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Hotyapjghi Tocbhalaigos_HGT ; GHEAPFKTGAH TOCBHALAIW=

KH AUOPUGOY

Stpuctupo

;(; Ghtpaductgah

;(0 A`moctgos

;(3 Doeghgtgahs ae GT

;(4 Tw~os ae GT Swstofs

;(? @usghoss ops~octgo ae GT

;(5 Ghtophot khd gts @usghoss K~~lgcktgahs

;(9 Caf~utop Kgdod Docgsgah Fkjghi;(2 Suffkpw

;(7 _hgt Ohd Oropcgsos

;(;> Poeopohcos khd Suiiostod Euptbop Pokdghis

;(; GHTPAD_CTGAH

Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw "GT' bks `ocafo k stpktoigc hocossgtw( _hloss yo `olgoo gh

GT khd kct ah gt, tbopo gs oopw cbkhco ae `ocafghi k eaathato gh tbo khhkls ae

Bgstapw( GT bks `ocafo k gtkl caf~ahoht ae succosseul usghossos khd apikhg}ktgahs(

Fkhkiops kpo or~octod ta gdohtgew a~~aptuhgtgos ta gf~lofoht gheapfktgah swstofs ta

gf~pao tbo `usghoss ~pacossos( Fkhkiops kpo klsa po{ugpod ta lokd GS ~pamocts gh GT(

Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw bks ocafo k fkmap ekcglgtktap ae `usghoss kctggtgos( Gt gs klsa

k cktklwst ae euhdkfohtkl cbkhios gh tbo stpuctupo, a~opktgahs khd fkhkiofoht ae

apikhg}ktgahs( GT ckh o usod ta=

;( ^opeapf bgib&s~ood, bgib&alufo, hufopgc caf~utktgahs(

0( ^pagdo ekst, kccupkto khd ghor~ohsgo caffuhgcktgah ygtbgh khd otyooh

apikhg}ktgahs(

3( Stapo buio kfauhts ae dktk gh kh oksw&ta&kccoss wot sfkll s~kco khd kllay {ugcj

khd oksw kccoss(

4( Kutafkto sofgkutafktgc `usghoss ~pacossos khd fkhukllw daho tksjs(

GT bks ooh usod eap gf~paghi ~paductggtw, poducghi cast, ohbkhcghi docgsgah

fkjghi ~pacoss, ohbkhcghi custafop polktgahsbg~s, khd doola~ghi hoy stpktoigc

k~~lgcktgahs( Tbo usghoss ~kpkdgif bks caf~lotolw sbgetod epaf oghi sollops fkpjot

ta `uwops fkpjot( Custafops bko `ocafo tbo eackl ~aght ae khw `usghoss( Tbo

`usghoss ohgpahfoht gs ha fapo ks stk`lo ks gt usod ta `o khd bks `ocafo fucb

fapo caf~otgtgo( Gt ockfo fkhdktapw ah tbo ~kpt ae tbo apikhg}ktgahs ta fkjo eull

uso ae GT ta supgo( GT bks `ocafo aho ae tbo stkhdkpd caf~ahohts ae kh

apikhg}ktgah(

Tbo ghdggdukls kpo su~~aptod w GT ta eulegll tbogp palos( Tbo fkhkiofoht khd tbo

`usghoss ~pacossos bko `ocafo GT apgohtod( Apikhg}ktgah stpuctupo khd stpktoiw kpo

klsa su~~aptod `w GT( Ybohoop kh ortophkl ap ghtophkl ~possupo gs eolt `w kh

apikhg}ktgah, GT bol~s tbo apikhg}ktgah ta ~lkh cpgtgckl pos~ahso kctggtgos( Tbo

cbkhiod iaophfoht ~algcw fkw cpokto k ~possupo ah kh apikhg}ktgah( @ut sucb k

~possupo gs dgstpg`utod aop k lahi ~opgad ks iaophfoht igos ohauib tgfo ta

apikhg}ktgahs ta pos~ahd ta cbkhiod ~algcgos( @ut ge tbopo gs k cbkhio gh tbo obkgap

ae cahsufops, tbo apikhg}ktgah sbauld o k`lo ta gdohtgew tbo cbkhio( Fapoaop, tbow

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Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw

eap Fkhkiopssbauld o k`lo ta cafo u~ ygtb k salutgah ekst( GT bol~s kh apikhg}ktgah ta khtgcg~kto

khd stkw kbokd ae ~pa`lofs( Tbo apikhg}ktgah ckh tkjo ~pakctgo foksupos pktbop

tbkh egpoegibtghi foksupos(

Kh apikhg}ktgah ckh uso kh GT su~~aptod stpktoigc swstof ta ghcpokso tbogp fkpjot

sbkpo( GT ckh bol~ kh apikhg}ktgah hoiatgkto ottop ygtb tbogp su~~lgops( Fkghtkghghi

khd gf~paghi {uklgtw ae ~paducts khd ~pacossos gh kh apikhg}ktgah hoods poiulkp

su~~apt, giglkhco, khd ghhaktgah( GT bks `ooh usod ortohsgolw eap ~paductggtw

gf~paofoht, poducghi ghohtapw khd fkghtkghghi {uklgtw( Fkhkiofoht Gheapfktgah

Swstof "FGS' khd docgsgah su~~apt swstof "DSS' bko `ooh usod ta bol~

fkhkiofoht gh docgsgah&fkjghi ~pacoss(

@usghoss ~pacoss poohighoopghi "@^P' bks `ocafo tbo hood ta tbo dkw eap oopw

`usghoss: @^P ghalos cbkhighi usghoss ~pacossos gh kh ghhaktgo ykw( GT ~lkws k

fkmap palo gh @^P( Ghtophot khd Ghtpkhot bol~ kh apikhg}ktgah gh cbkhighi gts usghoss~pacossos ta poduco cwclo tgfo khd tgfo ta fkpjot k ~paduct( GT fkjos gheapfktgah

kkglk`lo ta of~lawoos ygtb dgeeopoht lool ae kccoss( Ks k posult, of~lawoos ckh `o

igoh fapo ghdo~ohdohco ta fkjo docgsgahs( Tbo OP , k stpktoigc taal, bokglw usos

GT ta ghtoipkto `usghoss ~pacossos ae kh apikhg}ktgah(

;(0 A@MOCTGUOS

Ketop pokdghi tbgs uhgt, wau sbauld o k`lo ta=

Doegho gheapfktgah tocbhalaiw khd stkto tbo kdkhcofoht ae GT:

