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• Gregor Aisch, Open Knowledge Foundation• Brigitte Alfter, Journalismfund.eu• David Anderton, Freelance Journalist• James Ball, the Guardian• Caelainn Barr, Citywire• Mariana Berruezo, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires• Michael Blastland, Freelance Journalist• Mariano Blejman, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires• John Bones, Verdens Gang• Marianne Bouchart, Bloomberg News• Liliana Bounegru, European Journalism Centre• Brian Boyer, Chicago Tribune• Paul Bradshaw, Birmingham City University• Wendy Carlisle, Australian Broadcasting Corporation• Lucy Chambers, Open Knowledge Foundation• Sarah Cohen, Duke University• Alastair Dant, the Guardian• Helen Darbishire, Access Info Europe• Chase Davis, Center for Investigative Reporting• Steve Doig, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University• Lisa Evans, the Guardian• Tom Fries, Bertelsmann Stiftung• Duncan Geere, Wired UK• Jack Gillum, Associated Press• Jonathan Gray, Open Knowledge Foundation• Alex Howard, O’Reilly Media• Bella Hurrell, BBC• Nicolas Kayser-Bril, Journalism++• John Keefe, WNYC• Scott Klein, ProPublica• Alexandre Léchenet, Le Monde• Mark Lee Hunter, INSEAD• Andrew Leimdorfer, BBC• Friedrich Lindenberg, Open Knowledge Foundation• Mike Linksvayer, Creative Commons• Mirko Lorenz, Deutsche Welle

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• Esa Mäkinen, Helsingin Sanomat• Pedro Markun, Transparência Hacker• Isao Matsunami, Tokyo Shimbun• Lorenz Matzat, OpenDataCity• Geoff McGhee, Stanford University• Philip Meyer, Professor Emeritus, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill• Claire Miller, WalesOnline• Cynthia O’Murchu, Financial Times• Oluseun Onigbinde, BudgIT• Djordje Padejski, Knight Journalism Fellow, Stanford University• Jane Park, Creative Commons• Angélica Peralta Ramos, La Nacion (Argentina)• Cheryl Phillips, The Seattle Times• Aron Pilhofer, New York Times• Lulu Pinney, Freelance Infographic Designer• Paul Radu, Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project• Simon Rogers, the Guardian• Martin Rosenbaum, BBC• Amanda Rossi, Friends of Januária• Martin Sarsale, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires• Fabrizio Scrollini, London School of Economics and Political Science• Sarah Slobin, Wall Street Journal• Sergio Sorin, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires• Jonathan Stray, The Overview Project• Brian Suda, (optional.is)• Chris Taggart, OpenCorporates• Jer Thorp, The New York Times R&D Group• Andy Tow, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires• Luk N. Van Wassenhove, INSEAD• Sascha Venohr, Zeit Online• Jerry Vermanen, NU.nl• César Viana, University of Goiás• Farida Vis, University of Leicester• Pete Warden, Independent Data Analyst and Developer• Chrys Wu, Hacks/Hackers

6

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oxfF ljleGg ljifodf leGg leGg dflg;sf leGg leGg ljrf/ /flvPsf 5g\ . h:t}, s;}n] s'g 6'n /fd|f] eg]sf] 5 s;}n] s'g . To:t} u/L s'g sfd s;/L ug{] eGg] ljifodf klg leGg leGg dt /flvPsf 5g\ . st} st} dt aflemPsf 5g\ . km/s dflg;sf, km/s cj:yfdf sfd ubf{sf cg'ej km/s km/s x'G5g\ . o;af6 cndlng' kb{}g . o;df Pp6} dfq ljrf/ ;xL x'G5, afFsL unt x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g .

o; k':tsdf w]/} k|fljlws zAbfjnL k/]sf 5g\ . s]xL zAbnfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ubf{ cK7\of/f] / ga'lemg] xf]nf eg]/ xfdLn] c+u|]hLd} /fv]sf 5f}+ . h:t} 6'n . o;nfO{ cf}hf/ jf ;fdu|L eGbf PK;, ;ˆ6j]o/ egL ga'lemPnf eg]/ 6'n g} /fv]sf 5f}+ . ;ˆ6j]o/sf] gfddf b]jgfu/L / c+u|]hL b'j} pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . sDKo'6/ rnfpg hfGg] dflg;n] ;'g]hfg]sf PdP; j8{, PS;]n h:tf gfd b]jgfu/Ld} n]lvPsf 5g\ eg] cgf}7f ;ˆ6j]o/, PK;sf gfd eg] /f]dgd} /flvPsf] 5 .

cfhef]ln tYof+s vf]Hg, ltgaf6 :6f]/L kQf nufpg, tYof+ssf] 7"nf] y'k|f]af6 cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf hfgsf/L ;lhnf] u/L plwGg, tYof+sdf ePsf w]/} hfgsf/L kf7sn] em§ x]g{] lalQs} a'e\mg ;Sg] u/L k|:t't ug{ oL sfddf kf]Vt k|fljlws geO gx'g] ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o:tf dflg; 5g\ . t/ kqsf/ / k|fljlws ldn]/ sfd ug{] rng ce}m al;;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] ltgsf] ;xof]u lng'k5{ .

tYof+s /fVg], lbg] rng xfdLsxfF cln km/s x'g ;S5 . To;}n] sltko sfd ubf{ oxfF lbOPeGbf km/s pkfo ckgfpg'kg{] x'g ;S5 . Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] k':ts g]kfnL kqsf/sf nflu pkof]uL x'g]5 lsgeg] o;df tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ kqsfl/tf ug{sf nflu ghfgL gx'g] ;Lksf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

of] k':ts kqsf/ afx]s c¿sf nflu klg pkof]uL 5 . g]kfndf clxn] ;"rgfsf] xssf If]qdf w]/} ;+:yfx¿ d]xgtk"j{s sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;cl3 s;}n] glnPsf ;"rgf pgLx¿n] lnPsf 5g\ . tL ;"rgf k|zf]wg ug{, ljZn]if0f ug{ / ltgaf6 cy{ lgsfNg o; k':tsdf lbOPsf ;a}h;f] ;Lk sfd nfU5g\ . o;df lbOPsf s]xL ;Lk dfq pkof]u u/]sf v08df klg pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfd clxn]sf] eGbf stf xf] stf a9L kmnbfoL x'G5g\ .

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tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] ;Defjgf s:tf] 5 < o;sf ;Ldf s] x'g\ < of] sxfFaf6 cfof] < o; v08df tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] / ;~rf/ dfWoddf o;sf] s] s:tf] dxTj 5 eGg] ljifodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . kn a|f8\z -ald{+ufd l;6L o'lgel;{6L_ / ldsf{] nf]/]Gh -8r] j]n]_ n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf c¿ vfnsf] kqsfl/tfeGbf s] slt dfqfdf km/s 5 eGg]af/]df yf]/} s'/f atfPsf 5g\ . tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cu|k+lQmdf /x]sf kqsf/n] of] lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg]/ atfPsf 5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f nfu]sf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf pbfx/0f klg lbPsf 5g\ . cGTodf, lnlnofg af}g]u|' -o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/_ n] tYof+s kqsfl/tfnfO{ a[xt\ P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] <

tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] pQ/ ;lhnf] 5, tYof+ssf] ;xf/f lnP/ ul/g] kqsfl/tf . t/ o;f] eGbf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf af/]df :ki6 x'Fb}g .

ætYof+sÆ / ækqsfl/tfÆ oL b'j} zAb ;d:ofd"ns 5g\ . s;}n] 7fGg ;S5 — ætYof+sÆ eg]sf] c+s, clwsf+z cj:yfdf :k]|8l;6df /flvPsf] c+ssf] ;+sng xf] . aL; jif{ klxn] kqsf/n] pkof]u ug{] tYof+s olQd} ;Lldt lyof] . t/ xfdL l8lh6n o'udf 5f}+ . olt a]nf h] s'/f klg -;a} s'/f_ ;+Vofdf atfpg ;lsG5 .

dflg;sf] k]zfsf] Oltxf;, #) nfv uf]Ko sfuhft, ;fyL . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ z"Go / Psb]lv gf};Ddsf c+sdf atfpg ;lsG5 . kmf]6f], lel8of], / cfjfhnfO{ klg ltg} c+sdf atfpg ;lsG5 . xTof, /f]u, /fhgLlts ef]6, e|i6frf/ / e"m6f s'/f . c+sdf atfpg g;lsg] s'/f s] 5 / ;+;f/df <

c¿ kqsfl/tf / tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf s] km/s 5 < kqsfl/tfdf eGb} cfPsf] æ;dfrf/ ;'F£g] zlQmÆ / xfn pknAw y/Ly/Lsf l8lh6n ;"rgf pkof]u u/L :6f]/L eGg] IfdtfnfO{ ldnfpg ;Sof] eg] o;n] gofF cj;/sf] 9f]sf vf]N5 .

o:tf] ;Defjgf kqsfl/tfsf ;a} r/0fdf cfpg ;S5M :yfgLo ;/sf/, k|x/L cyjf cGo gful/s ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L lng] / ltgnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf /fVg] sfdnfO{ :jrflnt agfpg] k|f]u|fd pkof]u ug{] qmddf -cfl8ofg xf]nf]ef6Ln] l;sfuf] qmfOd (http://chicago.everyblock.com/crime/) / Pe|LAns (http://www.everyblock.com/) df x'Fbf pkof]u u/] e}+m_ xf];\ jf nfvf}+ sfuhft aLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw kQf nufpg -;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL :6f]/L ubf{ b 6]lnu|fkmn] u/] e}+m_ ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ubf{ xf];\ (http://tgr.ph/mps-expenses) .

tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] kqsf/nfO{ hl6n :6f]/LnfO{ /f]rs OG˚f] u|flkmS;dfk{mt k|:t't ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, UofkdfOG8/ (http://www.gapminder.org) sf ;xfotfn] ;+;f/sf] ul/aLsf] b[Zo k|:t't ug{] ljifodf xfG; /l:n+un] lbPsf] eJo dGtJonfO{ ;+;f/e/sf nfvf}+ dflg;sf] Wofg tfg]sf] 5 . Psbd} w]/} cfFs8fnfO{ ;fGble{s agfpg] cyjf Hjfnfd'vLn] l;h{gf u/]sf]÷/f]s]sf] k|b"if0f ;DaGwL cfFs8fnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug{ 8]le8 DofSofG8n];n] pkof]u u/]sf] tl/sfn] l8hfOgsf] dxTj bzf{Psf] 5 -http://www.informationisbeautiful.net_ . tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] s'g} :6f]/L cfd dflg;;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg klg

3

;xof]u u5{ . lala;L / kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;n] cfhef]ln ah]6nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds agfpg lgoldt ¿kdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] pkof]u u5{g\ -hxfF ah]6n] cfk"mnfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/f cl8oG;n] yfxf kfpF5g\_ . tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf] If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg klg d2t u5{ . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f b ufl8{og xf] h;n] 8]6fAnu -http://www.theguardian.com/data_ sf] pkof]u u/]/ tYof+s, ;Gbe{ / k|Zg k|:t't ug{] u5{ .

tYof+s tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5 . cyjf, of] :6f]/L k|:t't ug{] ;fwg x'g ;S5 . cyjf ;|f]t / ;fwg b'j} x'g ;S5 . c¿ ;|f]tnfO{ h:t} o;nfO{ klg TolQs} kTofpg' x'Fb}g . :6f]/L k|:t't ug{] c¿ tl/sf pkof]u ubf{ h:t} of] tl/sf pkof]u ubf{ klg o;n] :6f]/LnfO{ s;/L /fd|f] agfpF5 cyjf g/fd|f] agfpF5 eg]/ ;ts{ /xg'k5{ . ––kf}n a|f8\zc, ald{ª\3d l;6L o'lgel;{6L

kqsf/n] tYof+s lsg pkof]u ug{'k5{

cfhef]ln kqsfl/tf cK7\of/f]df k/]sf] 5 . klxn] klxn] ;dfrf/ 5fKg] / ljt/0f ug{] k|ljlw pkof]u ug{] xfdL dfq lyof}+ . lk|lG6ª k|];n] 9f]sfsf] sfd uYof{] . s;}nfO{ ef]ln laxfg} cfˆgf s'/f s'g} zx/ cyjf If]qsf dflg;nfO{ atfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] pgLx¿ ;dfrf/kqsf] ;xf/f lnGy] . clxn] h'u k]ml/Psf] 5 .

cfhef]ln 36gf x'g] lalQs} ;dfrf/ k|jfx x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfndfk{mt ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;dfrf/ t'?Gt} k}mnG5, To;sf af/]df 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ul/G5 .

o;n] ubf{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf h¿/L ePsf] 5 . s'g} 36gfsf ;DaGwdf cfFvfn] b]Vg ;lsg]eGbf a9L hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{], 5fGg] / To;nfO{ k|:t't ug{] sfdsf] dxTj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . xfd|f cl8oG;n] lbg}lkR5] vfg] lrof cyjf skmL, pgL h:t} skmL vfg] c¿ dflg; / xfd|f cl8oG;sf aLrdf cb[Zo ;DaGw 5 . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ tYof+sn] b]vfpF5M em§ x]bf{ c;fGble{s h:tf nfUg] tYof+s ;xL b[li6sf]0fn] x]/]sf v08df cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

lrq !=!= ;f+;bn] ug{] vr{sf] vf]hL -b ufl8{og_

4

cfhef]ln, ;+;f/df eO/x]sf 36gf / ltgn] xfdLnfO{ kfg{] k|efjsf af/]df a[xt\ 1fg l;h{gf ug{ tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 egL s]xL cu|h kqsf/x¿n] pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ æ:6f]/L s:tf] x'G5Æ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 (Sarah Cohen) cyjf ægofF Sofd/fÆ k]mnf k5{ (David McCandless) . tYof+ssf] pkof]u ubf{ kqsf/sf] e"ldsf klg ablnG5 . pkof]u gug{] kqsf/sf] sfd c¿eGbf l56f] hfgsf/L lbg' xf] eg] tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{] kqsf/sf] sfd rflx+ s'g} 36gfsf] vf; cy{ s] x'G5 egL atfOlbg' xf] . o;f] ubf{ y/Ly/Lsf ljifo p7fpg ;lsG5M cf;Gg ljQLo ;+s6, xfdLn] pkof]u ug{] ;fdfgsf] cy{zf:q, ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u cyjf /fhgLlts uNtL . oL ;a} ljifonfO{ ljZj;gLo tYof+s b]vfOlbP/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{ s;}n] of] s'/f xf]Og ls egL z+sf ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .

o;n] ubf{ tYof+snfO{ kqsf/n] cj;/sf ¿kdf lng'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tYof+sdfk{mt kqsf/n] cd"t{ ;d:of -pbfx/0fsf nflu a]/f]huf/L_ n] lglZrt pd]/, ln+u / z}lIfs cj:yfsf dflg;nfO{ s;/L c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/f b]vfpg ;S5g\ . tYof+ssf] pkof]u ubf{ cd"t{ s'/fnfO{ ;a}n] a'e\mg ;Sg] / cfˆgf] hLjg;Fu hf]8\g ;Sg] agfpg ;lsG5 .

tYof+sn] dflg;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu lx;falstfa u/L lg0f{o lng ;xof]u u5{M sf/, 3/ lsGbf xf];\ cyjf cfˆgf] hLjgsf] z}lIfs cyjf k]zfut af6f] to ubf{ xf];\ cyjf C0fdf gkm:gsf nflu ug{'kg{] sfd ug{ xf];\ .

tYof+sn] b+uf cyjf /fhgLlts ljjfb h:tf hl6n cj:yfsf] ultzLntfsf] JofVof ul/lbG5, unt sfd pbf+uf] kfl/lbG5 / s'g} hl6n ;d:ofsf ;Defljt ;dfwfg b]vfOlbG5 .

tYof+s vf]Hg, k|zf]wg ug{ / ltgnfO{ k|:t't ug{ hfg]sf v08df hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{] sfd klg ablnG5 . o:tf] sfdnfO{ dxTj lbg] kqsf/n] s] s'/f a'e]msf] x'G5 eg] cfFs8f / vf]tlnPsf leqL s'/fsf cfwf/df n]v tof/ ubf{ cfgGb cfpF5 . o;f] ubf{ kqsf/n] w]/} s'/fsf] cg'dfg ug{' kb{}g, sf]6 vf]Hg] sfd klg 36\5 . cg'dfg ug{] / sf]6 ug{] sfdsf ;§fdf tYof+ssf cfwf/df kqsf/n] cfˆgf] n]vnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . o;n] kqsfl/tfsf] e"ldsfdf 7"nf] dfqfdf k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] kqsf/sf] eljio pHHjn 5 . cfhef]ln ;~rf/ dfWodn] kqsf/ s6f}tL ub{}5g\ . clwsf+z kqsf/n] hg;Dks{sf] sfd ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf 5g\ . tYof+s kqsf/ cyjf tYof+s j}1flgssf] efp eg] a9\b} 5 . kqsfl/tfdf dfq xf]Og cGt klg . ;+;f/e/sf ljleGg sDkgL / ;+:yfn] To:tf æs'/f a'e\mg]Æ dflg; / k]z]j/sf] vf]hL ul//x]sf 5g\ h;n] tYof+s vf]tn]/ To;df n's]sf hfgsf/L b]Vg ;lsg] agfpF5 .

tYof+s vf]tNg] sfddf eljio 5 . o;n] ;dfrf/ sIfnfO{ /f]rs agfpF5 . o;n] ubf{ ;dfrf/ sIfn] gofF vfnsf l/kf]6{/ vf]Hg yfn]sf 5g\ . tYof+s ;+sng, k|zf]wg / k|:t'ltdf bIf :jtGq kqsf/n] gofF sfd / cln /fd|f] kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ . sd dxTjsf ;fdu|Ln] l56f]l56f] k]h / j]a;fO6 eg{ 5f8]/ tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{sf nflu cGt/lqmofTds Kofs]h agfpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ Pp6f k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg xKtf lbg klg nfUg ;S5 . w]/} ;~rf/ dfWoddf o:tf] kl/jt{g ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . of] ;Defjgfsf] pkof]u ug{] sfddf kqsf/n] Pp6f ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . Tof] xf] — cfk"mnfO{ ;a} r/0fdf tYof+ssf] ;xof]u lnP/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' . tYof+ssf] k|fylds s'/fb]lv lnP/ tYof+ssf e/df :s'k dfg{ ;Sg] ;a} r/0fdf .

5

tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{' ljzfn, cGhfg 7fpFdf hfg' h:tf] xf] . ;'?df sRrf tYof+sn] cfFvf / lbdfu ltld{/fpF5 . o:tf tYof+s 8/nfUbf x'G5g\ . lognfO{ b]Vg / a'e\mg ;Sg] agfpg lgs} sl7g x'G5 . o;sf nflu cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] To:tf] kqsf/ rflxG5 hf];Fu cNdNofpg] / af]/nfUbf sRrf tYof+sdf 3f]l/P/ To;leq n's]sf :6f]/L b]Vg ;Sg] tfut x'G5 .— ldsf{] nf]/]Gh, 8r] j]n]

;j{]If0f kqsf/nfO{ s:tf] tflnd rflxG5 eg]/ o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/n] ;j{]If0f u/]sf] lyof] (http://datadrivenjournalism.net/news_and_analysis/training_data_driven_journalism_mind_the_gaps) . ;j{]If0faf6 s] kQf nfUof] eg] kqsf/x¿df k/Dk/fut lsl;dsf] ;lhnf] kqsfl/tfdf ;Lldt geO{ gofF ;Lkdf bIf x'g ;do vr{ ug{] pTs6 rfxgf 5 . kqsf/n] tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf eljio b]v]sf 5g\ t/ tYof+s;Fu v]Ng ;Sg] aGg ;'?df cfOnfUg] cK7\of/f x6fpg pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u rflxG5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;a}lt/ ckgfPsf v08df sfdsf] ult, tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] pkfo / kl/0ffddf rfF8} ;'wf/ cfpF5 eGg] s'/f ;a}n] ljZjf; u/]sf 5g\ . b ufl8{og, b Go'of]s{ 6fOD;, b 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g / 8fO h]O6 h:tf tYof+s kqsfl/tf If]qsf cu'jfx¿n] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L u/]/ cfˆgf] :t/ lg/Gt/ psfl;/x]sf 5g\ .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf o; If]qsf s]xL cu'jfx¿df dfq ;Lldt xf]nf ls ;a} ;~rf/ dfWoddf tYof+s kqsfl/tf dfq ug{] l6d tof/ xf]nf < xfdLnfO{ s] cfzf 5 eg] pbof]Gd'v tYof+s kqsfl/tfaf6 nfe lng o; lstfan] yk kqsf/ / ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .

lrq !=@= s:tf] tflnd rflxPsf] 5 eGg] ljifodf o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/n] u/]sf] ;j{]If0f

6

tYof+s kqsfl/tf lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 <

tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] eg]/ xfdLn] o; If]qsf cu'jfx¿nfO{ ;f]w]sf lyof}+ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf s'/f tn lbOPsf 5g\ .

tYof+ssf] k|jfxnfO{ k|zf]wg ug{

hlt a]nfdf hfgsf/L kfOFb}gYof] Tolt a]nf xfdL tYof+s vf]Hglt/ nfUYof}+ . clxn] hfgsf/L htftt} kfOG5, To;}n] ltgsf] k|zf]wg a9L dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . hfgsf/L b'O{ r/0fdf k|zf]wg ul/G5M -!_ c;Lldt tYof+ssf] cWoog u/]/ ltgsf] cy{ nufpg ljZn]if0f ubf{ / -@_ dxTjk"0f{ / ;fGble{s 5 egL xfd|f pkef]Qmfsf] lbdfudf /fd|f];Fu k|:t't ubf{ . lj1fgn] h:t} tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] klg cWoog ljlw / cWoogaf6 kfOPsf s'/f o:tf] lsl;dn] atfpF5 h;sf cfwf/df c¿n] of] s'/f xf] ls xf]Og egL hfFRg ;S5g\ . — lkmlnk dfo/, k|f]k]m;/ Old/]6;, o'lgel;{6L ckm Sof/f]lngf P6 rfk]n lxn

:6f]/L eGg] gofF tl/sf

d]/f ljrf/df tYof+s kqsfl/tf o:tf] zAbfjnL xf] h;n] lbglbg} ljsfl;t eO/x]sf] :6f]/L eGg] ;fwg, tl/sf / cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o;leq k/Dk/fut ¿kdf eGb} cfPsf] sDKo'6/sf] d2t lnP/ ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª -tYof+snfO{ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf pkof]u ul/g]_ b]lv lnP/ tYof+s k|:t't ug{] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf ljlw clg Go'h PlKns];G;;Dd ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . oL ;a} ldnfpFbf lg:sg] kqsfl/tfsf] nIo xf]M dxTjk"0f{ ljifo a'e\mg ;a}nfO{ d2t k'uf];\ egL hfgsf/L / ljZn]if0f k|:t't ug{' .— cf/f]g lkmNxf]k]m/, Go'of]s{ 6fOD;

Nofk6k pkof]u ug{] kmf]6f] kqsfl/tf

ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ æzAb kqsfl/tfÆ eGbf s] s'/fdf dfq} km/s 5 eg] o;df xfdL cln km/s tl/sf pkof]u u5f{}+ . xfdL :6f]/L kQf nufpF5f}+ / To;sf af/]df l/kf]l6{ª u5f{}+ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ækmf]6f] kqsfl/tfÆ h:t} xf] . km/s slt dfq 5 eg] o;df xfdL Sofd/fsf ;§f Nofk6k pkof]u u5f{}+ . — a|fog af]o]/, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g

eljio tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf 5

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf eljiosf] kqsfl/tf xf] . kqsf/n] tYof+s a'e\mg} k5{ . klxn] klxn] af/df a;]/ dflg;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]/ :6f]/L tof/ x'GYof] . ce}m klg slxn]sfxL+ o;/L :6f]/L tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ cfhef]ln tYof+s plwGg' klg k5{ . tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{] / tYof+sdf ePsf /f]rs s'/f ;dfTg] tl/sf hfGg' klg h¿/L 5 . tYof+sn] b]vfPsf s'/fsf] ;Gbe{ atfOlbP/, cGt/;DalGwt s'/fnfO{ hf]8]/ cfˆgf] b]zdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 egL cl8oG;nfO{ atfOlbg' klg k5{ . — l6d a|]g];{–nL, jN8{ jfO8 j]asf ;+:yfks

7

;+Vof rkfpg] / zAb lzNkLsf] ;+ud

tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] tYof+s k|fljlws / zAb lzNkLsf aLrsf] vf8n k'b{}5 . c;fdfGo s'/f kQf nufpg' / tYof+ssf b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ dfq xf]Og cfhsf] hl6n ;+;f/sf af/]df a'e\mg ;fGble{s x'g] k|j[lQ kQf nufpg' tYof+s kqsfl/tf xf] .— 8]le8 cfG86{g, :jtGq kqsf/

;Lk cBfjlws ug{'

cfhef]ln kqsfl/tf ug\{ kqsfl/tfsf k/Dk/fut ;Lk kof{Kt 5}gg\ . o:tf a]nfdf tYof+s vf]Hg], a'e\mg] / ltgnfO{ k|:t't ug{] ;Lk tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . of] k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf] ;§fdf cfPsf] kqsfl/tf xf]Og k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf] ljsl;t ¿k xf] .

cfhef]ln ;"rgfsf ;|f]t l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf uO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] kqsf/ cfˆgf ;|f]tsf] glhs x'g'k5{ . OG6/g]6n] olt ;Defjgf vf]lnlbPsf] 5 h;nfO{ xfdL clxn] a'e\mg ;Sb}gf}+ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf xfdLn] ljutdf ul/cfPsf cEof;af6 ljsl;t eO{ cgnfOg k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{] sfdsf] ;'?cft xf] .

tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;~rf/ dfWodsf b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zo k"/f u5{M gf}nf :6f]/L kQf nufpg] -Go'h jfo/sf ;dfrf/ xf]Og_ / jfr8usf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] . cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf a]nfdf ;~rf/ dfWodn] oL nIo xfl;n ug{' h¿/L x'G5 .

:yfgLo ;dfrf/kqsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg tYof+s kqsfl/tf h¿/L 5 . xfdLsxfF Pp6f egfO 5M æb"/ b]zdf k}mlnPsf] b+ufeGbf cfˆgf] 9f]sf cufl8sf] 6fon plSsPsf] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .Æ o;n] xfd|f] hLjgnfO{ ;f]emf] c;/ kf5{ . o;sf ;fy} clxn] ;a}lt/ l8lh6fOh];g x'Fb}5 . :yfgLo klqsfn] :yflgo hglhjgnfO{ ;f]emf] c;/ kfg{] ePsfn] / ;"rgf ;|f]t l8lh6fOh eO/x]sfn] :yfgLo klqsfdf sfd ug{] kqsf/n] klg tYof+saf6 :6f]/L vf]Hg], ltgsf] JofVof ug{] / :6f]/L k|:t't ug{] tl/sf hfGg'k5{ . — h]/L edf{g]g, NU.nl

;"rgfsf] af9L;Fu h'Wg] pkfo

clxn] dflg;n] ;"rgfsf] cefj xf]Og ;"rgfsf] af9Lsf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . t/ ;"rgf h'g ult / dfqfdf cfpF5 ToxL ultdf To;nfO{ u|x0f / k|zf]wg ug]{ sfd ug{ gful/snfO{ ;d:of k5{ . ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfPsf hfgsf/Ln] gful/ssf] lg0f{o / sfddf k|efj kf5{ . /fd|f] tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;"rgfsf] af9L;Fu h'Wg gful/snfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . — 6d k|mfOh, a]6{]N:Dofg kmfpG8];g

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t hg;Dks{sf sfd;Fu h'Wg] pkfo

ljleGg sDkgLx¿n] gofFgofF c+s b]vfP/ cfk"mn] pGglt ul//x]sf] bfaL u5{g\ . /fhgLlt1x¿n] a]/f]huf/L 36fPsf] / s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg a9fPsf] egL 9\jfª k'mS5g\ . xfdL kqsf/x¿ cfFs8fnfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg

8

;Sb}gf}+ . OG/f]g, jN8{sd, Dof8ckm cyjf ;f]NofG8«f h:tf sDkgLsf jf:tljs cj:yfsf af/]df kqsf/nfO{ yfxf gx'g' o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . cfFs8fn] em§ x]bf{ h] atfpF5g\ kqsf/n]] ToxL kTofpg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . tL cfFs8f leqsf s'/f vf]tNg] rng 5}g lsgeg] cfFs8f hlt;'s} ldYof+s eP klg ltgn] uDeL/ / ljZj;gLo ePsf] efg kf5{g\ .

tYof+s /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg ;s]sf v08df kqsf/df cfFs8fnfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f ug{] afgL a:5 . o;n] ubf{ kqsf/n] sDkgLsf hg;Dks{ clwsf/Ln] h] lbof] To;nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} kTofpg] 8/ x'Fb}g . — lgsf]n; s];/–la|n, Journalism++

;/sf/L hfgsf/LnfO{ :jtGq ¿kn] JofVof ug{'

;g\ @)!! df uPsf] e"sDk / To;kl5 km's'l;dfdf ePsf] Go'lSno/ KnfG6 b'3{6gfkl5 hfkfgL kqsf/x¿n] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] slt dxTj 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP . hfkfg l8lh6n kqsfl/tfdf k5fl8 ePsf] dflgG5 .

o; b'3{6gfn] ubf{ slt Iflt eof] eGg]af/]df ;/sf/ / ljz]if1;Fu ljZj;gLo tYof+s gx'Fbf xfdL cNdlnof}+ . slt /]l8of]PlS6e kbfy{ e§Laf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] eGg] tYof+s ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] n'sfP . tL tYof+s r'lxP/ aflx/ cfP klg xfdLn] ltgnfO{ cYof{pg ;s]gf}+ . :jo+;]jsx¿n] cfˆg} pks/0f pkof]u u/]/ /]l8of]PlS6e ;DaGwL cfFs8f a6'Ng yfn] . t/ xfdLnfO{ tYof+szf:q / tYof+s k|:t't ug{] tl/sfaf/] 1fg lyPg . kqsf/n] sRrf cfFs8f lng ;Sg'k5{ . cfFs8fsf] ;/sf/L JofVofnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} kTofpg' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{ . — O;fcf] dfT;'gfdL, 6f]lsof] lzDa'g

tYof+ssf] af9L;Fu h'Wg'

l8lh6n qmflGtn] NofPsf r'gf}tL / cj;/n] kqsfl/tfnfO{ c:tJo:t kfl//x]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] af9L cfPsf] o; o'udf kqsf/ / gful/s;Fu o:tf cfFs8f x]g{] /fd|f 6'n x'g' h¿/L 5 . af9L h;/L cfO/x]sf ;"rgf pkof]u ug{] r'gf}tL ef]lu/x]sf a]nf gofF k|sfzg ;+:yfx¿n] kqsf/nfO{ l8lh6n tYof+s ;+sng ug{] / To;nfO{ ;"rgfdf abNg] ;Lk l;sfO/x]sf 5g\ . klxn] klxn] ;"rgf ;+sng / k|;f/ ug{] sfd l/kf]6{/ / ;Dkfbssf] lyof] t/ clxn] ;dfrf/ a|]s ug{] sfd cgnfOgn] u5{g\, ;dfrf/ ;+:yfsf ;dfrf/ sIfn] o:tf] ug{ EofpFb}gg\ .

clxn] ;+;f/e/ g} tYof+s / kqsfl/tfaLrsf] ;DaGw sl;Fbf] 5 . tYof+ssf] af9L cfPsf] o; o'udf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] dxTj Tolt a]nf x'G5 hlt a]nf kqsf/n] tYof+sdf ;Gbe{ hf]8\g ;S5g\, tYof+snfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ;S5g\ / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, l8lh6n ;"rgfaf6 ;To vf]Hg ;S5g\ . o;sf] cy{ cfhsf PsLs[t ;~rf/ dfWodn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb}gg\ eGg] xf]Og . cfhsf] ;"rgfsf] o'udf kqsf/n] tYof+s lng], hfFRg], ljZn]if0f / ;+Zn]if0f ug{] sfd klxn]eGbf cem a9L dfqfdf ug{' k/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;dfhsf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] 7"nf] dxTj 5 .

clxn] clt w]/} tYof+s vf;u/L s'g} :ki6 9fFrfdf g/flvPsf tYof+saf6 cy{ lgsfNg] sfd ;+;f/e/sf tYof+s j}1flgsx¿ -;dfrf/ sIfdf sfd ug{] x'g\ jf jfn l:6«6df sfd ug{] x'g\ jf l;lnsg EofnLdf sfd ug{] x'g\_ sf] nIo ePsf] 5 . lbglbg} cfljisf/ x'Fb} uPsf ljleGg 6'n -o:tf 6'n ;/sf/L clwsf/L,

9

:jf:Yo ;]jfsf k|fljlws cyjf ;dfrf/ sIfsf dflg; ;a}n] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\_ sf] pkof]u u/]/ o:tf] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . — Pn]S; xfj8{, cf] l/nL ldl8of

xfd|f] hLjg tYof+s xf]

/fd|f] tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{ sl7g 5, lsgeg] /fd|f] kqsfl/tf ug{ sl7g 5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ oL s'/f hfGg'k5{M tYof+s s;/L lng] < tYof+snfO{ s;/L a'e\mg] < / ltgaf6 :6f]/L s;/L lgsfNg] < slxn]sfxL+ ltgaf6 lg:sg] af6f] e]l6+b}g, slxn]sfxL+ /fd|f] :6f]/L e]l6+b}g . Pp6f a6g lyr]/ ;a} sfd x'g] eP of] kqsfl/tf x'Fb}gYof] . o:tf] d]xgt lg/y{s x'Fb}g lsgeg] xfd|f] hLjg tYof+sdo aGb} uPsf] 5 . :jtGq / lgikIf ;dfhsf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tf h¿/L 5 . — lqm; tfuf6{, cf]kgskf{]/]6\;

;do arfpg] pkfo

;"rgf xftn] ;f/]/ ;do s6fpg] clg kLl8Pkm kmfOnaf6 tYof+s ptfg{] k'm;{b kqsf/nfO{ 5}g . To;}n], o:tf tYof+s sf]8 ug{] ;Lk l;Sg' -cyjf To;f] ug{ hfGg] dflg;sf] ;xof]u lng'_ Psbd} h¿/L 5 .

kmf]Nxf 8] ;fjkfpnf]sf l/kf]6{/ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ah]6 ;DaGwdf :6f]/L tof/ ug{ nfu]sf lyP . To;f] ug{] qmddf pgn] s] yfxf kfP5g\ eg] xfdLn] ;fj kfpnf] gu/kflnsfsf] cgnfOgaf6 ah]6 ;DaGwL cfFs8f e]nf u/]sf 5f}+ . of] sfd u/]sf]df pgn] xfdLnfO{ wGojfb lbP -of] sfd ug{ Xofs/nfO{ b'O{ lbg nfu]sf] lyof]_ . pgn] s] klg eg]sf lyP eg] :6f]/L tof/ ug{sf nflu rflxg] tYof+s xftn] l6k]/ e]nf ug{ pgn] tLg dlxgf latfO;s]sf lyP . dnfO{ xfdLn] ;+;b cg'udg ;dfrf/ ;+:yfnfO{ ækL8LPkmdf /x]sf hfgsf/L lng]Æ sfddf ;xof]u u/]sf] ;Demgf 5 . of] sfd ug{ !% ldg]6 nfu]sf] lyof] . xftn] u/]sf] eP olt sfd ug{ dlxgf}+ nfUYof] .— k]b|f] dfs{'g, 6«fG;/]lG;of Xofs/

kqsf/sf nflu geO{ gx'g] ;Lk

d]/f ljrf/df ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ sf] l/kf]l6{ª cyjf ækqsfl/tfÆ kIfdf hf]8 lbg' h¿/L 5 . xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L k|:t't ug{] dfq xf]Og . o;nfO{ ;+;f/df eO/x]sf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ;Tosf] glhs k'Ug] pkfosf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{'k5{ . tYof+s ljZn]if0f / JofVof ug{] IfdtfnfO{ d}n] km/s ljwfsf ¿kdf eGbf klg cfhef]ln kqsf/nfO{ geO{ gx'g] ;Lksf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' . cflv/df kqsf/n] ug{] sfd t /fd|f] l/kf]l6{ª ug{' / ;a}eGbf pko'Qm tl/sfn] :6f]/L eGg' g} xf] .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;+;f/nfO{ lgu/fgL ug{] / zlQmdf a;]sfnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] Pp6f pkfo xf] . w]/}eGbf w]/} tYof+s pknAw x'Fb} uPsfn] kqsf/sf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf ljlw hfGg' klxn] eGbf a9L h¿/L ePsf] 5 . of] o:tf] tl/sf xf] h'g ;a} kqsf/n] hfGg'k5{ . tYof+s cfk}Fmn] ;+sng ug{ hfg] /fd|f] . To;f] ug{ cf˚} ghfg]sf v08df klg hfGg];Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{'k5{ .

