Information Systems & Semantic Web University of ...staab/... · Information Systems & Semantic Web University of Koblenz Landau, Germany Ontologies

<is web> Information Systems & Semantic WebUniversity of Koblenz ▪ Landau, Germany

Ontologiesand

Model-driven Software Engineering

Steffen Staab

<is web>

ISWeb - Information Systems & Semantic Web

Steffen [email protected]

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Andreas Winter

Fernando Parreiras

Ontologies & Software Tech: Starting Point

Ontologies

OWL

F-Logic

Model theory

Well-foundedsemantics

RDF

<is web>@Koblenz

IST – Institute forSoftware Technology

@Koblenz

UML

MDA

XMI

Metamodeling

Semantics

Grammar

Metamodeling

RDF

OWLMDA

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Andreas Winter

Fernando Parreiras

Schism?

Ontologies

OWL

F-Logic

Model theory


RDF

<is web>@Koblenz


@Koblenz

UML

MDA

XMI

Metamodeling

Seman-tics

Grammar

Metamodeling

RDF

OWLMDA

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Andreas Winter

Fernando Parreiras

Synthesis!

Ontologies

OWL

F-Logic

Model theory


RDF

<is web>@Koblenz


@Koblenz

UML

MDA

XMI

Metamodeling

QVT

Grammar

Metamodeling

RDF

OWLMDA

RDF Semantics

It‘sthe

process, stupid!

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Agenda of this Talk

Model-driven Engineering

Ontology

A Use Case of Ontology Technology in MDE

Joint Metamodels

Case 1:Use Ontology Technology in a Design Pattern

Case 2: Using MDE for Translating between Ontologies

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Model-driven Architecture

Classical MDA

PIM PSM Code

JAVAUML UML

MDA is an instance of Model-Driven Engineering

Transformations:Adapt to the target platformAdd additional modeling

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Agenda of this Talk


Ontology


Joint Metamodels



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Definition: What is an ontology?(in computer science)

Based on Gruber 93:

An Ontology is aformal specificationof a sharedconceptualizationof a domain of interest

⇒ Executable, Discussable⇒ Group of persons⇒ About concepts⇒ Between application

and „unique truth“

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Purpose: What is an ontology?

To make domain assumptions explicitEasier to change domain assumptionsEasier to understand and update legacy data

To separate domain knowledge from operational knowledge

Re-use domain and operational knowledge separately

A community reference for applications

To share a consistent understanding of what information means

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Usage: What is an ontology?

Front-End

Back-End

Topic Maps

Extended ER-Models

Thesauri

Predicate Logic

Semantic Networks

Taxonomies

Ontologies

Navigation

Queries

Sharing of Knowledge

Information Retrieval

Query Expansion

Mediation Reasoning

Consistency CheckingEAI

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lightweight heavyweight

Text Corpora

DataDictionaries

(EDI)

Ad-hocHierarchies(Yahoo!)

Folks-onomies

Glossaries

Thesauri

XMLDTDs

PrincipledInformal

Hierarchies

DBSchema

XMLSchema

Data Models(UML, STEP)

FormalTaxonomies

Frames(OKBC)

DescriptionLogics

Glossaries &Data Dictionaries Thesauri,

Taxonomies

MetaData,XML Schemas,Data Models

Formal Ontologies& Inference

First-order,Higher-order,Modal Logic

F-Logic

Formality: What is an ontology?

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Example: What is an ontology?

Foundational Model of AnatomyRepresents structures ranging from macromolecular complexes to body partsContains

~70,000 distinct concepts~ 110,000 terms140 relationsMetaclasses to define class-level propertiesAttributed relationsDifferent types of part-whole, location, and other spatial relationsSynonyms

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Agenda of this Talk


Ontology


Joint Metamodels



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MDA & Ontology Case: Model Checking

Reasoning on UML class diagrams

Classical MDA

PIM PSM Code

Translation

OWL

JAVAUML UML

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Model Checking

Reasoning on UML class diagrams allows for checking:

Consistency of the diagram: Can the classes be populated?

Classification to identify the possible omission of an explicit generalization.

Equivalence among classes to discover redundancy.

Refinement of properties to apply stricter multiplicities or typing than the ones explicitly specified in the diagram.