Gdohtgew tbo dgeeopoht tw~os ae Gheapfktgah swstofs:

Cahtortuklg}o k usghoss ~ops~octgo ae GT:

Doscpg`o tbo sgihgegckhco ae Ghtophot khd gts usghoss k~~lgcktgahs: khd

Or~lkgh tbo palo ae Caf~utop Kgdod Docgsgah Swstof gh usghoss ohgpahfoht(

;(3 DOEGHGTGAHS AE GT

Lot us uhdopstkhd ybkt gheapfktgah gs( Gheapfktgah gs tbo eghgsbod ~paduct eap

ybgcb dktk gs tbo pky fktopgkl( Tbo dgctgahkpw doeghos gheapfktgah ks~pacossod

dktk, ybgcb gs usod ta tpgiiop coptkgh kctgahs ap ikgh uhdopstkhdghi ae ybkt tbo

dktk gf~lgos(

Gheapfktgah bks klsa `ooh doeghod ks dktk tbkt bko `ooh ~ut ghta k fokhghieul

khd usoeul cahtort khd caffuhgcktod ta k pocg~goht yba usos gt ta fkjo

docgsgahs( Gheapfktgah ghalos tbo caffuhgcktgah khd poco~tgah ae ghtollgiohco

ap jhaylodio( Gt k~~pgsos khd hatgegos: sup~pgsos khd stgfulktos, poducos

uhcoptkghtw, pookls kddgtgahkl kltophktgos ap bol~s olgfghkto gppolokht ap ~aap

ahos, khd gheluohcos ghdggdukls khd stgfulktos tbof ta kctgah( Tbo gheapfktgah

fust o pocogod w tbo pocg~goht ygtbgh tbo po{ugpod tgfo epkfo khd tbo gheapfktgah

fust `o epoo epaf oppaps(

Tbo tocbhalaiw ~lkws kh gf~aptkht palo gh dolgopghi tgfolw khd oppap epoo gheapfktgah

ta gts pocg~gohts( Tocbhalaiw ghcludos bkpdykpo, saetykpo, dktk`ksos, khd

caffuhgcktgah swstof( Bkpdykpo gs k sot ae dogcos sucb ks ~pacossap, fahgtaps,jow`akpd, khd ~pghtop tbkt kcco~t dktk, ~pacoss tbof, khd dgs~lkw tbof( Saetykpo gs k

sot ae ~paipkfs tbkt ohk`lo tbo bkpdykpo ta ~pacoss dktk( Dktk`kso gs klsa kh

ghtoipkl ~kpt ae GT swstof, ybgcb gs k calloctgah ae polktod eglos, tk`los, polktgah otc(

tbkt stapos dktk khd tbo kssacgktgah kfahi tbof( Hotyapj cahhocts caf~utghi

posaupcos ae kh apikhg}ktgah khd ekcglgtktos sbkpghi ae bkpdykpo khd saetykpo( Tbo

apikhg}ktgah ~pacossos khd ~oa~lo kpo ghtoipkl ~kpt ae kh GT Swstof(

Hay yo jhay ybkt gheapfktgah gs khd ybkt tocbhalaiw gs( Hay kpo pokdw eap k

doeghgtgah ae GT(

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Hotyapjghi TocbhalaigosGheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw fokhs tbo calloctgah, stapkio, ~pacossghi,

dgssofghktgah, khd uso ae Gheapfktgah( Gt gs hat caheghod ta bkpdykpo khd

saetykpo `ut kcjhaylodios tbo gf~aptkhco ae fkh khd tbo iakls bo sots eap bgs

tocbhalaiw, tbo kluos of~lawod gh fkjghi tboso cbagcos, tbo kssossfoht

cpgtopgk usod ta docgdo ybotbop bo gs cahtpallghi tbo tocbhalaiw khd gs `oghi

ohpgcbod `w gt(

Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw Sopghi Sacgotw, _SK gh ;797, bks igoh tbo k`ao doeghgtgah(

Tbo k`ao doeghgtgah clokplw stktos tbkt GT gs kh gf~aptkht taal, ybgcb fust o usod

~pa~oplw( Kt aho tgfo, 5>/ ~oa~lo usod ta yapj gh kipgcultupo( Haykdkws, gh k

doola~od cauhtpw, k`aut ;>/ ~oa~lo yapj gh kipgcultupo khd 4>/ ~oa~lo yapj gh

gheapfktgah polktod egolds( Gh k doola~od cauhtpw sucb ks _S, ?>/ bausobalds bko

caf~utops khd Ghtophot cahhoctgah( Gh Ghdgk, ahlw k`aut 2 ~oa~lo aut ae oopw ;>>>bko kccoss ta caf~utops( Bayoop, Ghdgk gs fkjghi stokdw ~paiposs(

Ks ekp ks bgstapw ae caf~utghi gs cahcophod, ~oa~lo tpgod ta ghoht k caf~utghi

fkcbgho ks okplw ks 2>> @C( K`kcus gs aho ae tbo aldost caf~utghi dogcos tbkt kpo

stgll gh uso( Oopw cbgld gh Cbghk lokphs ta uso k`kcus gh scbaal( Aup khcostaps bkd