10

o;f] ubf{ x'g] d'Vo kmfObf s] xf] eg] o;n] kqsf/nfO{ To:tf hfgsf/L lng ;xof]u u5{ h'g hfgsf/L c¿ lsl;dn] lng cyjf k|dfl0ft ug{ Psbd} sl7g x'G5 . o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f PG8«" gfd lbOPsf] cfFwLaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] ljZn]if0f u/L l:6e 8f]Oun] tof/ u/]sf] :6f]/L xf] . pgn] b'O{ vfnsf 8]6fl;6nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ldnfPM cfFwLn] u/]sf] Iflt b]vfpg] gS;f / cfFwLsf] ult b]vfpg] gS;f . o;sf cfwf/n] pgn] s] b]vfP eg] h'g 7fpFdf 3/ agfpg lgod s8f 5}gg\ / hxfF sd;n vfnsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L nufP/ 3/ agfOPsf] 5 ToxfF Iflt a9L ePsf] 5 . o; :6f]/Lsf nflu pgn] ;g\ !((# df k'lnTh/ k'/:sf/ (http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1993) kfP . tYof+ssf] pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] of] ce}m;Dd klg /fd|f] pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 .

cfbz{ l:yltdf, c;fdfGo s'/f, ?lrsf ljifo cyjf cgf}7f s'/f b]vfpg tYof+ssf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o; cy{df, tYof+s xfd|f nflu k|f/lDes ;"rs cyjf ;'/fs x'g\ . cfFs8f /f]rs eP eGb}df tYof+s dfq} /fVbf kof{Kt x'Fb}g . tL tYof+ssf] cy{ s] xf] egL v'nfOlbg'k5{ . — l;lGyof cf]Úd'r{', kmfOlG;on 6fOD;

;"rgfsf] ;+;f/df ePsf] kl/jt{g cg's"n x'g'

gofF l8lh6n k|ljlwn] ;dfhdf 1fgsf] pTkfbg / k|;f/df gofF tl/sf NofOlbof] . tYof+s kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;+;f/df ePsf] kl/jt{g cg's"n cfk"mnfO{ 9fNg] ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of; eGbf x'G5 . o;leq cGt/lqmofTds / ax'kIfLo tl/sfn] :6f]/L eg]/ kf7snfO{ ;dfrf/df pNn]v ePsf ;|f]tsf] cGj]if0f ug{ ;Sg] agfpg] sfdb]lv lnP/ ;dfrf/ tof/ ug{] / d"Nof+sg ug{] k|lqmofdf kf7snfO{ ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug{] sfd klg kb{5g\ . — ;];/ leogf, o'lgel;{6L ckm uf]o;

s'g} klg s'/fnfO{ km/s tl/sfn] x]g{] pkfo

s]xL :6f]/L tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ dfq} a'lemG5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfP/ dfq a'emfpg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ w]/} s'/f yfxf x'G5M zlQmzfnL dflg; cyjf ;+:yfsf aLrsf] uf]Ko ;DaGw atfpg ;lsG5, nfu" kbfy{ ;DaGwL gLltn] ubf{ dfG5] db{}5g\ eGg] tYo atfpg ;lsG5, jftfj/0fnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0fLo gLltsf af/]df atfpg ;lsG5 . kqsf/n] oL ljifosf tYof+s e]nf u/]/, ljZn]if0f u/]/ kf7snfO{ atfPsf v08df dflysf cj:yf k]ml/G5g\ . s'g} tYof+s ;fdfGo vfnsf, :k|]8l;6df /flvPsf tYof+s x'g ;S5g\, s'g} tYof+s :s"nsf] hfFrdf ljBfyL{n] kfPsf dfS;{ cyjf c:ktfnsf] ;+qmd0f ;DaGwL tYof+s h:tf hl6n klg x'g ;S5g\ . t/ oL ;a} leq kf7snfO{ atfpg nfos :6f]/L x'G5g\ . — z]/]n lkmlnK;, b l;of6n 6fOD;

/fd|f] :6f]/L eGg] pkfo

l8lh6n hfgsf/L k5\ofP/ xfdLn] xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgsf] lrq sf]g{ ;S5f}+ . xfdL s] vfG5f}+ / s] a|fph u5f{}+, xfdL sxfF / slxn] 3'D5f}+, s'g uLt ;'G5f}+, xfdLn] klxnf] k6s k|]d slxn] u/]sf lyof}+, xfd|f] aRrfsf hLjgsf pNn]vgLo 36gf s] x'g\ b]lv lnP/ xfd|f] clGtd OR5f s] xf] eGg] h:tf ;a} hfgsf/L k5\ofpg, ltgnfO{ l8lh6fOh ug{, Snfp8df /fVg / ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf tYof+ssf cfwf/df :6f]/L

11

dg k/fOPsf s]xL pbfx/0f

xfdLn] xfd|f s]xL n]vsx¿nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf pbfx/0f lbP/ tL lsg dg k/]sf x'g\ eGg] s'/f v'nfpg cg'/f]w u/]sf lyof}+ . pgLx¿n] lbPsf pbfx/0f tn 5g\ .

n; e]uf; ;gdf 5flkPsf] 8' gf] xfd{

dnfO{ dg k/]sf] pbfx/0f n; e]uf; ;gdf ;g\ @)!) df 5flkPsf] c:ktfnsf] ;]jf ;DaGwL >[+vnf 8' gf] xfd{ xf] (http://www.lasvegassun.com/hospital-care/) . ;f] klqsfn] c:ktfnsf @( nfv lansf] ljZn]if0f u¥of] . o;f] ubf{ p;n] 3fp, ;+qmd0f / zNolqmof ;DaGwL #^ ;o j6f gx'g' kg{] uNtL ePsf] kQf nufof] . pgLx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf] dfu u/]/ oL 8s'd]G6 lnPsf lyP . o;f] ubf{ kqsf/n] #)) j6f o:tf s]; e]6] h;df -/f]sg ;lsg]_ uNtLn] ubf{ la/fdLsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . :6f]/Ldf cGt/lqmofTds u|flkms (http://www.lasvegassun.com/hospital-care/surgical-injuries-interactive/) nufot ljleGg kIf ;d]l6Psf lyP h;df kf7sn] s'g c:ktfndf zNols[osf s|ddf ;f]lrPeGbf a9L dfqfdf zNolqmofsf qmddf 3fp nfUof] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP . :6f]/Ldf ;doqmd ePsf] gS;f (http://www.lasvegassun.com/hospital-care/infections-interactive/) klg lbPsf] lyof] h;n] c:ktfndf k}mn]sf] ;+qmd0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} Pp6f cGt/lqmofTds u|flkms (http://www.lasvegassun.com/hospital-care/events-chart/) klg lbOPsf] lyof] h;af6 kf7sn] s'g s'g vfnsf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] 3fp eP cyjf s'g c:ktfndf la/fdLnfO{ rf]6k6s nufOof] eGg] s'/f x]g{ kfP . dnfO{ of] :6f]/L lsg dg k/]sf] xf] eg] of] a'e\mg ;lhnf] 5 . o;df Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf hfg klg ;/n 5 . o;df tYof+s ;lhnf];Fu vf]Hg ;lsG5 .

o;sf] /fd|f] k|efj k¥of] . g]eff8sf] ljwflosfn] o:tf] gsfd /f]Sgsf nflu ^ j6f sfg'g http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2011/apr/14/health-care-transparency-bills-pass-key-milestone-/) agfof] . of] :6f]/L tof/ ug{] kqsf/n] hfgsf/L lng / k|zf]wg ug{ w]/} sl7g sfd u/]sf lyP . l/kf]l6{ªdf ;+nUg kqsf/ Pn]S; l/rf8{\;n] tYof+s ;Rofpgsf nflu c:ktfn / /fHonfO{ sDtLdf klg !@ k6s http://www.poynter.org/news/

:s"k dfg{sf nflu gofF tYof+s rflx+b}g

slxn]sfxL+ tYof+s ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf x'G5g\ t/ ltgnfO{ s;}n] klg lgofn]/ x]/]sf] x'Fb}g . P;f]l;P6]8 k|];n] o:tf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df O/fs o'4sf a]nf lghL ;'/Iff 7]s]bf/sf sfdsf af/]df Pp6f :6f]/L tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . of] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ kqsf/n] cd]l/sfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs pkof]u u/L klxn] uf]Ko /flvPsf / xfn} ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf $% ;o k]h 8s'd]G6 dfu] . ;/sf/n] tL 8s'd]G6 :Sofg u/]/ 8s'd]G6Snfp8df cknf]8 u¥of] . tL 8s'd]G6 k9]/ xfdLn] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . — hf]gfyg :6«], b cf]e/Eo' k|f]h]S6

eGg, ljleGg k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg / hLjgsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 . oL hfgsf/L o:tf] lsl;dn] k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 hf] Psbd} sl7gfOk"j{s dflg;sf egfO a'g]/ tof/ ul/Psf] :6f]/LeGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . — ;f/f :nlag, jfn l:6«6 hg{n

12

lrq !=# 8" gf] xfd{ -b n; e]uf; ;g_

lrq !=$ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna -b 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g_

mediawire/128672/las-vegas-sun-pulitzer-finalists-explain-how-they-turned-data-into-web-gold/) tYof+s k7fPsf lyP .— PGh]lns k]/fN6f /fdf];, nf g]l;of]g -ch{]lG6gf_

13

;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;DaGwL tYof+s dnfO{ k|f]klAnsf cyjf 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g h:tf ;fgf :jtGq ;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf sfd dg k5{g\ . oL ;+:yf;Fu /fog d'kmL{ h:tf /fd|f tYof+s l/kf]6{/ 5g\ . d}n] 6]S;f; l6«Ao'gsf] Pp6f k|f]h]S6nfO{ (http://bit.ly/texastrib-employee) /fd|f pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' . o; kl/of]hgfn] ^,^),))) hgf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna Pp6f 8]6fa];df /fVof] . o;df o'h/n] hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;S5g\ . o;af6 :6f]/L tof/ ug{ ;S5g\ . o'h/n] ;+:yf, gfd cyjf tna h'g;'s} juL{s/0fsf cfwf/df vf]hL ug{ ;S5g\ . of] ;/n / ;fy{s 5 . o;n] ck|fKo vfnsf hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] 5 . o;n] :6f]/L cfk}Fm l;h{gf u5{ . 6]S;f; l6«Ao'gdf cfpg] clwsf+z 6«flkms 8]6fk]hdf lsg cfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] of] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . — ;fOdg /f]h;{, b ufl8{og

O/fs jf/ nusf] b[Zo k|:t'lt, P;f]l;P6]8 k|];

O/fs o'4sf] lnlvt ljj/0f/ b[Zo (bit.ly/jstray-warlogs) k|:t't ug{ hf]gfyg :6«] / h'lnog au{];n] h'g pkfo cjnDag u/] Tof] ;fxl;s sfd lyof] h;n] c¿nfO{ klg To;f] ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] 5 . cfk"mn] :6f]/L ul//x]sf ljifodf uxg hfgsf/L lngsf nflu pgLx¿n] gofF ljlw k/LIf0f u/L zflAbs ljZn]if0f / b[Zo ;fdu|Ldfk{mt hfgsf/L k|:t't u/] .

hf]gfyg / h'lnogn] zflAbs ljZn]if0f ljlw / cNuf]l/bdsf dfWodn] Pp6f o:tf] tl/sf cGj]if0f u/] h;n] O/fs o'4 ;DaGwL cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf xhf/f}+ l/kf]6{df -oL l/kf]6{ ljlslnS;n] aflx/ NofPsf] lyof]_ 5l/P/ /x]sf d'Vo zAbnfO{ b[Zo dfWoddf b]vfPsf] 5 .

of] tl/sf ;a} 7fpFdf pkof]u ug{ g;lsg] eP klg / k|of]usf nflu ul/Psf] eP klg of] gf}nf] tl/sf lyof] . ;a} kmfOn k9\g'sf ;§f cyjf oL l/kf]6{df o:tf s'/f kfOPnfg eGg] cg'dfg u/]/ tL zAbsf] vf]hL u/L h] hfgsf/L kfOG5 To;sf] ;dLIff ug{'sf abnfdf pgLx¿n] vf;vf; ;Gbe{sf zAb u0fgf u/L ltgnfO{ b[Zodf b]vfOlbP .

lnvt -Od]n, k|ltj]bg cflb_ / cfFs8fsf ¿kdf w]/}eGbf w]/} hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf] cfhsf] o'udf hfgsf/Lsf] To; cyfx y'k|f]af6 cfˆgf cl8oG;sf ?lrsf vf; hfgsf/L vf]Hg] sfd a9LeGbf a9L h¿/L x'Fb} hfG5 . of] tYof+s kqsfl/tfleqsf] /f]rs If]q xf] . — l;lGyof cf]Ú d'r{', kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;

14

lrq !=% o'4sf ljj/0fsf] ljZn]if0f -P;f]l;P6]8 k|];_

15

lrq !=^ /x:oL xTof -l:qmK; xfjf8{ Go'h ;le{;_

/x:odoL xTof

l:qmK; xfjf8{ Go'h ;le{;sf (http://bit.ly/murder-mysteries) 6d xfu|f]en] tof/ u/]sf] /x:odoL xTof ;DaGwL :6f]/L dnfO{ dg k/]sf] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . ;/sf/L tYof+s / ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/L k|fKt ePsf hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df pgn] cg';Gwfg k"/f gePsf ! nfv *% xhf/eGbf a9L xTofsf 36gfsf] lj:t[t 8]6fa]; tof/ u/] . To;kl5 oL xTof >[+vnfa4 ¿kdf xTof ug{] ck/fwLn] u/]sf x'g\ ls egL yfxf kfpgsf nflu cNuf]l/bd l8hfOg u/] . pgsf] l/kf]l6{ªsf oL ljz]iftf lyPM pgn] s8f kl/>d u/]sf lyP, pgn] ;/sf/sf] eGbf /fd|f] 8]6fa]; tof/ u/], ;dfh lj1fgsf cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] pkof]u u/], rnfvLk"0f{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ tYof+snfO{ cgnfOgdf cGt/lqmofTds lsl;dn] k|:t't u/] h;df kf7sn] cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf hfgsf/L cfk}Fm vf]Hg ;S5g\ . — l:6e 8f]Ou, jfN6/ qmf]GsfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd, Pl/hf]gf :6]6 o'lgel;{6L

16

lrq !=& Dof;]h d]l;g -k|f]klAnsf_

Dof;]h d]l;g

dnfO{ k|f]klAnsfsf] Dof;]h d]l;g :6f]/L (http://www.propublica.org/special/message-machine-you-probably-dont-know-janet_) / g8{ Anu kf]i6 (http://bit.ly/nerd-blog-post) dg k5{g\ . 6\jL6/ rnfpg] s]xL dflg;n] cf]afdfsf] r'gfjL cleofgsf ljleGg Od]n kfPkl5 pgLx¿n] o;k|lt rf;f] JoQm u/]sf lyP . of] sfd ToxL+af6 ;'? eof] . k|f]klAnsfsf dflg;x¿n] of] s'/f yfxf kfP / r'gfjL cleofgsf Od]n cfk"mnfO{ km/jf8{ ug{ cfˆgf cl8oG;nfO{ cg'/f]w u/] . To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿n] eJo k|:t'lt tof/ u/] . To;df To; ;fFem cleofgstf{n] k7fPsf ljleGg Dof;]hnfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] Psbd} /fd|f] sfd xf] lsgeg] pgLx¿n] cfk}Fm tYof+s ;+sng u/] -:ofDkn yf]/} eP klg :6f]/L eGgsf nflu kof{Kt lyof]_ . of] sfd lsg /fd|f] xf] eg] pgLx¿n] pboLdfg ljz]iftfsf af/]df :6f]/L eg]sf lyP . Tof] xf]M vf;vf; dflg;nfO{ nlIft ug{sf nflu r'gfj k|rf/–k|;f/df w]/} tYof+s pkof]u x'Fbf]

/x]5 . o;n] cfpFbf lbgdf r'gfj k|rf/ s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .

— a|fog afo]/, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g

17

rf6{an

dnfO{ dg k/]sf] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Pp6f gd'gf PlG8«o' ufl;{of lkmlnK;n] tof/ u/]sf rf6{an xf] (http://www.chartball.com/) . PG8«o' tYof+s v]Ng ?rfpg], /fd|f] l8hfOg ug{] / sf]8df n]Vg] Ifdtf ePsf v]ns'b ˆofg x'g\ . rf6{ansf dfWodn] pgn] xf/lhtsf] ptf/r9fj dfq xf]Og v]nf8L / l6d lkR5]sf ;kmntf / c;kmntfsf] ljj/0f b[Zodf k|:t't u/] . pgn] o;sf] ;Gbe{ klg k|:t't u/], cfsif{s u|flkms tof/ u/] . pgn] tof/ u/]sf] ;fdu|L uxg, /dfOnf] / ?lrs/ 5 . d v]ns'bdf eg] plt rf;f] /flVbgF .— ;f/f :nlag, jfn l:6«6 hg{n

kl/b[Zodf tYof+s kqsfl/tf

cu:6 @)!) df cfD:68{ddf o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/sf s]xL ;fyL / d}n] ldn]/

cGt/f{li6«o tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;Dd]ngsf] (http://blogs.journalism.co.uk/2010/08/26/ddj-reasons-to-cheer-from-amsterdams-data-driven-journalism-conference/) cfof]hgf u¥of}+ . xfd|f ljrf/df of] o; ljifodf ePsf yf]/}dWo]sf] Pp6f ;Dd]ng lyof] . Tolta]nf o; ljifodf plt w]/} 5nkmn x'Fb}gy] . s]xL ;+:yfx¿n] dfq} Tolt a]nf o; If]qdf a9L sfd u/]sf lyP . b ufl8{og / b Go'of]s{ 6fOD; h:tf ;~rf/ dfWodn] ljlslnS;n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf clt w]/} tYof+snfO{ h;/L pkof]u u/] Tof] tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf 7"nf] km8\sf] lyof] h;n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg] zAbfjnLnfO{ Voflt lbnfof] . o;} a]nf kqsf/x¿n] se/]hdf ;'wf/ ug{ / s'g} ljifodf uxg vf]h ug{ tYof+ssf] s;/L pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f atfpg tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg] zAbfjnL Jofks k|of]udf cfpg yfNof] -æsDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ªÆ ;Fu;Fu}_ .

lrq !=* lht / xf/nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpFbf -rf6{an_

18

tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf cg'ejL / kqsfl/tfsf ljåfg\;Fu 6\jL6/df s'/fsfgL ubf{ s] yfxf eof] eg] cfh h'g sfdnfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf elgG5 To;sf] ;'?;'?sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] — cfl8«ofg xf]nf]ef6Ln] ;g\ @))^ df u/]sf] sfd . cfl8«ofg Ple|Anssf ;+:yfks x'g\ . Ple|Ans Pp6f ;"rgf ;]jf xf] h;n] cfˆgf o'h/nfO{ cfˆgf] If]qdf s] s:tf 36gf eO/x]sf 5g\ egL kQf nufpg ;xof]u u5{ . ;dfrf/kqsf ;fO6 ablng'k5{

(http://www.holovaty.com/writing/fundamental-change/) eGg] ljifodf 5f]6f] lgaGw n]Vb} pgn] s] ts{ u/] eg] kqsf/n] æzAbdf n]lvPsf 7"nf y'k|fÆ sf ;fydf lglZrt 9fFrfdf, d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] tYof+s klg /flvlbg'k5{M

tYof+s cyjf hfgsf/L ;+sngsf nflu sDKo'6/ pkof]u ug{] cGo k|s[ltsf] kqsfl/tfeGbf of] kqsfl/tf s;/L km/s 5 < ljutdf cEof; ul/Psf cGo :j¿ksf kqsfl/tfeGbf tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L / slt;Dd km/s 5 <

pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} ;dfrf/kqn] Pp6f 6f]ndf cfunfuLsf] va/ n]Vof] . ;]nkmf]gdf of] :6f]/L k9\g kfpg' /fd|} / 7"nf] s'/f xf] . of] sfdnfO{ ;Dej agfpg] k|ljlwsf] ho xf];\ . t/ dnfO{ o; :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt Ps kl5 csf{] sRrf hfgsf/L klg hfGg dg nfu]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ d ljutdf ePsf cfunfuLsf 36gf;Fu o; gofF 36gfnfO{ t'ngf ug{ ;S5' . klxn] ePsf cfunfuLsf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt lgDg hfgsf/L dnfO{ rflxPsf] 5M cfunfuL ePsf] ldlt, ;do, 7fpF, kLl8t, bdsnsf] gDa/, bdsnb]lv cfunfuL ePsf] 7fpFsf] b"/L, cfuf] lgefpg uPsf] clUg lgoGqssf] gfd / p;sf] cg'ej, 36gf:yndf bdsn cfOk'Ug nfu]sf] ;do cflb .

sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª / cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tf

l/kf]l6{ªnfO{ /fd|f] kfg{ tYof+s pkof]u ug{] / cfd dflg;nfO{ lglZrt ;+/rgfdf -d]l;gn] k9\g g;Sg] eP klg_ ;"rgf lbg] rng k'/fg} xf] . clxn] xfdLn] h]nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf eG5f}+ Tof];Fu ;a}eGbf a9L ;fGble{s x'g] kqsfl/tf sDKo'6/sf ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª cyf{t\ ;L=P=cf/= xf] . ;L=P=cf/ ;dfrf/ /fd|f] agfpg hfgsf/L ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{ sDKo'6/ pkof]u ug{] klxnf] ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt k|of; xf] .

of] ljlw ;a}eGbf klxn] pkof]u ug{] ;+:yf ;LaLP; xf] . p;n] ;g\ !(%@ df /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd cg'dfg ug{ of] ljlw pkof]u u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzs otf kqsf/ -vf;u/L vf]h kqsf/, vf;u/L cd]l/sfsf_ n] j}1flgs tl/sf pkof]u u/]/ ;fj{hlgs /]s8{sf] ljZn]if0f u/L zlQmdf /x]sf dflg;dfly :jtGq ¿kdf lgu/fgL ug{] k|of; u/] . o:tf] kqsfl/tfnfO{ æ;fj{hlgs lxtd'vL kqsfl/tfÆ klg elgG5 . sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] o; k|ljlwsf ;dy{sx¿n] s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f x]g{, hgdfg;n] ljZjf; u/]sf unt s'/f unt x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug{ / ;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf cGofo pbfª\uf] kfg{ sf]l;; u/] . pbfx/0fsf nflu lkmlnk d]o]/n] ;g\ !(^& df 8]6«f]O6df ePsf] b+ufdf efu lng]x¿df sd lzlIft blIf0fsf dflg; dfq lyP egL h'g ljZjf; ul/Psf] lyof] To;nfO{ unt ;fljt ul/lbP . lan 8]8Dofgn] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf n]v]sf] æb sn/ ckm dgLÆ zLif{ssf] :6f]/Ln] k|d'v ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] C0f gLltdf ;+ul7t hftLo e]befj ePsf] v'nf;f u¥of] . l:6e 8f]Oun] tof/ u/]sf] æXjf6 j]G6 /ªÆ zLif{ssf] :6f]/Ln] ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?df cfFwLn] u/]sf] ljgfzsf] 9fFrf k|:t't u¥of] / zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt / cEof;df ePsf] sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ o:tf] ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 kf¥of] . tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tfn] dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k'¥ofof], kqsf/nfO{ Vofltk|fKt k'/:sf/ lbnfof] .

19

;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] ;'?df ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ æ;fdflhs / Jojxf/ut lj1fgsf If]qdf pkof]u ul/g] cg';Gwfgsf] ljlwnfO{ kqsfl/tf If]qdf pkof]u ug{] o:tf] tl/sfnfO{ cg';Gwfgd'vL

kqsfl/tf gfd lbOof] -lkmlnk d]o]/n] n]v]sf] b Go' lk|;fOhg hgf{lnhdaf6, (http://bit.ly/precision-journalism) . kqsfl/tf / ;dfh lj1fgsf] tflnd kfPsf k]z]j/ kqsf/n] d"nwf/sf ;~rf/ dfWoddf cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; u5{g\ eGg] 7flgPsf] lyof] . l/kf]l6{ªdf cfVofg n]Vbf ckgfOg] ljlw pkof]u ug{] ægofF kqsfl/tfÆ sf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k o; cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tfsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . d]o]/n] s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] lgikIftf / ;To vf]Hg] sfd k"/f ug{ kqsfl/tfn] ;flxTodf ckgfOg] ljlw xf]Og tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{] j}1flgs ljlw pkof]u ug{'k5{ .

cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tfsf] cjwf/0ff k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfdf x'g] u/]sf k|]; lj1lKtdflysf] lge{/tf, cflwsfl/s ;|f]tk|ltsf] akmfbf/L h:tf ckof{Kttf / sdhf]/L x6fpg cfPsf] eGg] 7flgG5 . d]o]/sf ljrf/df dt ;j{]If0f tyf ;fj{hlgs /]s8{sf] pkof]u h:tf j}1flgs tl/sf / ;"rgf lj1fgsf ljlw pkof]u gugf{n] o:tf] ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf cEof; ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tf eGgfn] ;fgf] ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf :6f]/LnfO{

hgfpFYof] . d]o]/ (bit.ly/p-meyer) eG5g\M

cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tf yk pkfo pkof]u ug{] kqsfl/tf lyof] h;n] ubf{ klxn] g5f]OPsf jf cfSsne'mSsn dfq p7fOg] u/]sf ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug{ ;lsof] . cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;+3if{ ul//x]sf cNk;+Vos / ljb|f]xLx¿sf cfjfh p7fpgsf nflu of] ljz]if pkof]uL lyof] .

kqsf/ / ;dfh lj1fgaLrsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf k|sflzt Pp6f k|efjzfnL n]v -http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/4/477.full.pdf_ df n]]lvPsf] s'/f xfn tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf af/]df ul/g] 5nkmn;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . o;sf n]vs -kqsfl/tfsf b'O{ hgf cd]l/sL k|f]k]m;/_ n] ;g\ !(&) / !(*) sf] bzsdf s] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP eg] cfd dflg;n] ;dfrf/ eGgfn] æ36gfdf cfwfl/t ;dfrf/Æ dfq 7fGb}gg\, pgLx¿sf æcj:yfsf] l/kf]l6{ªÆ -cyjf ;fdflhs k|j[lQsf af/]df ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª_ nfO{ klg ;dfrf/ 7fG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hgu0fgf cyjf ;j{]If0fsf tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ kqsf/n] ævf;, cfSsne'mSsn x'g] 36gfsf] l/kf]l6{ªdf dfq ;Lldt x'g] rng Tofu]/ s'g} 36gf s'g ;Gbe{df ePsf] lyof] egL AofVof;d]t ug{ ;S5g\ h;n] ubf{ kf7sn] ;dfrf/sf] cy{ e]§fpF5g\ .Æ tYof+s /fVg hlt a]nf yflnof] tYof+ssf] pkof]u u/]/ l/kf]6{ /fd|f] agfpg] rng Tolt a]n} ;'? eof]

. ;fOdg /f]h;{n] eg] e}+m (http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jan/06/facts-sacred-guardian-shorts-ebook) b ufl8{ogdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] klxnf] pbfx/0f ;g\ !*@! df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . Tof] ;dfrf/ DofGr]:6/sf :s"nn] r'xfPsf] Pp6f 6]andf cfwfl/t lyof] h;df :s"n hfg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof / k|lt :s"n nfut pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . /f]h;{sf cg';f/, o;df lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof b]vfOPsf] lyof] h'g ;/sf/L tYof+seGbf w]/} a9L lyof] .

tYo+fs kqsfl/tfsf] o'/f]ksf] ;'?sf] csf{] pbfx/0f ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6+u]nsf l/kf]6{ æa]nfotL ;]gfsf] d[To'b/Æ (bit.ly/mortality-army) xf] h'g ;g\ !*%* df 5flkPsf] lyof] . ;+;bdf k]z u/]sf] o; l/kf]6{df pgn] a]nfotL ;]gfsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf kIfdf cfjfh

20

p7fpgsf nflu u|flkmS;sf] pkof]u u/]sL lyOg\ . x/]s dlxgf ePsf d[To' b]vfpg] v08 æsS;sDaÆ ePsf] u|flkms ;a}eGbf k|Voft u|flkms xf] . o;n] ;]gfdf x'g] cTolws d[To' /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] /f]u nfu]/ ePsf lyP uf]nL nfu]/ xf]Og eGg] s'/f b]vfPsf] lyof] .

lrq !=!) la|l6; ;}lgssf] d[To'b/, ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6+u]n -lrq ljlslkl8ofaf6 lnOPsf]_

21

tYof+s kqsfl/tf / sDKo'6/sf] ;xoftfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª -;L=P=cf/=_ ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ / tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{ u0fgf ljlw pkof]u ug{] o;cl3sf] cEof;sf aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/ xfn ælg/Gt/tf / kl/jt{gÆ eGg] vfnsf jfbljjfb eO/x]sf 5g\ .

s;}n] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;L=P=cf/= / tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf aLrdf leGgtf 5 . pgLx¿ eG5g\, ;L=P=cf/= eg]sf] l/kf]6{ -;fdfGotof vf]hd"ns l/kf]6{_ nfO{ /fd|f] agfpgsf nflu tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0fsf sfddf ckgfOg] ljlw xf] . csf{lt/, tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;du| kqsfl/tfd} tYof+ssf] pkof]udf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . cyf{t\, tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] tYof+snfO{ :6f]/L vf]Hg] cyjf To;nfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] ;fwgsf ¿kdf eGbf klg tYof+sdf g} hf]8 lbg] u5{ . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k b ufl8{og 8]6fAnu cyjf 6]S;f; l6«Ao'gn] :6f]/Lsf ;fydf tYof+s -slxn]sfxL+ t tYof+s dfq} klg_ k|sflzt u5{g\ h;sf cfwf/df kf7sn] ljZn]if0f / cGj]if0f cfk}Fm ug{ kfpF5g\ . csf{] cGt/ s] xf] eg] plxn] vf]h kqsf/nfO{ cfk"mn] vf]h]sf hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g x'GYof] . clxn] klg s'g} s'g} ;"rgf kfpg sl7g 5 t/ cfhef]ln clt w]/} dfqfdf hfgsf/L pknAw 5 . tL hfgsf/LnfO{ s] ug{] eGg] s'/f kqsf/nfO{ yfxf 5}g . tL tYof+saf6 s;/L :6f]/L agfpg] eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f a]nfotsf] vr{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ePsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 8]6fa]; sDafOG8 cgnfOg OGkmd{];g l;:6d -sf]OG;_ xf] . kf/blz{tfsf] cfjfh p7fpg]x¿n] o:tf] 8]6fa]; k|sflzt x'g'k5{ eGb} cfPsf lyP . ha of] k|sflzt eof] ta oqf] tYof+snfO{ s] ug{] eg]/ w]/} kqsf/ lhNn k/] . lkmlnk d]o]/n] xfn} n]v]sf 5g\M æhlt a]nf ;"rgfsf] cefj lyof] Tolta]nf xfdLn] xfd|f] clwsf+z k|of; ltgsf] vf]h / ;+sng ug{df nufof}+ . clxn] ;"rgfsf] af9L cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|zf]wgsf] sfd a9L dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .Æ

csf{lt/ s;}n] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] tYof+s kqsfl/tf / sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ªsf aLrdf ;fy{s leGgtf 5}g . ;a}n] yfxf kfPsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;~rf/ dfWoddf rn]sf] ;a}eGbf gf}nf] cEof;sf] klg s]xL g s]xL Oltxf; 5 / To;df s]xL gofF s'/f ylkPsf 5g\ . To;}n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf Psbd} gf}nf] cjwf/0ff xf] ls xf]Og eg]/ jfbljjfb ug{'sf ;§f o;nfO{ nfdf] k/Dk/fsf] Pp6f lx:;f ePsf] t/ gofF kl/l:ylt / cj:yf ;'xfpFbf] ljlw pkof]u ul/Psf] cjwf/0ff dfGbf kmnbfoL x'G5 . nIo / ljlwdf km/s gxf]nf t/ o; ztfAbLsf] ;'?df ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ zAbfjnLsf] pbo x'g'n] Pp6f gofF r/0f cfPsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 h'g r/0fdf w]/} hfgsf/L cgnfOgdf l;Q}df pknAw 5, pkef]QmfnfO{ ;'ne x'g] vfnsf hl6n ;fwg, cfk}Fm k|sfzg ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlw / qmfp8;f]l;{ª pkfo nufP/ w]/}eGbf w]/} dflg;n] w]/} tYof+snfO{ klxn]eGbf w]/} ;lhnf];Fu pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

22

cfd dflg;nfO{ tYof+s a'e\mg / pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg'

;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw / j]an] cfgsf tfg ablnlbPsf 5g\ . tYof+s /fVg] ;fO6 / ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} ;fwg cfljisf/ ul/Psf 5g\ . o;;Fu ;DalGwt gofF cEof; yflnPsf 5g\ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ltg}dWo]sf] Ps xf] . j]asf] xfOk/ln+s ;+/rgfdfk{mt xfdL ;|f]t ;fdu|LnfO{ sf]6 ug{ / ;]o/ ug{ ;S5f}+ . o;f] ug{' k|fl1s k|sfzgdf ;|f]t ;fdu|L p4[t ug{' h:t} xf] . cfk"mn] :6f]/L tof/ ug{sf nflu h'g ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L lnPsf] xf] To;nfO{ sf]6 u/]/ / To;sf] ln+s /fv]/ tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] kqsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5 . ljlslnS;sf ;+:yfks h'lnofg c;fGhn] o;nfO{ æj}1flgs kqsfl/tfÆ eg]sf 5g\ .

tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] tYof+ssf] ;|f]t vf]tNg / cfk"mnfO{ sfd nfUg] hfgsf/L kfpg ;a} dflg;nfO{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . o;n] kqsf/n] n]v]sf s'/f hfFr ug{ / ;fdfGotof ;xL 5g\ egL 7flgPsf s'/fnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] klg agfPsf] 5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tfdfk{mt oL sfd ubf{ ;"rgfsf ;|f]t, ;"rgf lng] ;fwg, tl/sf / ljlw ;a} dflg;n] pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . o;eGbf klxn] oL pkfo vf]h kqsf/, ;dfh j}1flgs, tYof+szf:qL, ljZn]ifs / cGo ljz]if1x¿n] dfq pkof]u ug{ ;Sy] . clxn] ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t sf]6 ug{] / To;sf] ln+s lbg] rng tYof+s kqsfl/tf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . xfdL o:tf] b'lgofFlt/ hfFb}5f}+ hxfF tYof+s ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu cljl5Gg / cleGg ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . tYof+s a'e\mg] / ltgaf6 rflxPsf] s'/f lgsfNg] sfddf cfd dflg;n] ef]Ug' k/]sf afwf x6fpg] / 7"nf] dfqfdf kf7snfO{ tYof+s a'e\mg ;Sg] agfpg] lbzfdf tYof+s kqsf/n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng' k/]sf] 5 .

clxn] cfk"mnfO{ tYof+s kqsf/ egL lrgfpg] dflg;sf] pboLdfg ;d"x o;cl3 g} :yflkt ;L=P=cf/= ;d'bfoeGbf w]/} dfqfdf leGg 5 . cfzf u/f}+ eljiodf oL b'O{j6f ;d'bfosf aLrdf bx|f] ;DaGw sfod x'g]5 . k|f]klAnsf / Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhd h:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/s :t/sf ;~rf/ dfWod / k/Dk/fut ;~rf/ dfWod vf]h kqsfl/tfsf If]qdf h;/L ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ tYof+s kqsfl/tf / ;L=P=cf/= n] klg To;/L g} ldn]/ sfd ug{]5g\ . tYof+s kqsf/n] tYof+s / :6f]/L k|:t't ug{] gofF tl/sf ckgfpg ;Snfg\ . ;L=P=cf/= ckgfpg] kqsf/n] lnOcfPsf] uxg ljZn]if0ffTds / ;dLIffTds cjwf/0ffaf6 tYof+s kqsf/n] lgZro g} klg kf7 l;Sg ;S5g\ . — lnlnofgf af}g]u|', o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/

23

v08 @

;dfrf/ sIfdf

24

;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] s:tf] :yfg 5 < tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf cu'jfx¿n] cfˆgf 8]6fl;6 k|sflzt ubf{ / tYof+s ePsf ;dfrf/ PK;sf] agfpg yfNbf /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ cfˆgf ;dfrf/ sIfsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ s;/L dgfP < kqsf/n] tYof+s sf]8 ug{ cyjf tLI0f a'l4 ePsf 8]enk/x¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ l;Sg'k5{ < o; v08df xfdLn] c:6«]lnog a|f]8sfl:6ª skf{]/];g, lala;L, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g, b ufl8{og, b 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g / h]Ot cgnfOg h:tf ;~rf/ dfWoddf tYof+s / tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] e"ldsfsf af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . o;af6 xfdLn] oL s'/f l;S5f}+M /fd|f 8]enk/ s;/L kQf nufpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ s;/L sfd nufpg] < Xofsfyg / cGo sfo{qmddfk{mt dflg;sf aLrdf o; ljifodf s;/L 5nkmn÷rrf{ u/fpg] < c¿ b]zsf kqsf/;Fu ldn]/ s;/L sfd ug{] < tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Jofj;flos df]8n s:tf] x'g'k5{ <

PaL;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tf

c:6«]lnog a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/;g -Pla;L_ ci6«]lnofsf] /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs k|;f/s ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] jflif{s ah]6 ! lalnog c:6«]lnog 8n/ 5 . o;n] ;ftj6f /]l8of] g]6js{, ^) j6f :yfgLo /]l8of] :6]zg, tLgj6f l8lh6n 6]lnlehg ;]jf, gofF cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnlehg ;]jf / cgnfOg Kn]6kmd{dfk{mt l8lh6n / o'h/n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|L k|;f/ u5{ . o;df $,%)) k"0f{sfnLg sd{rf/L sfd u5{g\ . oLdWo] &) k|ltzt hltn] k|;f/ ul/g] ;fdu|L tof/ u5{g\ .

Pla;L cfk"mn] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] :jtGqtfsf af/]df uf}/j u5{ . ;/sf/n] k};f xfNg] eP klg sfg'gn] o;nfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfoeGbf cnu ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . p;n] :jtGq ;fj{hlgs ;]jf kqsfl/tfsf] k/Dk/f wfGb} cfPsf] 5 . Pla;LnfO{ ci6«]lnofsf] ;a}eGbf ljZj;gLo ;~rf/ dfWod dflgG5 .

Joj:yfkg lgb{]zs -klxn] ;dfrf/kqdf sfo{sf/L eO;s]sf dfs{ :s6_ sf] g]t[Tjdf o; ;+:yfsf] jftfj/0f pT;fxj4{s 5 . ;+:yfdf k|;f/ ;fdu|L tof/ ug{]x¿nfO{ ælhDd]jf/Æ agfpg] dGq ;f] ;+:yfn] hk]sf] 5 .

xf], of] sfd eGg hlt ;lhnf] 5, ug{ plt g} ufx|f] .

o:tf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;+:yfn] xfn} Pp6f sbd rfNof] . o; cGtu{t dlN6Kn]6kmd{ k|f]h]S6sf nflu k};f lng :6fkmsf aLrdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fOof] .

Pla;Ldf klxnf] tYof+s kqsfl/tf k|f]h]S6 o;/L hlGdPsf] lyof] .

;g\ @)!) sf] ;'?df d cfˆgf] k|:tfj k]z ug{] Pp6f ;];gdf uPF hxfF tLg hgf jl/i7 æcfOl8ofÆ lj1sf cufl8 d}n] d]/f] k|f]h]S6sf kIfdf ax; ug{'kYof{] .

of] k|f]h]S6nfO{ d}n] s]xL ;dob]lv lbdfudf v]nfO/x]sf] lyPF . dnfO{ b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnun] cEof; ul//x]sf] tYof+s kqsfl/tf h:t} sfd ug{ kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;'? o;/L ug{ kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] .

25

d}n] s] ts{ u/]+ eg] kfFr jif{leqdf Pla;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tf zfvf :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ug{}k5{, d}n] eg]+ . t/ Tof] nIodf s;/L k'Ug] / of] sfd s;n] yfNg] eGg] k|Zg xfd|f ;fd' lyof] .

Pla;Ldf lat]sf &) jif{df sd{rf/LtGq Hofb} alnof] ePsf] lyof] . p;n] hlxNo} klg /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgnfO{ dfof uYof]{ . j]a;fO6 cfPkl5 lat]sf] bzsdf zAb, kmf]6f] h:tf ;fdu|L /flvP . s]xL xb;Dd of] cGt/lqmofTds klg lyof] . o:tf] xf]nf eg]/ s;}n] sNkgf u/]sf lyPgg\ . o;n] ubf{ k};f sxfF vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 / To;af6 s:tf ;fdu|L tof/ eO/x]sf 5g\ egL k'gMljrf/ ug{ Pla;L afWo eof] .

of] k"0f{ eOg;s]sf], rfn" eO/x]sf] sfd lyof] .

o;} a]nfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf If]qdf cs{} sfd eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] Tolt a]nf :6f]/L eGg] gofF tl/sf ckgfpg k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] lyof] .

d}n] of] s'/f d]/f] k|:tfjsf] d"Nof+sgstf{nfO{ eg]+ . d}n] s] klg eg]+ eg] xfdLn] o;sf nflu s:tf] gofF ;Lk rflxG5 eg]/ kQf nufpg'k5{ / To;df kqsf/nfO{ tflnd lbg'k5{ . xfdLn] uhasf] k|f]h]S6 rnfpg'k5{ .

pgLx¿n] d]/f] s'/f dfg] / o;sf nflu ah]6 5'6\ofP .

@$ gf]e]Da/ @)!! df Pla;Lsf] dN6LKn]6kmd{ k|f]h]S6 / Pla;L Go'h cgnfOg ;'? eof] . o;df /flvPsf] klxnf] :6f]/L lyof] sf]n l;d Uof; c+sdf (bit.ly/abc-coal) .

lrq @=! sf]n l;d Uof; c+sdf -Pla;L Go'h cgnfOg_

26

o;df kfFrj6f cGt/lqmofTds gS;f /flvPsf lyP . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . zAb lyP .

of] k"0f{tM tYof+s kqsfl/tf lyPg . of] t l6ddf ;xefuL /x]sf y/Ly/Lsf] cg'ej ePsf dflg; / ci6«]lnofdf tfQftf] ljifo p7fPsf] :6f]/Laf6 hGd]sf] l7dfxf kqsfl/tf lyof] .

cGt/lqmofTds gS;f ;a}eGbf cfsif{s lyof] h;n] ci6«]lnofdf sf]n l;d Uof;sf vflg / ltgnfO{ lnhdf lbOPsf] s'/f b]vfOPsf] lyof] . o'h/n] 7fpF ljz]ifsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L lng ;Sy] clg lnh / vflg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L x]g{ ;Sy] . gS;fdf h'd Og ubf{ o'h/n] s'g 7fpFsf] vflg s;n] cGj]if0f u/]sf] xf], vflgsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 / vflg vGg yfn]sf] ldlt h:tf hfgsf/L kfpFy] . csf{] gS;fdf sf]n l;d Uof;n] sfd u/]sf 7fpF / ci6«]lnofsf] e"ldut kfgL k|0ffnLsf aLrdf t'ngf u/]/ b]vfOPsf] lyof] .

xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't u/]sf lyof}+ h;n] v]/ uPsf] g'g / kfgL pTkfbgsf] ljifo p7fPsf] lyof] .

k|f]h]S6sf] csf{] v08df :yfgLo gbLdf /;fog kmfn]sf] ljifodf vf]h ul/Psf] lyof] .

lrq @=@ ci6]«lnofdf Uof; vflg / lnh b]vfpg] cGt/lqmofTds gS;f -Pla;L Go'h cgnfOg_

27

xfd|f] 6f]nL

• j]a 8]enk/ / l8hfOg/• k|d'v kqsf/• tYof+s plwGg], PS;]n :k|]8l;6 / tYof+s k|zf]wgdf bIf kf6{6fOd cg';Gwfgstf{• k/fdz{bftf sfo{sf/L lgdf{tf• tYof+s vf]tNg], u|flkms leh'onfOh];g / c¿ P8\efG;\8 cg';Gwfg ;Lk ePsf k|fl1s If]qsf k/fdz{bftf• Pla;Lsf] dN6LKn]6kmd{ PsfOsf kl/of]hgf Joj:yfks / k|zf;lgs ;xfos• ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, xfdL;Fu kqsf/x¿sf] ;d"x lyof] . rflxPsf a]nfdf xfdL o; ;d"xsf dflg;;Fu k/fdz{ lnGYof}+ .

tYof+ssf ;|f]t

cGt/lqmofTds gS;fsf nflu rflxg] tYof+s ;/sf/L j]a;fO6af6 8fpgnf]8 ul/Psf ;]kkmfON;af6 lnOPsf x'g\ .

g'g / kfgL ;DaGwL cGo tYof+s ljleGg l/kf]6{af6 lnOPsf x'g\ .

gbLdf kmflnPsf /;fog ;DaGwL tYof+s ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf jftfj/0fLo cg'dltkqaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ .

xfdLn] l;s]sf kf7

æsf]n l;d Uof; ;+VofdfÆ ;fdu|L / cfsf/ b'j} b[li6n] dxTjfsf+IfL k|f]h]S6 lyof] . o;af6 xfdLn] s] l;Sof}+ / csf{] k6s o:t} sfd ubf{ slt km/s lsl;dn] ug{'knf{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ d}n] dxTj lbPsf] 5' .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf k|f]h]S6n] Pla;Ldf ;fdfGotof e]63f6 gx'g] vfnsf w]/} dflg;nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf e]nf kf¥of] . xfdL km/skm/s lsl;dsf s'/f ug{] dflg; ToxfF lyof}+ . Pscsf{sf sfdsf] k|z+;f gug{] dflg; klg Ps} 7fpFdf ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf emGeml6nf] sfd xf] .

Jofjxfl/s s'/f

l6dnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg' h¿/L 5 . xfd|f 8]enk/ / l8hfOg/sf] sfof{no ˚/s ˚/s 7fp+df lyof] . pgLx¿ a}7ssf nflu cfpFy] . of] plt /fd|f] cj:yf xf]Og . l6dsf ;a} dflg;nfO{ kqsf/nfO{ h:t} Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ .

xfd|f k/fdz{bftf sfo{sf/L lgdf{tf klg ejgsf] csf{] tnfdf a:y] . pgL klg glhs x'g'kg{] /x]5 .

k"0f{tof tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L 5fGg'kg{] /x]5 .