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Model Checking: Example

Every

WebPortalAccount

is used by at

most one Researcher

UserAccount User0..n 10..n 1Owns

Student

Uses {complete, disjoint}

WebPortalAccount Researcher1..n0..1

Researcheris disjoint from

Student

if Researcher is empty, User and Student will be

redundantINCONSISTENT

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Model Checking: Example

UserAccount User0..n 10..n 1Owns

Student

Uses {complete, disjoint}

WebPortalAccount Researcher1..n0..1

INCONSISTENT

Advantage for SE:

Models with provably higher quality

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Agenda of this Talk


Ontology


Joint Metamodels: TWOUSE



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Structure: Metamodels

TWOUSE: Transforming and Weaving Ontologies and UML for Software Engineering

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TwoUse Models (excerpt)

M2

M1

ClassDataType AnyType

OwlAnyowlIsInstanceOf()

OclAnyoclIsKindOf()oclIsTypeOf()

PuchaseOrder

Product

TUClass

OWLClass

CustomerFromEUCountry

Classifier

InstanceOf

context PurchaseOrder::getCharges() : Realbody: if self.owlIsInstanceOf(DutyFreeOrder)then 0.00 else 0.60 endif}

getCharges()

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Agenda of this Talk


Ontology


Joint Metamodels: TWOUSE



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Running Example: E-Commerce Shop

7%7%

7%

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Running Example: E-Commerce Shop

19%35%

5%

Free trade zones

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FreeTradeZone

Country

Customer PurchaseOrder

getCharges()

ProductName: String

UML

+hasProduct

+hasResident

+memberOfTradeZone+hasMember

+hasOrder

+hasCustomer

+livesIn

Hybrid Model: Example UML

1 0..n1..n

1

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FreeTradeZone

Country


getCharges()+has

Resident+memberOfTradeZone

+hasMember

+hasOrder

+hasCustomer

+livesIn

Hybrid Model: Example OWL

<<owlValue>>+{someValuesFrom = CountryFromEU}

<<owlRestriction>> CountryFromEU

<<owlValue>> {hasValue = eu} memberOfTradeZone : FreeTradeZone

livesIn

<<owlRestriction>> OrderFromEUCustomers

<<equivalentClass>>

+{someValuesFrom= CustomersFromACountry } <<owlValue>>

<<owlRestriction>> CustomerFromEUCountry

DutyFreeOrder = OrderFromEUCustomer

1 0..n1..n

1

<<owlRestriction>> DutyFreeOrder

hasCustomerOrdersFromEUCustomers hasCustomer SOME

CustomerFromEUCountries

OWL (ODM)

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FreeTradeZone

Country


getCharges()

TwoUse

Hybrid Model: Example TwoUse

<<owlValue>>

<<ocldlExpression>>{context PurchaseOrder::getCharges() : Realbody: if self.isOwlInstanceOf(DutyFreeOrder)

then 0% else 60% endif}

+{someValuesFrom = CountryFromEU}

<<owlRestriction>> CountryFromEU


livesIn

<<owlRestriction>> OrderFromEUCustomer

<<equivalentClass>>

+{someValuesFrom= CustomerFromACountry } <<owlValue>>

<<owlRestriction>> CustomerFromEUCountry

<<owlRestriction>> DutyFreeOrder

hasCustomer

ProductName: String

OWL

UML

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OCL-DL in TWOUSE

Co-generation of OWL models from UML

PIM

Generation & OCL-DL

UML UML

OWL

Classical MDA

PSM Code

JAVAUML

Java calls to reasoner

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OCL-DL can do more!

PIM

UML UML

OWL

Classical MDA

PSM Code

JAVAUML

OCL-DL Queries

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OCL-DL Example

UML

OWL

TwoUse

+hasResident

<<ocldlExpression>>{context PurchaseOrder::getCharges() : Real body: if self.isOwlInstanceOf(DutyFreeOrder) then 0.00 else 0.60 endif}

DutyFreeOrder<<owlClass>>

FreeTradeZone<<owlClass>> Country

<<owlClass>>

name : String

0..12..n

+memberOfTradeZone0..1 +hasMember

2..n Customer<<owlClass>>

1 1..n+livesIn1 1..n

Productname : String

PurchaseOrder<<owlClass>>

getCharges()

0..n1

+hasOrder0..n+hasCustomer

11..n1..n

+hasProduct

1..n1..n

CountriesFromEU<<owlRestriction>>


CustomersFromEUCountries<<owlRestriction>>

+{someValuesFrom = CountriesFromEU } livesIn<<owlValue>>

OrdersFromEUCustomers<<owlRestriction>>

+{someValuesFrom= CustomersFromACountry } hasCustomer

<<owlValue>>

<<equivalentClass>>

self.owlIsInstanceOf(DutyFreeOrder) ? Type (?self, DutyFreeOrder)self.owlAllTypes() Type (?self, ?x)self.owlAllInstances() Type (?self,?x), Type (?y, ?x)

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Summary of OCL-DL

“Dialect” of OCL Specification of

QueriesInvariantsGuards

OCL Library with new operationsowlIsInstanceOf(typespec: OclType)owlAllTypes() owlAllInstances()

OWL SupportOWL-DLOWL2, DL Rules

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Agenda of this Talk


Ontology


Joint Metamodels



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Use Case 2: Using MDE for Translating between Ontologies

Translation of ontology datasets

Input OutputTranslation

Semantic

Syntactic, Lexical

Lexical

SemanticF-Logic

+

Ontobroker

(Java)SPARQL

+

Jena(Java)

MBOTL

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State of the Art: Neon Toolkit

visual mapping of ontologies

Plug-ins must be written separately

Input Output

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Problem

Semantic

Syntactic {

Lexical {

{PIM

Code

All three layers are platform independent

A PIM focus on the operation of a system and hides the details necessary for a particular platform (MDA Guide)

MDA Modeling

Transf.