`uglt kpgaus atbop focbkhgckl fkcbghos usghi iokps( Kll tboso oeeapts lkgd eauhdktgah

eap ottop caf~utghi fkcbghos( Tbo dgado tu`os, tpkhsgstaps, ghtoipktod cgpcugts "GCs'

khd hay opw lkpio ghtoipktod cgpcugts "ULSG' kpo tbo oloctpa&focbkhgckl dogcos

tbkt bko ooh ghohtod aop k ~opgad ae tgfo( Tbo tocbhalaiw bks gf~paod sghco

Yapld Ykp GG fkhw ealds( Tbo gf~paod tocbhalaiw bks `ooh tbo jow ekctap gh

fkjghi ottop caf~utghi dogcos( Klahi ygtb gf~paofoht gh caf~utghi tocbhalaiw,

tbo caffuhgcktgah tocbhalaiw bks klsa gf~paod gh ~kpkllol( Tbo saetykpo klsagf~paod khd `ockfo usop epgohdlw( Tbo s~pokdsboots, tbo yapd ~pacossghi

~kcjkios, dktk`kso ~kcjkios, sgfulktgah saetykpo ~kcjkios, khd docgsgah su~~apt

swstofs fkdo GT ~a~ulkp kfahi fkhkiops ks yoll( Tbo topfs Gheapfktgah Swstofs

"GS' khd Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw "GT' kpo usod swhahwfauslw( GS bks oalod

cahsgdopk`lw sghco ;75>(

Kctggtw K

Igo orkf~los epaf dkw&tadkw kctggtgos gh waup apikhg}ktgah ap khw apikhg}ktgah ae

waup cbagco ta su~~apt tbo stktofoht, Fkhkiops hood ahlw gheapfktgah khd hat

dktk(

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

;(4 TW^OS AE GHEAPFKTGAH SWSTOF

Tbopo kpo kpgaus tw~os ae gheapfktgah swstofs ks lgstod olay(

Tpkhskctgah ^pacossghi Swstofs "T^S'

K T^S gs usod ~pgfkpglw eap pocapd joo~ghi ybgcb gs po{ugpod gh khw apikhg}ktgah ta

cahduct tbo usghoss( Orkf~los ae T^S kpo sklos apdop ohtpw, ~kwpall, khd sbg~~ghi

pocapds otc( T^S gs usod eap ~opgadgc po~apt iohopktgah gh k scbodulod fkhhop( T^S gs

klsa usod eap ~paducghi po~apts ah dofkhd ks yoll ks orco~tgah po~apts(

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Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw

eap FkhkiopsDocgsgah Su~~apt Swstof "DSS'

DSS sopos tbo fkhkiofoht ae kh apikhg}ktgah( K docgsgah su~~apt swstof bkssa~bgstgcktod dktk khklwsgs taals, ybgcb su~~apt khd kssgst kll ks~octs ae ~pa`lof

s~ocgegc docgsgah&fkjghi( DSS fkw uso dktk epaf ortophkl saupcos sucb ks cuppoht

stacj ~pgcos ta ohbkhco docgsgah&fkjghi( DSS gs usod yboh tbo ~pa`lof gs caf~lor

khd tbo gheapfktgah hoodod ta fkjo tbo ost docgsgah gs dgeegcult ta a`tkgh khd uso(

DSS gs doola~od ygtb tbo bol~ ae docgsgah fkjops( DSS bol~s gh docgsgah&fkjghi

~pacoss khd daos hat fkjo khw docgsgah(

Orocutgo Gheapfktgah Swstof "OGS'

Kh Orocutgo Gheapfktgah Swstof gs klsa ckllod Orocutgo Su~~apt Swstof( Sohgap

fkhkiops ae kh apikhg}ktgah uso tbo OGS( Tbopoeapo, gt fust `o oksw ta uso sa tbkt

orocutgos ckh uso gt ygtbaut khw kssgstkhco( OGS ckh da tpohd khklwsgs, orco~tgahpo~aptghi khd bko dpgll dayh ck~k`glgtgos( Tbo posults kpo usukllw ~posohtod gh k

ipk~bgckl eapf tkglapod ta orocutgos gheapfktgah hoods( OGS bks ah&lgho khklwsgs

taals khd tbow kccoss k `pakd pkhio ae ghtophkl khd ortophkl dktk(

Fkhkiofoht Gheapfktgah Swstofs "FGS'

FGS ~pagdos tbo fkhkiofoht pautgho suffkpw ae ksgc a~opktgahs ae tbo

apikhg}ktgah( Tbo ksgc a~opktgahs kpo pocapdod w tbo T^S ae tbo apikhg}ktgah khd

FGS cahsalgdktos tbo dktk ah sklos, ~paductgah otc( FGS ~pagdos pautgho gheapfktgah

ta fkhkiops khd docgsgah fkjops( Tbo fkgh a`moctgo obghd ghstkllghi kh FGS gh tbo

apikhg}ktgah gs ta ghcpokso a~opktgahkl oeegcgohcw( FGS fkw su~~apt fkpjotghi,

~paductgah, eghkhco otc(

Yapj Elay Swstof

K yapjelay swstof gs k pulo `ksod fkhkiofoht swstof tbkt dgpocts, caapdghktos, khd

fahgtaps orocutgah ae kh ghtoppolktod sot ae tksjs kppkhiod ta eapf k `usghoss

~pacoss( K yapjelay swstof gs klsa jhayh ks k dacufoht gfkio fkhkiofoht

swstof( Eap orkf~lo, k yapjelay swstof gs usod `w `khjs eap lakh skhctgah ~pacoss(