28

a[xt\ ;Gbe{M s]xL cfOl8of

tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ 7"nf ;~rf/ dfWodn] Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfd ug{'k5{ . dnfO{ s] z+sf 5 eg] ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|fljlws ljefudf n's]/ a;]sf w]/} lus / Xofs;{ slt a]nf ;+:yf 5f8f}+ eg]/ a;]sf 5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] æXofs / Xofs;{ e]nfÆ sfo{zfnf ug{'k5{ hxfF uf]Ko lus, o'jf kqsf/, j]a 8]enk/ / l8hfOg/ cg'ejL kqsf/;Fu e]63f6 u5{g\, cfk"mn] hfg]sf ;Lk c¿nfO{ l;sfpF5g\ / d]G6l/ª u5{g\ .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf ax'ljifos kqsfl/tf xf] . tYof+s kqsfl/tf 6f]nLdf To:tf dflg;sf] sfd klg h¿/L 5 hf] klxn] ;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd ub{}gy] . l8lh6n ljsf;n] ubf{ ;~rf/ dfWoddf s;n] sfd u5{ / s;n] ub{}g egL eGg ufx|f] x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

k]z]j/ :jtGq kqsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbg] k'/fgf] Jofj;flos df]8n ck"0f{ 5 / of] lj36g x'g] qmddf 5 . xfdLn] cfk}+mnfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg' k/]sf] 5 . cfk}+m afFRg ;Sg] rf}yf] c+u ljgfsf] ;+;f/ s:tf] x'Fbf] xf] < cd]l/sL kqsf/ tyf ljåfg\ jfN6/ lnKDofgn] ;g\ !(@) sf] bzsdf eg]sf lyP, æ;dfrf/;Dd kx'Fr ePg eg] ultnf] ;fj{hlgs ljrf/ cfpFb}g egL :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .Æ of] egfO clxn] klg plQs} ;To 5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ;a} hgf Anudf e'mlG8Psf 5g\ . sf] s'/f aª\Uofpg] dflg; xf], sf] 9fF6 xf], sf] sk6L xf], s;sf] lglxt :jfy{ 5 / sf] k]z]j/ kqsf/ xf] 5'6\ofpg sl7g ePsf] 5 . h;nfO{ klxn] ljZjf; ul/GYof] tL nf]k x'Fb}5g\ . sjf8 kqsfl/tf k}mng ;Sg] o; vfnL 7fpFdf xfOk/ln+s /flvlbP/ ljZj;gLo agfpg ;ls+b}g . cem a9L sfd gnfUg] t/ uHha b]lvg] ;|f]tsf] xfOk/ln+s /fv]/ kf7snfO{ e'mSofpg ;S5g\ . lg/y{s s'/f kl:sP/ dfG5]sf] lbdfu rSs/fOlbg klg l8lh6n qmflGtsf] b'?kof]u x'g ;S5 .

l8lh6n :k];df clxn] h;n] klg :6f]/L eGg ;S5, xf]Og t < xf]Og . Jofj;flos kqsfl/tf -d}n] eGg vf]h]sf] To:tf] kqsfl/tf xf] h;n] g}lts eP/, ;Gt'lnt, ;fx;L, ;Tosf] vf]hL ug{] :6f]/L eG5_ nfO{ arfpgsf nflu eg] kqsfl/tfsf] ;Lk l8lh6n cv8fdf alnof] eP/ v8f x'g'k5{ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf csf{] o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] xfdL l8lh6n :k];df 3'Dg ;S5f}+ . of] o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;df o'h/n] gS;f x]g{, lˆnk ug{, 5gf]6 ug{, lkmN6/ ug{ kfpF5g\ / c+sdfk{mt :6f]/L b]V5g\ . eljiodf xfdL Xofs/, 8]enk/, l8hfOg/ / sf]8/;Fu ldn]/ sfd u5f{}+ . o; ;+qmd0fsfndf xfdLn] uDeL/ eP/ Ifdtf a9fpg' k/]sf] 5 . — ljG8L sfnf{on, ci6«]lnog a|f]8sfl:6ª skf{/];g

lala;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tfætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ n] w]/} ljifo ;d]6\g ;S5 . ;~rf/ dfWoddf o;nfO{ ljleGg 9+un] pkof]u ul/G5 . To;}n] lala;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tfnfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 egL hfGg h¿/L x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGgfn] To:tf sfdnfO{ hgfpF5 h;n] tYof+snfO{ tn pNn]v ePsf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfdsf nflu pkof]u u5{M

• cfk"mnfO{ ;fGble{s nfu]sf hfgsf/L kQf nufpg] ;'ljwf kf7snfO{ lbg• cgf}7f] / o;cl3 yfxf gePsf] :6f]/L atfpg• hl6n ljifo /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg kf7snfO{ ;xof]u ug{

oL juL{s/0f Pscsf{df ldNg ;S5g\ .

29

JolQmut agfpg'

lala;L Go'h j]a;fO6df xfdLn] lat]sf Ps bzseGbf nfdf] ;dob]lv xfd|f o'h/nfO{ ;]jf / ;fwg pknAw u/fpg tYof+s pkof]u ub{} cfPsf 5f}+ .

o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f xfdLn] ;g\ !((( df klxnf] k6s k|sflzt u/]sf] :s"n lnu 6]an -http://www.bbc.com/news/education-11950098_ xf] . o;df ;/sf/n] jflif{s ¿kdf k|sflzt ug{] tYof+ssf] pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . kf7sn] kf]:6sf]8 xfg]kl5 cfˆgf] 5]psf] :s"n ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ / ljleGg ;"rssf cfwf/df cfˆgf] / c¿sf :s"nsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ kfpF5g\ . lzIff kqsf/n] 8]enkd]G6 l6d;Fu ldn]/ k|sfzg ug{'cl3 tYof+s vf]H5g\ .

xfdLn] of] sfd yfNbf cfd dflg;n] tYof+s vf]Hg kfpg] s'g} cflwsfl/s ;fO6 lyPg . clxn] lzIff ljefun] emG8} emG8} xfdLn] lbP h:t} ;]jf lbg yfn]sf] 5 . To;f] x'gfn] xfdL tYof+sn] atfpg] :6f]/Ldf Hofbf Wofg lbg yfn]sf 5f}+ .

o; sfddf Pp6f r'gf}tL s] 5 eg] xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs rf;f] ePsf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s;Dd cfd dflg;sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofOlbg'k5{ . xfdLn] cfd dflg;n] x]g{ kfpg] w]/} 8]6f;]6 k|sflzt u/]sf] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] ljz]if l/kf]6{ æPe|L 8]y cg Pe|L /f]8Æ -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15975720_ xf] . o;df o'h/n] a]nfotdf lat]sf] bzsdf ePsf ;a} uf8L b'3{6gf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ .

o;df xfdLn] k|x/Laf6 k|fKt s]xL d'Vo tYo / c+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfPsf 5f}+ -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15975564_ . o;nfO{ a9L ultzLn / dfgjLo ;+j]bgfo'Qm agfpg xfdLn] nG8g PDa'n]G; P;f]l;P;g, lala;L nG8g /]l8of] / l6eL;Fu ldn]/ /fhwfgLdf b'3{6gf x'g] lalQs} To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ . o;nfO{ xfdLn] cgnfOgdf nfOe -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16030644_ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ . o;sf ;fy} 6\jL6/af6 klg o:tf] hfgsf/L lbG5f}+ . b'3{6gf yfxf kfpg] lalQs} gS;fdf /fVg] -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15820072_ Joj:yf klg 5 .

;fdfGo ;fwg

xfdLn] o'h/nfO{ 7"nf] 8]6f;]6df vf]hL ug{] pkfo k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+ . o;sf ;fy} xfdLn] ;dfGo 6'n agfPsf 5f}+ h;n] ubf{ o'h/n] cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt ;–;fgf hfgsf/L lng ;S5g\ . oL 6'n nfdf ljZn]if0f x]g{] k'm;{b gePsf dflg;nfO{ a9L sfd nfU5g\ . xfdLn] JolQmut tYo ;lhnf] u/L z]o/ ug{ ldNg] agfPsf 5f}+ .

o;sf] cln /f]rs pbfx/0f xfd|f] lkmr/ “Theworldat7 billion:What’syournumber?” xf] . of] lkmr/ ;+;f/sf] hg;+Vof ;ft lalnog gf3]sf] cj;/df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . o;df o'h/n] cfˆgf] hGdldlt OG6/ u/]kl5 ljZj hg;+Vofdf cfk"m slt gDa/df 5' eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ . To; gDa/nfO{ pgLx¿n] 6\jL6/ cyjf k]m;a'sdfk{mt z]o/ ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu /fi6«;+3Lo hg;+Vof ljsf; sf]ifn] pknAw u/fPsf] tYof+s pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . of] w]/} nf]slk|o eof], of] a]nfotdf ;g\ @)!! df k]m;a'sdf ;a}eGbf a9L z]o/ ePsf] ln+s lyof] .

30

csf{] tfhf pbfx/0f lala;L ah]6 SofNs'n]6/ -http://www.bbc.com/news/business-17442946_ xf] . o;n] o'h/nfO{ gofF ah]6 nfu" ePkl5 cfk"m slt wgL cyjf ul/a x'G5' egL hfGg / To:tf] hfgsf/L z]o/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . o;sf nflu xfdLn] PsfpG6];L kmd{ s]kLPdhL PnPnkL;Fu ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . p;n] jflif{s ah]6sf cfwf/df u0fgf u/L xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbof] . To;kl5 xfdLn] To;nfO{ o'h/nfO{ pkof]u ug{ xf}:ofpg] vfnsf] OG6/k]m; agfpg s8f d]xgt u¥of}+ .

tYof+s vf]tNg'

oL sfddf kqsfl/tf rflx+ sxfF 5 < tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] k/Dk/fut kl/efiff cg';f/ tYof+sdf :6f]/L vf]hL ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . oL 8]6fa];df clxn];Dd ck|sflzt s'g} hfgsf/L n's]sf] 5 < cfFs8f ;xL x'g\ < oL cfFs8fn] s'g} s'/f xf] jf xf]Og egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;S5g\ < tYof+s kqsf/ cyjf sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] l/kf]l6{ª ug{] kqsf/n] cfk"mnfO{ oL k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ . /f]rs :6f]/L kfOg] cfzdf tYof+ssf] y'k|f] plwGbf w]/} ;do nfUg ;S5 .

o; sfdsf nflu :6f]/L vf]Hg] Ifdtf / ;do ePsf vf]h kqsf/ jf sfo{qmd;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{' ;a}eGbf kmnbfoL x'G5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . lala;Lsf] ;d;fdlos dfldnf ;DaGwL sfo{qmd kfgf]/dfn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hg vf]h kqsfl/tf s]Gb|;Fu ldn]/ dlxgf}+ sfd u¥of] . olt d]xgt ubf{ Pp6f l6eL 8s'd]G6«L / cgnfOg l/kf]6{ “Public Sectorpay:The numbers” tof/ eof] . o;df ;a} tYof+s /flvPsf 5g\ . ljleGg v08sf] 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f /fvL x/]s v08sf tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq @=# ;ft lalnog dflg; ePsf] ljZj -lala;L_

31

vf]h kqsf/x¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{' h¿/L 5Fb}5 . To; afx]s ljz]if 1fg ePsf w]/} kqsf/;Fu ;Dks{ x'g' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . l6ddf ePsf Ps hgf Joj;foL ;fyLn] ;/sf/n] lgsfn]sf] vr{ s6f}tL ;DaGwL tYof+s ljZn]if0f u/] pgn] s] lgrf]8 lgsfn] eg] Tof] s'/f a9fOr9fO ul/Psf] /x]5 . o;sf cfwf/df c¿n] yfxf gkfPsf] :6f]/L “Making sense of the data” tof/ eof] . o;df :ki6 ¿kdf a'e\mg ;lsg] b[Zo -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11583746_ klg /flvPsf] lyof] . o; :6f]/Ln] /f]on :6fl6l:6sn ;f];fO6L k'/:sf/ kfof] .

ljifosf] 1fg

tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{sf nflu s;}n] p7fpFb} gp7fPsf] ljifo dfq} p7fpg'k5{ eGg] 5}g . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf kl/0ft ug{] 6f]nLsf] sfd :ki6 ;DkfbsLo n]vgnfO{ /fd|f] l8hfOgdf k|:t't ug{' xf] h;sf] cfsif{0fn] o'h/nfO{ tfg]/ /fV5 . ;xL tYof+snfO{ /fd|f] b[Zodf k|:t't u/]/ s'g} ljifo cyjf :6f]/Lsf af/]df o'h/nfO{ /fd|f] 1fg lbg ;lsG5 . lala;Ldf xfdL :6f]/L eGbf af/Daf/ o:tf] cjwf/0ff ckgfpF5f}+ .

tYof+s lkmr/ æo'/f]hf]g 8]A6 j]aÆ -bbc.in/IIAHHI_ n] b]zleqsf] C0f lbg] ;fx'x¿sf] hfnf]sf af/]df vf]hL u/]sf] 5 . o;n] :ki6 ¿kdf n]lvPsf] ;fdu|LnfO{ /ª / ;dfg'kflts sfF8sf] pkof]u u/L hl6n ljifonfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ o'h/nfO{ cfFs8fn] k|efljt kfg{eGbf klg s'g} lkmr/ x]g{ jf n]v k9\g k|f]T;fxg ug{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 .

xfd|f] l6d

lala;L Go'h j]a;fO6df tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] 6f]nLdf @) hgf kqsf/, l8hfOg/ / 8]enk/ 5g\ .

o; l6dn] tYof+s k|:t't ug{] / b[Zodf b]vfpg] afx]s j]a;fO6df pkof]u ul/g] ;a} OGkmf]u|flkmS; / cGt/lqmofTds dN6L ldl8of ;fdu|L tof/ u5{ . oL ;a} ldnfP/ :6f]/L eGg] Pp6f ljlw agfOG5 h;nfO{ xfdL b[Zo kqsfl/tf eG5f}+ . xfdLsxfF tYof+s kqsf/ elgg] vf; kqsf/ 5}gg\ . o; l6dsf ;a} ;b:on] tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{ PS;]n, u'un 8S; h:tf cfwf/e"t :k|]8l;6 PlKns];G; rnfpg hfGg'k5{ .

tYof+s k|:t't ug{] sfddf 8]enk/sf] k|fljlws ;Lk / ;Nnfx clg l8hfOg/sf] b[Zo k|:t't ug{] ;Lk dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . d'Vo ¿kdf xfdL hf] h] eP klg -kqsf/ eP klg, l8hfOg/ eP klg cyjf 8]enk/ eP klg_ Pscsf{sf] If]qsf s'/f a'e\mg / ltgnfO{ rnfpg ;Sg] x'g lg/Gt/ s8f d]xgt u5f{}+ .

tYof+s cGj]if0f ug{ xfdLn] pkof]u ug{] d'Vo k|f]8S6 PS;]n, u'un 8S; / ˆo'hg 6]an x'g\ . 7"nf 8]6fl;6df hfgsf/L vf]Hg xfdL dfOP;So'Pn, PS;]; 8]6fa]; / ;f]n/ h:tf k|f]u|fd pkof]u u5f{}+ . o:t} u/L ln+S8 8]6f k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L s'g} 36gfsf] df]8n tof/ ug{ s'g tl/sf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 egL yfxf kfpg xfdL cf/8LPkm / :kfs{n h:tf k|f]u|fd pkof]u u5f{}+ . oL k|f]u|fd cln sd dfqfdf pkof]u u5f{}+ . 8]enk/n] PS;gl:qmK6, kfOyg cyjf kn{ h:tf k|f]u|fd klg pkof]u u5{g\ . s]xL k|sfzgsf nflu kn{ pkof]u ul/G5 .

32

tYof+s vf]Hg / ef}uf]lns tYof+s b]vfpg xfdL u'un, laª DofK;, u'un cy{sf ;fy} Ol;|h cfs{Dofk h:tf k|f]u|fd pkof]u u5f{}+ .

u|flkmS; agfpg xfdL cfˆ6/ Pk]mS6\;, ONo':6«]6/, kmf]6f];k, ˆof; h:tf P8f]aL ;'6sf ;ˆ6j]o/ rnfpF5f}+ . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] sfd h]So]/L h:tf hfefl:qmK6 clg xfOrf6{\;, /fk]mn / 8L y|L h:tf hfefl:qmK6 nfOa|]/Ln] /fd|f];Fu ug{] x'gfn] cfhef]ln xfdL ˆNof; kmfOn pltw]/} rnfpFb}gf}F . — a]nf x/]n / PG8«o' lnofd8f]km/, lala;L

l;sfuf] l6«Ao'gdf Go'h PK; l6dn] sfd ug{] tl/sf

l;sfuf] l6«Ao'gsf] Go'h PlKns];G;df sfd ug{] l6d ;dfrf/ sIfdf /flvPsf ;Gt'i6 Xofs;{sf] 6f]nL xf] . xfdL ;Dkfbs / l/kf]6{/nfO{ oL sfddf ;xof]u u5f{}+M !_ cg';Gwfg ug{ / :6f]/L tof/ ug{, @_ :6f]/LnfO{ cgnfOg b]vfpg / #_ l;sfuf]sf eb| dflg;sf nflu ;bfaxf/ j]a ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ .

xfdL ;dfrf/ sIfdf a:g' h¿/L 5 . l/kf]6{;Fu cfDg];fDg] a;]/ s'/fsfgL ubf{ xfldn]] s] sfd ug]{ eGg] s'/f lg:sG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ s] s'/f yfxf 5 eg] sd u'0f:t/sf ;/sf/L j]a;fO6sf nflu l:qmg :qmØfk/ tof/ ug{, kL8LPkm kmfOnaf6 hfgsf/L lemSg, cyjf u}/tYof+sLo hfgsf/LnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] agfpg ;xof]u ubf{ xfdL v';L x'G5f}+ . xfdL ;Defljt tYof+sLo sfd o;/L k]mnf kf5f{}+ .

xfd|f] l6d o; If]qsf c¿ l6deGbf s] s'/fdf km/s 5 eg] of] k|fljlwsx¿n] :yfkgf u/]sf] xf] / kqsfl/tf xfd|f nflu gofF k]zf xf] . xfdLdWo] s]xLn] Jofj;flos 9+un] sf]l8ªsf] sfd u/]sf] w]/} jif{kl5 kqsfl/tfdf df:6;{ u¥of}+ eg] s]xL ;fyLx¿ klxn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lyP .

xfdL lhDd]jf/ eP/ sfd u5f{}+ . 6f]nL ;b:ox¿aLr tfnd]n xf];\ eg]/ x/]s laxfg xfdL kfFr ldg]6 pleP/} a}7s u5f{}+ . xfdL k|fozM hf]8L agfP/ sfd u5f{}+M b'O{ hgf 8]enk/n] 5'§f5'§} lsaf]8{ rnfpFbf eGbf Pp6f lsaf]8{ rnfpFbf sfd /fd|f] x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ Pp6f sfd ;Sg k|foM Ps xKtfeGbf a9L nfUb}g . t/ cln 7"nf / nfdf l/kf]6{sf nflu eg] xfdL Ps xKtfeGbf a9L sfd u5f{}+ . xfdLn] u/]sf sfd xKt}lkR5] l/kf]6{/ / ;DkfbsnfO{ b]vfpF5f}+ . xfdL æuNtL rfF8} kQf nfuf];\Æ eg]/ sfd u5f{}+ . uNtL ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] s'/f ;'?d} yfxf kfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5, vf;u/L lglZrt ;dodf sf]l8ª ul/;Sg'kg{] sfd u/]sf a]nf .

lglZrt ;dodf Xoflsª ug{] sfd af/Daf/ ubf{ w]/} kmfObf x'G5M xfdL ;w}+el/ xfd|f 6'nls6 cku|]8 ul//xG5f}+ . x/]s xKtf xfdL Pp6f cyjf b'O{j6f Pk rnfpF5f}+ . To;kl5 csf{] sfd yfN5f}+ . xfdL l/kf]6{/;Fu xfd|f] v';L afF8\5f}+ . x/]s xKtf xfdL gofF s'/f l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}+ .

33

Pk;DaGwL ;a} cfOl8of ;dfrf/ sIfsf l/kf]6{/ / ;Dkfbsn] NofpF5g\ . xfd|f] l6d o; s'/fdf klg c¿ PK; l6deGbf km/s 5 lsgeg] c¿lt/sf l6dn] PK; ;DaGwL cfˆg} cfOl8ofdf sfd u5{g\ . ;dfrf/ sIfdf xfdLn] ;'dw'/ JolQmut / k]zfut ;DaGw sfod u/]sf 5f}F . PK;df sfd ug{]x¿n] tYof+s e]§fpg] lalQs} pgLx¿n] tL tYof+s cfk"mnfO{ lbG5g\ eGg] s'/f ;Dkfbs / l/kf]6{/nfO{ yfxf 5 .

;dfrf/ sIfdf xfdLn] ug{] w]/}h;f] sfd l/kf]6{/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' xf] . xfdL l/kf]6{/nfO{ tYof+s vf]tNg, kL8LPkm kmfOndf ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ :k]|8l;6df abNg, j]a;fO6 agfpg ;xof]u u5f{}+ . j]a;fO6 l:qmg :S|ofk ug{ klg d2t u5f{}+ . xfdL of] sfd ug{ pT;'s 5f}+ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ ;dfrf/ sIfdf eO/x]sf tYof+s ;DaGwL sfddf ;+nUg x'g kfpF5f}+ . xfdL gS;f, 6]an / slxn]sfxL+ 7"nf] dfqfsf j]a;fO6 h:tf Go'h PlKns];G; klg agfpF5f}+ .

lnlvt :6f]/LnfO{ Pk;Fu ln+s gu?Gh]n w]/} 6«flkms cfpFb}g . cfhef]ln PK; — :6f]/L;Fu ln+s ul/Psf] PK; — xfd|f] j]a;fO6df emG8} emG8} ;a}eGbf a9L x]l/g] j:t' ePsf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ PK; / :6f]/L b'j}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . j]a;fO6sf] Pp6f v08df xfd|f] dfq} sfd /flvPsf] 5 -www.chicagotribune.com/news/data_ h;df w]/} 6«flkms cfpFb}g . o;df crDd dfGg' kb{}g .

k]h Eo' a9\bf xfdLnfO{ v';L nfU5 . ;fyLx¿n] k|z+;f ubf{ xfdL v';L x'G5f}+ . of] xfd|f] sdhf]/L xf] . xfd|f sfdn] dflg;sf] hLjgdf, sfg'gdf, /fhgLlt1nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] sfddf k|efj kf/]sf] s'/fn] kf] xfdLnfO{ xf};nf lbg'kg{] xf] . lnlvt ;fdu|Ldf k|j[lQ atfOPsf] x'G5 . To;df dfgjLo ;+j]bgf ePsf s]xL jf:tljs 36gfsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/ :6f]/L kl9;s]/

lrq @=$ l;sfuf] l6«Ao'gsf] Go'h PlKns];G; l6d -kmf]6f]M lxy/ lalnª\;_

34

kf7sn] s] ug{] < To:tf :6f]/Ln] pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft x'g ;xof]u u5{ < pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ pko'Qm lzIff lbnfpg ;xof]u u5{ < ha kf7sn] tYof+sdf cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/L k]mnf kf5{ ta dfq xfdLn] u/]sf] sfd ;fy{s x'G5 . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf, k|efj b]lvPsf / JolQmut :6f]/Lsf s]xL pbfx/0f oL x'g\M gl;{ª xf]dsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL l/kf]6{ -nursinghomes.apps.chicagotribune.com_ / :s"n l/kf]6{ sf8{ PK; -schools.chicagotribune.com_ .— a|fog af]o]/, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g

b ufl8{og 8]6fAnusf vDaf

8]6fAnu nGr ubf{ xfdLnfO{ sf]/f tYof+s, cfFs8f / ltgsf] b[Zo¿k s;s;nfO{ ?lrs/ xf]nf eGg] yfxf lyPg . xfd|f] clkm;sf Ps hgf jl/i7n] æo:tf] s'/f dflg;nfO{ lsg rflxG5 / <Æ ;d]t eg]sf lyP .

d}n] ;Dkfbg ug{] u/]sf] ufl8{og 8]6fAnu -www.guardian.co.uk/datablog_ nfO{ xfdLn] lbPsf] ;dfrf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} cfFs8f ePsf] ;fgf] Anusf ¿kdf ;f]lrPsf] lyof] . clxn] o;df klxnf] k[i7 (http://guardian.co.uk/data), ;+;f/sf ;/sf/ / ljZjJofkL ljsf; tYof+s vf]Hg] 7fpF, ufl8{ogsf u|flkms cfl6{:6n] -/ j]adf kfOPsf_ b[Zodf ptf/]sf tYof+s, ;fj{hlgs vr{ vf]Hg] 6'n h:tf ;fdu|L 5g\ . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} tYof+s z]o/ ug{sf nflu xfdL lbg}lkR5] u'un :k]|8l;6 pkof]u u5f{}+, tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf ptf5f{}+, ljZn]if0f u5f{}+ / cvaf/ tyf ;fO6sf nflu :6f]/L tof/ ug{ ltgsf] pkof]u u5f{}+ .

d u|flkmS; pkof]u ug{] ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs / kqsf/ ePsf gftfn] gofF 8]6fa]; e]nf ug{', To; lbg tof/ eO/x]sf d'Vo ;dfrf/nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ltgnfO{ pkof]u ug{' d}n] ul/cfPsf] sfdsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k lyof] .

s]xL jif{ otf ;fj{hlgs tYof+ssf If]qdf w]/} pknlAw ePsf] 5 . cf]afdfn] cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ul/lbPkl5 ci6«]lnof, Go'lhNofG8 / a]nfotL ;/sf/n] rfF8} cf]afdfsf] h:t} sfd u/] .

xfdLn] ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL sf08sf af/]df l/kf]l6{ª u¥of}+ . of] a]nfotdf g;f]lrPsf] vfnsf] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; lyof] . o;sf] kmn:j¿k j]:6ldG:6/n] x/]s jif{ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] afrf u/]sf] 5 .

cfd lgjf{rgdf d'Vo /fhgLlts bnx¿n] kf/bzL{ x'g], cfˆgf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . xfd|f kqklqsfn] ;/sf/L sf]if ;DaGwL tYof+s k|sflzt ug{df w]/} 7fpF 5'6\ofPsf 5g\ .

j]a;fO6df w]/}eGbf w]/} tYof+s k|sflzt eO/x]sf a]nfdf kf7sn] ;dfrf/;Fu ;DalGwt ck|zf]lwt cfFs8f klxn]eGbf a9L dfqfdf vf]Hg yfn]sf 5g\ . 8]6fa]; nGr u/]sf a]nfdf xfdLn] PlKns];G; agfpg] 8]enk/ xfd|f cl8oG; x'g\ eGg] 7fg]sf lyof}F . t/ s'/f cs{} /x]5 . xfd|f cl8oG; t cfd dflg; kf] /x]5g\ hf] sfa{g pT;h{g, k"jL{ o'/f]k]nL cfk|jf;L, ckmuflg:tfgdf

35

ePsf d[To' ;DaGwL a9L hfgsf/L lng cyjf la6N;n] cfˆgf uLtdf æneÆ eGg] zAb slt k6s k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ egL hfGg pT;'s /x]5g\ .

lrq @=%M b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnu lgdf{0f k|lqmof lrqdf -b ufl8{og_

36

la:tf/} 8]6fAnun] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ / yKg yfNof] . xfdLn] ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL $,%*,))) j6f 8s'd]G6 e]nf u¥of}+ clg ;f+;bx¿n] u/]sf bfaL ;DaGwL lj:t[t tYof+s ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . xfdLn] xfd|f o'h/nfO{ ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] vr{ ;DaGwL 8]6fa];sf] cWoog ug{ ;xof]u u¥of}+ / xfdLn] k|sflzt u/]sf ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L k|sfzg u¥of}+ .

;g\ @)!) sf] j;Gt Ct'df tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] :j¿k k]mg{] 36gf eof] . of] (@,@)! j6f tYof+ssf] /f] ePsf] Pp6f :k|]8l;6sf] k|sfzg lyof] h;df x/]s /f]df Pp6f ;}lgs 36gfsf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L /flvPsf] lyof] . of] ljlslnS;n] /fv]sf] o'4sf] ljj/0f lyof] . of] klxnf] sfd lyof] . o;kl5 O/fs / s]an ;DaGwL b'O{j6f o:t} hfgsf/L k|sflzt eP . o;nfO{ ;/sf/L efiffdf cd]l/sL ;}lgssf dxTjk"0f{ cfqmd0fsf 8f6fa]; elgGYof] .

;dfrf/;Fu ;DalGwt b'O{j6f PsfO glhs glhs x'g'k5{ . glhs eof] eg] cfh of] ;dfrf/ 5 eg]/ c¿nfO{ atfpg ;lsG5, ;dfrf/ tof/ ug{] k|lqmofsf] Pp6f lx:;f x'g kfOG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt 6f9f eof] eg] lal;{OG5, s]xL ug{ ;ls+b}g . ljlslnS;n] dflysf] ljj/0f k|sflzt ug{'eGbf klxn] xfdLnfO{ ;dfrf/ sIfeGbf a]Un} tnfdf u|flkmS; sIfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . ljlslnS;n] ljj/0f k|sflzt u/]kl5 ;dfrf/ sIfs} tnfdf, ;dfrf/ sIfsf] 5]j}df /flvof] . ca 8]:snfO{ ;dfrf/sf] cfOl8of lbg ;lhnf] eof] . ;dfrf/ sIfsf l/kf]6{/nfO{ klg :6f]/L /fd|f] agfpg xfdL;Fu ;xof]u dfUg ;lhnf] eof] .

cln klxn];Dd kqsf/ ;/sf/L tYof+ssf u]6lsk/ lyP . xfdL ;/sf/L cfFs8fsf cfwf/df ;dfrf/ n]VYof}+ / tL :6f]/LnfO{ cfd dflg;;Dd k'¥ofpFYof}+ hf] sRrf tYof+sdf ?lr lb+b}gy] . ;dfrf/kqdf sRrf hfgsf/L /fVg] s'/f ;f]Rg;Dd klg ;ls+b}gYof] .

clxn] cj:yf laNs'n} leGg ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] e"ldsf ablnPsf] 5 . xfdL JofVof ug{], tYof+s a'e\mg dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] / ?lrs/ ePs} sf/0fn] s'g} hfgsf/L k|sfzg ug{] dflg; ePsf 5f}+ .

ljZn]if0f ljgfsf cfFs8f cfFs8f dfq x'g\ . xfd|f] sfd oxfF cfpF5 . a]nfotL k|wfgdGqLn] hlt a]nfdf cu:6 @)!! sf] bª\uf / ul/aLsf aLrdf s'g} ;DaGw 5}g eg] xfdLn] bª\ufsf/Lsf] 7]ufgf / ul/aLsf ;"rsnfO{ gS;fdf /fv]/ k|wfgdGqLsf] bfaL unt 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfOlbof}+ .

xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ :6f]/L tof/ ug{] Pp6f k|lqmof 5 . gofF 6'N; / k|ljlw cfpFb} hfFbf of] k|lqmof klg k]ml/+b} hfG5 . s;}n] s] eG5g\ eg] xfdL bIf Xofs/ aGg'k5{, xfdLn] sf]8 n]Vg ;Sg'k5{ / P;So'Pn h:tf k|f]u|fd rnfpg bIf x'g'k5{ . o;f] ug{ rfxg]n] u/] x'G5 . t/ PS;]n dfq} rnfpg hfGof] eg] klg w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

;a}eGbf klxn] xfdL ljleGg ;|f]taf6 tYof+s ;+sng u5f{}+ cyjf tYof+s sxfF 5 egL kQf nufpF5f}+M a|]lsª ;dfrf/af6 x'g ;Snf, ;/sf/L tYof+saf6 x'g ;Snf, kqsf/n] cfk}+m cg';Gwfg u/]/ x'g ;Snf . To;kl5 xfdL To; tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ x]5f{}+ . tL tYof+snfO{ csf{] 8]6fl;6;Fu ldnfpg'k5{ ls egL x]5f{}+ . ;doqmddf ePsf kl/jt{g s;/L b]vfpg ;S5f}+ < xfdLn] e]nf u/]sf tYof+snfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ;+ul7t ug{'k5{ . sf]nd / ;]ndf /fVbf dfq} k'Ub}g . tYof+s kL8LPkm -tYof+s /fVg] ;a}eGbf g/fd|f] pkfo_df /fVbf t aaf{b} x'G5 .

37

;/sf/L tYof+sdf k|fozM sf]8 /flvPsf] x'G5 . x/]s :s"n, c:ktfn, lgjf{rg If]q / :yfgLo k|zf;gsf cfcfˆg} cgf}7f klxrfg sf]8 x'G5g\ .

b]zsf klg cfˆg} sf]8 x'G5g\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu a]nfotsf] sf]8 hLaL xf]_ . ljleGg 8]6fl;6nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/ x]g{'kbf{ tL sf]8 rflxG5g\ . o;f] u/]/ xfdLn] t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ ;S5f}+ .

tYof+s e]nf ul/;s]kl5 cGTodf ltgnfO{ s;/L k|:t't ug{] eg]/ x]l/G5M :6f]/L n]Vg] ls < cyjf u|flkms agfpg] ls b[Zodf kl/0ft ug{] ls < o;sf nflu s'g 6'n pkof]u ug{] < xfdLn] w]/} pkof]u ug{] 6'N; lgMz'Ns kfOg] 6'N; x'g\ . logaf6 rfF8} ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} hl6n u|flkmS; rflx+ xfd|f] 8]enk/sf] l6dn] tof/ u5{ .

xfdLn] af/Daf/ pkof]u ug{] k|f]u|fd u'un rf6{\;, u'un ˆo'hg 6]an x'g\ . u'un rf6{ ;fgf nfOgu|fkm / kfO agfpg pkof]u u5f{}+ eg] l56f] / ;lhnf];Fu gS;f agfpg u'un ˆo'hg 6]an pkof]u u5f{}+ .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf gofF h:tf] nfUnf t/ laNs'n} gofF s'/f eg] xf]Og .

DofGr]:6/ ufl8{ogsf] klxnf] c+s -zlgjf/ % d] !*@!_ df ;dfrf/ Tolt a]nfsf c¿ cvaf/df h:t} kl5Nnf] k]hdf 5flkPsf] lyof] . klxnf] k]hsf] ;a}eGbf dfly nfa|f8f]/ x/fPsf] lj1fkg lyof] .

clGtd k]hdf :6f]/L / sljtf 5flkPsf lyP . ltgsf ;fydf PsltxfO k]h 9fSg] cfFs8f lyP . To; If]qsf :s"nsf] nfut ;DaGwL a[xt\ 6]an . o:tf] 6]an o;cl3 slxNo} klg æcfd dflg; ;fd'Æ k|:t't ul/Psf] lyPg .

oL tYof+s k|sflzt gu/]sf v08df tL cfFs8f tflnd gkfPsf k'/f]lxtsf xftdf k5{g\ eg]/ oL tYof+s k|sflzt ul/Psf lyP . oL tYof+s k|sflzt ug{'sf] p2]Zo lyof] æoL hfgsf/L dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ lsgeg] lzIffnfO{ slt dxTj lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf gkfO{sg ljrf/ agfp+bf -h'g ;dfhsf] k|ultsf] cfwf/ xf]_ unt x'G5 .Æ csf{ lsl;dn] eGbf, dflg;n] cfk"m j/k/ s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPgg\ eg] ;dfh s;/L cl3 a9\5 <

s'g} a]nf kl5Nnf] k]hdf 5flkg] ;dfrf/ clxn] klxnf] k]hdf 5flkG5 . xfdLn] ul//x]sf sfd 7Ls 5g\ eGg] of] eGbf /fd|f] k|df0f s] x'g ;Snf / <

— ;fOdg /f]h;{, b ufl8{og

38

;a}eGbf klxn] xfd|f] Ogxfp; ;DkfbsLo l6dn] hLjg:t/sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ s'g tYof+s pkof]uL x'G5g\ / s'g tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf /fVg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o u¥of] . tL tYof+s lgDg adf]lhd lyPM

• ;DklQ -3/df ePsf l6eL, sf/ / afy?dsf] ;+Vof_• kfl/jfl/s cj:yf -kl/jf/df xh'/af xh'/cfdf 5g\ ls 5}gg\, Pp6f dfq} aRrf ePsf

kl/jf/ slt k|ltzt 5g\, slt cfdfafa' a]/f]huf/ 5g\ / cfdfsf] hflu/ 5 ls 5}g_• 1fgsf] ;|f]t;Ddsf] kx'Fr -3/df OG6/g]6 5 ls 5}g, Od]n slQsf] k|of]u x'G5, 3/df sltj6f

lstfa 5g\_ • x/]s b]zsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf b]vfpg] tLgj6f yk ;"rs

h]Ot cgnfOgdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf

;DkGgtfsf] t'ngf -http://opendata.zeit.de/pisa-wohlstands-vergleich/visualisierung.php#/en/DEU-OECD_ gfds sfd b[Zodf hfgsf/L lbOPsf] cGt/lqmofTds kl/of]hgf xf] h;n] ljleGg b]zsf] hLjg:t/sf aLrdf t'ngf u/]/ b]vfPsf] 5 . of] kl/of]hgfn] ;g\ @)!) l8;]Da/df k|sflzt cf]O{;L8Lsf] ljZj lzIffsf] :t/ ;DaGwL a[xt\ k|ltj]bg kLcfO{P;P @))( -bit.ly/Pisa_2009_ pkof]u u/]sf] 5 . of] k|ltj]bg ltd|f] b]zsf] hLjg :t/ s:tf] 5 egL !% jif{sf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|ZgfjnLdf cfwfl/t 5 .

o;sf] p2]Zo b]zsf] hLjg:t/sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ gf}nf] lsl;dsf] pkfo pknAw u/fpgsf nflu tL tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{' / tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{' lyof] .

lrq @=^ kLcfOP;Pdf cfwfl/t ;DklQ t'ngf -h]Ot cgnfOg_

39

;+:yfsf] l8hfOg l6dsf ;xfotfn] oL cfFs8fnfO{ cfk}+m j0f{g ug{ ;Ifd lrGxdf 9flnof] . ;Dej eP;Dd ljleGg b]zsf] cj:yfsf aLrdf tf; h;/L x]/]/ t'ngf ug{sf nflu ;'?sf] k]hsf] l8hfOg tof/ ul/of] .

To;kl5 xfdLn] xfdLnfO{ o; kl/of]hgfdf d2t ug{ ;Sg] 8]enk/ vf]Hg hd{g cf]kg 8]6f g]6js{sf -opendata-network.org_ dflg;;Fu ;Dks{ u¥of}+ . o; g]6js{sf clt pT;fxL ;fyLx¿n] u|]u/ cfoZrn] xfd|f] sfd ;kmn kfg{ -ˆNof;sf] pkof]u gu/Lsg, of] xfd|f nflu 7"nf] s'/f lyof]_ rflxg] PlKns];g agfpg ;S5g\ eg] . pgL tLI0f a'l4 ePsf OGkmd{];g l8hfOg/ x'g\ . u|]u/n] /fk]mnsf]hfefl:qmK6 nfOa|]/Ldf -raphaeljs.com_ cfwfl/t ;'Gb/ aAan z}nLdf Psbd} /fd|f] cGt/lqmofTds b[Zo tof/ u/] .

xfd|f] of] kl/of]hgf w]/} ;kmn cGt/lqmofTds kl/of]hgf aGof] h;n] w]/} 6«flkms tfGof] . o;df s'g} b'O{j6f b]zsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ ;lhnf] 5 h;n] ubf{ of] pkof]uL ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ xfd|f b}lgs ;DkfbsLo sfddf k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, xfdLn] OG8f]g]l;ofsf] hLjg:t/;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ljifodf :6f]/L tof/ ug{ vf]Hof}+ eg] To; :6f]/LnfO{ xfdL OG8f]g]l;of / hd{gLsf] hLjg:t/ -bit.ly/Pisa_Indonesia_Germany_ t'ngf ug{ ldNg] u/L u|flkms t'?Gt}, ;lhn};Fu ln+s ug{ ;S5f}+ .

xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] xfd|f] tYof+s kqsfl/tf kl/of]hgf -www.zeit.de/datenjournalismus_ n] w]/} 6«flkms cfslif{t u¥of], xfdLnfO{ cl8oG;nfO{ gofF lsl;dn] ;xefuL agfpg ;xof]u u¥of] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hfkfgdf ;'gfdL cfPkl5 k'ms'lzdfsf] Go'lSno/ KnfG6 b'3{6gfkl5sf] cj:yfsf af/]df w]/} :6f]/L tof/ eP . To; KnfG6af6 /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{ r'lxPkl5 ;f] KnfG6sf] #) lsnf]ld6/ j/k/sf dflg;nfO{ cGoq ;fl/of] . dflg;nfO{ 7fpF ;f/]sf] ljifodf cl8oG;n] w]/} s'/f k9\g / b]Vg kfP . xfdLn] o;sf] k|efjsf af/]df xfd|f hd{g cl8oG;nfO{ atfpg] gf}nf] tl/sf lgsfNof}+ . xfdLn] ;f]Wof}+M hd{gLdf Go'lSno/ KnfG6sf] glhs slt dfG5] a:5g\ < To;sf] tL; lsnf]ld6/ j/k/ slt dfG5] a:5g\ < hd{gLdf o:t} 36gf ePdf slt dflg;nfO{ 7fpF ;fg{'k5{ egL b]vfpg] gS;f -http://opendata.zeit.de/atomreaktoren/#/en_ tof/ u¥of}+ . o;n] ubf{ 6«flkms Psbd} w]/} a9\of] . ;f];n ldl8ofdf xfd|f] ;fO6 t'?Gt} k}mNof] . tYof+s kqsfl/tf kl/of]hgfnfO{ c¿ efiffdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;lhnf];Fu cg'jfb ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] cd]l/sfdf Go'lSno/ KnfG6sf] glhs slt dflg; a:5g\ eg]/ c+u|]hL efiffdf ;fdu|L tof/ kf¥of}+ . o;n] klg w]/} 6«flkms tfGof] . ;dfrf/ ;+:yfx¿ cfk"mnfO{ kf7sn] ljZj;gLo / ;"rgfsf] cflwsfl/s ;|f]t 7fg'g\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] cfˆgf kf7snfO{ ck|zf]lwt tYof+s x]g{ / k'gM pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg] x'gfn] of] pkfo pkof]u ug{] ;~rf/ dfWod w]/} ljZj;gLo aG5 .

h]Otsf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ljefu k|d'v tyf k|wfg ;Dkfbs pNkmUofª Anfpn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfnfO{ :6f]/L eGg] dxTjk"0f{ tl/sfsf ¿kdf lnP/ o;sf] jsfnt ul//x]sf 5g\ . kf/blz{tf, ljZj;gLotf / o'h/sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ xfdLn] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f dfg]sf 5f}+ . To;}n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf xfdLn] clxn] / eljiodf ug{] sfd ag]sf] 5 . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpFbf cl8oG;n] :6f]/L dg k/fpF5g\ . ;DkfbsLo l6dsf nflu of] cfˆgf ;fdu|L k|:t't ug{] cfsif{s tl/sf xf] .