LayersSPARQL

Jena

(Java)

F-Logic

Ontobroker

(Java)

Problem:Why to use two languages? Instead of general purpose programming language, specific language?

InputInBook

ChaptergMonth

title

OutputInbook

StringupperCase(title)

Tools

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The MBOTL Solution

Semantic

Syntactic {

Lexical {

{mbotl: PIM

jena

MDA Modeling

sparql

} Transformation

java

f-logic

Advantages:Productivity: focus on business and not on platform detailsPortability: Same PIM can be automatically transformed into multiple PSMs for different platforms Maintenance: higher level of abstraction than code

(MDA)

or

InputInBook

ChaptergMonth

title

OutputInbook

StringupperCase(title)

Layers

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Addressing the Semantic Layer

Usage of OCL-like expressions to formulate queries.

Concrete Syntax of a Ontology Translation Rule:

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Addressing the syntax and lexical layers

Application of predefined operations or helpers

Unified Representation

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Metamodel

Reference Layer(EU STReP MOST)

MBOTL Extension

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Translation Process

Source Ontology

Target Ontology

PlatformSpecific Model

java.ecoresparql.ecore

PlatformIndependent Model

mbotl.ecore

Code

query.javabuiltins.java Jena

Framework

ATL Model Transformation

ATL Model Transformation

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Screenshot: Editing a MBOTL Translation

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Screenshot: Generated SPARQL Model

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Screenshot: Java Code with Jena API

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Screenshot: Java Code of Built-In

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Summary of Case 2

MBOTL provides an unified language to model different layers of ontology dataset translation problems.

At semantic level: OCL as query language.At syntactic and lexical levels: OCL predefined operations

and user-defined helpers.Improvements: productivity, portability, maintenance.Implementation: Eclipse, ATL Transformation Language,

Jena.Future Work: plug-in, SPARQL-like syntax, evaluation.

Download and test: isweb.uni-koblenz.de/Research/MBOTL

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Conclusion

Joint metamodels

allow for joint querying of UML & OWL

provide synchronized reasoning calls

extend the power of UML with UWL

extend the power of SPARQL (or other ontology services) by programming language competencies

<is web> Information Systems & Semantic WebUniversity of Koblenz ▪ Landau, Germany

Thank You! http://isweb.uni-koblenz.de/Projects/twousehttp://isweb.uni-koblenz.de/Projects/MOST

Fernando Silva Parreiras, Steffen Staab, Andreas Winter: Improving Design Patterns by Description Logics: A Use Case with Abstract Factory and Strategy.

in Modellierung 2008, 12.-14. März 2008, Berlin. 2008. GI. LNI. 127.

Fernando Silva Parreiras, Steffen Staab, Simon Schenk, Andreas Winter: Model Driven Specification of Ontology Translations. In: Conceptual Modeling - ER 2008,

27th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, 2008. Springer.

Fernando Silva Parreiras, Steffen Staab, Andreas Winter: On Marrying Ontologicaland Metamodeling Technical Spaces. 2007. ACM Press. Proceedings of the 6th jointmeeting of the European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT

International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering, 2007.

Fernando Silva Parreiras, Steffen Staab, Andreas Winter: TwoUse: Integrating UML Models and OWL Ontologies. Universität Koblenz-Landau, Fachbereich Informatik.

2007. Arbeitsbericht.

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Expressiveness of OCL, UML and DLs

limited complex role inclusion, reflexivity and irreflexivity, role disjointness

n-ary relations, functional dependencies on n-ary relations, and identification constraints on concepts

transitive properties

nominalsSROIQ(D)(OWL 2)

DLRifd(UML Class Diagrams)

SHOIN(D)(OWL-DL)

role hierarchy

qualified cardinality restrictions

ALCQI

cardinality restrictions DL-Lite

FOLOCL

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OCL-DL Dialect

limited complex role inclusion, reflexivity and irreflexivity, role disjointness

n-ary relations, functional dependencies on n-ary relations, and identification constraints on concepts

transitive properties

nominalsSROIQ(D)(OWL 2)

DLRifd(UML Class Diagrams)

SHOIN(D)(OWL-DL)

role hierarchy

qualified cardinality restrictions

ALCQI

cardinality restrictions DL-Lite

FOLOCLOCL-DL

Documents

Information Systems & Semantic Web University of ...staab/... · Information Systems & Semantic Web University of Koblenz Landau, Germany Ontologies