Kh k~~lgckht eglls aut kh oloctpahgc k~~lgcktgah eapf eap k khj lakh kt k `khjs yo`

sgto( Tbo k~~lgcktgah gs tboh u~lakd ta tbo khj lakh aeegcops sgto( Tbo lakh aeegcop

cahducts kh ghtopgoy khd eglls gh bgs eood`kcj khd ~kssos tbo k~~lgcktgah eapf ta tbo

cpodgt cbocj uhgt( Tbo cpodgt uhgt cbocjs tbo cpodgt lgfgt khd eglls gh tbo dotkgls( Tbo

k~~lgcktgah gs hay caf~loto khd k eghkl docgsgah gs fkdo(

Tbopo kpo tbpoo tw~os ae yapjelay saetykpo( Kdfghgstpktgo yapjelay swstofs eacus

ah tbo tpkcjghi ae or~ohso po~apts, tpkol po{uosts, fksskios( Kh Kd&bac yapjelay

swstof dokls ygtb tbo sbk~ghi ae ~paduct, sklos ~pa~askls, khd stpktoigc ~lkhs(

^paductgah yapjelay swstofs kpo cahcophod ygtb faptikio lakhs khd ghsupkhco

clkgfs( K yapjelay swstof fkw o Ghtophot `ksod khd fkw o caf`ghod ygtb o&fkgl(

K yapjelay swstof fkw `o `ksod ah clgoht!soop kpcbgtoctupo tbkt fkw uso k

dktk`kso!eglo sopop(

Ohtop~pgso Posaupco ^lkhhghi "OP^'

OP^ swstof gs k sot ae ghtoipktod ~paipkfs ck~k`lo ae fkhkighi k caf~khws gtkl

`usghoss a~opktgahs eap kh ohtgpo fultg&sgto, ila`kl apikhg}ktgah(

Or~opt Swstofs

Tbo swstof bks tbo k`glgtw ta fkjo suiiostgahs khd kct lgjo kh or~opt gh k ~kptgculkp

egold(

Kh or~opt swstof bks kh ortohsgo jhaylodio `kso(

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Hotyapjghi Tocbhalaigos

;(? @_SGHOSS OPS^OCTGUO AE GT

Tbo gf~kct ae GT ah k `usghoss bks `ooh tpofohdaus( Aho ae tbo kdkhtkios ae GT

swstofs eap k `usghoss gs tbo cast&~opeapfkhco pktga, ybgcb gs `ottop gh ckso ae

caf~utops( Tbo lk`ap cast ghcpoksos oopw wokp `ut tbo cast ae caf~utop daos hat

ghcpokso( K `ottop khd fapo ~ayopeul caf~utop ckh `o `auibt eap tbo skfo ~pgco

ketop k wokp( Gt gs `ottop ta uso caf~utops eap pautgho ma`s ks ekp ks ~assg`lo( Tbo GT

bks `ooh usod gh oopw `usghoss khd eap oopw euhctgah ae k `usghoss( Safo ae tbo

k~~lgcktgahs kpo ks eallays(

Eghkhco khd Kccauhtghi= GT bks `ooh usod eap eapockstghi poohuos,

dotopfghghi tbo `ost saupcos khd usos ae euhds khd fkhkighi cksb khd atbop

eghkhcgkl posaupcos( GT bks klsa `ooh usod ta khklw}o ghostfohts khd ~opeapf

kudgts(

Sklos khd Fkpjotghi = GT bks `ooh usod ta doola~ hoy sopgcos, ybgcb fkw

hat orgst ygtbaut GT( GT bks bol~od fkhkiofoht ae kpgaus apikhg}ktgahs ta

dotopfgho tbo ost lacktgah eap ~paductgah khd dgstpg`utgah ekcglgtgos( Tbo

a~opktgahkl dktk bks ooh khklw}od usghi GT ta dotopfgho tbo ost kdoptgsghi khd

sklos k~~pakcbos( Tbo ~paduct ~pgcos bko `ooh sot usghi GT ta iot tbo bgibost

tatkl poohuos( Gh atbop yapds, GT bks `ooh usod eap ~paduct khklwsgs khd ~pgco

khklwsgs(

Fkhuekctupghi = GT bks `ooh ortohsgolw usod eap ~pacossghi custafop apdops,

cahtpallghi ghohtapw lools, doola~ghi ~paductgah scbodulos khd eap fahgtapghi

~paduct {uklgtw( K ybalo hoy dgscg~lgho Caf~utop Kgdod Dosgih khd Caf~utopKgdod Fkhuekctupghi bks oalod duo ta k~~lgcktgah ae GT ta dosgih khd

fkhuekctupghi( Tbo fkhuekctupghi gs hat ybkt gs usod ta `o duo ta tbo uso ae

caf~utops, Caf~utop Ghtoipktod Fkhuekctupghi "CGF' dafghktos tbo

fkhuekctupghi soctap(

Bufkh Posaupco Fkhkiofoht = Caf~khgos kpo usghi GT swstofs eap

scpoohghi k~~lgckhts khd cahductghi kpgaus tosts(

^pamoct Fkhkiofoht = K pkhio ae saetykpo ~kcjkios kpo kkglk`lo gh tbo

fkpjot eap fkhkighi ~pamocts( Tboso saetykpo ~paducts lot tbo fkhkiofoht sot

tbo scbodulos, fglostahos, ekcglgtkto caffuhgcktgah kfahi ipau~ fof`ops, khd

fahgtap tbo ~pamoct ~paiposs( Tboso ~paducts bol~ gh dacufoht khd po~apt~po~kpktgah(

Dktk Khklwsgs = Ghostfoht egpfs bokglw uso gheapfktgah swstofs ta khklw}o

stacjs, ahds khd a~tgahs ta ~pagdo ottop sopgco ta tbogp clgohts(

Kctggtw @

Igo orkf~los ta bgiblgibt tbo k~~lgcktgahs ae GT gh

^u`lgc Polktgahs

Fkpjot posokpcb

^upcbksghi

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

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Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw

eap Fkhkiops ;(5 GHTOPHOT KHD GTS @_SGHOSS K^^LGCKTGAHS

Tbo hotyapj tocbhalaiw bkd ooh doola~od dupghi ;79>s( Tbo hotyapj bkpdykpo

khd saetykpo gf~paod ks k posult ae posokpcb khd ghostfoht( Tbo hotyapj `ockfo

k poklgtw khd oopw apikhg}ktgah lkgd hotyapj ck`los khd cahhoctod tbogp caf~utops

khd atbop posaupcos ta tbo hotyapj( Sucb k hotyapj gs ckllod Ghtpkhot( Kh Ghtpkhot gs

postpgctod ta kh apikhg}ktgah( Yboh k hotyapj ae hotyapjs gs eapfod, gt gs ckllod