40

pbfx/0fsf nflu, ( gf]e]Da/ @)!! df 8r] a}+sn] Sn:6/ ad agfpg] sfddf nufgL gug{] jfrf u¥of] . t/ k]ml;ª kmfOgfG; gfd u/]sf] u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfn] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgsf cg';f/, a}+sn] clxn] klg To; sfddf C0f lbO/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] o; ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf -http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/cluster-munition_ abNof}+ h;n] xfd|f kf7snfO{ k};f stf k|jfx eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfof] . o;df 8r a}+s sDkgLsf ljleGg zfvfnfO{ ;a}eGbf dfly /fVof}+ . ad agfpg] sfddf C0f nufgL u/]sf egL cf/f]k nfu]sf zfvfnfO{ ;a}eGbf tn /fVof}+ . oL b'O{sf aLrdf ;doqmdsf ;fy} x/]sn] slt C0f lbP eGg] b]vfof}+ . uf]nf 3]/fdfly qm;/ nfFbf nufgLsf] ljj/0f b]lvG5 . of] :6f]/LnfO{ zAbdf n]Vg klg ;lsGYof] . t/ b[Zodf b]vfOlb+bf s'/f a'e\mg / ljQLo nufgLsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L lng kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

csf{] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . hd{g k]m8/n :6fl6l:6S; clkm;n] -www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html_ hd{gLsf dxTjk"0f{ tYof+s ePsf] 8]6fl;6 k|sflzt u¥of] . o;df ljleGg df]8nsf cfwf/df @)^) ;Ddsf] hg;f+lVos cj:yfsf] cg'dfg -bit.ly/German_Federal_Statistics_ ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf tYof+s k|:t't ug{] rngrNtLsf] pkfo ;+3Lo tYof+s Ph]G;Ln] k|:t't u/] h:tf] -www.destatis.de/bevoelkerungspyramide_ hg;+Vof lk/fld8 xf] . xfd|f] lj1fg ljefusf ;fyLx¿sf] ;xof]udf xfdLn] eljiosf] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] cg'dflgt hg;+Vofsf] tYof+s cGj]if0f ug{ kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] tl/sf k|:t't ug{] k|of; u¥of}+ . xfdLn] b[Zo -http://www.zeit.de/wissen/altersstruktur_ dfk{mt ;g\ !(%) b]lv ;g\ @)^) ;Ddsf tYof+sLo b[li6n] k|ltlglwd"ns ljleGg pd]/sf $) hgf dflg;sf] ;d"x k|:t't u¥of}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ cf7j6f ;d"xdf afF8\of}+ . of] ljleGg ;dodf lvlrPsf] hd{g ;dfhsf] ;fd"lxs kmf]6f] h:t} b]lvG5 . oxL tYof+snfO{ k/Dk/fut 9+un] lk/fld8df /fVbf of] cd"t{ x'g hfG5 . t/ aRrf, o'jf, k|f}9 / j[4sf] ;d"x 5'6\ofpFbf kf7sn] cem a9L ;lhnf];Fu tYof+s a'e\mg ;S5g\ . P3f/ bzssf] hg;+Vofsf] cj:yf x]g{ kf7sn] Kn] a6g lyRbf

lrq @=&M ad Joj;fo -h]Ot cgnfOg_

41

k'U5 . To; ;fd"lxs lrqsf] lx:;f aGgsf nflu pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] hGd ;fn / ln+u OG6/ ubf{ k'U5 . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] ljleGg bzsdf cfˆgf] hg;f+lVos ofqf / cfˆgf] cf};t cfo' yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ . — ;fZff e]gf]/, h]Ot cgnfOg

Xofs/nfO{ sfd nufpg] tl/sf

æd]/f] sfdsf nflu sf]8/;Fu s;/L ;xof]u dfUg] <Æ dnfO{ kqsf/x¿n] ;w}+h;f] of] s'/f ;f]W5g\ . Xofs/ xfdLnfO{ rflxG5, Xofs/ klg xfd|f] ;xof]u lng rfxG5g\ . ;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/ Xofs/ / tYof+sdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf dflg; klg kqsf/;Fu 3'nldn x'g rfxG5g\ .

kqsf/n] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t 6'N; / ;]jfsf] tfut pkof]u u5{g\ . 8]enk/sf b[li6sf]0fdf kqsf/n] tYof+snfO{ gf}nf] tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{] s'/f ;f]R5g\ h'g sfd ;fdfGotof 8]enk/n] ;f]Rb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df kqsf/n] tYof+snfO{ ;Gbe{;Fu hf]8\g] / cl8oG;sf nflu ;fGble{s agfpg] sfd u5{g\ .

o;sf] cy{ xf] — kqsf/n] Xofs/af6 sfd lng rfXof] eg] cyjf yf]/} ah]6df pm;Fu s'g} sfddf d2t dfUof] eg] kqsf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ OR5's sf]xL g sf]xL k]mnf k5{ .

Xofs/nfO{ s;/L e]6\g] eGg]af/]df b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df cf/f]g l˚Nxf]km/n] o:tf] n]v]sf 5g\M

tkfO{+nfO{ rflxPsf] h:tf] dflg;nfO{ tkfO{+sf] ;+:yfn] o;cl3 g} sfd nufO;s]sf] x'g klg ;S5 . pgLx¿ ;dfrf/ sIfdf eg] gcfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . vf]Hg'xf];, k|ljlw / ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw ljefudf hfg';\ . To;f] ubf{ tkfO{+n] vf]h]sf] h:tf] dfG5] e]6\g ;Sg'x'G5 . ;"rgf sf]8

lrq @=*M hg;f+lVos tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpFbf -h]Ot cgnfOg_

42

lrq @=( ;Ddfg lrGxM Xofs/ k]mnf kfg{ ;lhnf] 5 -kmf]6f]M n';L RofDa;{_

ug{] sfdnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ sfd 7fGg' klg h¿/L x'G5 . lrq @=( df b]vfP h:tf] sDKo'6/ ePsf] dfG5] k]mnf kfg{' eof] pm tkfO{+n] vf]lh/x]sf] dfG5] x'g ;S5 .

Xofs/ vf]Hg] c¿ s]xL tl/sf o; k|sf/ 5g\M

hflu/ v'n]sf] ;"rgf lbg] j]a;fO6df kf]:6 ug{]8]enk/nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf j]a;fO6 kQf nufP/ ltgdf ;"rgf lbg' . pbfx/0fsf nflu, kfOyg ha af]8{ -www.python.org/community/jobs/_

d]lnª ln:6sf] d2t lng]pbfx/0fsf nflu, www.bit.ly/nicar-subscribe/www.bit.ly/ddj-list

pko'Qm ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ ug{]pbfx/0fsf nflu, j]aaf6 tYof+s lSng ck ug{] jf :qmØfk ug{] :qmØfk/ljsL -scraperwiki.com_ h:tf ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 hf];Fu ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] / To; sfddf OR5's sf]8/x¿sf] 7]ufgf x'G5 .

pko'Qm u|'k÷g]6js{ HjfOg ug{]XofS;÷Xofs;{ -hackshackers.com_ h:tf cleofg rnfpg]x¿nfO{ vf]Hg'xf];\ h;n] kqsf/ / k|fljlwsnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf h'6fpg] u5{g\ . o:tf ;d"x cfhef]ln ;+;f/e/ g} pld|O/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ha Go'hn]6/df -bit.ly/hacks-hackers-jobs_ klg hfgsf/L kf]:6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

43

:yfgLo ljifodf ?lr ePsf ;d"xcfˆgf] If]qdf cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] sfd hfGg] dfG5]sf af/]df j]adf vf]Hg klg ;lsG5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu “java -script”+“london”) . www.meetup.com h:tf ;fO6af6 klg d2t kfpg ;lsG5 .

Xofsfyg / k|lt:kwf{Pk / cfFs8fnfO{ b[Zodf abNg] ljifodf ePsf k|lt:kwf{Tds sfo{qmddfk{mt klg cfk"mnfO{ rflxP h:tf dflg; k]mnf kfg{ ;lsG5 .

lusnfO{ ;f]Wg]lusx¿ c¿ lus;Fu e]63f6 u5{g\ . pgLx¿dfk{mt klg cfk"mnfO{ rflxP h:tf] dflg; k]mnf kfg{ ;lsG5 . — n';L RofDa;{, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g

Xofs/df x'g'kg{] ;Lk

Xofs/ t k]mnf k¥of] t/ pm cfˆgf nflu slQsf] pkof]uL 5 eGg] s'/f s;/L yfxf kfpg] < /fd|f Xofs/df s]s:tf u'0f x'g'k5{ eg]/ xfdLn] b ufl8{ogsf Pnf:6]o/ 8fofG6nfO{ ;f]w]sf lyof}+ . pgn] o;f] eg]M

w]/} ;fdu|L sf]8 ug{ ;Sg]tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq ul/;Sg'kg{] sfd ug{sf nflu Pp6f sfddf bIf dfG5] vf]Hg'eGbf ;a} sfd clncln ug{ hfGg] dfG5] vf]Hg' /fd|f] x'G5 . Go'h PK; agfpgsf nflu tYof+s;Fu v]Ng ;Sg], ultzLn u|flkmS; agfpg hfGg] / ;fxl;s sfd ug{ rfxg] dfG5] pkof]uL x'G5 .

a[xt\ ;Gbe{ yfxf kfpg ;Sg]k|fljlws 1fgeGbf klg a[xt\ ;Gbe{ kfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . l8hfOg/;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ dg k/fpg] dflg; pkof]uL x'G5 .

/fd|f] :6f]/L eGg ;Sg]7fpF / ;dosf] qmd cg';f/ hfgsf/L /fVg ;Sg] dfG5] rflxG5 . p;n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] s'g sfdnfO{ uj{sf ;fy lnPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg'xf];\ / Tof] sfd s;/L ug{'eof] eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ p;sf] k|fljlws 1fgsf ;fy} cleJoQm ug{] p;sf] Ifdtf klg yfxf kfOG5 .

c¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;Sg]s'g} klg sfd rfF8f] ug{sf nflu Pp6} nIo xfl;n ug{ y/Ly/Lsf dflg;n] ldn]/ sfd ug{'k5{ . x/]sn] Pscsf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ / c¿n] eg]sf s'/f dfGg tof/ x'g'k5{ . crfgs cfOnfu]sf ;d:of x6fpgsf nflu gofF of]hgf agfpg'k5{ / d]/f] uf]?sf] afx|} 6Ssf eGg'x'Fb}g, c¿sf s'/f clncln dfGg'kg{] x'G5 .

44

gofF s'/f l;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf]

k|ljlw Psbd} l56f] k]ml/O/x]sf] 5 . gofF gofF k|ljlw l;Sg' Ps lsl;dsf] ;+3if{ xf] . cfwf/e"t s'/f yfxf kfPsf] / gofF gofF s'/f l;Sg] pT;'stf x'g' klg h¿/L 5 . — cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gsf n';L RofDa;{n] b ufl8{ogsf k|d'v cGt/lqmofTds k|fljlws Pnf:6]o/ 8fofG6;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t

/fd|f] 8]enk/ k]mnf kfg{] tl/sf

/fd|f] 8]enk/nfO{ sfd nufpg' h¿/L x'G5 . t/ of] sfd w]/} sl7g 5 . cg'ejL k|fljlws Dofg]h/n] dfq s'g pDd]bjf/ of]Uo 5 egL hfFRg ;S5g\ . cfˆgf] ;+:yfn] slt tna lbg ;S5 eGg] s'/fn] klg /fd|f] 8]enk/ k]mnf kfg{] sfddf c;/ kf5{ .

l6«Ao'gdf xfdLn] b'O{j6f s'/fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbof}+ Pptf efjgfTds / csf{] k|fljlws v'aL . efjgfTds eg]sf] of] s'/f xf]M lhpFbf] k|hftGqsf nflu kqsfl/tf h?/L 5 . ltdLn] oxfF u/]sf sfdn] ;+;f/ k]mg{ ;S5 . k|fljlws v'aLM xfdL ltdLn] slt l;Sg ;S5f} eGg] s'/f x]5f{}+ . xfdLn] ug{] sfd ;fgf, l56} ;Sg'kg{] / bf]xf]¥ofpg ldNg] vfnsf lyP . x/]s sfd ubf{ gofF pkfo ckgfpg'kYof{], gofF efiff l;Sg'kYof{] / gofF ljifo x'GYof] -slxn] cfuf]af6 aRg] pkfosf ljifodf x'GYof] eg] slxn] k]G;g k|0ffnLsf af/]df_ . oL s'/f pgLx¿n] l;Sg'k5{ . d}n] olt w]/} s'/f, olt rfF8f] l;Sg] l6d klxn] slxNo} e]6]sf] lyOgF .

o:tf dfG5] sxfF kfpg] < xfdLn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /fd|f dfG5] e]§fof}+ . ;gnfO6 NofA;sf] d]lnª ln:6n] o; sfddf w]/} ;xof]u u¥of] . sf]8 km/ cd]l/sf csf{] /fd|f] ;|f]t x'g ;S5 . x/]s jif{ ;LPkmPaf6 dflg;sf] o:tf] ;d"x lg:sG5 hf] gofF sfd vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 . o;dfly, ;LPkmPn] s8f cGtjf{tf{ k|lqmof ckgfpF5 . cyf{t\, tkfO{+n] ug{'kg{] pDd]bjf/sf] hfFr pgLx¿n] ul/lbO;s]sf x'G5g\ . cfhef]ln kqsfl/tf :s"naf6 lg:s]sf ljBfyL{ klg k|f]u|fldªdf ?lr /fVg] x'G5g\ . pgLx¿;Fu cg'ej x'Fb}g, t/ cyfxf ;Defjgf x'G5 .

cGTodf, 8]enk/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbP/ dfq} k'Ub}g . k|fljlws Joj:yfkg ug{ hfGg'k5{ . kqsfl/tf :s"nsf] k9fO ev{/} l;WofPsf, sfdsf] cg'ej gePsf 8]enk/n] sfd lauf5{g\ . /fd|f] k|f]u|fd/nfO{ klg :jtGq 5fl8lbof] eg] pgLx¿ cl8oG;sf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf]Og k|fljlws ¿kn] ?lrs/ sfd ug{ rfxG5g\ .

n]vsnfO{ h:t} u/L k|f]u|fd/nfO{ klg ;Dkfbs, u'? rflxG5 . tf]lsPsf] Dofbdf ;ˆ6j]o/ tof/ ug{ s;} g s;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ sfddf hf]ufpg'k5{ . — a|fog af]o]/, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g

45

Xofsfygdfk{mt ;+:yf aflx/sf ljz]if1sf] ;]jf lng]

dfr{ @)!) df l8lh6n sNr/ cu{gfOh];g ;]6ckn] Xoflsª kqsfl/tf -setup.nl/content/hacking-journalism_ gfdsf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u¥of] . of] sfo{qmd 8]enk/ / kqsf/sf aLrdf ;xof]u a9fpgsf nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

k|f]u|fd/ eG5g\, æ/fd|f PlKns];g agfpgsf nflu xfdLn] Xofsfyg cfof]hgf u¥of}+ t/ xfdL tYof+saf6 ?lrs/ :6f]/L plwGg ;Sb}gf} F,Æ . csf{lt/ kqsf/ eG5g\, ætYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] dxTj xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 t/ To;nfO{ /fd|f] ;fdu|L agfpg rflxg] k|fljlws ;Lk xfdL;Fu 5}g .Æ

:yfgLo klqsf ePsfn] xfdL;Fu :yfoL ¿kdf k|f]u|fd/ /fVg] k};f lyPg . 8r cvaf/df Tolt a]nf tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;'? ePsf] lyPg .

Xofsfyg df]8n xfd|f nflu pko'Qm lyof] . o;n] ;xsfo{sf nflu /fd|f] jftfj/0f tof/ u¥of] . dnfO{ sfd lbg] klqsf 8] :6]G6/ -www.destentor.nl_, xfd|f] elugL k|sfzg 6L;L 6\o'aflG;of -www.tctubantia.nl_ n] /]luof]Xofs -www.regiohack.nl_ gfds sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/] . ;flS;of]g xf]u];f]Nof OG;]8] -saxion.nl_ n] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ 7fpF lbof] .

tL; 306] Xofsfygdf x/]sn] gfd btf{ u/fpg kfpFy] . xfdLn] vfg]s'/f pknAw u/fof}+ . xfdLn] #) hgf ;xefuL 5fGof}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ ^ j6f ;d"xdf afF8\of}+ . pgLx¿n] ck/fw, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ;'/Iff, j[4fj:yf / pmhf{ h:tf ljifodf Wofg lbg kfpFy] . o; sfo{qmdsf tLgj6f d'Vo p2]Zo o; k|sf/ lyPM

lrq @=!) /]luof]Xofsdf kqsf/ / 8]enk/ -kmf]6f]M x]OGh] Xofleª\uf_

46

:6f]/L kQf nufpg]xfd|f nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tf gofF / yfxf gkfPsf] ljifo lyof] . of] ljlw pko'Qm 5 eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu xfdLn] of] ljlw ckgfP/ /fd|f :6f]/L tof/ ug{'kYof{] . xfdLn] of] ljlw ckgfP/ sDtLdf klg tLgj6f :6f]/L tof/ ug{] of]hgf agfPsf lyof}+ .

;DaGw :yflkt u/fpg] xfdL kqsf/nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L ug{] eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg . xfdL hfGb5f}+ eg]/ eGb}gYof] klg . kqsf/, ljBfyL{ / k|f]u|fd/nfO{ Pp6f sf]7fdf #) 306f /fv]/ xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ Psfk;df 1fg / cGt/b[li6 ;f6f;f6 ug{ nufpg rfxGYof}+ .

;fdflhs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{]cvaf/n] Tolt w]/} ;fdflhs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ub{}gg\ . Xofsfyg t k/sf] s'/f eof] . xfdL o:tf sfo{qmd pkof]uL x'G5g\ ls x'Fb}gg\ eg]/ k/LIf0f ug{ rfxGYof}+ . ckl/lrt dflg;nfO{ #) 306f ;Fu} latfpg], cTolws hfu{g pkof]u ul/g] jftf{nfk, cfwf/e"t k|Zg ga'e\mbf x'g] x}/fgL, c;lhnf] jftfj/0f ePsf] o:tf] sfo{qmd tgfjk"0f{ x'g ;SYof] . o:tf] ;fdflhs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/ xfdL kqsf/ / k|f]u|fd/ Ps 7fpFdf a:bf ;xh dx;'; u/fpg] / Psfk;df kmnbfoL ;xof]u ug{] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ rfxGYof}+ .

of] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf x'g'eGbf klxn] 6L;L 6\o'aflG;ofn] k|x/LsL ljwjf;Fu cGtjf{tf{ u/]sf] lyof] h;n] w]/} jif{ nufP/ cfˆgf nf]Ug]sf af/]df Pp6f lstfa n]v]sL lyOg\ . pgL;Fu o:tf] sfuh lyof] h;df g]b/NofG8sf] k"jL{ efudf ;g\ !($% otf btf{ ePsf ;a} xTof ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lyof] . of] hfgsf/L pgsf nf]Ug]n] /fv]sf lyP . ;fdfGotof, o:tf :6f]/L xfdL j]a;fO6df 5fKYof}+ . t/ o; k6s eg] xfdLn] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] d2tn] 8\of;af]8{ -bit.ly/tableau-dashboard_ agfof}+ . xfdLn] of] sfd s;/L u¥of}+ eg]/ /]luof]Xofs ;fO6df Anu -bit.ly/regiohack-blog_ /fVof}+ .

Xofsfygsf a]nf Pp6f ljifo xfd|f] lbdfudf cfof]M xfd|f] 7fpFdf :s"nsf] ljsf; / j[4j[4f . eljiodf s'g 7fpFdf s:tf] cj:yf cfpnf eg]/ ul/Psf] cg'dfgnfO{ b[Zodf ptfbf{ -bit.ly/tableau-workbook_ xfdLn] :s"n egf{b/ 36]sf] s]xL jif{df s'g zx/nfO{ ;d:of cfOnfU5 eGg] s'/f a'e\mof}+ . of] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 xfdLn] o;n] xfd|f] :s"nnfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ eGg]af/]df Pp6f n]v n]Vof}+ .

xfdLn] xfd|f] 7fpFdf clwsf+z zlQm s;n] pkof]u u/]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg / ;a}eGbf a9L k|efjzfnL dflg;sf] 8]6fa]; tof/ ug{ Pp6f clt dxTjfsf+IfL sfd klg yfNof}+ . o;nfO{ b'O{ xhf/ aL; gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] u'un SofNs'n]6/sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL ;+:yf;Fu s;s;sf] ;DaGw 5 eGg] s'/f vf]h]/ k|efjzfnL dflg;sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf lyof}+ . o;sf cfwf/df kqsf/n] Pskl5 csf{] n]v tof/ ug{ ;Sy] . kqsf/sf nflu of] Pp6f pkof]uL ;fwg klg x'g] lyof] . s;sf] sf];Fu ;DaGw 5 < of] 8]6fa];df o:tf] hfgsf/L kqsf/n] vf]Hg ;Sy] / To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿n] :6f]/L agfpg ;Sy] . of] 8]6fa];sf] ;f+:s[lts dxTj klg lyof] . of] 8]6fa]; tof/ eO;s]kl5 To;nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds cf6{ agfpg pkof]u ug{ kfOG5 ls eg]/ snfsf/x¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;f]lw;s]sf lyP .

47

/]luof]Xofs cfof]hgf u/]kl5 xfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] kqsf/n] k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf ;fy} tYof+s kqsfl/tf klg ug{'kg{] 7fg] . d]/f ;fyLx¿n] Tolt a]nf l;s]sf s'/fsf cfwf/df yk dxTjfsf+IfL / k|fljlws sfd yfn] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 3/ agfpg] sfdsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ ;DaGwL 8]6fa]; tof/ ug{] . pgLx¿n] ToxfF l;s]sf] ;Lk la:tf/} a9fP/ yk ;Lk klg l;s] . o; tYof+ssf cfwf/df d}n] ˆo'hg 6]andf Pp6f cGt/lqmofTds gS;f -bit.ly/stentor-map_ agfPF . xfdLn] xfd|f kf7snfO{ tYof+s k7fpg cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . kf7sn] k7fPsf tYof+ssf cfwf/df o:tf] ;fdu|L tof/ u¥of}+ http://bit.ly/scratchbook-crowdsourcing. ˆo'hg 6]andf xfdLn] gS;f s;/L agfof}+ eg]/ w]/} k|Zg ;f]w]kl5 d}n] Pp6f lel8of] 6\o'6f]l/on -bit.ly/vermanen-video_ klg agfPF .

xfdLn] s] l;Sof}+ <xfdLn] w]/} s'/f l;Sof}+ . xfdLn] w]/} ;d:of klg ef]Ug'k¥of] . oL ;d:of lgDg rf/j6f lyPM

sxfFaf6 ;'? ug{]M k|Zgaf6 ls tYof+saf6 <hfgsf/L vf]Hg] a]nfdf k|foM ;a} sfd c8\lsg k'u] . ;'?df kqsf/n] ;f]Wg] k|Zg ;f]lwGYof] . h:t}, To;f] eP s] t < s:tf tYof+s kfOG5g\ < sxfF kfOG5g\ < xfdLn] e]6]sf tYof+sdf xfdLn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm kfOG5 < n]vsf nflu cg';Gwfg ubf{ kqsf/nfO{ cfk"mn] tof/ ug{ nfu]sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L sxfF kfOG5 eGg] s'/f k|foM yfxf x'G5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ clwsf+z kqsf/nfO{ s:tf hfgsf/L kfOPnfg\ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'Fb}g .

lrq @=!! tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{ e]nf ePsf] gofF ;d"x -kmf]6f]M xofGh] xfleª\uf_

48

k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdLtYof+s kqsfl/tf Psbd} k|fljlws ljifo xf] . slxn]sfxL+ :qmØfk ug{'k5{, slxn] cfk"mn] kQf nufPsf hfgsf/LnfO{ b[Zodf abNg'k5{ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf /fd|f];Fu ug{sf nflu b'O{j6f s'/f x'g'k5{M !_ cg'ejL kqsf/sf] h:tf] cGt/b[li6 / @_ l8lh6n If]qsf ;a} s'/f hfGg] k|fljlwssf] h:tf] k|fljlws 1fg . /]luof]Xofssf a]nf oL b'O{j6f 1fg lyPgg\ .

cfk"mn] kfPsf] hfgsf/L ;dfrf/ xf] <;xefuLx¿n] Pp6f 8]6fl;6 kfPkl5 To;}sf cfwf/df ;dfrf/ agfP, c¿ ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L lnP/ ltgsf aLrdf ePsf ;DaGw vf]Hglt/ nfu]gg\ . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] tYof+s kqsfl/tf cEof; ubf{ ;dfrf/ hfFr ug{ s]xL xb;Ddsf] tYof+szf:qLo 1fg x'g'k5{ .

?l6g s] xf] <oL ;a} sfd ?l6g ljg} ePsf lyP . ;xefuL;Fu ;Lk lyof] t/ Tof] ;Lk s;/L / slxn] pkof]u ug{] eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg . Ps hgf kqsf/n] o;nfO{ s]s agfpg] sfd;Fu t'ngf u/]sf lyP . æxfdL;Fu lk7f], cG8f, b"w h:tf ;a} ;fdu|L lyP . xfdLn] lognfO{ Pp6f y}nf]df xfn]/ xNnfof}+ / To;af6 s]s aGnf eGg] cfzf u¥of}+ .Æ xf], xfdL;Fu ;a} ;fdu|L lyof], s;/L agfpg] eGg] s'/f dfq yfxf lyPg .

ca s] t <tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf ;DaGwdf xfd|f] klxnf] cg'ej o; If]qdf sfd ug{] kqsf/ / k|f]u|fd/nfO{ pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . To;}n] xfdL o;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ub{}5f}+ .

/]luof]XofsnfO{ Xofsfygsf ¿kdf s;/L lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fpg] eGg] ljifodf klg xfdL ;f]lr/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5M of] /dfOnf] sfd xf], of] lzIffk|b 5, kmnbfoL 5 / of] tYof+s kqsfl/tf l;sfpg] /fd|f] cj;/ xf] .

tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu o;nfO{ ;dfrf/ sIfdf :yflkt ug{'k5{ . s;}nfO{ sf]6 u/]/, k|]; lj1lKt cyjf a}7s h:tf s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dfrf/ agfpg] sfd t 5Fb}5 . To; afx]s kqsf/n] tYof+sut ¿kdf ;f]Rg' klg k5{ . /]luof]Xofssf dfWodn] xfdLn] xfd|f cl8oG;nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf n8x dfq} xf]Og eg]/ k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfOlbPsf 5f}+ . o;dfk{mt xfdLn] /fd|f hfgsf/L ePsf, c¿n] n]v]sf eGbf km/s n]v n]Vg ;S5f}+ . — h]/L edf{g]g, NU.nl

k};fsf] uf]xf] k5\ofpg'M tYof+s kqsfl/tf / b'O{ b]zsf aLr ;xsfo{

;+;f/e/sf c/af}+ dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ c;/ kfl//x]sf ;+ul7t ck/fw / e|i6frf/ aflx/ Nofpg] sfddf ?lr ePsf vf]h kqsf/ / gful/sn] klxn]eGbf stf xf] stf w]/} hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/ / ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] w]/} hfgsf/L cgnfOgdf /fv]sf 5g\ . t/, e|i6 ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / ;+ul7t ck/fw ug{] dflg;n] cfˆgf ck/fw 9fs5f]k ug{ hfgsf/L n'sfpg ;Sbf] k|of; u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf unt sfddfly s;}n] k|sfz kfg{ g;s'g\ eg]/ sf]l;; u5{g\ h'g sfdn] ;dfhdf ;d:of NofpF5, åGå NofpF5, clgsfn / cGo ;+s6 pAhfpF5 .

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o:tf unt sfdnfO{ pbf+uf] kfg{' vf]h kqsf/sf] wd{ xf] . o;f] u/]/ p;n] e|i6frf/ / ck/fw ug{] ;+oGqnfO{ b'a{n kfg{ ;S5 .

vt/gfs e|i6frf/ / ck/fwsf ljifodf :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ tn n]lvPsf tLgj6f pkfo /fd|f];Fu cjnDag u/]sf v08df h:tf];'s} uDeL/ kl/l:yltdf klg /fd|f] / k"0f{ kqsfl/tf ug{ ;lsG5M

ljb]zdf vf]Hg'w]/} :6f]/L ubf{ rflxg] hfgsf/L cfˆgf] b]zdf eGbf ljb]zdf vf]Hg ;lhnf] x'G5 . ljb]zL ;"rgf 8]6fa]; pkof]u u/]/ vf]lhPsf cyjf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ vf]lhPsf hfgsf/L vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ ug{ pkof]uL x'G5g\ . ck/fwL / e|i6 sd{rf/Ln] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] k};f ck/fw / e|i6frf/ u/]sf] b]zdf /fVb}gg\ . ljb]zL a}+sdf /fV5g\ jf ljb]zdf nufgL u5{g\ . ck/fw ljZje/ k}mn]sf] x'G5 . vf]h kqsf/nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] vfnsf 8]6fa]; OG6/g]6df w]/} 7fpFdf kfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljb]zdf k};fsf] uf]xf] s;/L kQf nufpg] eGg] ljifodf OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{df -www.investigativedashboard.org/category_ lbOPsf hfgsf/L kqsf/sf nflu pkof]uL 5g\ .

vf]h kqsf/sf] ;~hfnsf] ;xof]u lng';+;f/e/sf vf]h kqsf/x¿ ljleGg ;+u7gdf cfa4 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL o; k|sf/ 5g\M The Organized Crimeand Corruption Reporting Project,The African Forum for Investigative Reporting, The Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism, and The Global Investigative Journalism Network . oL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf hfgsf/L a6'Ng ;lsG5 . kqsf/x¿sf] k]zfut ;+u7g / Kn]6kmd{nfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfOh]g]6 o:tf] Pp6f Kn]6kmd{ xf] hxfF kqsfl/tf;Fu

lrq @=!@ OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{ -cf];L;Lcf/kL_

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;DalGwt hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ul/G5 . ;dfg ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug{] cyjf ;dfg cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf kqsf/ klg g]6js{df cfa4 5g\ . o:tf g]6js{dfk{mt ;"rgf / pkfo cfbfgk|bfg ubf{ kmfObf x'G5 . o:tf d~r / Od]n ln:6dfk{mt :6f]/Lsf] cfOl8of klg kfpg ;lsG5 .

k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{] / Xofs/nfO{ ;fy lng';ˆ6j]o/n] vf]h kqsf/nfO{ ;"rgf vf]Hg / k|zf]wg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . grflxg] ;"rgf x6fpg, tYof+ssf] y'k|f]df sfd nfUg] hfgsf/L vf]Hg tyf ltgsf] cy{ lgsfNg, ;xL 8s'd]G6 kQf nufpg vf]h kqsf/nfO{ d2t ug{] w]/} ;ˆ6j]o/ 5g\ . clxn] o:tf tof/L ;ˆ6j]o/ k|f]u|fd kfOG5g\ h;sf ;xfotfn] ;"rgf vf]Hg ;lsG5, ;"rgfsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} hgf sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd/ kqsf/nfO{ vf]hsf sfddf ;xof]u ug{ pT;'s x'G5g\ . vf]h kqsf/n] of] s'/f klg yfxf kfO/fVg'k5{ . k|f]u|fd/ / Xofs/nfO{ ;"rgf s;/L lng] / ltgnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . s]xL k|f]u|fd/x¿ tYof+s ;a}n] kfpg'k5{ eGg] ljZjJofkL cleofgsf ;b:o 5g\ . ck/fw / e|i6frf/;Fusf] n8fOFdf pgLx¿ ;fx|} 7"nf ldq zlQm x'g\ .

k|f]u|fd/ / gful/saLrsf] ;xof]usf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pbfx/0f ScraperWiki xf] . o; ;fO6sf dfWodn] kqsf/n] j]a;fO6af6 ;"rgf lng] sfddf k|f]u|fd/x¿sf] ;xof]u dfUg ;S5g\ . OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{df ePsf tof/L 6'nsf] -bit.ly/dashboard-resources_ pkof]u ubf{ ;"rgf ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

oL pkfo slt pkof]uL x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . vflbhf O:d]Onf]ef ch/a}hfgsL cg'ejL vf]h kqsf/ x'g\ . pgn] kqsfl/tf ul//x]sf] b]z ch/a}hfgdf ;"rgf kfpg d'lZsn 5 . cfd dflg;nfO{ /fd|f / ljZj;gLo ;"rgf lbg] sfddf pgn] lbg}lkR5] ;d:of ef]Ug'k5{ . h"g @)!! df pgL /]l8of] lk|m o'/f]k÷/]l8of] lna6L{sf] afs'df /x]sf] sfof{nodf vf]h kqsf/sf ¿kdf sfd uly{g\ . Tolt a]nf pgn] ch/a}hfgsf /fi6«kltsf 5f]/Lx¿n] b|'t ultdf k|ult ul//x]sf] 6]lnsd sDkgL, ch]/kmf]g -bit.ly/rferl-azerfon_ kgfdfdf /x]sf] sDkgLdfk{mt uf]Ko tl/sfn] rnfO/x]sf 5g\ egL :6f]/L agfOg\ . To; sDkgLn] emG8} !& nfv u|fxs agfPsf] lyof] . b]zsf] *) k|ltzt e"efudf p;sf] se/]h lyof] . Tolt a]nf ch/a}hfgdf o; sDkgLn] dfq y|LhL ;]jf lbGYof] . o; sDkgLsf dflns sf] x'g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg O:d]nf]efn] tLg jif{ k|of; ul/g\ . t/ ;/sf/n] o;sf ;fe]mbf/sf af/]df atfpg c:jLsf/ u¥of] . slxn] e"m6f s'/f atfof] . ;/sf/n] Tof] sDkgLsf] dflns hd{gLdf /x]sf] l;d]G; PhL xf] ;d]t eGof] t/ ;f] sDkgLn] of] s'/f c:jLsf/ u¥of] . ch/a}hfgsf l/kf]6{/x¿n] s] yfxf kfP eg] of] sDkgLsf] :jfldTj kgfdfdf /x]sf s]xL lghL sDkgLdf /x]sf] 5 . pgnfO{ o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L kfpg ;ls+b}g eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . ToxL a]nf pgn] ljb]zaf6 ;xof]u kfOg\ . ;g\ @)!! sf] ;'?df OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{dfk{mt pgn] s] yfxf kfOg\ eg] k|f]u|fd/ tyf PlS6le:6 8fg cf]ÚXo'lugn] tof/ u/]sf] Pp6f PlKns];gsf] ;xfotfn] kgfdfdf /x]sf sDkgL ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . o; PlKns];gsf ;xfotfn] pgn] s] s'/f kQf nufOg\ eg] /fi6«kltsf 5f]/Lx¿ kgfdfdf /x]sf] Joj;fodfk{mt To; 6]lnsd sDkgLdf ;+nUg lyP .

cf]ÚXo'lugn] o:tf] 6'n agfPsf 5g\ h;n] ;+;f/e/sf kqsf/nfO{ kgfdf;Fu hf]l8Psf e|i6frf/sf ljifodf l/kf]6{ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . kgfdf e|i6 clwsf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf b]zdf unt tl/sfn] sdfPsf] k};f n'sfpgsf nflu :ju{ ePsf] 5 . OlhK6sf e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt xf]:gL

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d'af/ssf cf;f]kf;]b]lv lnP/ aNsG; cyjf Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf e|i6x¿n] k};f ToxfF n'sfPsf 5g\ . k|f]u|fd/–PlS;le:6x¿n] agfPsf], :qmØflkª elgg] pkfo ckgfP/ o:tf ljifosf ;"rgf vf]tNg / ;"rgfnfO{ gofF 9+un] Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{ cg';Gwfgstf{n] To;nfO{ pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . kgfdf /lhli6«L sDkgL -www.registro-publico.gob.pa_ df /flvPsf ;"rgf ;a}n] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] eP klg To;df s'g sDkgLsf] hfgsf/L rflxPsf] xf] To;sf] dfq hfgsf/L lng kfOG5 . JolQmsf] gfdsf cfwf/df ;"rgf x]g{ kfOFb}g . l/kf]6{/n] ;fdfGotof JolQmsf] gfdaf6 hfgsf/L vf]Hg] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] o; ;fO6af6 cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf vf]Hg ;Sb}gg\ . cf]ÚXo'lugn] To; ;fO6sf tYof+s lgsfn]/ gofF j]a;fO6df /fv] hxfF JolQmsf] gfdsf cfwf/df ;"rgf vf]Hg ;lsG5 . gofF j]a;fO6n] ubf{ w]/} b]zsf kqsf/n] z+sf nfu]sf cfˆgf] b]zsf dflg;n] kgfdfsf sDkgLdf n'sfP/ sDkgL vf]n]sf 5g\ ls egL hfFRg ;S5g\ -ch/a}hfgsf /fi6«kltsf kl/jf/sf dflg;n] o:tf] u/]sf lyP_ .

dfly lbOPsf ;Nnfx ;"rgf lng dfq xf]Og c¿ sfdsf nflu klg pkof]uL x'G5g\ . Pp6f kmfObf s] x'G5 eg] o;f] ubf{ vt/gfs 7fpFdf sfd ug{] vf]h kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff ug{ / vt/f sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ljleGg b]zsf w]/} kqsf/n] ;Fu} sfd ubf{ s'g kqsf/n] cfˆgf] hfgsf/L aflx/ NofPsf] xf] egL kQf nufpg ck/fwLnfO{ sl7g x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/ / e|i6 sd{rf/Ln] abnf lng ;Sg] 8/ sd x'G5 .

oxfF s] s'/f Vofn /fVg'k5{ eg] Ps 7fpFsf kqsf/sf nflu sfd gnfUg] h:tf] nfu]sf] ;"rgf csf{] 7fpFsf kqsf/nfO{ ax'd"No x'g ;S5 . vf]h kqsf/x¿sf] ;~hfndf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ubf{ 7"nf :6f]/L a|]s x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sf]nlDaofdf Ps lsnf]u|fd sf]lsg;Fu} Ps hgf /f]dflgog kqmfp k/] eg] pm kqmfp k/]sf 7fpFsf cvaf/n] To; 36gfsf] ;dfrf/ klxnf] k]hdf g5fKg ;S5g\ . t/ /f]dflgofsf kqsf/n] vf]hL ub{} hfFbf kqmfp k/]sf] dfG5] cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ePsf] k]mnf k¥of] eg] /f]dflgofsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf nflu 7"nf] ;dfrf/ aG5 .

vf]h kqsf/, k|f]u|fd/ / ;+;f/nfO{ :jR5, lgikIf / Gofok"0f{ agfpgsf nflu tYof+s pkof]u ug{] c¿ k]zfsf dflg;sf] ;xsfo{ ePkl5 dfq} vf]h l/kf]l6{ª s'zntfk"j{s ug{ ;lsG5 . — kn /f8', ;+ul7t ck/fw / e|i6frf/ l/kf]l6{ª kl/of]hgf

sf]8df tof/ x'g] :6f]/L

cf]kg8]6fl;6L -www.opendatacity.de_ sf] :yfkgf ;g\ @)!) sf] cGTolt/ ePsf] xf] . Tolt a]nf hd{gLdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg ldNg] vfnsf] sfd Tolt ePsf] lyPg .

xfdLn] of] sfd lsg u¥of}+ < cvaf/ / /]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf sfd ug{] w]/} kqsf/n] o;f] eGg] u5{g\M æxfd|f] ;~rf/ dfWoddf clxNo} tYof+s kqsfl/tf zfvf vf]Ng ;ls+b}g . of] sfd aflx/sf ;+:yfaf6 u/fpg eg] tof/ 5f}+ .Æ

xfdLnfO{ yfxf eP;Dd tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] xfdL afx]s csf{] ;+:yf hd{gLdf 5}g . o;df xfn xfdL tLg hgf 5f}+M b'O{ hgf kqsf/sf] cg'ej ePsf / Ps hgf tYof+s sf]8 ug]{

52

/ b[Zodf abNg] sfddf /fd|f] 1fg ePsf . xfdL s]xL :jtGq Xofs/, l8hfOg/ / kqsf/sf] klg ;xfotf lnG5f}+ .

uPsf] Ps jif{df xfdLn] cvaf/sf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL rf/j6f sfd u¥of}+, ;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd ug{] dflg;, j}1flgs / kqsfl/tf :s"nsf nflu tflnd / k/fdz{ ;]jf lbof}+ . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] klxnf] Pksf] gfd 6LPhL lyof] . of] aln{gdf gofF agfOPsf] ljdfg:yn 5]p5fpdf Wjlg k|b"if0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ePsf] cGt/lqmofTds 6'n -bit.ly/taz-airport-noise_ xf] . xfd|f] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ sfd h]Ot cgnfOgsf nflu u/]sf] sfd xf] . of] sfd hd{g /fhgLlt1n] u/]sf] df]afOn kmf]g pkof]u ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]] PlKns];g -http://www.zeit.de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-data-retention_ xf] . o; sfdsf nflu xfdLn] lu|dL cgnfOg k'/:sf/ -bit.ly/grimme-award_ / hd{gLsf] ln8 cjf8{, cd]l/sfsf] cgnfOg hgf{lnhd P;f]l;P;gaf6 -bit.ly/online-news-award_ cgnfOg kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ kfof}+ . of] ;fdu|L n]v]sf a]nfdf xfdL;Fu w]/} sfd kfOknfOgdf 5g\ . o:tf sfddf ;fdfGo cGt/lqmofTds OGkmf]u|flkmS;b]lv lnP/ tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL Ps k|sf/sf] ldl8nj]o/sf] tof/L;Ddsf sfd k5{g\ .

lrq @=!#M ljdfg:ynsf] Wjlg k|b"if0f gS;f -Taz.de_

k'/:sf/ kfPsfn] xfd|f] Voflt a9\of] t/ xfdLnfO{ sfd lbg] lg0f{o ug{] k|sfzs;Fu s'/f ubf{ k'/:sf/ lhltg] x'gfn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf nufgL ug{'k5{ eGg] ts{ xfdL ub{}gf}+ . xfdL la:tf/} / lbuf] kf/fn] tYof+s kqsfl/tflt/ pgLx¿sf] Wofg tfGg rfxG5f}+ . o;sf] dtna xf] k|sflzt ePsf] s]xL lbgd} lal;{Og] :s'ksf] vf]hL ug{ nfUg' xf]Og bL3{sfnLg k|efj kfg{] sfddf Wofg lbg' .

53

bL3{sfnLg sfd yfNg k|sfzsnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg xfdL tLgj6f ts{ u5f{}+ . tL x'g\M

tYof+s kqsfl/tf pkof]u u/L tof/ ePsf ;fdu|L bL3{hLjL x'G5g\ tYof+s kqsfl/tf PK;df l8hfOgsf] :j¿k x]/]/ hlt a]nf klg gofF ;fdu|L yKg ;lsG5 . oL PK; o'h/n] dfq rnfpg] xf]Ogg\ l/kf]l6{ª / ljZn]if0fsf nflu kqsf/n] klg rnfpg ;S5g\ . cfk"mn] nufgL u/]/ agfPsf] PK;af6 cfˆgf k|lt:kwL{n] klg kmfObf lng ;S5 eGg] nfU5 eg] o;sf s]xL lkmr/ cyjf s]xL tYof+s cfk"mn] dfq} pkof]u ug{ kfOg] agfpg klg ;lsG5 .

klxn]sf] sfdsf cfwf/df yk sfd ug{ ;lsG5 tYof+s ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ sf]8 agfOG5 h;nfO{ kl5 k'gM k|of]u ug{ jf cBfjlws ug{ ;lsG5 . csf{] sfd klxnf] sfdeGbf cfwf ;dod} ug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] Tolt a]nf s] ug{] -;fy} s] gug{]_ eGg] s'/f /fd|f];Fu yfxf x'G5 / klxn]sf sfdnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ gofF ;fdu|L agfpg ;lsG5 .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ kmfObf x'G5 tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ dfs{]l6ª SofDk]g klg x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ k/Dk/fut lsl;dn] dfs{]l6ª SofDk]g rnfpFbfeGbf ;:tf] k5{ . cgnfOg ;dfrf/x¿n] ;r{ OlGhg cK6f]dfOh];g / ;r{ OlGhg dfs{]l6ª h:tf s'/fdf nufgL u5{g\ . tYof+sdf cfwfl/t sfd u/]/ j]a;fO6df /fv]kl5 lSns / ah XjfQ} a9\5g\, s'g} ;fdu|L efO/n aGg klg ;S5 . o;sf nflu c¿ lsl;dn] lSns a9fpg] sfddf hlt vr{ ug{' kb{}g .

xfdL ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ PlKn;s];G; cyjf cGo ;]jf k|bfg u5f}{+ . of] sfd c¿ Go' ldl8of Ph]G;Lsf] eGbf km/s 5}g . xfdL s] s'/fdf km/s 5f}+ eg] xfdL cfk"mnfO{ o:tf] sfd ug{] klxnf] / ;a}eGbf cu|kª\ltdf /x]sf] kqsf/sf] ;+:yf 7fG5f}+ . xfdL n]v cyjf :6f]/L tof/ u5f{}+ . t/ xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] :6f]/L zAb, lrq, Wjlg cyjf lel8of]df x'Fb}g sf]8df x'G5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf af/]df s'/f ubf{ k|ljlw, ;ˆ6j]o/, pks/0fsf af/]df s'/f ug{'k5{ / ltgsf ;xfotfn] :6f]/L s;/L eGg] egL s'/f ug{'k5{ .

Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . xfdLn] ev{/} Pp6f PlKns];g agfof}+ h;n] :qmØfk/sf dfWodn] hd{g /]Nj] j]a;fO6af6 l/on6fOddf tYof+s lnG5 . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] 6«]gsf] cg'udg -zugmonitor.sueddeutsche.de_ ug{] cGt/lqmofTds ;fwg tof/ ug{ ;Sof}+ h;sf ;xfotfn] nfdf] b"/Lsf 6«]g l9nf] ePsf] s'/f l/on6fOddf b]vfpg ;Sof}+ . o;df x/]s ldg]6df hfgsf/L cBfjlws ul/G5, xfdLn] o;sf nflu PkLcfO{ klg pknAw u/fPsf 5f}+ . xfdLn] of] sfd w]/} klxn] yfn]sf lyof}+ . clxn];Dd w]/} 7"nf] 8]6fl;6 e]nf ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;df x/]s 306f gofF hfgsf/L ylkG5 . o;df o'h/n] l/on6fOddf hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;S5, cl3Nnf] dlxgfsf] hfgsf/L cfsf{Oedf vf]Hg ;S5 .

k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfdf xfdLn] :6f]/Lsf] ;'?cft, aLrsf] efu, nDafO / P+un h:tf s'/f ;f]Rg'k5{ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf km/s 5 . xf], ;'?cft x'G5 . dflg;n] j]a;fO6 x]5{g\ / klxnf] k[i7 x]/]/ xfd|faf/]df cfˆgf] wf/0ff agfpF5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿ h] dg nfUof] ToxL x]5{g\ .

54

pgLx¿ Ps} ldg]6 dfq} x]/]/ cGt hfg klg ;S5g\ cyjf cfwf 306f;Dd j]a;fO6d} a:g klg ;S5g\ .

tYof+s kqsf/sf] sfd o;sf nflu 9fFrf cyjf jftfj/0f agfOlbg' xf] . o;sf nflu xfdLn] sf]l8ª / tYof+s Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} l8hfOgsf af/]df klg rnfvLk"j{s ;f]Rg'k5{ . sfdsf] ;kmntf cyjf c;kmntf o;df lge{/ x'G5 . leq Psbd} /f]rs 8]6fl;6 eP klg klxnf] k]h g/fd|f] 5 eg] s;}n] klg x]b{}g .

ce}m klg w]/} s'/f l;Sg / k/LIf0f ug{ afFsL 5 . ;f}efUosf] s'/f s] 5 eg] u]d agfpg]x¿n] l8lh6n Gof/]l6E;, Osf]l;:6d / OG6/k]m; h:tf ljifodf w]/} jif{b]lv gofF gofF sfd ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . To;}n], tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL PlKns];G; agfpFbf xfdLn] u]dsf] l8hfOg x]g{'k5{, pgLx¿n] u]ddf :6f]/L s;/L eg]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f x]g{'k5{ . 6]l6«; h:tf u]d lsg /dfOnf 5g\ eGg] s'/f xfdLn] a'e\mg'k5{ .

tYof+s kqsfl/tf nfdf] ;do;Dd l6S5 . s]xL jif{df tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;dfrf/ sIfsf] cleGg c+u aG5 . tYof+s ;fj{hlgs x'g] qmd a9\b} hfG5 . gofF k|ljlwn] xfdLnfO{ :6f]/L eGg] gofF tl/sf vf]Hg ;xof]u u5{ . s]xL :6f]/L tYof+sdf cfwfl/t x'g]5g\, w]/} PlKns];G; / ;]jfdf kqsfl/tfsf ljz]iftf x'g]5g\ . o; k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;dfrf/ sIfn] s:tf] sfd u5{g\ eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pgLx¿n] ;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s kqsf/sf] l6d v8f unf{g\ < cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ljefu vf]Nnfg\ < cyjf o:tf] sfdsf] s]xL efu ;DkGg ug{ aflx/sf sDkgLnfO{ lhDdf b]nfg\ < o;sf] hjfkm clxNo} e]l6+b}g . o;sf af/]df kl5 dfq} yfxf x'g]5 . — nf]/]Gh dfHhf6, cf]kg8]6fl;6L

sf; / d'NefbM :6]sxf]N8/ ;d"xsf nflu cw{ k|zf]lwt ;fdu|L:6]sxf]N8/ ldl8of pboLdfg If]q xf] h;nfO{ ;~rf/ dfWodsf l;4fGtsf/x¿n] Wofg lbPsf 5}gg\ . o;n] cgnfOg ;~hfndfk{mt cyjf ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;fdu|L pknAw u/fP/ 7"nf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . o;nfO{ -;fdfGotof cgnfOg_ ldl8of egL kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 h;nfO{ lglZrt If]qdf nfu]sf cyjf ;d'bfosf :6]sxf]N8/ ;+:yf cyjf ;+u7gn] rnfPsf x'G5g . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, pkef]Qmf ;d"x, k]zfut ;+3;+:yf, dhb'/ o'lgog cflbn] o:tf] ldl8of rnfpF5g\ . hgdt cyjf c¿ ;/f]sf/jf/x¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg{] sfddf o:tf ldl8ofn] ;d:of ef]u]sf x'G5g\ . Tof] s] eg] pgLx¿ dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L kQf nufpg ;Sb}gg\ . sf; PG8 d'Nefb klxnf] vf]hd"ns 8]lg; gfkmfd'vL ;+:yf xf] h;n] oL :6]sxf]N8/ ldl8ofnfO{ ljz]if1 ;]jf lbG5 .

of] u}/gfkmfd'vL ;+:yf 8]lg; Ol:6Ro'6 km/ sDKo'6/ Pl;:6]8 l/kf]l6{ª -l8sf/_ sf] afOk|f]8S6 xf] . l8sf/n] ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ vf]hd"ns l/kf]6{ pknAw u/fpF5 / tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{] ljifodf kqsf/nfO{ tflnd lbG5 . sf; PG8 d'Nefbsf ;+:yfks 6DdL sf; / lgN; d'Nefb klxn] ;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd uy{] . pgLx¿sf] gofF kmd{n] lbg] ;]jfnfO{ pgLx¿ ætYof+s / kqsf/sf] cGt/b[li6Æ eGg] u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] k|bfg ug{] ;]jf cw{ k|zf]lwt cj:yfdf x'G5 h;nfO{ yk ;Dkfbg cyjf k'gM n]vg ug{'k5{ . pgLx¿n] o:tf] ;]jf :6]sxf]N8/ ldl8ofnfO{ lbg] u5{g\ h;n] To;af6 k|]; lj1lKt cyjf :6f]/L tof/ u5{g\ cyjf ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWod / cfˆgf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdfk{mt ljt/0f u5{g\ . o; ;+:yfn] ;/sf/, hg;Dks{ ;+:yf,

55

lrq @=!$M :6]sxf]N8/ ldl8of sDkgL (Fagblaget3F)

dhb'/ o'lgog / Oo' 6«fG:k/]G;L / ljZj jGohGt' sf]if h:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u5{ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf nflu o; ;+:yfn] s[lif / df5fkfngdf lbOPsf] cg'bfgsf] lgu/fgL ug{] u5{ / Oo'df naL ug{] dflg;x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug{] u5{g\ . o;sf nflu ;+:yfn] pkof]uL j]a;fO6af6 tYof+s :qmØfk u5{ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ k};f lbg] kmfpG8];g o; ;+:yfsf ck|ToIf ;]jfu|fxL x'g\ . o; ;+:yfn] ;~rf/dfWod;Fu klg ldn]/ sfd u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6f 6\ofAnfO8 klqsfn] o; ;+:yfn] ug{] ;]lnla|6L lgu/fgL ;]jf lsGg] u5{ .

56

o; ;+:yfn] rnfPsf tYof+s kqsfl/tf kl/of]hgf lgDg adf]lhd 5g\M

a]/f]huf/L gS;f -bit.ly/3F-unemployment_8]gdfs{df a]/f]huf/L ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/LnfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] . of] sfd 8]gdfs{sf] cbIf dhb'/ ;+u7g y|LPkmsf nflu ul/G5 .

hLjg:t/ -bit.ly/3F-living_of] klg y|LPkmsf nflu ul/Psf] sfd xf] . o;df 8]gdfs{sf ljleGg 7fpFsf dflg;sf] hLjg:t/df /x]sf] cGt/ b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . o; gS;fdf ljleGg @$ j6f ;"rssf] pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 .

C0f -bit.ly/3F-debt-index_o; kl/of]hgfn] æC0f ;"rsÆ u0fgf u5{ / lghL If]qsf] cy{Joj:yfdf /x]sf] cGt/nfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't u5{ .

8]gdfs{sf vt/gfs 7fpF -bit.ly/3F-dangerous-facilities_o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{t 8]gdfs{sf s'g s'g lsG8/uf6{]g / lbjf ;]jfsf 5]pdf vt/gfs sf/vfgf 5g\ egL gS;f agfOPsf] 5 / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfd 8]lg; o'lgog ckm cnL{ rfON8x'8 PG8 o'y Ph's]6;{ gfds ;+:yfn] lgsfn]sf] Dofulhgsf nflu ul/Psf] xf] .

skf{]/]6 lhDd]jf/L tYof+s -data.vestas.com_of] 8]lg; ljG8 6af{Og sDkgLsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L xf] . o;df skf{]/]6 lhDd]jf/L tYof+ssf kfFrj6f kIfsf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf /flvPsf] 5 h;df 6]S:6 cfk}+m cfpF5 . o;df hfgsf/L x/]s tLg tLg dlxgfdf cfk}+m cBfjlws x'G5 . o;df ljZje/sf tYof+s klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f dfq} sf/vfgfsf] tYof+s x]g{ klg ;lsG5 .

gfd gS;f -xpoint.experian.dk/navnekort_o;df s'g} y/ 6fOk ubf{ Tof] y/ ePsf dflg; 8]gdfs{sf s'g s'g 7fpFdf a:5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfOG5 .

:dfOnL gS;f -ekstrabladet.dk/kup/fodevarer_sf; PG8 d'Nefbn] x/]s lbg vfB lg/LIf0fsf qmddf kfOPsf v/fa vfgf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L a6'N5 / ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] hfgsf/L gS;fdf k|:t't u5{ . of] sfd p;n] Pp6f 8]lg; 6\ofAnf]O8 klqsfsf nflu u/]sf] xf] .

57

sf; / d'Nefb :6]sxf]N8/ ldl8of;Fu sfd ug{] klxnf kqsf/ xf]Ogg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lu|glk;n] cfˆgf l/kf]6{ k|;f/ ug{sf nflu kqsf/sf] ;xof]u lgoldt ¿kdf lnG5 . c¿ s'g} klg sDkgLn] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ;]jf k|bfg ub{}gg\ . sf; PG8 d'Nefbn] tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0fdf Wofg lbPsf] 5 . o; sfdsf nflu k|f]u|fd agfpg] ;Lk eP/ dfq} k'Ub}g, s:tf] vfnsf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df k|efj kfg{] :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] 1fg klg x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf sfdsf] gSsn ug{ rfxg]n] pgLx¿;Fu ldn]/ oL b'O{j6f ;Lk xfl;n ug{'k5{ lsgeg] c¿ s'g} JolQm;Fu oL b'j} ;Lk xQkQ x'Fb}g .

k|lqmofM gjLg cfO{6L / ljZn]if0fo; kmd{n] jif{df !)) j6f sfd u5{ . s'g} sfd s]xL 306fdf ;lsG5g\ eg] s'g} sfdsf nflu s]xL dlxgf nfU5 . o;n] Ifdtf / ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{] vfnsf sfd klg lg/Gt/ u5{ . ;]lnla|6L lgu/fgL ;]jf o:t} Pp6f ;]jf xf] . 3/ lnnfd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L OG6]/g]6af6 :s|ofk u/]/ To:tf sfd ;DaGwL gS;f agfpg] sfd klg o;n] u5{ . pgLx¿n] sfd 5fGbf Tof] sfd ubf{ cfgGb cfpF5 ls cfpFb}g / To;af6 s]xL l;Sg ;lsG5 ls ;ls+b}g eg]/ x]5{g\ . pgLx¿n] s] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;~rf/ dfWoddf gofF tl/sf / gofF Joj;fo tof/ ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 .

d'Nefbn] eg]sf 5g\M xfd|f]df s'g sfd ug{], s'g ;ˆ6j]o/ jf xf8{j]o/ lsGg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Dkfbs cyjf xflsdsxfF hfg' kb{}g . xfdL cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf s'/f lsGg ;S5f}+ . xfdL o; If]qdf Psbd} r':t x'g rfxG5f}+ . xfdL k};f ltg{ rfxg] u|fxs vf]Hg] sf]l;; u5f{}+ . sfd /dfOnf] 5 eg] xfdL sd k};fd} sfd u5f{}+ .

l;lh{t k'FhLM JolQmut / kmd{sf] a|fG8 / cfDbfgL

;g\ @))( df o; kmd{sf] cfDbfgL @% nfv 8]lg; qmf]g/ lyof] . o; kmd{sf ;fe]mbf/n] r':t kqsf/sf ¿kdf gfd sdfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] pkl:yltn] kmd{sf] a|fG8 k|j4{g x'G5 .

o;af6 lng ;lsg] 1fg• ;~rf/ dfWoddf Ifdtf 36\g' eg]sf] cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u gx'g' klg xf] . sf; / d'Nefbn] cfk"mn] sfd u/]sf] ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfk"mn] dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf] sfd ug{ gkfPsfn] ;~rf/ dfWod 5f8]sf lyP . o;f] ubf{ kmfOb} ePsf] 5 . • lglZrt ahf/df :6]sxf]N8/ ;d"xsf ?lr k"/f ug{] æcw{ k|zf]lwtÆ ;fdu|Lsf] dfu 5 / o;af6 gfkmf sdfpg ;lsG5 . • t/ o:tf] cj;/sf ;fy} c¿sf nflu ul/Psf o:tf sfddf kqsf/n] cfˆgf] ljj]s / ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf slt ug{ kfpF5g\ eGg] k|Zg 5 . ;~rf/ dfWodleq of] ljifo pl7;s]sf] 5 -kqsf/n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|Ldf k]m/abn ug{ ;Dkfbsn] bafa lbG5g\_ . c¿ ldl8of pBf]udf klg o:tf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, lkmNd pBf]u hxfF lgb{]zs / :6'l8of]sf aLrdf lkmNddf s] /fVg] / g/fVg] eGg]af/]df ljjfb x'G5_ . of] ljifo ;lhn} ;dfwfg eP/ hfg] klg b]lv+b}g . To;}n] cfrf/;+lxtfsf af/]df cem a9L Wofg lbg' h¿/L 5 .

58

• cfDbfgLsf b[li6n] Pp6f dfq ;fdu|L cyjf ;]jf kof{Kt x'Fb}g . lgu/fgL ug{] vfnsf sfdn] kmd{sf] Voflt a9fpg ;S5g\ h;n] ubf{ k/fdz{, lzIf0f, efif0f / cGo ;]jfsf] dfu a9\5 h;af6 yk cfDbfgL x'G5 / lgu/fgL ug{] sfddf ;xof]u k'U5 .

—Mark Lee Hunter and Luk N.Van Wassenhove,“Disruptive News Technologies: Stakeholder Media and the Future of Watchdog Journalism Business Models”.INSEAD Working Paper,2010 sf] ;Dkflbt c+z .

tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] lalhg]; df]8n

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL ?lr / cfzf eP klg ;dfrf/ sIfdf of] k|Zg a8f] pT;'stfsf ;fy af/Daf/ ;f]lwG5M o;sf lalhg]; df]8n s] x'g\ <

s'g} klg s'/fsf] eljiojf0fL ubf{ hlxNo} klg ;ts{ x'g'k5{ . t/ xfn;fn}sf cg'ej / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] clxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ eljiosf af/]df klg s]xL s'/f eGg ;lsG5 . cfhef]ln w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn] gofF tl/sf ckgfP/ kmfObf lnPsf 5g\ .

ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ h:tf zAbfjnL / ætYof+s lj1fgÆ h:tf ;a}eGbf tfhf gf/fn] s]xL gofF s'/f atfP h:tf] nfu] klg ltgdf Psbd} gofF s'/f s]xL 5}g . oL gofF gfdn] s] s'/f b]vfPsf dfq x'g\ eg] lat]sf bzsdf oL s'/fsf] dxTj a9]sf] 5 .

tYof+s ;+sng, ljZn]if0f / b[Zodf k|bz{g ubf{ ;~rf/ dfWodsf] cfDbfgL a9]sf] s'/f w]/} kqsf/nfO{ yfxf 5 . of] ;"rgf k|zf]wg Joj;fo xf] . tYof+s ;DaGwL 6'n / k|ljlwn] ubf{ -cGt/f{li6«o ljQ, C0f, hg;+Vof, lzIff cflb h:tf_ Psbd} hl6n ljifonfO{ a'emfpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . æJofj;flos s';fu|tfÆ n] ljleGg y/Lsf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ hgfpF5 h;n] Jofkfl/s sDkgLdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 b[Zo b]vfpF5 . cfhef]lnsf 7"nf / w]/} gfkmf sdfpg] sDkgLx¿n] gfkmf ug{sf nflu tYof+snfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg] u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] kmfObf ePsf] 5 .

o; sfdsf nflu agfOPsf 6'n clxn] ;~rf/ dfWod nufotsf c¿ sfdsf nflu klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsf 5g\ . kqsf/n] of] s'/f a'e]msf 5g\ . s'g} sDkgLn] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] 6'n pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . k|fljlws sDkgLn] 7"nf] dfqfsf tYof+sdf cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf hfgsf/L t'?Gt} vf]Hg, ltgaf6 cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] hfgsf/L lng ;ˆ6j]o/ -k|fozM l;Q} kfOg]_ pkof]u ug{] sfddf qmflGt ePsf] 5 .

clxn] oL k|ljlwnfO{ kqsfl/tfdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b ufl8{og / b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf l6dn] o; gofF If]qdf cfˆgf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] 7"nf] ;Defjgfsf] ;fgf] rf]O6f] dfq xf] .

o;af6 k};f s;/L sdfOG5 < ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw tYof+snfO{ k|zf]wg u/L, tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] / ltgsf] dfgjLo tl:a/ b]vfpg] sfdsf] 7"nf] ahf/ v'ln/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] lognfO{ xfd|f] hLjg;Fu ;fGble{s agfpg ;Sg] x'g'k/]sf] 5 .

59

;+;f/df tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ldl8of sDkgL w]/} 5g\ . ltgn] gfkmf sdfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] of] sfd c¿n] eGbf klxn] ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] Joj;fo /fd|};Fu km:6fPsf] 5 . slxn]sfxL+ t pgLx¿n] pT;fxhgs gfkmf u/]sf 5g\ . An'Dau{ o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . o; sDkgLn] tLg nfv hlt 6ld{gn rnfpF5 / cfˆgf o'h/nfO{ ljQLo tYof+s pknAw u/fpF5 . k};fsf] Joj;fodf nfu]sf dflg;sf nflu of] zlQmsf] ;fwg xf] . x/]s 6ld{gndf sn/ sf]8 ul/Psf] lsaf]8{ x'G5 . o;df x]g{, t'ngf ug{, ljZn]if0f ug{ tL; xhf/ ljsNk 5g\ . o;n] o'h/nfO{ eljiodf s] ug{] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . o; Joj;foaf6 x/]s jif{ cg'dflgt ̂ =# lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/ cfDbfgL x'G5 . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df ;g\ @))* df k|sflzt Pp6f ;fdu|Ldf -nyti.ms/IQcRgY_ o:t} cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ An'Dau{n] wdfwd kqsf/nfO{ hflu/ lb+b}5 . p;n] 3f6fdf uPsf] ælalhg]; ljsÆ vl/b u/]sf] 5 .

Sofg]l8og yDk;g /f]o6;{ ldl8of ;d"x o;sf] csf{] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . pgLx¿n] ;'?df a]nfotdf gfd rn]sf] Pp6f klqsf lsg]/ Tof] k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . t/ b'O{ bzscl3 cvaf/ k|sfzgsf] sfd 5f8]sf lyP . o;sf abnfdf pgLx¿n] ;"rgf ;]jfdf xft xfn] . pgLx¿n] w]/} pBf]usf af/]df cfˆgf u|fxsnfO{ ulx/f] 1fg lbg] nIo lnPsf lyP . vf; ;"rgf lbP/ s;/L k};f sdfpg ;lsG5 eGg] lrGtf s;}nfO{ 5 eg] d p;nfO{ ljlsk]l8ofdf uP/ o; sDkgLsf] Oltxf; -en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thomson_Corporation_ k9\g ;Nnfx lbG5' .

Osf]gld:6sf] pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . ;~rf/ dfWodsf ¿kdf of] klqsf pTs[i6 / k|efjzfnL dflgG5 . clg o;sf] æOsf]gld:6 OG6lnh]G; o'lg6Æ cfhef]ln k/fdz{bftf ;]jf h:tf] ePsf] 5 h;n] ;+;f/sf k|foM ;a} b]zsf] cj:yfsf] l/kf]l6{ª u5{ / eljio s:tf] x'G5 egL cg'dfg u5{ . o;n] ;of}+ kqsf/nfO{ sfd lbPsf] 5 . p;n] ;+;f/e/sf !% nfv u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofPsf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 .

xfdLn] k|]/0ff lng ;Sg], c;fWo} /fd|f tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ;]jf 5g\M cd]l/sfsf] Odfs{]6/ o:t} Pp6f ;]jf xf] . o;n] OG6/g]6 dfs{]l6ªsf af/]df ?lr /fVg] dflg;nfO{ t'ngf, rf6{ / ;Nnfx lbg] u5{ . hd{gLsf] l:6km6'ª jf/]G6]:6n] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ x]g{] u5{ . hd{gLs} :6fl6:6fn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpg ;xof]u u5{ .

;+;f/e/ g} o; If]qdf gofF gofF sfdsf] nx/ rn]sf] 5 . o;n] 7"nf] If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 . oLdWo] s]xL k/LIf0fsf nflu ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ o;af6 o; If]qdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 egL eGg ;lsG5 .

;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWod csf{] If]q xf] h'g tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tfsf ;Gbe{df ;'t]sf] l;+x xf] . hd{gLdf o; If]qdf k|ltjif{ &=@ lalnog o'/f] k|jfx x'G5 . kqsfl/tf vf; ;fdfg xf] . /fd|f] sfd u/]sf v08df o;n] k};f sdfpg] dfq} xf]Og ;dfhdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf klg v]N5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] c¿ tl/sfn] eGbf ;lhn} / cem /fd|f, a9L ljZj;gLo 1fg lbg ;S5 eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfg{ ;s]sf v08df ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWoddf nufgL eO/x]sf] s]xL k};f ;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof;df pkof]u x'g ;S5 .

tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;"rgf lbg klxnf] x'g] eGbf klg ;"rgfsf] ljZj;gLo ;|f]t x'g] k|lt:kwf{ u5{ . ;"rgfsf ;|f]t w]/}eGbf w]/} ePsf] o; o'udf w]/} dfG5]sf] Wofg tfGg ;lsG5 t/ ljZjf; lhTg sl7g

60

x'Fb}5 . tYof+s kqsf/n] cfd cl8oG;nfO{ ljleGg / k|fozM sl7g ;|f]taf6 lnPsf hfgsf/L ldnfpg, ;+Zn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{g\ h;n] ubf{ cl8oG;n] hl6n ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ;xL 1fg kfpF5g\ . tYof+s kqsf/ k|]; lj1lKtsf] k'gM k|of]u ug{] / cfk"mn] st} ;'g]sf :6f]/L cfˆgf kf7snfO{ atfpg] sfddf nfUb}gg\ . o;sf ;§f pgLx¿ kf7snfO{ :ki6, a'e\mg ;lsg] ;"rgf lbg rfxG5g\ . o;sf nflu pgLx¿ cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmS;sf] pkof]u u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] kf7snfO{ ;"rgfsf d"n ;|f]t;Dd k'Ug] af6f] klg b]vfOlbG5g\ . of] dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] .

tYof+s kqsfl/sf] cEof; ug{ rfxg] kqsf/n] of] If]qdf nfUg / of] gf}nf] sfdnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;~rf/dfWodsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ dgfpg ckgfpg'kg{] ;a} /fd|f] pkfo s] xf] <

;a}eGbf klxn] ;lhnf];Fu s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] ug{] . cfk}+m;Fu ePsf Jojl:yt lnvt / tYof+ssf] ;+u|xsf cfwf/df klg :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f nh PGh]n; 6fOD;sf] æxf]df];fO8 8]6fa];Æ xf] . o; :6f]/Ldf tYof+s / ltgsf] b[Zo k|:t'tLs/0f :6f]/Lsf] d'6' ag]sf] 5 . lnlvt JofVofnfO{ plt dxTj lbOPsf] 5}g . ;Dkfbsn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ck/fw ;DaGwdf kfpg ;lsg] hlt ;a} tYof+s a6'n] . To;kl5 dfq} To;sf cfwf/df :6f]/L n]Vg a;] . la:tf/} o:tf] ;+u|x /fd|f], uxg / a9L d"Nojfg\ x'Fb} hfG5 .

;'?df o;f] ug{ ;lhnf] gxf]nf t/ s]xL ;dokl5 cjZo} ug{ ;lsG5 . 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g / k|f]klAnsf h:tf v';L nfUbf ;+s]t b]lvPsf 5g\ . oL sDkgLsf cg';f/ pgLx¿sf u}/gfkmfd'vL kqsfl/tf zfvfn] cfk"mn] cfzf u/]eGbf w]/} klxn] nIo xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

oL ;a} s'/fdf s'zn x'g ;s]sf v08df tYof+sn] kqsfl/tfdf ljZjf; ug{] dflg;nfO{ d"Nojfg\ 1fg k|bfg u5{g\ . hd{gLsf Vofltk|fKt k|sfzsn] xfn} Pp6f cGtjf{tf{df eg]sf 5g\, æcfk"mnfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg] gofF ;d"x pbfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ yf]/}ltgf] k};fdf sfd ug{ tof/ 5}gg\ .Æ— ldsf{] nf]/]Gh, 8r] j]n]

61

v08 #

s]; :68L

o; v08df xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf y'k|} vfnsf cEof; -Ps} lbgdf agfOPsf PlKns];gb]lv lnP/ gf} dlxgf nufP/ ul/Psf vf]h_ sf af/]df cem lj:t[t ¿kdf rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . r'gfj k|rf/, b+uf tyf e|i6frf/, ljBfno sfo{;Dkfbg tyf kfgLsf] dx;'n h:tf ljifosf ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ tYof+s s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f x]5f{}+ . lala;L, b l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g, b ufl8{og, b kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;, x]nl;lË ;fgf]dft, nf gfl;of]g, jfn l:6«6 hg{{n tyf h]Ot cgnfOg h:tf 7"nf ;dfrf/ ;+:yfb]lv lnP/ Soflnkmf]lg{of jfr, Xofs÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{, k|f] klAnsf / a|flhnsf gful/s kqsf/x¿sf] ;d"x k|]mG8\; ckm hfg'cfl/of h:tf ;fgf k|of;af6 l;Sg]5f}+ .

62

c;dfg cj;/

c;dfg cj;/ k|f]h]S6 (projects.propublica.org/schools) n] cd]l/sfsf] lzIff ljefusf gful/s clwsf/ ;DaGwL ck|sflzt tYof+snfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ˆnf]l/8f nufotsf s]xL /fHon] ul/a / wgL b'j} y/Lsf ljBfyL{nfO{ pRr txsf k9fOdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOof] . t/ SofG;f;, d]l/NofG8 / cf]Snf]xf]df h:tf /fHodf ul/a ljBfyL{n] sd df}sf kfPsf lyP .

o; k|f]h]S6n] Pp6f lhNnfsf tLg xhf/ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ ePsf ;a} ;fj{hlgs :s"nsf] tYof+s e]nf u¥of] . o;df ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf tLgrf}yfO ljBfyL{sf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfrf/ sIfsf ;+jfbbftfn] oL tYof+s ;+sng u/] . sDKo'6/sf ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª ljefusf lgb{]zsn] oL tYof+s k|zf]wg u/] .

of] kl/of]hgf nueu tLg dlxgf rn]sf] lyof] . :6f]/L tof/ ug{ / PK; agfpg b'O{ hgf ;Dkfbs, Ps hgf l/kf]6{/, Ps hgf sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª l6dsf dfG5] / b'O{ hgf 8]enk/ u/L ^ hgfn] sfd u/]sf lyP . xfdLdWo] clwsf+zn] ;f] cjlwdf k"/} ;do sfd u/]gf}+ .

o; sfdsf nflu oL ;Lk ePsf dflg;sf] ;+o'St k|of; h¿/L lyof]M ljifoj:t'sf] /fd|f] 1fg ePsf, tYof+ssf] k|of]u ;DaGwL /fd|f cg'ej ePsf, l8hfOg / sf]lªsf sfd ug{ hfGg] . tYof+ssf] rfªdf :6f]/L e]6\g] Ifdtf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . tYof+s ljZn]if0f u/L n]v tof/ kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] h?/t lyof] . of] :6f]/L dfq xf]Og ;dfrf/ PK;sf] ;d]t ;Dkfbg ug{ h¿/L lyof] .

lrq #=! c;dfg cj;/ k|f]h]S6 -k|f]klAnsf_

63

tYof+s k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu xfdLn] d"ntM PS;]n / PdP; PS;];sf] k|of]u u¥of}+ . xfdLn] ?aL cg /]N;df ;dfrf/ PK; agfof}+ . hfef:qmLK6 klg w]/} rnfof}+ .

;+lIfKt :6f]/Lsf ;fydf xfdLn] cGt/lqmofTds ;dfrf/ PK; klg agfof}+ h;n] ubf{ kf7sn] /fli6«o :t/sf] tYof+saf6 cfkm";Fu ;DalGwt pbfx/0f k]mnf kfg{ ;S5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfrf/ PK;sf] k|of]u u/]/ s'g} JolStn] cfˆgf] 7fpFsf] :s"n -pbfx/0fsf nflu, Go'h;L{sf] ;]G6«n xfO{:s"n_ n] ljleGg If]qdf s] s:tf] k|ult u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ . /fd|f / g/fd|f :s"nsf] t'ngf eGg] a6g -goo.gl/WrAIi_ lyRg] lalQs} /fd|f / g/fd|f :s"nsf aLrsf t'ngf b]Vg ;S5g\ . xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] ldnag{sf Ps k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] dfq} lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df vfgf vfg kfpFbf /x]5g\ t/ &@ k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] sDtLdf Pp6f P8\efG; Kn];d]G6 ljifo lnPsf /x]5g\ . csf{lt/, OG6/Gof;gn xfO{:s"nsf ljBfyL{dWo] *% k|ltztn] lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/sf] vfgf vfg kfpFbf /x]5g\ t/ ToxfFsf Ps k|ltzt ljBfyL{]n] dfq} P8\efG; Kn];d]G6 ljifo lnPsf /x]5g\ .

of] pbfx/0faf6 kf7sx¿n] cfkm";Fu ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ cfk"mn] yfxf gkfPsf s'/f hfGg ;S5g\ . h:t}, ss;n] k9\g kfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f, k9fOdf ul/aL slQsf] afws 5 cflb .

xfdLn] pSt PknfO{ km];a'sdf klg ln+s u¥of}+ . o;n] ubf{, kf7sn] km];a'sdf nu ug]{ lalQs} xfd|f] Pkn] pgLnfO{ ?lr nfUg ;Sg] :s"nsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 .

xfd|f] ;dfrf/ Pk w]/}n] x]/] . o;n] hl6n ljifonfO{ ;/n tl/sfn] atfpg ;s]sf]df xfdLnfO{ ljz]if uj{ 5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f, o;n] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf vf; :6f]/L atfpg d2t u5{ .

;/sf/L tYof+sdf e/ kg{'kg{] c¿ sfd h:t} o; sfddf klg tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{'k¥of] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, P8\efG; Kn];d]G6 ;DaGwL #) j6f hlt dfq sf];{ x'g ;S5g\ t/ s]xL :s"nn] ;oeGbf a9L sf];{ ePsf] l/kf]6{ lbPsf /x]5g\ . o;nfO{ hfFRg / ;Rofpg xfdLn] hfFr ug{] / kmf]g ug{] ug{'k¥of] .

xfdLn] agfPsf Pkn] kf7ssf glhssf / /fli6«o hfgsf/L lbg ;sf];\ eg]/ w]/} d]xgt u¥of}+ . Pkn] kf7snfO{ /fli6«o :t/sf], a[xt\ cj:yf klg b]vfpg'kYof{] h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] lzIffdf kx'Frsf ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] /fHon] /fli6«o :t/sf t'ngfdf /fd|f]÷g/fd|f] s] u/]sf] 5 egL x]g{ kfpF5g\ . a[xt\ cj:yfsf] lrq b]vfpg] tYof+s slxn]sfxL+ cd"t{ x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf] :s"n / cfˆgf] 7fpFsf /fd|f / g/fd|f :s"nsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ ;lhnf] agfOlbof}+ .

xfdLn] u/] h:tf] sfd ug{] ?lr ePsf tYof+s kqsf/nfO{ d s] ;Nnfx lbG5' eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] ;fdu|L lrGg'k5{ / tYof+sdf :6f]/L e]6\g ;Sg'k5{ . c¿ kqsfl/tfdf nfu" x'g] ;a} lgod o;df klg nfu" x'G5g\ . hfgsf/L ;xL x'g'k5{, :6f]/L /fd|f];Fu eGg'k5{ . ;dfrf/ Pkn] Pp6f s'/f eGg] / :6f]/Ln] csf{] s'/f eGg] ug{'x'Fb}g . o;f] ePsf] /x]5 eg] oLdWo] s'g} Pp6f unt x'g'k5{ .

64

lrq #=@M Oo'sf] ;+/rgfTds sf]ifsf] vf]h -kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; / b Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhd_

sf]8 ug{] ;Lk l;Sg] xf] eg] ;'? ul/xfNg'k5{ . of] ;Lk l;Sg Snf;df hfg ;lsG5, lstfa k9\g ;lsG5, lel8of] x]g{ ;lsG5 . :6f]/Lsf nflu /fd|f] cfOl8of x'g'k5{ / :6f]/L ;Sg] Dofb tf]Sg'k5{ . cfˆgf] lbdfudf Go'h Pkdf dfq lbg ;lsg] :6f]/Lsf] /fd|f] cfOl8of 5 eg] Pk agfpg hflGbgF eg]/ v'lDrP/ a:g'kb{}g . — :s6 Sn]g, k|f]klAnsf

o'/f]k]nL ;+/rgfTds sf]ifsf af/]df gf} dlxg] vf]h

;g\ @)!) df kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; (www.ft.com/intl/eu-funds) / Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhdn] (bit.ly/bureau-billions) o'/f]k]nL ;+/rgfTds sf]ifsf af/]df ;+o'St ¿kdf vf]h ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . o; vf]hsf] p2]Zo o; sf]ifaf6 s;n] nfe kfPsf 5g\ / o;sf] k};f /fd|f sfddf pkof]u 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{' lyof] . o; sf]ifn] lat]sf ;ft jif{df #$& lalnog o'/f] vr{ ul/;s]sf] lyof] . of] Oo'sf] bf];|f] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cg'bfg sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmd s]xL bzsb]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fdfGoLs[t a[xt\ ;dLIff t ePsf] 5 t/ o;sf nfeflGjt ju{ sf] xf] eGg]af/]df of] k|f]h]S6 Tolt kf/bzL{ lyPg . clxn] cg'bfg lbg] gofF gLlt cfPsfn] clwsf/Lx¿ nfeflGjtsf] gfdfjnL, kl/of]hgf ljj/0f / o'/f]lkog o'lgog / ;/sf/af6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sd ;fj{hlgs ug{ afWo ePsf 5g\ .

o; sfddf !@ hgf kqsf/ / Ps hgf k"0f{sfnLg sf]8/n] gf} dlxgf;Dd ldn]/ sfd u/]sf lyP . tYof+s ;+sng ug{nfO{ dfq} klg w]/} dlxgf nfu]sf] lyof] .

o;/L tof/ ePsf :6f]/L kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; / lacfOh]df kfFr lbg;Dd 5flkP . lala;Ln] /]l8of] 8s'd]G6«L agfof] / w]/}j6f 6]lnlehg 8s'd]G6«L ag] .

65

olQsf] d]xgt ug{'kg{] sfd yfNbf glthf df}lns x'G5 / c¿n] clxn];Dd tof/ gu/]sf :6f]/L tof/ x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f olsg x'g' h¿/L 5 .

of] sfd ljleGg r/0fdf afFl8Psf] lyof] .

!= tYof+s s;n] / s;/L /fv]sf] 5 yfxf kfpg'o'/f]k]nL cfof]usf ljleGg If]qsf ;lrjfno dxflgb]{zssf] Pp6f kf]6{n (bit.ly/ec-portal) 5 hxfF pgLx¿n] tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] u5{g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] ljZjf; lyof] eg] cfof]u;Fu pgLx¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf ljleGg kl/of]hgfsf dxTjk"0f{ tYof+s 5g\ / tL tYof+s o;} kfpg ;lsG5 of t ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|of]u u/]/ dfUbf kfOG5 . t/ kl5 yfxf eof] xfdLnfO{ rflxP h:tf tYof+s g} /x]g5g\ . cfof]un] lbPsf w]/} ln+s rn]gg\ . clwsf+z tYof+s kL8LPkmdf k|sflzt ul/+bf] /x]5, ljZn]if0f ug{ ldNg] vfnsf ;LP;eL cyjf PS;PdPndf xf]Og .

;a}eGbf tfhf tYof+s kQf nufpg, ;a} ln+s Pp6} :k|]8l;6df /fVg !@ hgf dflg;n] sfd u/] . 8f6f lkmN8 ;dfg gePsfn] -pbfx/0fsf nflu, sltko x]8/ km/s km/s efiffdf lyP, 8f6fa];df km/s km/s d'b|f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof], sltkodf o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / /fli6«o sf]if km/s km/s zLif{s cGtu{t /flvPsf] lyof]_ 8]6fl;6 abNbf / 8]6flkmN8sf] j0f{g ubf{ ;s];Dd ;xL x'g' h¿/L lyof] .

@= tYof+s 8fpgnf]8 / tof/Lcsf]{ r/0fdf xfdLn] ;a} :k|]8l;6 / lkl8Pkm kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 ug'{kYof{] . j]a;fO6df ePsf cf]l/hgn tYof+s :qmØfk ug{' klg k¥of] .

x/]s 8]6fl;6nfO{ :t/Ls/0f ug'{kg]{ lyof] . xfd|f] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sfd kL8LPkmdf ePsf tYof+s lng' lyof] . tLdWo] s]xL t ;of}+ kfgfsf klg lyP . kL8LPkmaf6 w]/}h;f] tYof+s lgsfNgsf nflu xfdLn] UnPDF / ABBYY Fine Reader sf] k|of]u u/]sf lyof}+ . o;f] ubf{ kL8LPkm kmfOndf ePsf tYof+s CSV cyjf Excel df /fVg ldNYof] .

kL8LPkmaf6 lgsflnPsf tYof+s 7Ls;Fu cfP ls cfPgg\ eGg] s'/f ?h" ug{' / bf]xf]¥ofP/ x]g'{ kYof]{ . o;sf nflu PS;]ndf lkmN6/, ;6{ / ;d u/]/ x]g'{ kb{Yof] .

#= 8f6fa]; agfpg'l6ddf /x]sf sf]8/n] P;So'Pn 8]6fa]; ;]6ck u/] . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf x/]s kmfOn ldnfP/ P;So'Pn 8]6fa]; tof/ eof] . ;a} tYof+s kmfOn P;So'Pn 8]6fa];df cknf]8 ug{ ;lsg] eP .

$ ?h" / ljZn]if0fl6dn] tYof+snfO{ d"ntM b'O{ tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f u¥of]M

8]6fa];sf] k|mG6OG8dfk{mt o; tl/sfdf ;r{ OlGhgdf cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf d"n zAb 6fOk ug{'kYof{] -pbfx/0fsf nflu æ;'tL{Æ, æxf]6n sÆ æsDkgL sÆ cflb_ . xfd|f] 8]6fa];df hf]l8Psf] u'un 6«fG;n]6n] tL d"n zAbnfO{ @! j6f

66

efiffdf cg'jfb u/]/ vf]hL u/L b]vfpF5 . lognfO{ 8fpgnf]8 u/L ;+jfbbftfn] cfˆgf] cfˆgf] ?lrsf ljifodf yk hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;Sy] .

