+30119+ECB1 DC A(0)120+ DC BL1”10”121+ DC BL1”000001000”122+ DC AL2(0)123+ DC A(NAMEFILE)124+ DC A(SAMAREA)125+ DC A(0)126+ DC A(0)127+ DC AL2(0)128+ ST R11,20(1,0)129+ L 15,NAMEFILE+92130+ BALR 14,15

132 WAIT ECB=ECB1133+ LA 1,ECB1134+ LA 0,1(0,0)135+ SVC 1

137 CLI ECB1+24,X”00”138 BE LOOP139 TM

ECB1+24,B”00001100”140 BNZ HRDWRERR141 TM

ECB1+24,B”00100000”142 BO NOSPACE143 TM

ECB1+24,B”00000001”144 BO INVALID145 B LOOP

EXHIBIT G-1 Assembly Language

The basics of various generations of computer languages.

First Generation Programming Languages. Machine languages is another name for binary code, first generation programming language.

Second Generation Programming Languages, assembly languages, represent the first effort to develop a more humanlike language to communicate with the computer.

Third Generation Programming Languages, moved toward the development of procedure-oriented languages. As the name implies procedure-oriented languages describe processing procedures to be performed by the computer using English like vocabulary.

Newer wave of third generation languages includes object-oriented languages. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is more flexible than traditional programming. In OOP, a problem is modeled as a group of interacting objects.

?

? post

?

Continue Processing

Get data

Store the data in transaction file A

Ask is more data

NO

YES

More data

Customerlisted?

NO

NO

YES

YES

Add to records

Do Loop

If Then Else

For Loop

Set i to 1

DisplayResult

Add i + Sq. Rt. of I Result = I Add i + 1

Flowchart representation Example

If the customer is listed in our files Then continue processing Else refer to the program code the details how to add the customer to our record End if

Do while answer is “Yes” Display the transaction data input screen Store the entered data in transaction file A Ask the user if there is more data Store the user’s response in the variable AEnd Do Post the transaction data to the master file

i=1For i = 1 to 10 Sum i plus the square root of I Store the sum in the variable result Add 1 to IEnd forDisplay the variable Result

Is i> 10?

EXHIBIT G-2 Sample Program Logic

Fourth Generation Programming Languages, concentrate on delivering a complete application development environment to the non technical user.

Fifth Generation Programming Languages. Concentrate on embedding intelligence applications as fifth generation languages.

Translating computer languages Examples of software program errors Writing computer instructions is called programming

or coding. There are at least types of programming: syntax errors and semantic errors.

Syntax errors are execution errors, in which the computer is unable understand the grammar or vocabulary of the instructions, which prevent program execution

Semantic errors are logical-the syntax of the instructions is correct but it instructs the computer to perform undesirable task or to perform desirable incorrectly.

Source code

objectcodeCompiler,

interpreter, or assembler

EXHIBIT G-3Language Translation

The merger of telecommunication and computer technologies is one of the most important developments in information technology. This convergence has resulted in a variety of connectivity software:PC to PC SoftwareLocal Area Network (LAN) SoftwarePC to hast softwareWide Area Network (WAN) SoftwareClient/Server SoftwareWeb/Internet Software

Application software includes the vast variety of program written to process user request to enter, update, store, query or report information.

Sample personal Productivity Financial modeling tools. There is a variety of

software that enables what if analysis. Among the many types, electronic spreadsheets are probably the most popular.

Using spreadsheet technology, individuals are able to perform sophisticated analyses of complex business such as justifying the purchase a large piece of capital equipment, determining the cost of a product, or negotiating the terms of a loan.

Database management system software (DBMS), a DBMS allows users to integrate and maintain a variety of data and programs previously stored in separate applications.

Web browser used to access the massive system of multimedia computer resources that are geographically dispersed around the world.

Business application software. This software includes transaction processing software, decision support software and executive information system.

General Ledger (GL) software is most identified with the accounting function.

Production management system help organization plan, evaluate, and the execute the production system.

Order/sales entry handles customer orders and the sale of products and services to customers.

Inventory management this software handles the acquisition, storage, control and movement of inventory.

Human resource management software manages information about employee hiring, training, scheduling, compensation, benefits and termination.

Enterprise resource planning software, integrated, flexible and process focused. Enterprise resource planning software helps fill these needs.

Groupware software developers are adapting their products to allow people to work together to complete organization tasks.

Other software used to enhance organization productivity,

Software has highlighted a variety of future development issues, including:The need for tools and methods that enable

more rapid, efficient application developmentThe sift from department processing and data

storage model to an enterprise perspective. The desire to allows computer user (clients) to

control processes rather than having processes control the user.

The need for improved user interfaces and communication of a variety of data forms

The need to facilitate communication globally and throughout cyberspace.