Ghtophot( Gh atbop yapds, Ghtophot gs k ila`kl hotyapj ae caf~utop hotyapjs( Tbo

Ghtophot cahhocts caf~utghi posaupcos ae kpgaus apikhg}ktgahs sucb ks kckdofgc

ghstgtutos, `usghoss apikhg}ktgahs khd iaophfoht apikhg}ktgah( Kll hotyapjs, ybgcb

kpo ~kpt ae tbo Ghtophot, eallay k ~patacal ckllod TC^!G^ ~patacal eap caffuhgcktgah(

Ghtophot bks keeoctod `usghoss khd ~oa~lo `atb( Tbo Ghtophot ~pagdos ekst khd

ghor~ohsgo caffuhgcktgah cbkhhols( Tbo Ghtophot gs usod eap tpkhseoppghi dktk eglos,

o&fkgl fosskios khd eap sbkpghi dacufohts khd gfkios( Ghtophot gs klsa usod eap

cbkttghi( Tbopo kpo hoys ipau~s, ybgcb uso Ghtophot ta sbkpo gdoks( ^oa~lo, sgttghi

fglos k~kpt, yapj ah tbo skfo ~pamoct fkjghi uso ae Ghtophot ta orcbkhio gdoks gh

pokl tgfo( Tbo Ghtophot gs klsa usod eap oducktgah khd ohtoptkghfoht(

Tbo Ghtophot bks cbkhiod tbo ykw `usghoss gs daho( K hoy `usghoss ~kpkdgif topfod

oloctpahgc caffopco bks cafo ghta orgstohco( Yo ygll dgscuss o&caffopco gh safo

dotkgl lgttlo lktop( Cahsufops kpo k`lo ta sba~ eap iaads khd sopgcos epaf kll aop tbo

yapld gh tbo cafeapt ae tbogp bafos( Tbo ghdggdukls kpo k`lo ta sba~, khj, yapj, khd

ohtoptkgh tbofsolos ygtbaut lokghi tbogp bafos( Tbo ~kwfohts kpo klsa fkdo

tbpauib Ghtophot( Tbo apikhg}ktgahs, ybgcb ~pagdo tboso sopgcos, klsa uso Ghtophot(Tboso apikhg}ktgahs uso Ghtophot ta cahduct oloctpahgc footghis, tpkgh of~lawoos gh

fkhw dgeeopoht lacktgahs sgfultkhoauslw( Tbo fkhuekctupos khd cap~apkto bausos

dgpoctlw dokl ygtb tbo ~paducops ygtbaut iaghi tbpauib tbo potkglops( K lkpio

~opcohtkio ae ~oa~lo kpo stgll hat ~kpt ae Ghtophot( Bayoop, Ghtophot usops kpo

ghcpoksghi pk~gdlw(

Ghtophot bks ekcglgtktod doola~foht ae yapjelay swstofs kcpass hotyapjs( Ks yo

bko klpokdw dgscussod, yapjelay swstofs kpo `usghoss ~pacoss kutafktgah taals tbkt

~lkco swstof cahtpals gh tbo bkhds ae usop do~kptfohts( Tbow kpo opw elorg`lo khd

ckh o dosgihod ta kutafkto klfast khw gheapfktgah&~pacossghi tksj( Tbo ~pgfkpw

~up~aso ae yapjelay swstofs gs ta ~pagdo usops ygtb tpkcjghi, pautghi, dacufoht

gfkighi, khd atbop ck~k`glgtgos dosgihod ta gf~pao `usghoss ~pacossos(

Tolocaheopohcghi, gdoa caheopohcghi khd scpooh sbkpghi kpo safo ae tbo atbop

Ghtophot k~~lgcktgahs( Tolo&gdoa caheopohcghi sko tpkol tgfo khd tpkol cast( Tbo

gdoks ckh `o sbkpod {ugcjlw khd tbo gheapfktgah elay gs fucb ekstop( Ks k posult, tbo

~paduct doola~foht tgfo khd cahtpkct hoiatgktgah tgfo bko poducod( Tbo custafop

sopgco bks gf~paod duo ta ekstop khd kccupkto gheapfktgah kkglk`glgtw( Fkhw

apikhg}ktgahs bko ooh k`lo ta dpky caf~otgtgo kdkhtkio w usghi Ghtophot(

Tbo Ghtophot cahhocts buhdpods ae tbauskhds ae dgeeopoht hotyapjs epaf fapo tbkh

0>> cauhtpgos kpauhd tbo yapld( Fapo tbkh 4>> fgllgah ~oa~lo epaf kckdofgcs,

`usghoss caffuhgtw khd iaophfoht apikhg}ktgahs uso tbo Ghtophot( _sos ae Ghtophot

kpw epaf oghi k caffuhgcktgah fodguf ta ~pagdghi k fokhs eap callk`apktgahyapj(

Tbo Ghtophot gs ortpofolw pa`ust( K swstof ap k hotyapj ckh `o kddod ! dolotod ta

tbo Ghtophot ygtbaut kdopsolw keeoctghi atbops ah tbo Ghtophot( Tbo caffuhgcktgah

fodgk usod `w Ghtophot ckh `o k tolo~baho lgho, kh Otbophot ck`lo, ap k fgcpayko

lghj( Tbo Ghtophot ckh ckppw dktk, gfkios, tort, agco, ap tpkhskctgahs ygtbaut khw

dgscpgfghktgah(

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Hotyapjghi TocbhalaigosTbo Ghtophot gs oghi usod w kpgaus apikhg}ktgahs eap callk`apktgo yapj( Tboso

apikhg}ktgahs uso tbo Ghtophot ta sohd oloctpahgc fkgl, fosskio, ta tpkhsfgt dacufohts

khd dktk( Tbo apikhg}ktgahs kpo apikhg}ghi khd ~kptgcg~ktghi gh oloctpahgc

caheopohcos(

Khatbop ~a~ulkp uso ae Ghtophot gs ta kccoss gheapfktgah tbkt atbops fkjo kkglk`lo gh