;Dk"0f{ 8]6fa];sf] Dofqmf]–ljZn]if0f u/]/

slxn]sfxL+, xfdL ;Dk"0f{ 8]6fl;6 8fpgnf]8 u5f{}+ . To;kl5 ljZn]if0f u5f}{+ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, d"n zAb pkof]u u/]/, b]z / If]qsf cfwf/df tYof+s cnu u/]/, vr{sf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df, nfeflGjtsf cfwf/df kl/of]hgf ;+Vof cflb_ .

oL b'j} tl/sf pkof]u u/]/ clg lkmN8 tyf 8]:s cg';Gwfg u/]/ xfdLn] :6f]/LnfO{ alnof] / /fd|f] agfof}+ .

tYof+s ?h" ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5 -o;sf nflu, ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] egL clwsf/Lx¿n] atfPsf] /sd / cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+s ldN5 ls ldNb}g egL ?h" ug{'k5{_ . clwsf/Lx¿n] o'/f]k]nL o'lgogn] k|bfg u/]sf] /sd / ;DalGwt b]zn] vr{ u/]sf] /sd dfq pknAw u/fPsfn] 7"nf] ;d:of eof] .

xfdLn] nfeu|fxLn] o'/f]k]nL o'lgogaf6 kfPsf] egL :6f]/Ldf pNn]v ug{ nfluPsf] /sd ;xL xf] ls xf]Og egL nfeu|fxL sDkgL;Fu a'e\mg'kg{] eof] . l;lGyof cf]Ú d'r"{, kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;

o'/f]hf]g ;+s6

xfdL o'/f]hf]g ;+s6sf af/]df :6f]/L tof/ ub{} lyof}+ -on.wsj.com/tYM82O_ . o;sf ;a} kIfsf] . ;/sf/ ;/sf/ aLrsf emu8f / ;d:of, o;k|lt ;+;f/sf g]tfx¿sf] k|ltlqmof, vr{ s6f}tLsf pkfo / tL pkfosf lj/f]wdf lgl:sPsf cfjfh . jfn l:6«6 hg{ndf x/]s lbg hflu/ s6f}tL ul/Psf rf6{, 36\bf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg, lau|Fbf] ljZj ahf/ ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ 5flkPsf lyP . of] qmd a9\bf] lyof] .

klxnf] k]hsf ;Dkfbsn] jif{e/sf 36gf af/] s:tf :6f]/L ug{ ;lsG5g\ egL 5nkmn ug{ a}7s 8fs]sf lyP . a}7s ;lsP/ lx+8\bf dnfO{ nfUof]M o:tf ;+s6df hLjg latfpFbf s:tf] cg'ej x'G5 <

dnfO{ ;g\ @))* df eP h:t} x'G5 ls < Tolt a]nf dnfO{ hflu/af6 lgsflnPsf] lyof] / lbg}lkR5] g/fd|f ;dfrf/ dfq ;'Gg'kYof{] . xfdL x/]s lbg ;fFemsf] vfgf vfFbf hflu/, sfd / k};fsf af/]df s'/f uYof{}+ . o;n] xfd|L 5f]/LnfO{ s;/L lrlGtt kfYof{] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] e'n]sf lyof}+ . ;Ktfxsf] cGTodf emg\ 7"nf] lrGtf nfUYof] . d dnfO{ lrlGtt kfg{] ;a} s'/f e'Ng vf]Hy]+ . clxn] u|L; cyjf :k]gsf dflg;nfO{ klg o:t} ePsf] xf]nf ls <

d k]ml/ a}7s sf]7fd} kmls{PF . klxnf] k]hsf ;Dkfbs dfOs Pn]gsf] kl5kl5 nfu]/ pgsf]

67

clkm; uPF . d}n] o'/f]hf]g ;+s6 ef]lu/x]sf kl/jf/sf] :6f]/L tof/ u5{' eg]+ . o;sf nflu d}n] ;a}eGbf klxn] tYof+s vf]Hg], kl/jf/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f vf]Hg] / oL hfgsf/LnfO{ lrq, cGtjf{tf{ / cl8of]sf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf] lyPF . d}n] kmf]6f], cfjfh / tYof+s /fv]/ :6f]/L /fd|f] agfpF5' eg]+ .

cfˆgf] 8]:sdf kmls{P/ d}n] To; ;+s6sf] ;f/;+If]k lvr]+ / Pp6f nf]uf] agfPF .

To;kl5sf tLg xKtf;Dd d}n] cfFs8f vf]h]+M ljjfx, d[To'b/, kl/jf/ ;b:o ;+Vof, :jf:Yodf ul/g] vr{ . dflg;sf] a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf / ;DaGwljR5]b b/sf] cWoog u/]+ . ;d[l4 / art b/ ;DaGwL ;j{]If0f x]/]+ . /fli6«o tYof+s ljefusf j]a;fO6 x]/]+ . /fi6«;+3Lo hg;+Vof Ao'/f], cfO{PdPkm, o'/f]:6f6 / cf]O{;L8Ldf kmf]g u/]+ . cGTodf, Ps hgf cy{zf:qL e]6]+ h;n] hLjge/ kl/jf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L vf]h]sf lyP . pgn] kfl/jfl/s agf]6sf af/]df cWoog u/]sf ljåfg\;Fu e]6 u/fOlbP . pgn] dnfO{ d}n] n]Vg nfu]sf] ljifosf] XjfO6 k]k/ b]vfOlbOg\ .

d]/f ;Dkfbs;Fu ldn]/ Zofd OlG/s]hn] x/]s b]zsf cnu cnu ljj/0f tof/ u/] . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf kl/0ft ug{, zAbdf n]Vg'kg{] hfgsf/L tof/ ug{, cl8of] tof/ ug{ / :6f]/L agfpg Pp6f l6d agfof}+ . Ao'/f]lrkmnfO{ eg]/ l/kf]6{/sf] ;xof]u lnof}+ .

xfd|f] :6f]/L yfNg] laGb' tYof+s lyof] . x/]s laxfg d tYof+snfO{ :k]|8l;6df ;fy{]+, cy{tGqsf] k|j[lQ -36\bf] art, k]G;g gkfOg] rng, cfdf sfddf kms{]sf], :jf:Yodf ul/g] vr{, ;/sf/L C0f / a]/f]huf/L_ x]g{sf nflu rf6{ agfpFy]+ . ck/fXg :6f]/L kQf nufpgsf nflu tL tYof+snfO{ e'mG8df x]y{]+ . x/]s b]zsf] cj:yf x]y{]+ .

lrq #=#M o'/f]hf]g ;+s6M ;f/;+If]k -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_

68

s]xL xKtf o:tf] u/]kl5 d tYof+ssf] h+undf cNdlnPF / o;af6 :6f]/L aGnf s] eg]/ z+sf ug{ yfn]+ . d}n] unt tl/sf ckgfPF ls eGg] klg nfUof] . tYof+s lbg}lkR5] ylk+b} lyP . slxn]sfxL+ 306f}+ nufP/ vf]h]sf tYof+saf6 s]xL klg lg:sFb}gYof] . d}n] unt vfnsf tYof+s vf]tn]sf] x'Gy]+ . slxn]sfxL+ k'/fgf tYof+s dfq kfOGy] .

lrq #=$ 8]6fl;6 pkof]uL x'G5g\ ls x'Fb}gg\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg w]/} ;do nfU5 -;f/f :nlag_

tYof+s sfd nfU5g\ ls nfUb}gg\ eGg] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg yk tYof+s vf]Hb} uPF . t/ d}n] kl/jf/sf af/]df a'e\mg ;lsgF .

d}n] Tof] s'/f yfxf kfpg'kYof{] . To;}n] d}n] ONo':6«]6/ pkof]u u/]/ w]/}j6f u|flkms agfPF . ltgnfO{ qmd ldnfP/ /fv]+, ;Dkfbg u/]+ .

rf6{ aGb} hfFbf kl/jf/sf] cj:yfsf af/]df klg k|:6 x'Fb} cfof] .

69

lrq #=%M u|flkms k|:t'ltM 8]6fl;6df n's]/ a;]sf k|j[lQ / 9fFrf a'e\mg] -;f/f :nlag_

lrq #=^M cfFs8f dflg; x'g\M tYof+ssf] dxTj Tolt a]nf x'G5 hlt a]nf ltgn] dflg;sf :6f]/L eG5g\ -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_

70

xfdLn] sfd cl3 a9fof}+ . d}n] ;a} l/kf]6{/nfO{ kmf]g u/]+ . pgLx¿nfO{ rf6{ k7fPF . tYof+sn] b]vfPsf s'/f k|:t't ug{ pko'Qm, ;d:ofsf af/]df kf7ssf] dg 5'g] vfnsf dfG5]sf :6f]/L vf]Hg cg'/f]w u/]+ . xfdLnfO{ cfD:68{dsf ;fgf kl/jf/ clg :k]g / O6nLsf 7"nf kl/jf/sf :6f]/L rflxPsf] lyof] . xfdLnfO{ ljleGg k':tfsf dflg;sf] cg'ej rflxPsf] lyof] .

o;kl5 d laxfg ;a]/} p7]/ l/kf]6{/n] k7fPsf d]n x]g{ yfn]+ . l/kf]6{/n] hLjGt ljifo, ;f/;+If]k k7fP . d}n] pgLx¿n] olt /fd|f ;fdu|L k7fpnfg\ eGg] cfzf u/]sf] lyOgF .

xfdLnfO{ ljleGg k':tfsf] kmf]6f] rflxPsf] lyof] . kmf]6f]u|fkm/n] x/]s kl/jf/sf lbge/sf sfd x]/]/ kmf]6f] lvRg'k5{ egL Dof6n] ;'emfP . pgn] ;+;f/sf ljleGg ljifo, ;dfrf/ / n8fOF ;d]t se/ ul/;s]sf b[Zo kqsf/ 5gf]6 u/] .

To;kl5 xfdL kmf]6f]n] s:tf] :6f]/L eGnfg\ egL kv{]/ a:of}+ . kl/jf/n] s:tf s'/f unf{g\ eg]/ klv{of}+ . :6f]/LnfO{ cGt/lqmofTds agfpg] l8hfOg tof/ u¥of}+ . To;kl5 xfdLn] ;'?df agfPsf s]xL rf6{ -w]/} xf]Og_ /fVof}+, :6f]/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg rflxg] rf6{ dfq /fVof}+ . tYof+snfO{ :6f]/Ldf 5f]6f] lj>fd lng] dfWodsf ¿kdf lnOof] .

cGTodf, tYof+s dflg;df ablnP . kmf]6f] / :6f]/L /flvof] .

gofF jif{sf] ;+3f/df :6f]/L 5fKbf;Dddf d ;a} kl/jf/nfO{ gfdn] lrGg] eO;s]sf] lyPF . pgLx¿sf] cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf eGg] ce}m nflu/xG5 . of] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L ePg t/ klg dnfO{ cfklQ lyPg . o'/f]hf]gsf dflg;sf] cj:yfsf af/]df tof/ ul/Psf oL :6f]/L xfdLn] xfd|f kf7snfO{ atfpg kfof}+ . tYof+s a'e\mg ;s]sfn] g} of] sfd ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . — ;f/f :nlag, jfn l:6«6 hg{n

lrq #=&M o'/f] hf]gdf dflg;sf] hLjg -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_

71

;/sf/L sf]ifsf] vf]hL

;g\ @))& df hf]gfygn] cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gdf Ps k]hsf] Pp6f k|:tfj lbP h;sf] gfd lyof] d]/f] k};f sxfF vr{ x'G5 -wheredoesmymoneygo.org_< pgn] ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf gful/snfO{ ToxfFsf] ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] k};f s;/L vr{ ul/G5 eGg] s'/f a'e\mg ;lhnf] agfOlbg vf]h]sf lyP . of] sfd pgn] cf]§f] PG8 d]/L Go'¥ofysf] O;f]6fOk OlG:6Ro'6n] ;g\ !($) df u/]sf] gjLg sfddf cfwfl/t eP/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf lyP . o; sfddfk{mt hf]gfygn] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfnfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{] 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf nflu pbfx/0f tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf lyP .

o; k|f]h]S6n] l;Q}df kfOg] 6'nsf] pkof]u u/]/ ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ;fj{hlgs tYof+s cWoog ug{ o'h/nfO{ ;xof]u u¥of] . xfdLn] o:t} csf{] kl/of]hgf rnfpg k'/:sf/ kfof}+ . kl5 o;nfO{ k"0f{¿ksf] j]a PlKns];g agfpg Rofgn kmf]/af6 k};f kfof}+ . ;"rgf l8hfOg If]qsf u'? 8]le8 DofsfG8n]; -http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/) n] tYof+snfO{ ljleGg b[Zodf abn] h;n] dflg;nfO{ tL cfFs8f;Fu cfk"mnfO{ ;DalGwt u/fpg d2t u¥of] . o;df æ/fli6«o / If]qLo ljZn]if0fÆ klg /flvPsf] lyof] h;df b]zsf ljleGg efudf ;/sf/L sf]if sxfF sxfF ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 egL b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;df /flvPsf] csf{] s'/f æ8]nL a|]8 -wheredoesmymoneygo.org/dailybread.html_Æ xf] . o;n] gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/ b]vfPsf] 5 .

o;sf nflu rflxg] hfgsf/L lng xfdL ln;f OefG; -pgL b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnu l6ddf hfg'eGbf klxn], h'lnofg 6f]8 / k|mflG;; cle{ª -xfn :qmØfk/ljsL_, dfl6{g /f]hgafpd -lala;L_ / c¿ ldn]/ ;"rgf kfpgsf nflu w]/}j6f lgj]bg lbof}+ . tLdWo] w]/} lgj]bgaf6 hfgsf/L kfpg ;s]gf}+ -of] k|;+unfO{ ln;fn] o;} k':tsdf lbOPsf] ;fO8af/ ævr{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]uÆ df cf+lzs ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sL l5g\ .

lrq #=^M cfFs8f dflg; x'g\M tYof+ssf] dxTj Tolt a]nf x'G5 hlt a]nf ltgn] dflg;sf :6f]/L eG5g\ -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_

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;g\ @)!) sf] dWodf tYof+s ljdf]rg x'Fbf kf/blz{tfsf] jsfnt ug{]x¿n] o;nfO{ s'sf ¿kdf lnP . pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] PlKns];gdf nf]8 ug{ eg]/ k|sfzg x'g'cl3 g} tYof+s lbP . of] tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;~rf/ dfWodn] xfdLnfO{ w]/} dxTj lbP . ljdf]rgsf lbg w]/} kqsf/ xfd|f] cfO{cf/;L Rofgndf cfP/ ljdf]rgsf af/]df 5nkmn u/], xfdLnfO{ ;f]w] . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ s;/L vf]Ng] / cWoog ug{] eg]/ klg ;f]w] -oL kmfOn bzf}+ luufafO6sf lyP_ . s]xL kl08tn] w]/} tYof+s k|sfzg ePsfn] of] olt hl6n ag]sf] 5 ls kf/blz{tf eP klg o;nfO{ x]g{ g;lsg] ePsf] 5 eg] -bit.ly/archive-silicon_ . w]/} axfb'/ kqsf/n] tL tYof+ssf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs sf]if s;/L vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf kf7sn] o;cl3 slxNo} gkfPsf] hfgsf/L lbP . b ufl8{ogn] o;sf] ljdf]rgsf] nfOe Anu -bit.ly/guardian-coins_ u¥of] . c¿ w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn] o;nfO{ ;dfrf/ agfP / tL tYof+ssf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/] .

o;sf] nuQ} xfdLnfO{ o:t} sfd ug{]af/]df ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zaf6 cg'/f]w / ;f]wvf]h ul/of] . k|]m8]l/s ln8]Gau{n] tof/ u/]sf] o;sf] hd{g ;+:s/0f -offenerhaushalt.de_ ljdf]rg u/]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 xfdLn] o; kl/of]hgfsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:s/0f ljdf]rg -openspending.org_ u¥of}+ . o;n] o'h/nfO{ ;+;f/e/sf ;/sf/L vr{ x]g{ ;xof]u ug{] nIo lnPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] 8]le8 DofG8n];sf] df}lns l8hfOgdf cfwfl/t eP/ u|]u/ cfoZrsf] ;xof]udf gofF l8hfOg tof/ u¥of}+ .

of] sfd ubf{ xfdLn] tYof+s lng, JofVof ug{ / ;fj{hlgs ug{ kqsf/;Fu ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . cf]kg:k]lG8ª ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] vr{ ;DaGwL w]/} tYof+s ePsf], cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf hfgsf/L vf]Hg ldNg] klxnf] / ;a}eGbf /fd|f] 8]6fa]; xf] . o;df pRr:t/sf ah]6 ;DaGwL hfgsf/Lb]lv lnP/ ;;fgf sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L /flvPsf 5g\ . o; afx]s o;df

lrq #=(M d]/f] k};f sxfF hfG5 < 8]nL a|]8 6\ofS; SofNs'n]6/ -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_

73

l6«Dofk, aan6«L h:tf gf}nf vfnsf b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;df o'h/n] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s nf]8 u/]/ To;af6 b[Zo ;fdu|L agfpg ;S5g\ .

;'?df xfdLnfO{ hl6n b[Zo agfpg] sfdsf] a9L dfu xf]nf eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] t/ ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] tYof+ssf] 8fOgflds 6]an cfˆgf] Anukf]i6df /fVg] h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{'kg{] /x]5 . xfdL ;~rf/ dfWodn] cl8oG;nfO{ :6f]/L lbg'sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs tYof+s;Dd pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr a9fpg] sfd u¿g\ egL k|f]T;fxg lbg rfxGYof}+ . To;}n] xfdLn] o;sf nflu rflxg] ljh]]6 (widget) klg agfof}+ .

klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o kqsfl/tf d]nfsf cj;/df xfdLn] w]/} sfd u¥of}+ . 8]enk/, kqsf/, ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] ldn]/ O6nLsf tYof+s cf]kg:k]lG8ª Kn]6kmd{df nf]8 u/] . o;f] ubf{ s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / :yfgLo k|zf;gsf vr{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L uha b[Zodf kl/0ft eP . o;sf af/]df w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn] ;dfrf/ -IlFattoQuotidiano, IlPost, La Stampa, Repubblica, WiredItalia, Guardian_ agfP .

;g\ @)!! df xfdLn] ;g\ @))# b]lv @))^ ;Dd o'ufG8fnfO{ lbPsf] ;xof]usf] gS;f tof/ ug{ klAn; x\jf6 o' kmfOG8 -www.publishwhatyoufund.org_ / cf]e/l;h 8]enkd]G6 OlG:6Ro'6 -www.odi.org.uk_ ;Fu ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . of] gf}nf] sfd lyof] lsgeg] o;df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;fydf To; b]zsf] /fli6«o ah]6 klg /flvPsf] lyof] . o;f] ubf{ bftfsf k|fyldstf ;xfotf kfpg] b]zsf] ;/sf/sf k|fyldstf;Fu slQsf] d]n vfGy] eGg] s'/f x]g{ ;lsGYof] . o;n] s]xL /f]rs lgisif{ lgsfNof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, PrcfO{eL / kl/jf/lgof]hg;DaGwL sfo{qmd k"0f{tM ljb]zL bftfsf] ;xfotfdf rn]sf /x]5g\ . o; ljifonfO{ b ufl8{ogn] -bit.ly/guardian-uganda-viz_ p7fof] .

lrq #=!)M d]/f] k};f sxfF hfG5 < sf] hd{g ;+:s/0f -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_

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;/sf/L vr{ ;DaGwL ;/sf/L tYof+snfO{ c¿ ;|f]tsf tYof+s;Fu bfFHg ;lsg] agfpg xfdLn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu klg ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|fOe];L OG6/Gof;gnn] xfdLnfO{ ;le{n]G; k|ljlw sDkgL / Vofltk|fKt cGt/f{li6«o ;le{n]G; Jofkf/ d]nfdf efu lnPsf ;+:yfsf] gfd pknAw u/fof] . oL sDkgLsf] ;"rL / ;/sf/L vr{ bfFh]/ x]bf{ ;/sf/n] s'g sDkgLnfO{ sfd lbPsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f b]Vg ;lsof] . kl5 ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/]/ ltgnfO{ lbOPsf sfd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lnOof] . o; ljifonfO{ b ufl8{ogn] -bit.ly/guardian-surveillance_ p7fof] .

clxn] xfdL kqsf/ / cfd dflg;nfO{ ljQ ;DaGwL s'/f a'e\mg] agfpg sf]l;; ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;f] ubf{ o'h/n] ;/sf/L vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ o;} ljifosf :6f]/L;Fu ln+s ug{ ;S5g\ . o;f] ePkl5 kf7sn] :6f]/L k9\g dfq xf]Og To; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s x]g{ klg kfpF5g\ .

xfdLn] xfd|f sfdaf6 lgDg kf7 l;Sof}+M

• kqsf/x¿n] ck|zf]lwt tYof+s k|foM pkof]u ub{}gg\ . w]/}n] tYof+snfO{ l/kf]l6{ªsf] cfwf/ dfGb}gg\ . ck|zf]lwt ;"rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ :6f]/L tof/ ug{] rng t'ngfTds ¿kdf gofF dflgG5 .

• tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{] / a'e\mg] ;Lk ePsf dflg;nfO{ klg o;f] ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5 . l56} k'/fgf] x'g] :6f]/Ldf o:tf tYof+s /fVg sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf k|fozM nfdf] ;do;Dd k'/fgf gx'g], vf]h l/kf]l6{ªdf pkof]u ul/G5 .

• ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ug{] tYof+s k|foM ck"0f{ / k'/fgf x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ePsf 8]6fa]; dfq}sf cfwf/df vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ ug{ ;ls+b}g . ;"rgfsf] xs pkof]u u/L clxn];Dd ;fj{hlgs gePsf, dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L lnPkl5 dfq xfd|f] vf]h l/kf]l6{ª k"0f{ x'G5 .

lrq #=!!M d]/f] k};f sxfF hfG5 < sf] O6lnog ;+:s/0f (LaStampa)

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• tYof+sdf cfwfl/t uxg cg';Gwfg ug{ kqsf/nfO{ eGbf lglZrt ljifodf jsfnt ug{] ;+:yf, ljåfg\nfO{ a9L k'm;{b x'G5 . pgLx¿;Fu ldn]/ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sfd ubf{ kmnbfoL x'G5 .

— n';L RofDa;{ / hf]gfyg u|], cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g

lkmgNofG8sf] ;+;bLo r'gfj / r'gfjL cleofg vr{

lkmgNofG8sf] ;g\ @))& sf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5 pDd]bjf/n] r'gfj k|rf/df u/]sf] vr{sf] ;|f]t vf]Hg] sfd ul/of] .

o:tf] vf]h ubf{ kqsf/x¿n] s] kQf nufP eg] r'gfj k|rf/ vr{ ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ /fhgLlt1n] kfngf u/]sf /x]g5g\ . k};fjfnfx¿n] /fhgLlt1af6 cfzLjf{b kfpg pgLx¿sf] r'gfj k|;f/sf nflu vr{ lbPsf /x]5g\ . /fhgLlt1n] pgLx¿af6 k};f lnPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs u/]gg\ . lkmgNofG8sf] sfg'g cg';f/ pgLx¿n] o;f] ug{'kYof{] .

!= tYof+s / 8]enk/ vf]Hg'x]nl;+lªu ;fgf]dftn] dfr{ @)!! otf PrP; cf]kg Xofsfyg cfof]hgf ul//x]sf] 5 . xfdL lkmgNofG8sf sf]8/, kqsf/ / u|flkms l8hfOg/nfO{ xfd|f] 3/sf] e'OFtnfdf lgDtf u5f{}+ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tLgj6f ;d"xdf afFl8G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ PlKns];g agfpg / tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbOG5 . clxn];Ddsf tLgj6f Xofsfygdf ^) hgf ;xefuL eO;s]sf 5g\ . d] @)!! df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] bf];|f] Xofsfygdf r'gfj vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+sdf Wofg lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

r'gfjL cleofgsf] vr{sf] ljj/0f /fVg] cflwsfl/s ;+:yf lkmgNofG8sf] Gof;gn cl86 clkm; xf] . olt yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] 5 . To;sf k|d'v ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] Pp6f j]a;fO6 agfPsf lyP h;df r'gfjL vr{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f l/on6fOddf x]g{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] ;"rgf dfu]kl5sf b'O{ dlxgfleq}df pgn] of] j]a;fO6 agfPsf lyP .

lrq #=!@M r'gfjL vr{ -HelsinginSanomat)

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casf ;a} lgjf{rg k|rf/ cleofg ;DaGwL vr{sf] ljj/0f cfd dflg; / kqsf/n] o; j]a;fO6df -www.vaalirahoitus.fi_ kfpF5g\ .

@= cfOl8ofdf dGygbf];|f] Xofsfygsf ;xefuLx¿n] tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ aL;j6f km/s km/s cfOl8of NofP . oL cfOl8of xfd|f] j]a;fO6df -bit.ly/hs-prototype_ /flvPsf] 5 -n]vf]6 lkmlg; efiffdf 5_ .

afof]OGkmd{]l6S; cg';Gwfgstf{ h]g k]N6f]nfn] s] atfP eg] r'gfjL cleofgsf] rGbf ;DaGwL tYof+s lhgsf tYof+s;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\ . ltgdf cGt/lge{/tf w]/} 5 .

afof] OGkmf]d]l6«S;df l;Q}df pkof]u ug{ kfOg] 6'n 5 h;nfO{ ;fO6f]:s]k -www.cytoscape.org_ elgG5 . cGt/lge{/tf b]vfpg o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . xfdLn] r'gfj k|;f/sf nflu lnOPsf] rGbf ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ o;df /fVof}+ h;n] /f]rs hfgsf/L lbof] .

#= cfOl8of sfof{Gjogr'gfj k|rf/ vr{ ;DaGwL sfg'gdf lgjf{lrt ;f+;bn] r'gfj ePsf] b'O{ dlxgfleqdf r'gfj k|;f/df nfu]sf] vr{sf] ljj/0f a'emfpg'k5{ elgPsf] 5 . o;sf] dtna xf] xfdLn] tYof+s dWo h"gdf dfq kfpg] eof}+ . PrP; cf]kgdf xfdLn] of] Dofbleq ljj/0f a'emfpg] ;f+;bsf] dfq tYof+s /fv]sf 5f}+ .

tYof+ssf] kmDof{6df Pp6f ;d:of lyof] . g];gn cl86 clkm;n] tYof+s b'O{j6f ;LP;eL kmfOndf /fv]sf] lyof] . r'gfj cleofgsf] vr{ Pp6f kmfOndf /flvPsf] lyof] eg] rGbfbftfsf] ljj/0f csf{]df . xfdLn] oL b'O{j6f kmfOndf ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg'kg{] eof] . xfdLn] rGbfbftf, rGbf kfpg] / rGbf /sd u/L tLgj6f sf]nd ePsf] gofF kmfOn agfpg'kg{] eof] . pDd]bjf/n] cfˆg} k};f vr{ u/]sf] /x] 5 eg] xfd|f] kmfOndf pDd]bjf/ sn] pDd]bjf/ snfO{ olt k};f lbPsf] lyof] eg]/ b]lvg] eof] .

olt ul/;s]kl5 xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ ;fO6f]:s]kdf /fVof}+ . xfd|f] u|flkmS; ljefun] o;sf cfwf/df Ps k]hsf] u|flkms tof/ u¥of] .

cGTodf xfdLn] xfd|f] j]a;fO6sf -www.vaaliraha.com_ nflu /fd|f b[Zo tof/ u¥of}+ . o;af6 xfdLn] r'gfj k|rf/sf nflu s;n], sf]af6 slt k};f lnPsf /x]5g\ egL hfGg o'h/nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf lyof}+ . klxnf] b[Zodf s'g ;f+;bn] r'gfj k|rf/sf] vr{sf] slt k|ltzt vr{ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . s'g} ;f+;bsf] gfddf lSns ubf{ p;n] r'gfj k|;f/ vr{ sxfFaf6 kfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfOG5 . o'h/n] s'g} rGbfbftf /fd|f] xf] ls g/fd|f] eg]/ dt xfNg klg kfpF5g\ . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] sfd ;ft'Ddf gfds lj1fkg Ph]G;Lsf o'xjf ?leg]g / o'Ssf sf]Ssf]n] u/]sf x'g\ .

$= tYof+s k|sfzgtYof+snfO{ Gof;gn cl86 clkm;n] klxNo} k|sflzt ul/;s]sfn] ltgnfO{ k|sflzt ug{'k/]g . t/ xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ k|zf]wg u/]sf lyof}+, To;sf] 9fFrf abn]sf lyof}+ . To;}n] xfdLn] o;nfO{

77

k|sfzg ug{] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . xfdLn] tYof+s k|:t't ubf{ lqmol6e sdG; Pl6«Ao';g nfO;]G; klg k|bfg u¥of}+ . o;n] ubf{ w]/} :jtGq 8]enk/n] tL tYof+snfO{ cfcfˆg} lsl;dn] b[Zodf abn] h;nfO{ xfdLn] k|sflzt u¥of}+ .

tYof+s k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0fsf nflu xfdLn] PS;]n / u'un l/kmfOg, g]6js{ ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;fO6f]:s]k / b[Zof+sgsf nflu ONo';6«]6/ / ˆNof;sf] pkof]u u¥of}+ . HTML5 ˆNof; pkof]u ug{'kYof{] t/ xfdLnfO{ To;f] ug{ ;do k'u]g .

xfdLn] s] l;Sof}+ < xfdLn] l;s]sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kf7 s] xf] eg] tYof+ssf] ;+/rgf w]/} ufx«f] x'g] /x]5 . xfdLn] kfPsf tYof+s pko'Qm 9fFrfdf 5}gg\ eg] To;nfO{ pko'Qm 9fFrfdf abNg w]/} ;do nfU5 .

l/on 6fOddf r'gfj glhtf -XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{_

o; k|f]h]S6 -elecciones.hhba.info_ cGtu{t xfdLn] /fhgLlts ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . xfdLn] ch{]lG6gfsf] cS6f]a/ @)!! sf] r'gfjsf] k|f/lDes glthfsf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNof}+ . o;df o;cl3sf lgjf{rg / b]ze/sf ;fdflhs–cfly{s tYof+s klg /fVof}+ . lgjf{rgsf k|f/lDes kl/0ffd cfpg] lalQs} l/on 6fOddf /flvPsf ;"rgf cBfjlws ul/of] . o;df lgjf{rgsf] ;f/f+z klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfd XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{n] u/]sf] xf] . o;sf] /fhgLlts ljZn]if0f PG8L 6fj u/]sf x'g\ . o;df kqsf/, 8]enk/, l8hfOg/, ljZn]ifs, /fhgLltzf:qL / XofS;÷Xofs;{sf :yfgLo zfvfsf dflg;n] ;xsfo{ u/]sf lyP .

tYof+ssf] ;|f]t

xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf ;a} tYof+s ;/sf/L ;|f]taf6 lnOPsf x'g\ . lgjf{rgsf k|f/lDes glthf ;DaGwL ;"rgf Gof;gn On]S6f]/n Ao'/f]af6 lnOPsf x'g\ . ljleGg /fhgLlts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf kb / pDd]bjf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L u[x dGqfnoaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ . /fi6«kltsf pDd]bjf/sf] hLjgL / pgLx¿n] lnPsf gLlt ;DaGwL hfgsf/L o'lgel;{6L k|f]h]S6n] -yoquierosaber.org_ lbPsf] xf] . ;fdflhs–hg;f+lVos hfgsf/L ;g\ @))! sf] /fli6«o hg;+Vof tyf 3/fo;L u0fgf, ;g\ @)!) sf] hgu0fgf / :jf:Yo dGqfnoaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ .

xfdLn] sfd s;/L u¥of}+ <

XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;g\ @)!! lgjf{rg Xofsfygsf a]nf cyf{t\ lgjf{rgsf] cl3Nnf] lbg o;sf nflu rflxg] PlKns];g tof/ ul/of] . To; Xofsfygdf ljleGg If]qaf6 cfPsf #) hgf :jo+;]jsn] efu lnPsf lyP . Tolt a]nf On]S6f]/n XofsnfO{ Pp6f Kn]6kmd{ agfOof] h;nfO{ kl5 la:tf/} ;'wf/ ul/of] . xfdLn] u'un ˆo'hg 6]an, u'un Dofk / e]S6/ u|flkmS; nfOa|]/Lsf] pkof]u u¥of}+ .

ef}uf]lns gS;f / dtbftf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|bz{g ug{sf nflu xfdLn] kf]lnug agfof}+ . kf]lnug -hLcfO{P; ;ˆ6j]o/df ePsf_ lhof]d]l6«S; -u'un ˆo'hg 6]andf /flvPsf_ nfO{ ldnfP/

78

tflnsf agfof}+ h;df dfly n]lvPsf ;|f]taf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L ;dfj]z lyP . o;af6 xfdLn] u'un DofK;df b[Zo agfof}+ .

u'un DofK; PkLcfO{ pkof]u u/]/ xfdLn] w]/} ljifout gS;f k|sflzt u¥of}+ h;df dtbfgsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfnfO{ Pp6} /ªsf km/s km/s uf9fkgdf k|:t't ul/of] . /ª hlt uf9f eof] dtbfg klg Tolt g} ;3g eP5 egL a'e\mg'kYof{] . o;df d'Vo zx/ h:t} Ao'g; cfo;{ zx/, u|]6/ Ao'g; cfo;{sf @$ j6f lhNnf, sf]8f{]af / /f];fl/of] zx/sf af/]df vf; Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] .

o;cl3sf ;g\ @)!! / @))& sf lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ljifout ;"rgf ePsf gS;f clg ul/aL, afn d[To'b/, hLjg:t/ h:tf ;fdflhs cfly{s tYof+ssf] ljt/0f b]vfpg] gS;f agfpg klg xfdLn] oxL ljlw pkof]u u¥of}+ h;n] ubf{ ljZn]if0f / t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] eof] . o;df cS6f]a/sf] cfd lgjf{rg / cu:6sf] k|f/lDes lgjf{rgdf ePsf dtbfgaLrsf] cGt/ klg x]g{ ;lsGYof] .

kl5 dtu0fgfsf k|f/lDes / cf+lzs tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ xfdLn] Plgd]6]8 gS;f agfof}+ h;df dtu0fgfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lbOPsf] lyof] . o;df dtu0fgf g;lspGh]nsf ljleGg r/0fsf k|ult b]vfOPsf] lyof] .

;an kIf

• xfdLn] tYof+s e]nf ug{ / ltgnfO{ k|:t't ug{ k|of; u/]sf lyof}+ . To;df xfdL ;kmn eof}+ . xfdL;Fu o'lg;]kmsf] afnaflnsfsf] ;dflhs hg;f+lVos 8]6fa]; lyof] . Pp6f ljZjljBfnosf] yoquierosaber.org ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf] x/]s pDd]bjf/sf] 8]6fa]; klg

lrq #=!@M r'gfjL vr{ (Helsingin Sanomat)

79

lyof] . Xofsfygsf cj;/df xfdLn] c¿ w]/} tYof+s e]nf u¥of}+ h;nfO{ xfdLn] clGtd ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z u/]gf}+ .

• kqsf/ / k|f]u|fd/n] u/]sf sfddf ljåfg\sf] of]ubfg x'Fbf kmfObf x'G5 eGg] :ki6 b]lvof] . PG8L 6fj / lxnfl/of] df]/]gf] SofDk';sf] ;xof]u lagf of] kl/of]hgf ;kmn x'Fb}gYof] .

v

• xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf ;fdflhs hg;f+lVos tYof+s cBfjlws lyPgg\ -clwsf+z ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfaf6 lnOPsf lyP_ / ltgdf lj:t[t ljj/0f lyPg . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :yfgLo :t/sf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cf};t, d'Vo cfly{s ultljlw, z}lIfs :t/, :s"nsf] ;+Vof, k|ltJolQm 8fS6/ h:tf w]/} hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyPg . tL hfgsf/L ePsf] eP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .

• ;'?df xfdLn] o;nfO{ o:tf] 6'n agfpg] ljrf/ u/]sf lyof}+ h;sf ;xfotfn] kqsf/n] cfk"mnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ nfu]sf tYof+snfO{ cfˆgf j]adf ;lhn};Fu k|bz{g ug{ ;s"g\ . t/ of] sfd eljiosf nflu ;fFRg'k¥of] .

• 5f]6f] ;dodf :jo+;]jsn] tof/ u/]sf] x'gfn] o; k|f]h]S6df xfdLn] rfx]sf ;a} sfd ug{ ;Dej lyPg . t}klg, xfdLn] w]/} sfd u¥of}+ .

• dflys} sf/0fn] ubf{, #) hgf dflg;sf] ;xsfo{ Pp6} k|f]u|fddf /fVg'k¥of] . l/on 6fOddf tYof+s cfoft ug{] sfddf klg xfdLnfO{ s]xL ;d:of eof] . t/ oL ;d:of s]xL 306fd} ;dfwfg ul/of] .

k|efj

o; Kn]6kmd{n] ;~rf/ dfWoddf 7"nf] k|efj kf¥of] . 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], 5fkf / cgnfOg ldl8ofn] o;sf af/]df se/]h u/] . kl/of]hgfn] tof/ u/]sf gS;f r'gfjsf a]nf / To;kl5 klg w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn] pkof]u u/] . ;do laTb} hfFbf gS;f / b[Zo cBfjlws ul/P h;n] ubf{ 6«flkms a9\of] . dtbfgsf lbg @) xhf/ gofF lelh6/n] ;fO6 lelh6 u/] . o;n] tof/ u/]sf gS;f Pp6f cvaf/n] nuftf/ b'O{ lbg;Dd pkof]u u¥of] . n]vsf aLrdf klg o; k|f]h]S6n] tof/ u/]sf gS;f pkof]u ul/of] . Pp6f cvaf/n] cfˆgf] 5kfO ;+:s/0fdf klg gS;f pkof]u u¥of] . ch{]lG6gfsf] kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df o;cl3 l/on 6fOd DofknfO{ cGt/lqmofTds 9+un] k|:t't ul/Psf] lyPg . d'Vo gS;fdf lqml:6gf kmgf{lG8 8] lsr{]g %$ k|ltzt dtn] ljhoL ePsf] b]lvGYof] . of] j]a;fO6 x]g{] o'h/n] o:tf s];sf af/]df klg ;lhn} yfxf kfpFy] hxfF :yfgLo pDd]bjf/n] cfˆgf] 7fpFdf cfˆgf lgs6td k|ltåGåLeGbf w]/} dt NofPsf lyP .— dfl/ofgf] lAnHDofg, dfl/ofgf a]?Ohf], ;]lu{of] ;l/g, PG8L 6fj / dfl6{g ;f;]{n],

Xofs÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{af6

;dfrf/df tYof+sM ljlslnS;

o;sf] ;'?jft vf]h kqsf/ l6dsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] k|Zgaf6 ePsf] lyof] . k|Zg lyof]M æltdL :k|]8l;6df kf]Vt 5f} x}g <Æ pgn] eg]sf] :k|]8l;6 8/nfUbf] lyof] h;df (@,@)! nx/ -/f]_ tYof+s lyP, x/]sdf

80

ckmuflg:tfgdf ePsf ;}lgs 36gfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lbOPsf] lyof] . of] ljlslnS;sf] jf/ nu -bit.ly/guardian-warlogs_ lyof] . klxnf] efu olQ xf] . o;kl5 O/fs / b s]an elgg] b'O{j6f sfd eP .

ckmuflg:tfg jf/ nu b Go' of]s{ 6fOD; / 8/ l:ku]nnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . of] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Pp6f cEof; xf] . xfdLn] xfd|f lj1 l/kf]6{/nfO{ To; ;"rgfaf6 ultnf dfgjLo :6f]/L tof/ kfg{ of]Uo agfpg vf]h]sf lyof}+ . xfdL o'4df s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/]df ljZn]if0f xf];\ eGg] rfxGYof}+ .

xfdL ;"rgf lbg]sf] gfd g5flkof];\ / gf6f] ;}lgsdfly cgfjZos ¿kdf vt/f ga9f];\ eGg] rfxGYof}+ . xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ xfd|f] vf]h kqsf/ 6f]nLn] pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] agfpg' klg lyof] . o; 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj 8]le8 n]O3 / lgs 8]le;n] u/]sf lyP -tYof+s lbg h'lnofg cf;fGhnfO{ dgfpg] sfd klg pgLx¿n] g} u/]sf lyP . xfdL d'Vo ;"rgf kfpg o'h/nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ clg hfgsf/L ;s];Dd :ki6 / ;/n xf];\ eGg] klg rfxGYof}+ .

xfdLn] 7"nf] PS;]n kmfOndf tYof+s kfPsf lyof}+ . To;df (@,@)! j6f /f] -nx/_ lyP . s'g}df s]xL klg hfgsf/L lyPg . s'g}sf] kmDof{6 ;f/} g/fd|f] lyof] . o;af6 hfgsf/L vf]h]/ :6f]/L tof/ ug{ c;Dej lyof] .

xfd|f] l6dn] P;So'Pnsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;fdfGo cfGtl/s 8]6fa]; tof/ u¥of] . ca l/kf]6{/ zAb cyjf zAbfjnLsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;Sg] eP . o;f] ubf{ 8]6f;]6 hfgsf/L vf]Hg ldNg] eof] . o;af6 :6f]/L agfpg ;lhnf] eof] .

ca tYof+s 7Ls 9fFrfdf cfof] . x/]s 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo hfgsf/L -;do, ldlt, 36gfsf] ljj/0f, d[To' ;+Vof / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f 36gf:ynsf] cIff+z / b]zfGt/_ vf]Hg ;lsg] eof] .

ultnf] k|ljlw pkof]u gu/L xftn] agfPsf ad lj:kmf]6 u/fpg] 36gf a9\b} uPsf lyP . o:tf ad slt a]nf k8\sG5g\ egL eGg ;ls+b}g . o;;Fu h'Wg ;lhnf] 5}g\ . To;}n] o;af/]df :6f]/L tof/ ug{ xfdLn] tYof+s 5gf]6 u¥of}+ . o;/L 5fF6\bf klg xfdL;Fu w]/} tYof+s lyof] t/ Tof] x]g{} g;lsg] u/L w]/} eg] lyPg . xfdLn] ;g\ @))$ b]lv @))( sf aLrdf &%)) lj:kmf]6 cyjf PDa';sf 36gf ePsf] k]mnf kf¥of}+ . c¿ *))) lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ kQf nufP/ lgliqmo kfl/Psf] lyof] . adsf] pkof]usf] rng k]ml/Psf] 5 ls 5}g, 5 eg] s;/L k]ml/Psf] 5 egL t'ngf ug{ vf]Hof}+ . xfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] Tolt a]nf a]nfotL / Sofg8]nL ;]gf t}gfy ul/Psf] blIf0fL e]udf adsf] k|sf]k a9L lyof] . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f o'4sf af/]df l/kf]l6{ª ul//x]sf l/kf]6{/n] o;cl3 g} k]mnf kf/]sf] s'/fnfO{ yk an ldNof] .

O/fs jf/ nu cS6f]a/ @)!) df ;fj{hlgs ul/of] . o;n] ubf{ O/fs o'4sf # nfv (! xhf/ j6f /]s8{ aflx/ cfP .

of] ckmuflg:tfg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L eGbf km/s lyof] . of] ;a}eGbf /fd|f];Fu /]s8{ /flvPsf] o'4 lyof] . To;df ;;fgf 36gfsf] klg /]s8{ lyof] h;nfO{ xfdL ljZn]if0f ug{ ;SYof}+ . d[To' -h;dWo] clwsf+z n8fOFdf gnfu]sf dflg; lyP_ ;a}eGbf uDeL/ kIf lyof] .

81

ckmuflg:tfgsf] :6f]/Ldf h:t} O/fssf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf klg b ufl8{ogn] ;Dk"0f{ 8]6fa]; k'gM k|sfzg gug{] eof] . o;f] ug{'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df uf]Ko /fVg'kg{] ;"rgf klg /flvPsf] x'g ;SYof] .

t/ xfdLn] dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf -emG8} ^) xhf/ hgf_ ;a} 36gfsf] ljj/0f eg] 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ldNg] Joj:yf u¥of}+ . o;af6 xfdLn] ;f/f+z v08 lemSof}+ / d"n tYof+s -d[To' ;+Vof, :yfg cflb_ dfq} /fVof}+ .

xfdLn] dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf 36gfnfO{ u'un ˆo'hg 6]ansf ;xfotfn] gS;fdf -bit.ly/guardian-iraq-map_ /fVof}+ . of] pTs[i6 lyPg t/ o;n] O/fsnfO{ tx;gx; kf/]sf] ;+xf/sf] lrq gS;fdf b]vfpg] sfdsf] yfngL u¥of] .

l8;]Da/ @)!) df s]an ;fj{hlgs eof] . of] o;cl3sf ;"rgf eGbf laNs'n} km/s k|s[ltsf] lyof] . o;df ;/sf/L sfuhft ;DaGwL w]/} 8]6fl;6 -;+;f/e/ /x]sf @%) j6f cd]l/sL b"tfjf; / sG;'n]6n] k7fPsf @ nfv %! xhf/ @ ;o *& j6f kq_ lyP . o;n] cd]l/sL s"6gLlts If]qsf] cgf}7f] tl:a/ k|:t't u¥of] . logdf s] hfgsf/L lyP <

oL s]an cd]l/sL ;}lgs OG6/g]6 l;:6daf6 lnOPsf lyP . o;nfO{ cd]l/sfsf] ;fdfGo gful/s OG6/g]6 eGbf cnu /flvPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] ;~rfng /Iff dGqfnon] u5{ . ;]K6]Da/ @))! otf cd]l/sfn] cfsf{Oedf hfgsf/L /fVg] tl/sf abNof] . To;df hfgsf/L lbg] k|d'v JolQmsf] gfd g/fVg] eof] . lat]sf bzsdf o; g]6df cd]l/sL b"tfjf;nfO{ ln+s ug{] qmd a9\bf] 5 .

lrq #=!$M ljlslnS; jf/ nU; -b ufl8{og_

82

;}lgs / s"6gLlts ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ldNg] agfpg o;f] ul/Psf] xf] . ;g\ @))@ ;Dddf !@% j6f b"tfjf; o;df ln+s ul/Psf lyP, ;g\ @))% df !*) j6fnfO{ o; g]6js{df ln+s ul/of] . clxn] clwsf+z b"tfjf; o;df ln+s ul/Psf 5g\ . ;g\ @))* / @))( sf s]an w]/} x'g'sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . 8]le8 n]O3n] n]v]sf 5g\M

P;cfO{8LcfO{P; n]lvPsf, b"tfjf;sf ;a} kq b"tfjf;sf] uf]Ko j]a;fO6df :jtM:k"mt{ ¿kdf 8fpgnf]8 x'Gy] . o:tf kq dGqfnosf dflg;n] dfq xf]Og uf]Ko ;"rgf x]g{ kf;j8{ kfPsf / g]6;Fu hf]l8Psf] sDKo'6/ ePsf hf] sf]xLn] klg k9\g kfpFy] .

o;df #) nfv dflg;sf af/]df pNn]v lyof] . o;df ljleGg txsf tYof+s lyP . u}/cd]l/sL gful/snfO{ slxNo} klg yfxf glbg] elgPsf hfgsf/L klg o;df lyP . oL hfgsf/L dGqL lxnf/L lSnG6g;Ddn] k9\g ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fdfGotof, o:tf s]an /fhb"t cyjf pgsf sd{rf/Ln] d:of}bf ug{] uy{] . æclt uf]KoÆ / ljb]zL u'Ktr/ 8s'd]G6 o; g]6df x]g{ ldNb}gy] .

oL 8]6f klxn]sf 8]6feGbf s] s'/fdf km/s lyP eg] logdf lnvt a9L lyof] . c+s lyPgg\ cyjf yf]/} lyP . o;df lgDg hfgsf/L lyPM

k|]ifsk7fpg] b"tfjf; cyjf cGo lgsfo .

k|fkssf] ;"rL;fdfGotof o:tf s]an c¿ b"tfjf; cyjf lgsfonfO{ klg k7fOGy] .

ljifokqsf] ;f/f+z

6\ofu;a} s]andf d'Vo ljifosf] 5f]6s/L ¿k n]lvPsf] x'GYof] .

a]xf]/fs]ansf] d'Vo efu . ;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdLn] o;sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f g5fKg] lgwf] u¥of}+ .

o; :6f]/Lsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf s] xf] eg] o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L rfxg]n] kfpg ;Sy] . o;n] ubf{ k|sflzt ePsf] w]/} kl5;Dd klg o;sf af/]df ;dfrf/ tof/ eP . clxn] e|i6 zf;g cyjf cGt/f{li6«o sf08 ePsf a]nfdf xfdL To;;Fu ;DalGwt s]an x]g{ ;S5f}+}+ .

oL s]ansf] ljZn]if0f ug{] sfd clt ljzfn 5 h'g slxNo} klg ;ls+b}g . — Factsare Sacred: The Power of Data by Simon Rogers, the Guardian (published on Kindle)df k|yd k6s k|sflzt Ps v08sf] ;Dkflbt c+z

83

lrq #=!%M dfkf&^ -Xofs÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{_

of] lsg cfof]hgf ug{'k¥of] < @$ dfr{ !(&^ df ch{]lG6gfdf s" eof] h'g !(*# ;Dd sfod /Xof] . ;}lgs tfgfzfxL zf;g nfu]sf] o; cjlwdf #) xhf/ hlt dflg; a]kQf eP, xhf/f}+ dflg; dfl/P . kfFr ;o hlt afnaflnsf h]ndf hlGdP . o;kl5sf #) jif{df ;}lgs zf;gsf a]nf dfgjtf lj?4 ck/fw u/]sf] egL @^@ hgf dflg;dfly cleof]u nufOof] -;]K6]Da/ @)!! ;Ddsf] cfFs8f_ . clxn] !$ j6f d'2f rln/x]sf 5g\ . c¿ ;ftj6f d'2f rfF8} rNb}5g\ .

o; qmddf Psbd} w]/} tYof+s tof/ eP . oL tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ cg';Gwfgstf{, kqsf/, dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g, GofofwLz, cleof]hgstf{ / c¿sf nflu sl7g eof] . tYof+s 5l/P/ /x]sf lyP . cg';Gwfgstf{n] oL tYof+ssf] JofVof ug{ ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ug{]lt/ Wofg lbPgg\ . o;n] ubf{ tYof+snfO{ a]jf:tf ug{] / ;Lldt dfGotfdf sfd x'g] 8/ eof] . dfkf&^ Pp6f o:tf] cg';Gwfg 6'n aGof] h;n] ubf{ kqsfl/tf, sfg'gL, Goflos / Oltxf; cWoogsf If]qsf dflg;n] oL tYof+s pkof]u ug{ kfP .

Xofsfygsf] tof/Lsf qmddf xfdLn] Pp6f Kn]6kmd{ tof/ u¥of}+ h;nfO{ Xofsfygsf a]nf 8]enk/ / kqsf/n] cfk;L ;xof]usf nflu pkof]u ug{ ;Sy] . dfl6{g ;f;]{nn] lnvtaf6 ;+ul7t tYof+s lgsfNg ;fwf/0f cNuf]l/bd tof/ u/] . DocumentCloud.org kl/of]hgfsf s]xL -w]/} xf]Og_

dfkf&^ Xofsfyg

xfdLn] clk|n @)!! df XofS;÷Xofs;{sf] Ao'g; cfo;{ zfvf -www.meetup.com/HacksHackersBA_ vf]Nof}+ . kqsf/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ 8]enk/aLr ;xsfo{ a9fpg] s'/fsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ xfdLn] b'O{j6f a}7s u¥of}+ . x/]s a}7sdf !@) b]lv !%) hgfn] efu lnPsf lyP . t];|f] k6sdf Ao'g; cfo;{eGbf #)) lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] /f];fl/of] zx/df tL; 306] Xofsfyg cfof]hgf ul/of] h;df cf7 hgfn] efu lnPsf lyP .

oL ;a} a}7sdf j]aaf6 7"nf] kl/df0fdf tYof+s :qmØfk ug{] / ltgnfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] rfxgf JoQm eof] . o;sf nflu dfkf&^=OGkmf] gfds kl/of]hgf tof/ ul/of] . o;n] tYof+s lgsfNg / gS;f tyf 6fOdnfOgsf ;xfotfn] tYof+s k|:t't ug{ o'h/nfO{ ;xof]u u¥of] . of] sfd ;lhnf] lyPg .

84

;fdu|L klg pkof]u ul/P . o; Kn]6kmd{n] lnvtaf6 gfd, ldlt / 7fpF h:tf hfgsf/L cfk}+m lgsfNg] uYof{] . o;n] o'h/nfO{ ljleGg s];;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo hfgsf/L -pbfx/0fsf nflu, hGdldlt, kqmfp k/]sf] ldlt, a]kQf kfl/Psf] elgPsf] 7fpF cflb_ lemSg ;lhnf] agfof] .

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o; k|f]h]S6n] kqsf/, cg';Gwfgstf{, cleof]hgstf{ / ;fIfLnfO{ kLl8tsf af/]df -lx/f;tdf /fv]sf], a]kQf agfPsf] jf 5'6]sf]_ yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] agfof] . cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] dflg;sf af/]df hfgsf/L kfOPg eg] o'h/n] On]S6«f]lgs 98\8fdf vf]Hg ;S5g\ h;df cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] dflg;sf af/]df ;fGble{s hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .

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Xofsfygsf a]nf xfdLn] ljleGg lsl;dsf cg'ej / ;Lk ePsf ;xefuLsf nflu 5'§f5'§} sfd lgwf{/0f u¥of}+ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, l8hfOg/nfO{ gS;f / 6fOdnfOg ePsf] OG6/k]m; tof/ ug{ nufof}+ . 8]enk/nfO{ ;+ul7t tYof+s vf]tNg s'g s'g pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 egL ljrf/ ug{ nufof}+ . kqsf/nfO{ lglZrt JolQmnfO{ s] s] ul/Psf] lyof] egL kQf nufpg, p;sf af/]df kfOPsf y/Ly/Lsf hfgsf/Lsf] t'ngf ug{ / lglZrt s];sf] :6f]/L atfpgsf nflu rflxg] hfgsf/L 8s'd]G6df vf]Hg nufof}+ .

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85

;+o'Qm clw/fHodf ePsf] b+uf ;DaGwL b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnu

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s;n] n'6\of] / lsg n'6\of] eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'e\mg cfd dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu b ufl8{ogn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Jofks dfqfdf pkof]u u¥of] . b+uf e8\sfpg ;f];n ldl8ofsf] e"ldsfsf af/]df cem /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg ufl8{ogn] d]Gr]:6/ ljZjljBfnosf k|f]k]m;/ /a k|f]S6/n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] l6d;Fu klg ldn]/ sfd u¥of] . b+uf ePsf a]nf l/kf]l6{ª ug{sf nflu b ufl8{og cfk}+mn] klg ;f];n ldl8ofsf] cTolws pkof]u u/]sf] lyof] . o; l6dn] 6\jL6/n] pknAw u/fPsf b+uf ;DaGwL @^ nfv 6\jL6sf] cWoog u¥of] . o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo 6\jL6/df xNnf s;/L k}mNof], ;"rgf k}mnfpg s;n] s:tf] sfd u¥of], pQ]hgf k}mnfpg o; Kn]6kmd{sf] pkof]u ePsf] lyof] ls egL yfxf kfpg' / c¿ vfnsf ;+:yfsf af/]df hfGg' lyof] .

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86

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87

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xfdLn] xfd|f] ;fO6 oL o'h/sf nflu agfpg] ljrf/ u¥of}+M

• :s"ndf cfˆgf aRrf ePsf afa'cfdf hf] cfˆgf] :s"nsf] sfo{;Dkfbg s:tf] 5 eg]/ hfGg rfxG5g\ .

• s'g 7fpFdf a:g] eGg] lgwf] ug{ vf]lh/x]sf afa'cfdf -of] lg0f{o ug{df s'g 7fpFdf s:tf :s"n 5g\ eGg] s'/fn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5_ .

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lrq #=!&M Onf]gf]O{ :s"n l/kf]6{ sf8{ -l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g_

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89

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;f}efUojz, Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] :jf:Yo ljefudf To; /fHosf ;a} c:ktfndf pkrf/ ul/Psf ;a} s];sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f /flvPsf] lyof] . o:tf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw lyof] . tL /]s8{df la/fdLsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] lyPg t/ la/fdLsf] pd]/, pkrf/ vr{ ltl/Psf] tl/sf, pkrf/ ePsf] c:ktfn h:tf hfgsf/L pknAw lyP . l/kf]6{/x¿nfO{ s] nfUof] eg] o; /]s8{sf cfwf/df h'g c:ktfn r]gn] unt sfd u¥of] elgPsf] 5 To;sf c:ktfnn] c;fdfGo s];sf] pkrf/ -h;af6 a9L k};f zf]wegf{ lng ;lsG5_ c¿ c:ktfnn] eGbf a9L u/]sf] egL l/kf]6{ u/L zf]wegf{ lnPsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

t/ of] 8]6fa]; w]/} 7"nf] lyof] . ToxfF x/]s jif{sf emG8} rf/ nfv /]s8{ lyP . s]xL jif{sf] o:tf] rng yfxf kfpg l/kf]6{/n] ^ jif{sf] /]s8{ x]g{] ljrf/ u/] . pgLx¿n] /fHosf] :jf:Yo ljefu;Fu tYof+s dfu] . p;n] tYof+s ;L8L/f]ddf lbof] h;nfO{ 8]:s6k sDKo'6/df ;lhn};Fu skL ug{ ;lsGYof] . tYof+s ljZn]if0f ul//x]sf l/kf]6{/n] tYof+s cWoog ug{ P;PP; -www.sas.com_ l;:6d pkof]u u/] . P;PP; zlQmzfnL l;:6d xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] bzf}+ nfv /]s8{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . Soflnkmf]lg{of :jf:Yo ljefu nufot w]/} ;/sf/L lgsfon] of] l;:6d pkof]u u5{g\ . t/ of] dxFuf] 5 . dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]; cyjf l;Q}df kfOg] dfOP;So'Pn -www.mysql.com_ h:tf 8]6fa]; 6'nsf] pkof]u u/]/ klg o:tf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfdLn] s] kfPsf 5f}+ eg] l/8/n] jif{}el/ oL Pk x]5{g\ .

o; k|f]h]S6af6 xfdLn] l;s]sf s]xL s'/f o;k|sf/ 5g\M

u|flkmS; 8]:s /fd|f] ;fyL xf] . pgLx¿ hl6n hfgsf/LnfO{ ?lrs/ agfpg bIf 5g\ .

;dfrf/ sIf;Fu d2t dfUg'k5{ . xfdLn] ;dfrf/ sIfdf ;e{] / cGtjf{tf{ u/]sf] of] bf];|f] k6s xf] . ;f]rljrf/ ug{] dflg;sf] ljrf/ a'e\mg] of] /fd|f] tl/sf xf] . oL dflg;x¿ xfd|f cl8oG; h:t} ljljw k[i7e"ldsf 5g\ / ;fdfGotof sDKo'6/sf sfddf cK7\of/f] dfG5g\ .

cfˆgf] sfd b]vfpg'k5{ . xfdLn] kfPsf w]/}h;f] k|ltlqmofdf xfd|f] PlKns];gdf /flvPsf tYof+s dfluPsf lyP . xfdLn] PkLcfO{dfk{mt w]/} tYof+s ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyof}+ / ;'?df k|sflzt gug{] eg]sf tYof+s klg xfdL l56} k|sflzt ug{ nfu]sf 5f}+ . — a|fog af]o]/, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g

90

lrq #=!*M SjfzLjs{/ -Soflnkmf]lg{of jfr_

tYof+s / tYof+s cWoog ug{] k|f]u|fd b'j} pknAw ePkl5 z+sf:kb sfdsf af/]df yfxf kfpg t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;lhnf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, xfdLnfO{ s] nfu]sf] lyof] eg] To; r]gn] ljleGg dfqfsf s'kf]if0fsf s]; c¿ c:ktfnn] eGbf w]/} a9L dfqfdf pkrf/ u/]sf] egL bfaL u/]sf] 5 . P;PP; k|f]u|fdsf] ;xof]u lnP/ tYof+s ljZn]ifsn] tflnsf tof/ u/] h;df Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf hl6n /f]u pkrf/ ug{] #)) eGbf a9L c:ktfnn] x/]s jif{ pkrf/ u/]sf egL l/kf]6{ u/]sf s'kf]if0fsf s]; b]vfOPsf] lyof] . x/]s c:ktfnsf] rng x]g{sf nflu oL ck|zf]lwt tflnsfnfO{ dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf ODkf]6{ ul/of] . tL ;"rgfsf cfwf/df PS;]nn] o:tf] b/ vf]hL u/L b]vfpg] x'gfn] ljleGg c:ktfnn] u/]sf elgPsf s'kf]if0fsf s];sf] pkrf/sf] 9fFrf yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] eof] .

o;f] ubf{ Sjfl;js{/sf s]; ;DaGwL l/kf]6{ cgf}7f] b]lvof] . Sjfl;js{/ k|f]l6gsf] sdL ePsf] Pp6f cj:yf xf] . of] d"ntM clgsfnu|:t ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf ef]sf gfafnsdf e]l6G5 . t/ z+sf ul/Psf] r]gdf cfa4 c:ktfnn] Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf j[4df o:tf] cj:yf e]l6of] egL u/]sf] l/kf]l6{ªsf] b/ To; /fHosf ;a} c:ktfnsf] cf};t b/eGbf -bit.ly/californiawatch-malnutrition_ &) u'0ff lyof] .

o:t} ljlw pkof]u u/]/ ;]lK6;]ldof, dl:t:s /f]u, k|f0f3fts xfOk/6]G;g / gzfsf] u8a8L h:tf /f]usf] l/kf]l6{ª b/ klg x]l/of] -http://californiawatch.org/health-and-welfare/prime-healthcares-treatment-rare-ailments-stands-out-13021_ . ;f] r]gdfly csf{] cf/f]k klg nfu]sf] lyof] . Tof] xf] Od/h]G;Ldf

91

:ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] nfk/afxL

lghL If]qn] rnfPsf] :ofxf/;';f/ pBf]u ;DaGwdf kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;n] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] -on.ft.com/care-home-crisis_ s]xL lghL nufgLstf{n] j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/;';f/sf sfdnfO{ s;/L gfkmf sdfpg] d]l;gsf ¿kdf pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ eGg] tYo k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . :ofxf/;';f/nfO{ eGbf gfkmfnfO{ dxTj lbg] o:tf] Jofj;flos sfObf dfG5]sf nflu slt 3fts ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg o;n] b]vfPsf] 5 .

of] :6f]/L 7Ls ;dodf ul/Psf] lyof] lsgeg] b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :ofxf/;';f/ s]Gb| ;~rfns ;fpbg{ qm; ljQLo ;+s6df kg{ nfu]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] nfdf] ;dob]lv :ofxf/;';f/sf sfddf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lb+b} cfPsf] lyof] . lghL If]qnfO{ o:tf] w"t{ sfd ug{ 5'6 lbO/x]sf] lyof] .

xfdLn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ;Fo'Qm clw/fHosf] :ofxf/;';f/ s]Gb|sf] lg/LIf0f ug{] ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 k|fKt tYof+s ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . of] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw hfgsf/L xf] t/ w]/} lh2L u/]/ kfPsf] tYof+s klg sfd gnfUg] 9fFrfdf lyof] .

tYof+sdf ljleGg :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] -clxn] ul/+b}g_ . tL :ofxf/ s]Gb| lghL, ;/sf/L cyjf u}/gfkmfd'vLdWo] s] x'g\ egL pNn]v lyof] . :ofxf/;';f/ u'0f:t/ cfof]un] h"g @)!) ;Dd :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] lyof] -lh/f] :6f/ cyf{t\ g/fd|f]b]lv lnP/ ly| :6f/ cyf{t pTs[i6;Dd_ .

cfof]un] lbPsf tYof+s Pp6} 9fFrfdf gePsfn] tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 xfdLn] ltgnfO{ k|zf]wg ug{'k¥of] . of] sfd PS;]nsf d2tn] u¥of}+ . xfdLn] :ofxf/ s]Gb| 3/hUuf sf/f]af/ ug{] ;d"xsf] xf] ls eg]/ cg';Gwfg u¥of}+ . ljQLo ;+s6 cfpg'cl3 lghL If]qsf 3/hUufdf nufgL ug{]x¿ :ofxf/ s]Gb|lt/ cfslif{t ePsf lyP . t/ ToxL a]nf ;fpbg{ qm; h:tf w]/} ;d"xn] uDeL/ ljQLo ;d:of ef]u] . :jfldTj lghL If]qdf ePsf :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] u'0f:t/df sdhf]/L 5 ls 5}g eg]/ xfdL vf]Hg rfxGYof}+ .

cfPsf, k};f lt5{g\ egL olsg ePsf la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn egf{ ug{] b/ To; r]gsf c:ktfndf c;fdfGo ¿kdf a9L 5 .

s;}n] unt sfd u/]sf] 5 egL ;+s]t kfpg] lalQs} To;nfO{ TolQs} kTofpg' x'Fb}g lsgeg] o:tf] hfgsf/L lbg] dfG5]n] cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ of] s'/f TolQs} eg]sf] x'g ;S5 . tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ tL s'/f ;xL x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ egL yfxf kfOG5 . tYof+ssf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ubf{ :6f]/Lsf nflu k|df0f klg h'6\5 . of] :6f]/Ln] ;fj{hlgs /]s8{ ;DaGwL s8f P]g rflxG5 eGg] s'/f klg b]vfPsf] 5 . c:ktfnn] o:tf] ljj/0f ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'kg{] Joj:yf /fVg'sf k5fl8sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o:tf l/kf]6{nfO{ ;/sf/, k|f1, cg';Gwftf cyjf ;fdfGo gful/sn] s'g} klg a]nf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . of] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] lsgeg] of] ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] 7"nf] /sd ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . — l:6e 8f]Ou, jfN6/ qmf]GsfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd, Pl/hf]gf :6]6 o'lgel;{6L

92

tYof+snfO{ PS;]ndf /fv]/ ;fdfGo lsl;dn] x]bf{ xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yf / ;/sf/n] rnfPsf :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] cj:yf lghL If]qsf] eGbf pNn]vgLo ¿kn] /fd|f] lyof] . lghL If]qsf s]xL s]Gb|n] cf};teGbf /fd|f] u/]sf lyP eg] c¿ cf};teGbf w]/} tn lyP .

xfdLn] :ofxf/ s]Gb| uP/ klg hfgsf/L lnof}+ . :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf nfk/afxLsf s]; vf]Hof}+ . lgodg ug{] gLlt c;kmn ePsf] s'/fsf] uxg cWoog u¥of}+ . clg ToxfF ;]jf lngsf nflu ltg{'kg{] k};f, gfkmfsf] b/ cflb ljifosf hfgsf/L klg vf]Hof}+ . xfdLn] u/]sf] ljZn]if0fn] j[4j[4f :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] cj:yfsf] ;xL tl:a/ b]vfof] .

s]xL ;Nnfx

• cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+snfO{ s] s;/L k|zf]wg ul/of] eGg] s'/fsf] gf]6 /fVg'k5{ . • cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+ssf] Ps k|lt h:tfsf] t:t} ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . To;df s'g} klg lsl;dsf]

k]m/abn ug{'x'Fb}g . • tYof+s Ps k6s dfq xf]Og k6s k6s hfFRg'k5{ . ljZn]if0f klg w]/} k6s ug{'k5{

-cfjZos k/]df ljZn]if0fsf] sfd k]ml/ ;'?b]lv yfNg'k5{_ . • s'g} vf; sDkgL cyjf JolQmdfly cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 eg] pm;Fu s'/f a'e\mg'k5{ . — l;lGyof cf]Ú d'r{', kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;

6]lnkmf]gsf s'/f

df]afOn kmf]gaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwf/df s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;}4flGts s'/f dfq ePsf 5g\, o;sf pbfx/0f yf]/} dfq 5g\ . hd{g lu|g kf6L{sf dfN6] l:khn] cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt o:tf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ ljrf/ u/] . o:tf] hfgsf/L lngsf nflu pgn] 6]lnkmf]g sDkgL 8r] 6]lnsd lj?4 d'2f xfNg'k¥of] . To;kl5 pgn] PS;]n kmDof{6df w]/} tYof+s kfP . o;sf cfwf/df h]Ot cgnfOgn] cGt/lqmofTds gS;f tof/ u¥of] .

o:tf ;"rgf 5'§f5'§} x]bf{ oL s] sfd nfU5g\ / h:tf] nfU5 . t/ tL ;a}nfO{ hf]8\bf dflg;sf] cfgLafgL / k|fyldstf cyf{t\ pgsf] hLjgsf w]/} s'/f yfxf x'G5 . o;af6 pgL s'g a]nf ;8sdf lx+8\5g, s'g a]nf 6«]g r9\5g\, s'g a]nf Kn]gdf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f hflgG5 . o;n] s] klg b]vfPsf] 5 eg] pgL d"n ¿kdf aln{gdf a:5g\ . pgL s'g s'g zx/df hfG5g\, slt a]nf hfuf x'G5g\ / slt a]nf ;'T5g\ eGg] s'/f klg yfxf x'G5 .

8r] 6]lnsdn] l:khsf] kmf]g;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL hfgsf/LnfO{ uf]Ko /fVof], pgnfO{ lbPg . pgn] s;nfO{ kmf]g u/] / pgnfO{ s;n] kmf]g u¥of] eGg] hfgsf/L uf]Ko /flvof] . o:tf] ;"rgf aflx/ hfFbf pgnfO{ kmf]g ug{] / pgsf] kmf]g kfpg]sf] uf]kgLotf e+u x'GYof] . oL hfgsf/L gx'Fbf klg o;n] l:khsf af/]df w]/} s'/f atfPsf] 5 -t/ ;/sf/L u'Ktr/n] eg] tL hfgsf/L x]g{ kfpF5g\_ .

93

lrq #=!(M 6]lnkmf]gsf s'/f -h]Ot cgnfOg_

xfdLn] cf]kg8]6fl;6Lsf nf]/]Gh df6\hf6 / dfsn q]mOnnfO{ oL ;"rgf cWoog ug{ / ltgnfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpg] pkfo vf]Hg cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . æ;a}eGbf klxn] xfdLn] PS;]n / ˆo'hg 6]an h:tf 6'n pkfo]u u/]/ ;"rgf a'e\mof}+ . To;kl5 Pp6f Dofk OG6/k]m; tof/ u¥of}+ h;n] o'h/nfO{ tL tYof+s;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{ lbGYof],Æ df6\hf6n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf af/]df o;/L atfP . o;/L /flvPsf tYof+saf6 dflg;sf af/]df slt hfgsf/L lng ;ls+bf] /x]5 eg]/ atfpgsf nflu o;df l:kh sxfF sxfF uP eGg] s'/f atfpg], ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw hfgsf/L -6\jL6/, Anu OG6«L, pgsf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L_ klg /flvof] . s'g} JolQmnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg vf]lh/x]sf cg';Gwfgstf{n] o:tf] k|lqmof ckgfpg ;S5g\ . h]Ot cgnfOgsf u|flkmS; / cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ljefusf l6d;Fu ldn]/ pgLx¿n] cGj]if0f ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] /fd|f] OG6/k]m; agfP . o;df Pp6f a6g Kn] u/]/ dfN6] l:khsf] hLjgsf w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

hd{gLdf o;nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ljdf]rg u/]kl5 xfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] hd{gLeGbf aflx/af6 w]/} lelh6/ cfP . To;}n] xfdLn] o; Pksf] c+u|]hL ;+:s/0f tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . hd{g lu|Dd] cgnfOg k'/:sf/ kfPkl5 ;]K6]Da/ @)!! df o; sfdn] cf]PgP k'/:sf/ kfof] . hd{g ;dfrf/ j]a;fO6n] k'/:sf/ kfPsf] of] klxnf] cj;/ lyof] .

o; ;DaGwL ;a} tYof+s u'un 8S; :k]|8l;6df -bit.ly/zeitonline-data_ pknAw 5 . :6f]/L k9\g dg nfu]df h]Ot cgnfOgdf -www.zeit.de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-data-retention_ hfg ;lsG5 .— ;fZff e]gf]/, h]Ot cgnfOg

94

kf; x'g] sf/, k]mn x'g] sf/

hgj/L @)!) df lala;Ln] oftfoft dGqfnosf] hfFrdf s'g agf]6 / s'g df]8nsf sf/ slt dfqfdf ;kmn / c;kmn x'G5g\ eGg] tYof+s xft kf¥of] . of] hfFr sf/ ;'/lIft 5 ls 5}|g / o;nfO{ ;8sdf rNg lbg'x'G5 ls x'Fb}g egL ul/g] hfFr xf] . tLg jif{eGbf k'/fgf ;a} sf/sf] hfFr a;]{lg ul/G5 .

xfdLn] oL tYof+s lng oftfoft dGqfnosf] l;:6d x]g{] oftfoft ljefu -ef];f_ ;Fu n8fOF n8\g'k¥of] . ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u ub{} xfdLn] oL tYof+s dfUbf ef];fn] o;af6 Jofj;flos uf]kgLotf e+u x'G5 eGb} xfd|f] cg'/f]w c:jLsf/ u¥of] . c;kmntf b/ a9L ePsf uf8L lgdf{tfnfO{ o;n] Jofj;flos ¿kdf Iflt k'¥ofpF5 egL p;n] ts{ u¥of] . To;kl5 xfdLn] ;"rgf cfo'QmsxfF k'g/fj]bg u¥of}+ . cfo'Qmn] ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifo ePsfn] tL hfgsf/L lbg cfb]z lbof] . To;kl5 ef];fn] xfdLn] dfu]sf] !* dlxgfkl5 oL tYof+s lbof] .

lrq #=@)M oftfoft dGqfnosf] hfFrdf c;kmntf b/ -lala;L_

xfdLn] ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o df]8nsf] c;kmntf b/ Tolt g} k'/fgf c¿ sf/sf] c;kmntf b/;Fu bfFh]/ oL cfFs8fsf] ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . o;f] ubf{ ljleGg sDkgLsf sf/sf] c;kmntf b/ km/s km/s kfOof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /]gN6 lduflg;sf] tLg jif{ k'/fgf] sf/sf] c;kmntf b/ @* k|ltzt kfOof] eg] Tolt g} k'/fgf] 6f]of]6f sf]/f]Nnfsf] c;kmntf b/ !! k|ltzt dfq} kfOof] . of] ;dfrf/ 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] / cgnfOgdfk{mt k|;f/ eof] .

oL tYof+s xfdLnfO{ !@ ;o k]hsf] kL8LPkm kmfOndf lbOPsf lyP . ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu xfdLn] lognfO{ :k|]8l;6df 9fNg'k¥of] . cWoogsf] lgisif{ ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ lbg'sf ;fy} xfdLn] :6f]/Lsf ;fydf lala;L Go'h j]a;fO6df -bbc.in/mot-failure-rates_ PS;]n :k|]8l;6 -h;df !$ xhf/ eGbf a9L nfOg tYof+s lyP_ /fVof}+ .

95

• kqsf/sf] sfd ;dfrf/ vf]Hg' / To;sf af/]df dflg;nfO{ atfpg' xf] . s'g} tYof+s kfpg] a]nfdf b'Mv kfOof] eg] tL tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 c¿nfO{ lbg' kqsf/sf] sfdleq k5{ .

• tkfO{+n] h'g b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ 5'6fpg'ePsf] 5 c¿n] To; b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ ;S5g\, h'g dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+sf] :6f]/Lsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ geP klg s'g} tYof+s c¿sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\ .

• tkfO{+sf] sfdsf] ;xfotf lnP/ c¿n] tkfO{+n] yfn]sf] sfd cl3 a9fpg ;S5g\ . tYof+snfO{ cem a9L ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . :6f]/L k|:t't ug{ cyjf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg pgLx¿n] km/s ljlw ckgfpg ;S5g\ . cfˆg} cfOl8of / k|fljlws 1fgsf] pkof]u u/]/ pgLx¿n] csf{] tl/sfn] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5g\ h'g pknlAwd"ns x'g ;S5 .

• o;f] ubf{ kqsfl/tfsf] k|lqmof pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ x'G5 . tkfO{+n] pkof]u u/]sf] tl/sfsf af/]df c¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . dg nfu]sf v08df pgLx¿n] tkfO{+n] u/]sf sfd hfFRg kfpF5g\ .

— dfl6{g /f]hgafpd, lala;L

ch{]lG6gfdf a;df cg'bfg

;g\ @))@ otf ch{]lG6gfdf ;fj{hlgs a; oftfoftdf lbOg] cg'bfgsf] dfqf cTolws a9\of] . x/]s jif{ o:tf] cg'bfg a9\b} uof] . ;g\ @)!! df r'gfjkl5 ul7t gofF ;/sf/n] ;f]xL jif{sf] l8;]Da/b]lv cg'bfg s6f}tL ug{] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . oxL ;dodf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] :yfgLo a; / d]6«f] nfOgsf] ;~rfngsf] lhDdf Ao'g; cfo;{ ;/sf/nfO{ lbg] lgwf] u¥of] . ;~rfngsf] lhDdf lb+bf cg'bfg x:tfGt/0f ul/G5 ls ul/+b}g eGg] s'/f k|:6 gePsfn] clg oftfoft ;'/lIft agfpg kof{Kt :yfgLo sf]if gePsfn] Ao'g; cfo;{ gu/ ;/sf/n] a; ;~rfngsf] lhDdf lng c:jLsf/ u¥of] .

o;f] eO/x]sf a]nf d / nf g]l;of]+sf d]/f ;fyLx¿ cfˆgf] ;+:yfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L ;'? ug{] eg]/ klxnf] k6s e]nf ePsf lyof}+ . ljQ zfvfsf ;Dkfbsn] oftfoft ljefun] k|sfzg u/]sf cg'bfg (http://www.transporte.gov.ar/) ;DaGwL tYof+saf6 of] sfd ;'? ug{ ;Nnfx lbP . tYof+ssf] kmDof{6 / To;df pkof]u ePsf zAbfjnLn] ubf{ of] sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] .

;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnL /fd|f] gePsfn] x/]s lbg %* nfv ofqLn] b'Mv kfPsf lyP . a; l9nf] x'g], x8tfn x'g], uf8L lau|g] / b'3{6gf;d]t x'g] 36gf af/Daf/ eO/xGy] . To;}n] xfdLn] a; rnfpg

o;sf] kl/0ffd s] lg:Sof] eg] oL tYof+snfO{ c¿n] cfˆg} lsl;dn] ljZn]if0f u/] . xfdLn] :6f]/L rfF8} k|;f/ ug{] xtf/f]df o:tf] ljZn]if0f ug{ EofPsf lyPgf}+ . pgLx¿n] cGo pd]/sf sf/sf] c;kmntf b/ x]/] . To;nfO{ c¿ df]8]n;Fu t'ngf ug{'sf ;§f pgLx¿n] To;sf lgdf{tf sDkgLsf] /]s8{;Fu t'ngf u/] . pgLx¿n] lglZrt df]8]nsf ;kmntf÷c;kmntf b/ vf]Hg ldNg] u/L 8]6fa]; tof/ u/] . o;/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf ;fO6sf] ln+s xfdLn] xfd|f] ;dfrf/df /fVof}+ . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f kf7sn] klg oL ljZn]if0faf/]df hfGg kfP .

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ;dfrf/sf ;fydf k"/} tYof+s /fVbf s] kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f o;n] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;a} :6f]/L;Fu k"/} tYof+s g/fVg klg ;lsG5 -kl5 :6f]/Lsf] kmnf]ck ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] s]xL ;dosf nflu oL tYof+s k|sflzt gug{ ;lsG5_ . t/ ;du|df tYof+s k|sflzt ubf{ w]/} 7"nf kmfObf x'G5g\M

96

lbPsf] cg'bfg sxfF hfG5 egL x]g{] lgwf] u¥of}+ . o; ljifosf tYof+s ch{]lG6gfsf gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ljrf/ u¥of}+ .

;a}eGbf klxn] xfdLn] ;/sf/n] x/]s dlxgf lbg] cg'bfg sltj6f a; sDkgLn] kfpF5g\ egL lx;fa u¥of}+ . o;sf nflu oftfoft ljefusf] j]a;fO6df k|sflzt tYof+s x]¥of}+ . ToxfF ePsf $)) kL8LPkm kmfOndf ;g\ @))^ otf !#)) eGbf a9L sDkgLn] kfPsf gub cg'bfgsf] ljj/0f lyof] .

tYof+s lgoldt ¿kdf 8fpgnf]8 ug{ / kL8LPkmdf /x]sf tYof+s PS;]; / 8]6fa]; kmfOndf /fVg cg'ejL k|f]u|fd/;Fu ldn]/ :qmØfk/ agfof}+ . o;/L k|fKt ePsf @ nfv *% xhf/ j6f /]s8{sf] cWoog u¥of}+ / ltgnfO{ b[Zodf abNof}+ clg lk|G6 tyf cgnfOgdf k|sflzt u¥of}+ . o; afx]s oL tYof+s d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] kmDof{6df /fVof}+ h;nfO{ ch{]lG6gfsf hf]sf]xLn] k'gM pkof]u ug{ / z]o/ ug{ ;Sy] .

To;kl5 xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs oftfoft rnfpg ;/sf/n] x/]s dlxgf ;/b/ slt vr{ u5{ eg]/ lx;fa lgsfNg] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . of] s'/f kQf nufpg xfdL oftfoft lgodg ug{] /fli6«o cfof]usf] j]a;fO6df uof}+ . o; ;fO6df xfdLn] ch{]lG6gfdf rNg] ())) uf8Lsf dflns sDkgLsf] ;"rL e]6\of}+ . a; sDkgLsf] gfd x]g{ / b'O{j6f 8]6fl;6sf] qm; l/km/]G; x]g{sf nflu xfdLn] gd{nfOh/ agfof}+ .

of] sfd cl3 a9fpgsf nflu xfdLnfO{ uf8Lsf] btf{ gDa/ rflxof] . cfof]usf] j]a;fO6df xfdLn] x/]s a; nfOgsf uf8L gDa/ / x/]s sDkgLsf uf8L gDa/ kfof}+ . ch{]lG6gfdf uf8Lsf] gDa/df cIf/ / gDa/ x'G5 . uf8L hlt gofF eof] To;sf] gDa/ a9\b} hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, d]/f] sf/sf] gDa/ cfO{8LPkm @#$ xf] . cfO{ eGgfn] dfr{–clk|n @)!! eGg] a'lemG5 . o;sf cfwf/df xfdLn] x/]s sDkgLsf a;sf] cf};t cfo' kQf nufof}+ . x/]s sDkgLn] ltgsf] uf8Lsf] cf};t pd]/sf cfwf/df slt k};f kfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufof}+ .

xfdLn] of] sfd ul//x]sf a]nf ;/sf/n] k|sflzt u/]sf tYof+s ePsf kL8LPkm kmfOndf /x:ok"0f{ 9+un] k]m/abn ul/of] . o'cf/Pn / kmfOnsf] gfd ToxL 5 t/ To;leqsf c+s k]ml/P . To;}n] xfdLnfO{ tYof+s hfFr ug{ c;Dej eof] .