~u`lgc dafkgh( Tbopo kpo s~ocgkl saetykpo ~kcjkio jhayh ks sokpcb ohighos, ybgcb

bol~ usops lackto tbo dosgpod dacufoht( Lkpio dktk`ksos, oloctpahgc `pacbupos, `aaj

dotkgls, khd fkhukls kpo ~posoht ah tbo Ghtophot( Apikhg}ktgahs kdoptgso tbogp

~paducts khd sopgcos ah tbo Ghtophot(

Ghtophot gs klsa oghi usod ta ~kptgcg~kto gh ahlgho dgscussgahs( Tboso dgscussgahs kpo

daho gh pokl tgfo( Kh k~~lgckht ckh o ghtopgoyod ahlgho epaf k dgstkht lacktgah( Tbo

ckhdgdkto daos hat bko ta tpkol ta k~~okp eap tbo ghtopgoy( K~kpt epaf tbosoa`gaus usos, tbo Ghtophot gs ghs~gpghi hoy usghoss fadols, ckllod dgigtkl egpfs( Gh

dgigtkl egpfs, bgopkpcbw khd apikhg}ktgahkl lools kpo loss caf~kpod ta k tpkdgtgahkl

egpf( Tbo of~lawoos kt layop&lools bko kccoss ta fapo dktk khd bko fapo

docgsgah&fkjghi kutbapgtw( Tbo of~lawoos ae kh apikhg}ktgah gh k dgigtkl egpf kpo hat 7

ta ? ~oa~lo( Tbow cauld o kt lacktgah K khd yapjghi eap k dgigtkl egpf kt lacktgah @(

Tboso egpfs kpo fucb lokhop khd oeegcgoht tbkh tpkdgtgahkl egpfs(

Ghtophot bks gffohsolw bol~od tbo egold yapjops( Gh k tpkdgtgahkl ohgpahfoht, k egold

yapjop bkd ta ia ta bgs aeegco ta tkjo apdops eap tbo dkw khd po~apt kt tbo ohd ae tbo

dkw kikgh ta ~pagdo dotkgls ae bgs kccaf~lgsbfohts( Kh of~lawoo ae k dgigtkl egpf

ckppgos k lk~ta~ khd ohtops tbo dktk ghta bgs lk~ta~, ybgcb bo tpkhsfgts ta bgs

apikhg}ktgah usghi k dgkl&u~ cahhoctgah( Bo ckh kttohd footghis ygtbaut kctukllwtpkolghi ta bgs aeegco(

Tbo orgstghi usghoss ~pacossos bko ooh tbapauiblw podosgihod ta tkjo kdkhtkio

ae GT( K lakh k~~lgcktgah gh k tpkdgtgahkl swstof tkjos k`aut 0 yoojs ta iot ~pacossod(

K yapjelay swstof bks poducod tbo tgfo ta loss tbkh k yooj( Tbopo gs ha ~k~op

faofoht khd oopw`adw ckh yapj ah kh k~~lgcktgah gh ~kpkllol(

K caf~khw ckh uso ila`kl dktk klahi ygtb gts a~opktgahkl dktk ta pos~ahd ta cbkhios

gh tbo fkpjot ~lkco( K caf~khw yapjs ygtb fucb loss ghohtapw ks gt fkw oksglw ca&

apdghkto ~paductgah kctggtgos gh tbo lgibt ae tbo apdops( Tbo ~paducts ckh o

custafg}od( Tbo custafg}ktgah daho ta cktop ta tbo hoods k opw sfkll soifoht gs

poeoppod ta ks fgcpa fkpjotghi(

Ghtophot bks klsa `ooh usod eap oloctpahgc caffopco( Gh Oloctpahgc Caffopco "OC',

`usghoss tpkhskctgahs tkjo ~lkco gk tolocaffuhgcktgah hotyapjs( Tbo usghoss

tpkhskctgahs fkw tkjo ~lkco `otyooh kh apikhg}ktgah khd cahsufops ap `otyooh tya

`usghossos ap apikhg}ktgahs( Tbo fkmap ohoegts ta tbo caf~khw ghcludo poducod cast,

poducod cwclo tgfo, khd gf~paod custafop sopgco( Eallayghi gs k lgst ae ohoegts ta

kh apikhg}ktgah usghi oloctpahgc caffopco(

OC docpoksos tbo cast ae cpoktghi, ~pacossghi, dgstpg`utghi, stapghi, khd polgghi

gheapfktgah(

OC kllays poducod ghohtapgos khd aopbokds(

OC poducos tbo tgfo `otyooh tbo ~kwfohts khd pocog~ts ae iaads khd sopgcos(

OC ohk`los kh apikhg}ktgah ta a~opkto gh tbo kpoks fucb owahd tbogp ~bwsgckl

lacktgah(

O&caffopco gs tbo ~pacoss ae uwghi khd sollghi iaads khd sopgcos oloctpahgckllw

usghi Ghtophot( Tbo kctggtgos sucb ks fkpjotghi, kdoptgsghi, custafop su~~apt,

dolgopw, khd ~kwfohts kpo klsa daho oloctpahgckllw( Kh o&`usghoss gs su~~aptod w

Ghtophot ygtbgh tbo apikhg}ktgah(

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Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw

eap FkhkiopsAho fust joo~ gh fghd tbkt o&caffopco gs k ybalo hoy `usghoss ~kpkdgif ybgcb

hoods eposb tbghjghi( Must cpoktghi k yo` sgto daosht iukpkhtoo succoss( Fkhw

~oa~lo stkptod o&`usghoss khd ekglod( K sauhd o&`usghoss fadol gs po{ugpod( Safo ae

tbo Ghtophot usghoss fadols kpo ks eallay=

Ugptukl stapoepaht gs kh o&`usghoss ybopo ~bwsgckl iaads ap sopgcos kpo sald ahlgho

ghstokd ae kh kctukl potkgl autlot( Kh orkf~lo gs yyy(kfk}ah(caf, ybgcb solls aaj

khd atbop gtofs ahlgho( K custafop ckh soloct kh gtof epaf tbogp yo` sgto khd ~lkco

kh oloctpahgc apdop( Bo ckh fkjo ~kwfoht tbpauib cpodgt ckpd khd tboh tbo caf~khw

dolgops iaads ta bgf usghi tpkdgtgahkl fokhs( Tbopo kpo o&`usghossos ybaso ~pgfo

`usghoss gs ta soll gtofs ybopo ~pgcos kpo hat egrod( Tbo ~pgcos kpo docgdod `w tbo

custafops tbpauib kuctgah( Tbopo kpo o&`usghossos yba kpo cahtoht ~pagdop khd

fkhkiop( Tbo caf~khgos ybopo capo caf~otohco gs hat GT, bgpo kh GT caf~khw ta

cpokto yo` sgtos khd dktk`ksos eap tbof( Safo caf~khgos ~pagdo ~aptkls ta atbopapikhg}ktgahs( K ~aptkl gs k yo` sgto tbkt ~pagdos kh ghgtgkl ohtpw ~aght ta tbo yo` sgto

ae tbo caf~khw ap atbop sopgcos o(i( Wkbaa gs k ~aptkl(

Tbo o&caffopco ckh klsa `o clkssgegod `ksod ah tbo ~kptgos ghalod gh tbo `usghoss(

K usghoss&ta&cahsufop o&`usghoss ghalos kh oloctpahgc potkgl bafo khd custafops(

Sucb k usghoss gs klsa ckllod @0C usghoss, yyy(kfk}ah(caf gs kh orkf~lo ae

@0C usghoss( @usghoss&ta&`usghoss "@0@' ghalos tpkhskctgah kfahi usghossos(

Tbo fkgh kdkhtkio gs tbkt k `usghoss bauso ckh `uw pky fktopgkl khd su~~lgos epaf

khatbop usghoss ~kptw ygtbaut iaghi tbpauib tbo potkglop( yyy(Fgl~pa(caf! gs kh o&

`usghoss, ybgcb solls fkcbgho taals ta atbop usghossos( Gh k cahsufop&ta&cahsufop

`usghoss "C0C', tbo o&`usghoss gs k ekcglgtktap ahlw( oa~lo kpo k`lo ta soll ta atbop~oa~lo usghi k C0C ekcglgtw(

;(9 CAF^_TOP KGDOD DOCGSGAH FKJGHI

K docgsgah swstof su~~apts khd kssgsts kll ks~octs ae ~pa`lof s~ocgegc docgsgah&

fkjghi(

K docgsgah su~~apt swstof "DSS', klsa ckllod Caf~utop Kgdod Docgsgah Swstof

"CKDS', gs usod yboh tbo ~pa`lof gs caf~lor khd tbo gheapfktgah hoodod ta fkjo

tbo ost docgsgah gs dgeegcult ta a`tkgh khd uso(

Gh kh apikhg}ktgah, k fkhkiop bks coptkgh iakls, ybgcb bo tpgos ta kcbgoo tbpauib tbo

uso ae posaupcos( Tbo posaupcos sucb ks ~oa~lo, fahow, fktopgkl, khd tgfo gs klykws

lgfgtod( Aho ae tbo palos tbkt k fkhkiop ~lkws kfahi fkhw atbops gs ae docgsgah&

fkjghi( Tbo fkhkiop yauld lgjo ta orkfgho kpgaus kltophktgos, ybgcb fkw hat o

~assg`lo gh k fkhukl swstof duo ta tgfo cahstpkght ap duo ta sboop alufo ae dktk(

Safotgfos, k stktgstgckl khklwsgs ae eluctuktghi dktk gs po{ugpod ybgcb fkw o daho

ahlw ygtb tbo bol~ ae k docgsgah su~~apt swstof( Tbo dktk fkw o dgstpg`utod aop

kpgaus pkhcbos ae tbo apikhg}ktgah khd ygtbaut tbo bol~ ae Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw:

gt fkw hat o ~assg`lo ta orkfgho tbo dktk(

Kh gheapfktgah swstof tbkt bol~s k fkhkiop gh fkjghi k docgsgah gs ckllod k

caf~utop&kgdod docgsgah su~~apt swstof "CKDS' ap sgf~lw docgsgah su~~apt swstof

"DSS'( K DSS gs dosgihod ygtb tbo bol~ ae docgsgah fkjops( K DSS kgds gh docgsgah&

fkjghi ~pacoss khd daos hat fkjo khw docgsgah( K DSS fkw `o usod eap daghi k

tbapauib pgsj khklwsgs ae k ~pamoct( Sucb k DSS ~opeapfs ybkt & ge khklwsgs( K DSS

cahsgsts ae k fadol ae tbo pokl yapld, calloctgah ae ekcts& dktk`kso, khd k usop

ghtopekco(

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Hotyapjghi TocbhalaigosKh khklwst tkljs ta tbo fkhkiop khd tpgos ta ostk`lgsb bgs po{ugpofoht( Khklwst fkw

hood ta ghtopkct ygtb usops fkhw tgfos `oeapo tbo po{ugpofohts kpo caf~lotolw

uhdopstaad( Tbo khklwst fkw klsa studw tbo orgstghi swstof ge khw( Tbo khklwst fust

bko dafkgh jhaylodio( Tbo poklgtw gs orkfghod, tbo ~pa`lof gs gdohtgegod, khd gt gs

doeghod( Tbo ~pa`lof fkw o taa caf~lor ta o khklw}od( Gh sucb k sgtuktgah, k

sgf~lgegod opsgah ae tbo ~pa`lof gs doeghod( Tbo sgf~lgegod ~pa`lof gs usod ta cpokto

k fadol ae tbo kctukl ~pa`lof( Tbopo kpo fkhw ykws ae cpoktghi k fadol eap k

~pa`lof( Tbo fadol fkw o k scklo fadol, g(o( fadol ae k ugldghi ap k pgdio( Gt fkw

`o k fktbofktgckl fadol sucb ks o{uktgahs doscpg`ghi tbo tpkmoctapw ae k fgssglo( Tbo

fadol fkw o kh khklai fadol sucb ks k luo ~pght eap k `ugldghi ap k fk~ ta sbay k

~kptgculkp poigah( Tbopo kpo fkhw atbop tw~os ae fadols, ybgcb kpo hat dgscussod

bopo( K fadol bks k sot ae uhcahtpallk`lo kpgk`los tbkt kpo hat uhdop tbo cahtpal ae

tbo fkhkiop( Tbopo gs k sot ae docgsgah kpgk`los, ybgcb kpo uhdop tbo cahtpal ae tbo

fkhkiop, khd tboso kpgk`los doscpg`o kltophktgo caupso ae kctgah( Ks tbo kluoskssgihod ta docgsgah kpgk`los kpo cbkhiod, tbo posults klsa cbkhio( Tbo posult

kpgk`los kpo do~ohdoht ah docgsgah kpgk`los(

Tbo khklwst tboh dacufohts tbo po{ugpofohts usghi aho ae tbo eapfkl po~posohtktgahs

sucb ks Dktk Elay Dgkipkf, Elaycbkpts, OP dgkipkf, stpuctupod Ohilgsb( Sucb k

dacufoht gs ckllod Saetykpo Po{ugpofohts S~ocgegcktgah "SPS'(

K swstof gs tboh `uglt kccapdghi ta tbo po{ugpofohts( Tbopo kpo fkhw saetykpo

doola~foht fadols sucb ks yktopekll fadol, ~patatw~o, khd ghcpofohtkl fadols( Eap

k docgsgah su~~apt swstof, usukllw k ~patatw~o gs `uglt ybgcb gs sbayh ta tbo fkhkiop

eap k~~pakl( Tbo caf~loto swstof gs tboh uglt tkjghi tbo eood`kcj epaf tbofkhkiop ghta cahsgdopktgah(

Tbo docgsgah kpgk`los kpo cbkhiod khd gf~kct ah posult kpgk`los gs khklw}od( K DSS

~pagdos su~~apt eap docgsgah fkjops w pghighi taiotbop bufkh mudifoht khd

caf~utopg}od gheapfktgah( K DSS fkw ~pagdo su~~apt tbpauibaut lkpio khd caf~lor

apikhg}ktgah ap gt fkw su~~apt kh orocutgo( K DSS fkw bol~ kh orocutgo ta ~opeapf

tpohd khklwsgs( K DSS fkw `o dosgihod ta iohopkto orco~tgah po~apt sa tbkt tbo

fkhkiop daos hat fgss khw orco~tgahkl cahdgtgah(

;(2 S_FFKPW

Gh tbgs uhgt, yo bko lokpht k`aut tbo Gheapfktgah Swstofs( Tbo topfs Gheapfktgah

Swstofs khd Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw kpo usod swhahwfauslw( Yo lokpht k eoy

doeghgtgahs ae GT( Yo klsa lokpht tbo fkgh caf~ahohts ae kh GT swstof( Yo klsa lokpht

kpgaus tw~os ae GT swstofs tbkt kpo usod gh k `usghoss( Tbo `usghoss k~~lgcktgahs ae

GT yopo dgscussod gh safo dotkgl( Ghtophot khd O&caffopco ybgcb gs aho ae tbo

k~~lgcktgahs ae Ghtophot yopo dgscussod( Ukpgaus usghoss fadols ae o&`usghoss yopo

klsa dgscussod( GT bks klsa ooh usod ortohsgolw gh docgsgah&fkjghi swstofs( Tboso

swstofs da hat fkjo khw docgsgahs w tbofsolos ut tbow ahlw bol~ tbo docgsgah

fkjop gh khklw}ghi tbo dktk(

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;>

Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw

eap Fkhkiops ;(7 _HGT OHD OROPCGSOS

;( Doegho kh gheapfktgah swstof khd lgst gts fkmap caf~ahohts(

0( Doscpg`o bay gheapfktgah swstof ckh su~~apt k usghoss(

3( Doegho tbo Ghtophot, Ghtpkhot, khd o&caffopco(

4( @pgoelw doscpg o kpgaus tw~os ae Gheapfktgah Swstofs(

?( Ybkt gs tbo ~up~aso ae k T^S1 Bay daos gt caf~lgfoht FGS gh kh apikhg}ktgah1

5( Lgst tbo fkmap kdkhtkios ae tbo Ghtophot( @pgoelw doscpg`o gf~kct ae Ghtophot ah

`usghoss(

9( Ypgto k hato ah o&caffopco( Ybkt kpo tbo kdkhtkios ae o&caffopco aopcahohtgahkl `usghoss1

2( Ybkt gs tbo ~up~aso ae k caf~utop kgdod docgsgah su~~apt swstof1 Ybkt kpo tbo

fkmap caf~ahohts ae sucb k swstof1 Bay daos gt bol~ tbo docgsgah fkjghi

~pacoss1

;(;> POEOPOHCOS KHD S_IIOSTOD E_PTBOP

POKDGHIS

Lkudoh, J( C( khd Lkudoh, M( ^(, "0>>0' Fkhkiofoht Gheapfktgah Swstofs&

Fkhkighi tbo Dgigtkl Egpf, ^okpsah Oducktgah(

Tup`kh, O(, FcLokh, O( khd Yotbop`oo, M(, ";777', Gheapfktgah Tocbhalaiw eap

Fkhkiofoht, Mabh Yglow, khd Sahs Ghc( "Ksgk'(