XofS;÷Xofs;{n] af]:6gdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] Xofsfygdf xfdLn] of] s'/f p7fof}+ . ToxfF 8]enk/ Dof6 k]/Ln] ækL8LPkm :kfOÆ PlKns];g agfP . of] PlKns];gn] To; Xofsfygsf] æ;a}eGbf /fd|f]Æ kbjL kfof] . o; kL8LPkm :kfO -gristlabs.com/2011/09/24/pdfspy/) n] s'g} j]a;fO6sf kL8LPkm kmfOn k]ml/Psf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ egL kQf nufpF5 . Dof6 k]/Ln] xfdLnfO{ o:tf] ;Nnfx lbP, æ…;/sf/L kf/blz{tfÚ af6 k]ml/ slxNo} ge'mlSsg' .Æ

97

lrq #=@!M oftfoft cg'bfg cGj]ifs -nf g]l;of]g_

98

lrq #=@@M cg'bfg kfPsf oftfoft sDkgL / ltgn] kfPsf] k};f -nf g]l;of]g_

99

xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf 6'n

xfdLn] Psbd} ;fdfGo 6'n pkof]u u/]sf lyof}+ . tL lyP PS;]n Dofqmf]h, 6\ofANo' klAns / h'gf cf]kg 8]6f Kn]6kmd{, ?aL cg /]N;, u'un rf6{, PkLcfO{ / dfOP;So'Pn .

o; k|f]h]S6sf] 7"nf] k|efj k¥of] . OG6/g]6df xhf/f}+ lelh6/ cfP . of] :6f]/L nf gfl;ofg]sf] 5fkf ;+:s/0fdf klxnf] k]hdf 5flkof] .

xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; u/]sf] of] klxnf] cj;/ lyof] . o;sf] ;kmntfn] ubf{ vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ ug{ / cfd dflg;nfO{ ;]jf lbg tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{'k5{ egL xfd|f] ;~rf/ dfWoddf bafa lbg xfdLnfO{ ;lhnf] eof] . o;n] ubf{ Data.lanacion.com.ar ;'? eof] . of] o:tf] Kn]6kmd{ xf] hxfF xfdL cfd dflg;sf] ?lrsf ljleGg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] tYof+s k|sfzg u5f{}+ . — PGh]lnsf k/]N6f, nf gfl;ofg -ch{]lG6gf_

gful/s tYof+s l/kf]6{/

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L 7"nf ;dfrf/ sIfn] dfq} ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . tYof+s kqsf/sf nflu pkof]uL ;Lksf] k|of]u u/]/ cfd gful/sn] klg cfˆgf] ?lrsf ljifosf tYof+s ;+sng ug{ / ltgsf cfwf/df :6f]/L tof/ ug{ ;S5g\ .

a|flhndf k|]mG8\; ckm hg'cfl/of gfds gful/s ldl8of k|f]h]S6 rnfpg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo oxL lyof] . o;sf nflu Unf]an EjfO;]; cgnfOgsf] -globalvoicesonline.org_ k|rf/–k|;f/ ljefu /fOlhª EjfO;]; -rising.globalvoicesonline.org_ n] cg'bfg lbPsf] lyof] . cfl6{sn !( af6 -www.article19.org_ yk ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!! sf ;]K6]Da/ / cS6f]a/sf aLrdf a|flhnsf] ;a}eGbf ul/adWo]sf] Pp6f /fHosf] ldgf; h]/fO; gfds ;fgf] zx/sf o'jfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t kqsfl/tf / ah]6 lgu/fgL ;DaGwdf tflnd lbOof] . ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/]/ / OG6/g]6df /flvPsf ;/sf/L 8]6fa];af6 ;"rgf s;/L lng] eGg] s'/f klg pgLx¿n] l;s] .

nueu ^% xhf/ afl;Gbf ePsf] hfg'cfl/of zx/df /fhgLlt1 c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . lat]sf !@ jif{df ;ft hgf d]o/ ag] . oLdWo] k|foM ;a}nfO{ e|i6frf/ nufotsf unt sfd u/]sf] egL kbaf6 x6fOPsf] lyof] .

hfg'cfl/of h:tf ;fgf zx/sf af/]df a|flhnsf ;~rf/ dfWodn] Tolt rf;f] lb+b}gg\ . pgLx¿ 7"nf zx/ / /fhwfgLsf s'/fdf Wofg lbG5g\ . t/ o; zx/sf afl;Gbfn] ;/sf/L k|zf;gdfly lgu/fgL ug{] sfddf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿nfO{ :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] s] s:tf ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ eGg]af/]df c¿nfO{ eGbf a9\bf s'/f yfxf 5 . OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u u/]/ pgLx¿n] ah]6 / :yfgLo txsf c¿ tYof+s ;lhn};Fu kfpg ;S5g\ .

afx|j6f sfo{zfnfdf efu lnPkl5 hfg'cfl/ofsf s]xL gful/s l/kf]6{/n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw tYof+s lng yfn] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, @@ jifL{o gful/s l/kf]6{/ ;f]/floof cdf]l/dn]

100

gu/kflnsfaf6 tna vfg] -;+3Lo ;/sf/L tYof+sdf pNn]lvt_ 8fS6/sf af/]df :6f]/L n]lvg\ . To;df pgn] hlt hgf 8fS6/n] gu/kflnsfaf6 tna vfO/x]sf lyP egL ;/sf/L tYof+sdf n]lvPsf] lyof] Tolt 8fS6/n] ;]jf lbPsf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f n]lvg\ . of] :6f]/L n]Vgsf nflu pgn] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL tYof+s lnOg\ h'g cgnfOgdf pknAw lyP . ;/sf/L tYof+s cg';f/ hfg'cfl/ofdf &! hgf 8fS6/n] ljleGg vfnsf :jf:Yo ;]jf lbPsf] x'g'kYof{] .

lrq #=@#M uf8Lsf] pd]/ / ltgn] ;/sf/af6 kfPsf cg'bfg -nf g]l;of]g_

101

To; tYof+sdf pNn]v eP hlt 8fS6/n] ;]jf lbPsf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu yfxf lyof] . pgLx¿n] hlxNo} klg 8fS6/ gePsf] egL ph'/L uy{] . s]xL la/fdL 8fS6/ e]6\g csf{] zx/df hfg'kYof{] . kl5 pgn] xfn} df]6/;fOsn b'3{6gf a]xf]/]sL dlxnf;Fu s'/fsfgL ul/g\ h;n] hfg'cfl/ofsf c:ktfndf 8fS6/ gePsfn] pkrf/ kfPsL lyOgg\ . pgn] zx/sf :jf:Yo ;lrj;Fu klg s'/f ul/g\ h;n] ;/sf/n] pNn]v u/] hlt 8fS6/n] ;]jf glbPsf] s'/f :jLsf/] .

oL k|f/lDes hfgsf/Ln] To; zx/df ;/sf/L tYof+sdf pNn]v eP hlt 8fS6/n] lsg ;]jf lb+b}gg\ eGg] ljifodf w]/} k|Zg p7fP . Pp6f sf/0f x'g ;S5M ;+3Lo tYof+s unt 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ xf] a|flhndf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL hfgsf/L cw'/f 5g\ . csf{] sf/0f x'g ;S5M hfg'cfl/of gu/n] cfˆgf] 7fpFdf ;]jf ul//x]sf 8fS6/sf] ;+Vof jf:tljseGbf a9L ePsf] egL ;/sf/nfO{ l/kf]6{ lbPsf] 5 . oL k|Zgsf] hjfkm kfpgsf nflu yk vf]h ug{'kg{] eof] . h] eP klg, pgsf] :6f]/Ln] o; ljifonfO{ p7fP/ dxTjk"0f{ sfd u¥of] lsgeg] o;n] :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf unt sfddf k|sfz kf¥of] . o; :6f]/Ln] o; ljifonfO{ cem /fd|/L lgofn]/ x]g{ c¿nfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] x'g ;S5 .

æd ufpFdf a:y]+ . :s"nsf] k9fO ;Sg d}n] w]/} si6 a]xf]g{'k¥of],Æ ;f]/]loofn] elgg\ . ædnfO{ s;}n] eljiodf tF s] x'G5];\ eg]/ ;f]Wbf d hlxNo} klg kqsf/ x'G5' eGy]+ . d h'g 7fpFdf a:y]+ ToxfF of] sfd emG8} emG8} c;Dej lyof] .Æ k|]mG8\; ckm hfg'cfl/ofn] lbPsf] tflnd lnPkl5 pgnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] cfˆgf] zx/sf] cj:yf k]mg{sf nflu tYof+s lng ;Sg' h¿/L /x]5 . ædnfO{ clxn] d]/f] zx/, d]/f] b]z / d]/f] ;+;f/ abNg ;S5' eGg] nfu]sf] 5,Æ pgn] elgg\ .

lrq #=@$M k|]mG8\; ckm hfg'cfl/of gful/s ldl8of k|f]h]S6 cGtu{t tYof+s kqsf/ x'g rflxg] cfwf/e"t ;Lk l;Sb}

102

aL; jif{sf cfln;F df]G6]ol/6gn] klg of] tflnd lnPsf lyP . pgn] klg cfˆgf] n]vdf tYof+s pkof]u u/] . tflndsf] klxnf] Snf;df ;xefuLx¿ :6f]/Lsf nflu ljifo vf]Hg zx/ uPsf a]nfdf pgn] ;a} d'Vo rf]ssf lau|]sf 6«flkms nfO6sf af/]df :6f]/L n]Vg] ljrf/ u/] . tL nfO6 lau|]sf] w]/} ePsf] lyof] . OG6/g]6df tYof+s s;/L vf]Hg] eGg] s'/f l;s]kl5 pgn] zx/df slt uf8L 5g\ / ltgsf wgLn] uf8L /fv] afkt slt s/ lt5{g\ eGg] hfgsf/L vf]h] . o;af/]df pgn] n]v]sf 5g\M

zx/df uf8L w]/} ePsfn] hfg'cfl/ofsf] cj:yf v/fa ePsf] xf] . cfOlahLO -a|flhnsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tYof+s cg';Gwfg ;+:yf_ sf cg';f/, ;g\ @)!) df hfg'cfl/ofdf !#,&&! j6f uf8L -oLdWo] &(&( j6f df]6/;fOsn_ lyP ===zx/sf :yfgLo afl;Gbf s] ljZjf; u5{g\ eg] k};f gePsfn] 6«flkms nfO6 agfpg l9nf] ePsf] xf]Og . ldgf; h]/fO; /fHosf] /fHosf]ifsf ;lrjsf cg';f/, o; zx/n] ;g\ @)!) df uf8L s/ afkt $ nfv &) xhf/ p7fPsf] lyof] .

tYof+s lng ;s]kl5 pgn] hfg'cfl/ofdf w]/} uf8L 5g\ -kfFr hgfdWo] Ps hgf;Fu uf8L 5_ / nfO6 lau|]sfn] w]/}sf] Hofg vt/fdf kg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg ;s] . pgn] uf8LwgLaf6 gu/kflnsfn] slt s/ p7fpF5 eGg] s'/f atfpg ;s] . o;sf cfwf/df dflg;n] o;/L uf8LwgLaf6 p7fPsf] k};fn] 6«flkms nfO6 dd{t u/]/ 8«fOe/ / k}bnofqLsf] Hofgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ lsg ;ls+b}g egL k|Zg ug{ kfpg] eP .

;f]/fOof / cfln;Fn] n]v]sf oL :6f]/L Psbd ;/n 5g\ . logn] gful/s l/kf]6{/n] tYof+s pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ljz]if1 ePsf 7"nf ;dfrf/ sIfdf sfd ug{]n] dfq} cfˆgf] n]vdf tYof+s pkof]u ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . sfo{zfnfdf efu lng'eGbf klxn] oL b'j} hgfn] kqsfl/tf u/]sf lyPgg\ . sfo{zfnfdf efu lnPkl5 pgLx¿ tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ cfˆgf] 7fpFsf ;d:ofsf af/]df /f]rs :6f]/L n]Vg ;Sg] eP . o; afx]s, pgLx¿sf n]vn] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] tYof+s ;fgf eP klg tL pkof]uL x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ ;fgf 8]6fl;6 / 6]andf klg d"Nojfg\ tYof+s x'G5g\, d"Nojfg\ tYof+s vf]Hg 7"nf 8]6fl;6 plwGg} k5{ eGg] 5}g .— Pd]G8f /;L, k|]mG8\; ckm hfg'cfl/of

lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf nflu lau af]8{

lgjf{rg kl/0ffd cfpg] a]nfdf ;~rf/ dfWodn] b[Zodf :6f]/L eGg] 7"nf] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . t/ nfdf] ;dob]lv of] cj;/ pkof]u ePsf] 5}g . ;g\ @))* df xfdLn] u|flkmS; 8]:s ;Fu ldn]/ of] cj:yf k]mg{] ljrf/ u¥of}+ .

xfdLn] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd ;DaGwL :6f]/L eGg] o:tf] tl/sf kQf nufpg vf]Hof}+ hxfF 6]an cyjf gS;fdf ;+Vof y'kfl/Psf] gxf];\ . cl3Nnf] lgjf{rgdf xfdLn] To:t} u/]sf lyof}+ (http://nyti.ms/senate-1; http://nyti.ms/senate-2; http://nyti.ms/senate-3) .

;+Vof w]/} x'Fb}df cyjf l;PgPgn] h;/L 6]andfly 6]an lb+b}df g/fd|f] x'G5 eGg] 5}g . o;f] ubf{ cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"/f x'G5 lsgeg] cl8oG;n] hfGg vf]h]sf] s'/f cyf{t\ s;n] lhTof] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ .

103

clxn];Dd u/]eGbf laNs'n} km/s sfd ubf{, dflg;n] ;f]r]eGbf cs}{ lsl;dn] hfgsf/L lb+bf slxn]sfxL+ cl8oG; cndlng] 8/ klg x'G5 .

cGTodf u|flkmS; 8]:ssf zfg sf6{/n] /fd|f] tl/sf ;'emfP . o;nfO{ xfdLn] lau af]8{ -nyti.ms/board-elections_ eGof}+ . o;sf] gd'gf b]Vbf d 5Ss k/]+ .

of] Psbd} pko'Qm tl/sf lyof] .

s]n] ubf{ of] b[Zo kqsfl/tfsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f eof] < ;a}eGbf dfly /x]sf] 7"nf] af/n] kf7ssf] cfFvf tfG5 . o;nfO{ kqsfl/tfsf] efiffdf ln8 eGg ;lsG5 . o;n] kf7snfO{ t'?Gt}, ;/n 9+un], grflxg] b[Zo gb]vfO{sg kf7sn] hfGg rfx]sf s'/f atfpF5 .

To;kl5 kf7s To;eGbf tn lbOPsf kfFrj6f sf]ndlt/ tflgG5g\ . aLrsf] sf]nddf xfdLn] kqsfl/tfdf eGg] u/]sf] g6 u|fkm cyjf ;Gbe{ lbOPsf] 5 . oxfF xfdLn] cf]afdfn] lsg lht] egL atfPsf 5f}+ . o;n] of] s'/f :ki6;Fu atfPsf] 5M cf]afdfn] lhTg] cfzf u/]sf ;a} /fHodf lht] / w/d/ ePsf kfFrdWo] rf/j6f /fHodf lht] .

d]/f nflu kfFr sf]ndsf] of] l8hfOg b[Zo kqsfl/tf c¿ vfnsf] l8hfOg eGbf s;/L km/s x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f xf] . /fd|f] b[Zo kqsfl/tf ;'Gb/ x'G5 / o;n] hfgsf/L klg lbG5 .

lrq #=@%M lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf nflu lauaf]8{ -Go' of]s{ 6fOD;_

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:6f]/L / ;'Gb/tfdWo] Pp6f 5fGg'k¥of] eg] kqsf/n] :6f]/L /f]Hg'k5{ . ljz'4 l8hfOg/n] o:tf] n]cfp6 agfpFb}gYof] xf]nf t/ o;n] :6f]/L Psbd} /fd|f], clt /fd|f];Fu eg]sf] 5 .

cGTodf, c¿ ;a} /fd|f cGt/lqmofTds j]a ;fdu|Ln] h:t} o;n] klg kf7snfO{ cem a9L hfgsf/L lng k|f]T;fxg lbG5 . oxfF x/]s /fHosf ef]6sf] k|ltzt h:tf yk hfgsf/L /flvPsf] 5 .

oL ;a} ljz]iftfn] ælau af]8{Æ nfO{ b[Zo kqsfl/tfsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f agfPsf 5g\ h;df OGe6{]8 lk/fld8 z}nLdf hfgsf/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . — cf/f]g lkNxf]km/, Go' of]s{ 6fOD;

kfgLsf] dx;'n

dfr{ @)!! b]lv k|mfG;e/sf] vfg]kfgLsf] d"No ;DaGwL hfgsf/L cfd dflg;dfk{mt e]nf ul/of] . o:tf] sfd k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] sfd yfn]sf] rf/ dlxgfd}, kfgLsf] ahf/ lgoGq0f ul//x]sf skf{]/]6 If]qaf6 lbSs ePsf %))) eGbf a9L u|fxsn] cfˆgf] kfgLsf] lan :Sofg u/]/ kfgLsf] dx;'n gfds k|f]h]S6sf] j]a;fO6df -http://www.prixdeleau) cknf]8 u/] . o;kl5 clxn];Dd gul/Psf] cg';Gwfg ul/of] h;df lus, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / k/Dk/fut ;~rf/ dfWodn] ldn]/ sfd u/]sf lyP . o;f] ug{'sf] p2]Zo vfg]kfgL kl/of]hgfsf If]qdf kf/blz{tf a9fpg'' lyof] .

k|mfG;sf] vfg]kfgL ahf/df !) xhf/eGbf a9L u|fxs -kfgL lsg]/ cfˆgf s/bftfnfO{ afF8\g] gu/_ 5g\ . of] ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sDkgL ;Lldt 5g\ . o; Psflwsf/ ahf/df kfgL a]Rg] sDkgLsf] xfnLd'xfnL 5 . ltgn] slxn]sfxL+ km/s km/s gu/af6 km/s km/s b/n] dx;'n p7fpF5g\ .

k|mfG; lna6L{ gfds k|]mGr u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ljut @% jif{b]lv ;+;f/e/ kfgLsf ljifodf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . xfn o;n] k|]mGr ahf/df kf/blz{tf a9fpg] / gful/s tyf d]o/ -h;n] kfgLsf] sf/f]af/sf] ;Demf}tf u5{g\_ nfO{ alnof] agfpg] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] b'O{ jif{ klxn] kfgLsf] dx;'n / u'0f:t/sf af/]df b]zJofkL tYof+s lnP/ of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] lgwf] u/]sf] lyof] . clxn];Dd tLg k|ltzt dfq tYof+s ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfd l56f] u/fpg k|mfG; lna6L{n] -www.france-libertes.org_ gful/snfO{ k|ToIf ¿kn] ;xefuL u/fpg] ljrf/ u¥of] .

lrq #=@^M kfgLsf] dx;'n -kmfpG8];g k|mfG; lna6L{_

105

cf]8An'PgcfO{ l6dsf ;fy nfu]/ d}n] cfd dflg;af6 hfgsf/L lng] OG6/k]m; tof/ u/]+ hxfF pkef]Qmfn] cfˆgf] kfgLsf] lan :Sofg u/]/ k7fP clg cfk"mn] lt/]sf] kfgLsf] dx;'n c+lst u/] . lat]sf rf/ dlxgfdf *%)) n] o; j]a;fO6df ;fOg ck u/] / %))) eGbf a9Ln] cfˆgf lan :Sofg u/]/ cknf]8 u/] .

o;af6 kfgLsf] ahf/sf] k"0f{ ¿kn] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;ls+b}g . t/ o;n] kfgLsf] ljifo x]g{] /fli6«o lgsfonfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] dx;'nsf af/]df cfd dflg;n] hfoh rf;f] /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] b]vfof] . u|fxsn] klxn] of] k|f]h]S6sf] kf/blz{tfsf af/]df z+sf u/] t/ sfd cl3 a9\b} hfFbf pgLx¿n] cGwsf/ / unt skf{]/]6 Jojxf/;Fu h'Wg] sfddf k|mfG; lna6L{;Fu xft]dfnf] u/] . o;af6 ;~rf/ dfWodn] s] l;Sg ;S5g\ <

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{'k5{kf]n];L k]k/ tof/ ug{sf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ w]/} tYof+s rflxG5 . tYof+s ;+sngsf nflu k};f vr{ ug{ klqsfsf dflnseGbf pgLx¿ a9L tof/ x'G5g\ .

o'h/n] sRrf tYof+s lbg ;S5g\o'h/n] tYof+s ;+sng cyjf tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ ;3fP eg] /fd|f] x'G5 .

;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug{'xfdLn] o'h/nfO{ cfˆgf] lan :Sofg u/]/ cknf]8 ug{ cg'/f]w ug{] ls gug{] eg]/ ljrf/ u¥of}+ . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cK7\of/f] dfGnfg\ ls h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] -vf;u/L xfd|f nlIft cl8oG; cln kfsf ePsfn]_ . s]xL o;f] ug{ lxlRsrfP xf]nfg\ t/ o;f] ubf{ xfd|f] tYof+ssf] ljZj;gLotf a9\of] .

Eofln8];g k|lqmof /fVg'xfdLn] Eofln8]6 ug{] l;:6d klg /fv]sf lyof}+ .

;/n agfpg'xfdLn] c6f]d]6]8 d]lnª l;:6d agfPsf] lyof}+ h;n] ubf{ o'h/n] s]xL 7fpFdf lSns ubf{ ;"rgfsf] xs pkof]u u/]/ ;"rgf dfUg] kmd{ tof/ x'GYof] . gf}nf] / /fd|f];Fu l8hfOg ul/Psf] eP klg o'h/n] o;sf] pkof]u Tolt w]/} u/]gg\ .

lglZrt ;d"xnfO{ nlIft ug{'k|mfG; lna6L{n] cg';Gwfg k|sfzg ug{ pkef]Qmf clwsf/ ;DaGwL Go'h Dofuflhg;Fu ldn]/ sfd u/]sf] lyof] . o:tf] sfdsf nflu of] Psbd} pko'Qm ;+:yf lyof] .

sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{] d'Vo ;"rssf] 5gf]6o; k|f]h]S6df rf/ dlxgfdf $% xhf/ lelh6/ cfP . o;/L lelh6 ug{] kfFr hgfdWo] Ps hgfn] ;fOg–ck u/] . bzdWo] Ps hgfn] cfˆgf] lan :Sofg u/] / cknf]8 u/] . of] 7"nf] s'/f xf] .— lgsf]n; s];/–la|n, Journalism++

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tYof+s ;+sng

107

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t eP/ :6f]/L tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] s] ug]{ < ;a}eGbf klxn] tYof+s rflxof] . o; v08df tYof+s sxfF kfOG5g\ eGg]af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF xfdL j]aaf6 tYof+s s;/L lng] eGg]af/]df l;Sg]5f}+ . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g k|of]u u/]/ ;"rgf s;/L lng], cJojl:yt ;|f]taf6 tYof+s a6'Ng æl:qmg–:qmØflkªÆ s;/L ug{], cfd kf7saf6 ;"rgf a6'Ng æqmfp8–;f]l;{ªÆ s;/L ug{] eGg]af/]df klg o;df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df tYof+s k'gM k|sfzg ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf tYof+s c¿nfO{ k'gM k|of]u ug{] clwsf/ s;/L lbg] eGg]af/]df klg 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

s'g} vf; ljifosf] tYof+s vf]Hg] xf] < To:tf] tYof+s kfOG5 ls kfOFb}g < kfOG5 eg] sxfF kfOG5 h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 < sxfFaf6 ;'? ug]{ ljrf/ 5 < oxfF j]adf ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf nflu /flvPsf tYof+s s;/L vf]Hg] eGg]af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

vf]Hg] sfdnfO{ ;/n agfpg] tl/sf

tYof+s kfpg ;f]r] h:tf] ;lhnf] x'Fb}g t/ ;r{ OlGhgdf uP/ j]adf /flvPsf tYof+s vf]Hg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu s]xL ;Nnfx o;k|sf/ 5g\M

• tYof+s vf]Hbf cfk"mn] rfx]sf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt jfSof+z / tL tYof+s s'g kmDof{6df x'g ;Snfg\ Tof] kmDof{6 6fOk ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . u'un / cGo ;r{ OlGhgdf kmfOnsf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df klg vf]hL ug{ ldN5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :k|]8l;6 kmfOn vf]h]sf] xf] eg] ;r{ aS;df “filetype:XLS,filetype:CSV” 6fOk ug'{k5{ . lhof]8]6f vf]h]sf] eP “filetype:shp”, 8]6fa];af6 lgsflnPsf eP “filetype:MDB, filetype:SQL, filetype:DB” 6fOk ug'{k5{ . kL8LPkm kmfOn x]g{sf nflu “filetype:pdf” 6fOk ug'{k5{ .

• lglZrt j]a;fO6sf klg lglZrt vfnsf ;"rgf dfq} klg ;r{ ug{ ;lsG5 . u'un ;r{df “inurl:downloads filetype:xls” 6fOk u/]df Tof] j]a;fO6 7]ufgfdf 8fpgnf]8 n]lvPsf PS;]n kmfOn e]l6G5g\ . ;r{ OlGhgnfO{ lglZrt 8f]d]gdf dfq} vf]Hg nufpg klg ;lsG5 . “site:agency.gov” eGbf ;/sf/L ;fO6df dfq} ;r{ u5{ .

• ;Lw} ljifoj:t'sf] vf]hL gu/L To:tf tYof+s /flvPsf x'g ;Sg] 7fpFsf] vf]hL ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, u'undf “site:agency.gov Directory Listing” 6fOk u/]df ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw ck|zf]lwt kmfOn ePsf ;fO6 b]lvG5g\ . To:t} “site:agency.gov Database Download” 6fOk u/]/ vf]hL ubf{ 8fpgnf]8 u¿g\ eg]/ /flvPsf kmfOnsf] ln+s b]vfpF5 .

d"n ;|f]td} hfg'

;"rgfsf] d"n ;|f]td} uP/ ;"rgfsf af/]df a'e\mg' /fd|f] pkfo xf] . ;'?d} ;"rgf clws[t jf k|jQmfsxfF ghfFbf /fd|f] . ;'?d} ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u ug{ gvf]Hbf /fd|f] . d"n ;|f]taf6 ;"rgf kfOPg eg] ;"rgfsf] xs pkof]u u/]/ tYof+s lng] af6f] t 5Fb}5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u ug{ yfNbf w]/} ;do nfU5 . tYof+s hf];Fu 5 p;n] cfk"mn] h'g kmDof{6df tYof+s dfu]sf] 5 To; kmDof{6df 5}g eGg ;S5g\ . ;/sf/L sfof{non] rnfPsf] ;ˆ6j]o/n] tYof+snfO{ xfdLn] dfu]sf] kmDof{6df abNg g;Sg] x'g ;S5 . sfof{nosf] 8]6f

108

/fVg] JolStnfO{ e]6\g ;lsof] eg] cfk"mn] h'g ljifodf tYof+s vf]h]sf] xf] To; ljifodf s:tf s:tf tYof+s 5g\ / tL s'g kmDof{6df 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfOG5 .

o;f] ubf{ tYof+s dfUbf s'g kmDof{6df dfUg] eGg] yfxf x'G5 . t/ o:tf dflg;nfO{ e]6\g ufx|f] x'G5 . ;"rgf clws[t kqsf/n] cfk}+m;Fu dfq} ;Dks{ u¿g\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;"rgf clws[t, tYof+s /fVg] dfG5] / cfk"m u/L tLg hgfsf] e]63f6 ldnfpg ;lsG5 . a}7sdf o;/L s'/f ug{'k5{ ls pgLx¿n] tYof+s lbGg eg]/ eGg gkfpmg\ . o;f] ubf{, pgLx¿nfO{ sfdsf] af]em gykLsg cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf tYof+s s;/L lng] eGg] pkfo kQf nfU5 .

o;f] x'g ;s]g eg] pgLx¿;Fu cf}krfl/s ¿kn] tYof+s dfUg'k5{ . klxn] pgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] tYof+s s;/L / s'g l;:6ddf /fv]sf 5g\ egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . To;f] ubf{ cfk"mn] kfpg] tYof+snfO{ s;/L cfˆgf] kmfOn kmDof{6df PS;kf]6{ ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ klxNo} ;f]Rg] df}sf ldN5 .

d oxfF d}n] ;fgf] klqsfdf sfd ubf{ tof/ u/]sf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] :6f]/Lsf af/]df atfpF5' . dnfO{ sfpG6Lsf s]xL tYof+s rflxPsf lyP . tL tYof+s dfUbf ltgnfO{ d]gk|m]daf6 lgsfNg ;ls+b}g elgof] . d}n] clnslt vf]hlag u/]+ . d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ o; sfddf d d2t u5{' eg]+ . d}n] 8]6f /fVg] JolSt;Fu a;]/ sfd u/]+ . xfdLn] ;fgf] l:qmK6 agfof}+ / tYof+snfO{ ˆnkL l8:sdf ;f¥of}+ -of] w]/} cl3sf] s'/f xf] hlt a]nf ˆnkL l8:ssf] rng lyof]_ . d}n] cfk"mn] vf]h]sf tYof+s kfPF . sfpG6L klg kl5 of] ;"rgf dfUg cfpg]nfO{ oL tYof+s lbg ;Sg] eof] . pgLx¿nfO{ klg tL tYof+s lemSg ldNg] agfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] sfd s;/L ug{] eGg] pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf lyPg . xfdLn] Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u u¥of}+, b'j} y/Lsf] sfd aGof] .

8]6f ;fO6 / ;]jf a|fph ug{]

ljut s]xL jif{ otf s]xL 8]l8s]6]8 8]6f kf]6{n, 8]6f xa / cGo 8]6f ;fO6 j]adf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . oxfF s] s:tf tYof+s /flvPsf 5g\ egL yfxf kfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . tn lbOPsf s'/f yfxf 5}g eg] yfxf kfpFbf ;lhnf] x'G5 .

cflwsfl/s 8]6f kf]6{n

s'g} b]zsf ;/sf/n] yf]/} 8]6f;]6 ;fj{hlgs u5{g\ eg] s'g}n] w]/} . cd]l/sf / ;+o'St clw/fHosf] ;/sf/L 8]6f kf]6{n (data.gov / data.gov.uk) sf] l;sf] ub{} y'k|} b]zn] 8]6f kf]6{n /fv]sf u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L ;"rgfnfO{ ;dflhs jf Jofkfl/s sfddf k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

109

ljZje/sf o:tf ;fO6sf] OG8]S; ;DaGwL cBfjlws hfgsf/L (http://datacatalogs.org, www.dataportals.org) df kfpg ;lsG5 . http://www.guardian.co.uk/world-government-data csf]{ plQs} ;lhnf] ;fO6 xf] . of] d]6f ;r{ OlGhg xf] hxfF y'k|} b]zsf ;/sf/L tYof+ssf Sof6nu /flvPsf 5g\ .

8]6f xa (http://thedatahub.org/)of] cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gn] rnfPsf] ;fd'bflos xa xf] . oxfF ;fj{hlgs ePsf tYof+s d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] u/L /flvPsf 5g\ . oxfF ePsf ;fdu|L vf]Hg, z]o/ ug{ / k'gMk|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

:qmØfk/ljsL (https://scraperwiki.com)of] cgnfOg 6'n xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] ubf{ ;;fgf tYof+s ;d]t e]nf u/]/ c¿ PK;df k|of]u ug{ / vf]hlag ug{ ;lsG5 . clwsf+z :qmØfk/ / pgLx¿sf 8]6fa]; ;fj{hlgs x'g\ / logLx¿nfO{ k'gMk|of]u ug{ kfOG5 .

ljZj a}+s 8]6f kf]6{n -http://data.worldbank.org_ / /fi6«;+3 8]6f kf]6{n-http://data.un.org_ df ;a} b]zsf y'k|} jif{ cl3b]lvsf pRr:t/Lo ;"rs kfOG5g\ .

ah8]6f -http://buzzdata.com_, OGkmf]lrDK; -www.infochimps.com_ tyf 8]6f dfs]{6 -http://datamarket.com_ .

oL 8]6f z]o/ ug{ / k'gMlaqmL ug{sf nflu xfn;fn} v'n]sf ;fO6 x'g\ .

8]6fsf]r -http://datacouch.com_oxfF tYof+s cknf]8 ug{, k|zf]wg ug{, z]o/ ug{ tyf b[Zof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 .lk|ma]; -www.freebase.com_ of] u'unsf] ;xfos sDkgL xf] .

lrq $=!M datacatalogs.org -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_

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cg';Gwfg tYof+scg';Gwfg u/L tYof+s e]nf kf/]/ /fVg] y'k|} /fli6«o tyf ljleGg ljwfsf w]/} ;+:yf 5g\ . Uk Data Archieve (http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/) o:tf] Pp6f ;+:yf xf] . s]xL tYof+s l;Q}df kfOG5g\ eg] sltko tYof+s lngsf nflu u|fxs aGg'k5{ . sltko tYof+s cg'dlt a]u/ k'gMk|of]u jf k'gMljt/0f ug{ kfOFb}g .

s'g} klg ljifosf] hfgsf/L rflxPdf Get The Data -http://getthedata.org_ jf Quora -www.quora.com_ df ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . u]6 b 8]6f k|Zgf]Q/ ;fO6 xf] hxfF tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . o;df s'g} vf; ljifosf] tYof+s sxfF kfOPnf, tL tYof+s s;/L vf]Hg] jf lng], 8]6f;]6 cWoog ug{ s'g 6'n rnfpg], 8]6f s;/L ;Rofpg] jf csf{] kmDof{6df ePsf tYof+snfO{ cfk"mn] eg]sf] kmDof{6df s;/L abNg] h:tf k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 .

d]lnª ln:6df ;f]Wg'd]lnª ln:6 s'g} lglZrt ljifodf ?lr /fVg] w]/} dflg;sf] Od]n ;d'bfo xf] . tYof+s kqsf/sf nflu Data-Driven Journalism List / NICAR-L /fd|f ln:6 x'g\ . oL ln:6df ;a} lsl;dsf :6f]/L ul/;s]sf tYof+s kqsf/ / sDKo'6/sf ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª ;d"xsf lus ;b:o 5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] s;}n] xfdLn] clxn] ug{ nfu] h:tf] :6f]/L klxNo} ul/;s]sf] x'g ;S5 . pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf tYof+ssf] ln+s lbg ;Snfg\, To;f] geP sxfFaf6 ;'? ug{] eg]/ ;Nnfx t kSs} lbG5g\ . Wombat (http://project-wombat.org/) the Open Knowledge Foundation’s many mailing lists, theInfo df klg sf]l;; ubf{ x'G5 .

XofS;÷Xofs;{ HjfOg ug{'XofS;÷Xofs;{ -http://hackshackers.com_ cGt/f{li6«o u|f;?6 kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn xf] . of] b|'t ultdf k}mlnO/x]sf] 5 . rf/j6f dxfb]zdf o;sf w]/} RofK6/ / xhf/f}+ ;b:o 5g\ .

5flkPsf ;fdu|Laf6 tYof+s ;+sng ljlslnS;n] O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf cd]l/sL ;]gfsf b:tfj]h ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 xfdLn] klg cNh]l/og o'4 ePsf] %) jif{ k'u]sf] cj;/df ljlslnS;s} sfdsf] cg';/0f ub{} cNh]l/og o'4 8fo/L k|sfzg ug]{ ljrf/ u¥of}+ . xfdLn] cNh]l/og o'4df ;fd]n k|mfG;]nL ;}lgssf k'/fgf b:tfj]h ;+sng u/]/ ltgnfO{ l8lh6fOh ug{] lgwf] u¥of}+ . oL ;fdu|L k]l/;l:yt o'4 dGqfnosf clen]vfnodf kfOGy] t/ sfuhdf . xfdLn] kqsf/ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] kmf]6f] lvRg nufof}+ . xfdLn] tL b:tfj]hnfO{ Sofgg kL !%) sf] xn'sf :Sofg/n] :Sofg ug]{ k|of; u¥of}+ . t/ w]/} b:tfj]h :6]kn ul/Psf x'gfn] xfdLn] To;f] ug{ ;s]gf}+ .

s]xL xKtfd} !) xhf/ kfgf ;fdu|L e]nf eP . xfdLn] 6]S:6 k9\g] ;ˆ6j]o/ ABBYY FineReader sf ;xfotfn] ltgnfO{ l8lh6fOh ug{ vf]Hof}+ t/ glthf /fd|f] ePg . dGqfnon] cfsf{Oesf ;a}eGbf /f]rs afs; vf]Ng lbPg . To;dfly dGqfnon] oL b:tfj]hnfO{ k'gMk|sfzg ug{ lbPg . To;}n] xfdLn] hf]lvd df]Ng rfx]gf}+ / ;f] kl/of]hgf :ylut u¥of}+ .— lgsf]n; s];/–la|n, Journalism++

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o;sf] nIo ;dfrf/ / ;"rgfsf If]qdf sfd ug{] kqsf/ -æXofS;Æ_ / k|fljlws -æXofs;{Æ_ sf] g]6js{ agfpg' xf] . olt 7"nf] g]6js{sf s;} g s;}n] xfdLnfO{ xfdLn] ug{ nfu]sf] :6f]/Lsf af/]df ;Nnfx lbg ;S5 .

lj1;Fu ;f]Wg'

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;/sf/L ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] yfxf kfpg'

;/sf/L tYof+s s;/L /flvPsf 5g\ / tL tYof+s lng s] ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpFbf tL tYof+s lng ;lhnf] x'G5 .

;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] ;+u7g tflnsfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;~rf/ zfvf kQf nufpg'k5{ / ltgsf j]a;fO6 x]g{'k5{ . Pp6f tYof+s y'k|} ljefudf /flvPsf x'g ;S5g\ . Pp6f ljefun] n'sfP/ /fv]sf tYof+s csf]{ ljefun] v';L;Fu lbg ;S5 .

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kmf]g ljj/0f x]g{' s]xL dlxgf klxn] d}n] 6]S;f; ueg{/ -hf] Tolt a]nf /fi6«klt kbsf pDd]bjf/ lyP_ l/s k]/Lsf] kmf]g ljj/0f x]g{ vf]h]+ . o:tf] ljj/0f lngsf nflu d}n] ;"rgf dfu u/]/ w]/} ;do kv{g'k¥of] . cGTodf ˆofS; k]h h:tf] Sjfln6Lsf !@) eGbf a9L k]hdf d}n] Tof] ljj/0f kfPF . oL ljj/0f x]g{ d}n] ;"rgf OG6«L ug{'kg{] eof], tYof+s ;Rofpg'kg{] eof] . To;kl5 WhitePages.com API sf] pkof]u u/]/ kmf]g gDa/ x]g{'kg{] eof] . /fHo / ;+3Lo txsf lgjf{rg ;DaGwL tYof+s x]bf{ pgn] r'gfj k|rf/sf nflu /fHo ;+oGq b'?kof]u u/]sf] kQf nfUof] . — Hofs lhnd, P;f]l;P6]8 k|];

bf]xf]¥ofP/ vf]Hg'

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112

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d}n] cbfnt hfg zx/sf gfdL -/ dxFuf_ jlsn;Fu ;Dks{ u/]+ h;n] ;fj{hlgs tYof+s ;DaGwL d'2f x]g{] uy{] . ;"rgf cfof]u d]/f kIfdf ePsfn] pSt d'2f d ;lhn};Fu lhTg ;Sy]+ . t/ cf]kg 8]6f k|f]u|fdsf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;DaGw lau|g] 8/n] jlsn kl5 x6] . k|mfG;]nL clwsf/Lx¿n] w]/} k6s ;"rgf sfg'g nTofPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfd dflg;n] ;"rgf dfUbf jf:t} ub}{gg\ .— lgsf]n; s];/–la|n, Journalism++

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113

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cfˆgf] clwsf/ slt xf] yfxf kfpg'

lgj]bg lbg'cl3 s'g s'g ;"rgf kfpg] cfˆgf] clwsf/ 5, o;f] ubf{ s] k|lqmof ckgfpg'k5{, ;"rgf lng slt ;do nfU5 cflbaf/] yfxf kfpg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL lgodn] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;"rgf lbg] ;dofjlw tf]lslbPsf] x'G5 . s'g} b]zdf s]xL lbgdf ;"rgf lbO;Sg'k5{ elgPsf] 5 eg] s'g} b]zdf dlxgf lbg;Dddf lbg'k5{ elgPsf] 5 . ;"rgf dfu]/ lgj]bg lbPkl5 To;sf] btf{ g+=, lgjb]g lbPsf] ldlt cflb h:tf ljj/0f jf cfk"mn] lnPsf] lgj]bg btf{ ePkl5 To;sf] k|ltlnlk lng e'Ng' x'Fb}g .

gofF tYof+s k|zf]wg u/]/ ;"rgf lbg ;/sf/ afWo 5}g . cfk"m;Fu ePsf ;"rgf lbg eg] ;/sf/L lgsfo afWo 5g\ . h'g tYof+s pgLx¿;Fu x'g}k5{ tL tYof+s rflx+ pgLx¿n] lbg}k5{ .

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114

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ck"0f{ ;"rgf klg sfd nfU5g\

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PseGbf a9L 7fpFdf lgj]bg lbg'

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115

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;fj{hlgs ug'{

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cfhef]ln ;"rgf k|bfg ug{] w]/} ultnf ;]jf pknAw 5g\ . logsf] pkof]u u/]/ klg ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 . What Do They Know?, Frag den Staat, Ask the EU, Alave- teli cflb o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .

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116

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117

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;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] sfd u5{,o;sf] pkof]u ug{'k5{

;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g ;"rgf lngsf nflu pQd dfWod xf] . t/ o; dfWodaf6 ;"rgf lng ljlwsf] kfngf ug{'k5{ / slxn]sfxL+ w}o{ klg rflxG5 . oxfF ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] k|of]u ubf{ vf]h kqsf/sf ¿kdf d}n] ef]u]sf tLgj6f ;an kIf / r'gf}tLsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .

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118

d}n] ;g\ @))$ sf] avf{df o'/f]k]nL cfof]u;Fu oL tYof+s dfu]+ . x/]s jif{ k]ma|'c/Ldf cfof]unfO{ cfˆgf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] o:tf] tYof+s a'emfpF5g\ . tYof+sdf o'/f]k]nL cfof]uaf6 cg'bfg kfpg ss;n] lgj]bg lbP, slt hgfn] cg'bfg kfP / pgLx¿n] cg'bfg s] sfdsf nflu -cfˆgf] v]taf/Ldf v]tL ug{sf nflu kfPsf x'g\ ls cfˆ\gf] If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ kfPsf x'g\ ls jf kfp8/ b"w lgof{t ug{_ kfPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . Tolt a]nf cfof]udf o:tf] ljj/0f ;L8Ldf ;LP;eL kmfOndf a'emfOGYof] . cfof]u;Fu o:tf y'k|} tYof+s lyP h;df sfd ug{ l;2fGttM ;lhnf] lyof] . t/ tYof+s kfpg eg] sl7g eof] .

;g\ @))$ df cfof]un] pSt tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] . cfof]un] s] cQf] yfKof] eg] tYof+snfO{ 8]6fa];df cknf]8 ul/;lsPsf] 5 / ltgnfO{ lgsfNg w]/} d]xgt ug{'k5{ . Tolt a]nf xfdL;Fu sfg'gL n8fOF n8\g k'm;{b lyPg .

To;}n] xfdLn] ;fyLx¿dfk{mt ;a} o'/f]lkog b]zsf] tYof+s lng] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . a]nfotL, :jLl8; / 8r ;fyLx¿n] ;g\ @))% df tL tYof+s lnP . lkmgNofG8, kf]NofG8, kf]r'{un, :k]g, :nf]e]lgof / c¿ s]xL b]zsf klg tYof+s kfOP . hd{gL ;"rgf lbg sGh':ofOF ug{] b]z xf] . ;g\ @))& df ToxfFsf] klg s]xL 7fpFsf tYof+s kfPF . tYof+s lng d}n] cbfnt hfg'k¥of] . t/ tYof+s kfPkl5 cgnfOg Go'h DoflUhgsf nflu /fd|f :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/stern-wobbing_ tof/ eP .

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o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L / tYof+s oxfF lbOPsf 5g\ http://farmsubsidy.org/

k|ltlnlk clwsf/

cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] Vofn /fVg'k5{ < o;af/]df cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] sfg'g zfvf;Fu a'e\mbf /fd|f] x'G5 . ;j{dfGo lgod rflx+ o:tf] 5M ;/sf/n] k|sflzt u/]sf tYof+s x'g\ eg] cg'dlt lnO/xg' h¿/L 5}g . tYof+s a]r]/ cfDbfgL ug{] p2]Zo gePsf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] k|sflzt u/]sf tYof+s x'g\ eg] klg k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf af/]df lrGtf ug'{ kb}{g . tYof+s a]r]/ cfDbfgL ug]{ ;+:yfsf tYof+s pkof]u ug{ eg] cg'dlt lng'k5{ .

-g]kfnsf] hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefun] hn tyf df};d ;DaGwL tYof+s laqmL ug{] u5{ . tYof+s a]Rbf ljefun] o;/L lnPsf k"/} tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{ kfOFb}g eg]sf] x'G5 . To;}n], ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 lnPsf t/ ck|sflzt tYof+s k|sflzt ug{] ls gug{] eg]/ sfg'g hfGg] dfG5]nfO{ ;f]Wbf /fd|f] xf]nf . — cg'jfbs_ .

o;af6 s] kf7 l;Sg ;lsG5 eg] ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u ug{'k5{ . o'/f]kdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL pko'Qm P]g 5g\ . ljleGg b]zsf ljleGg /fhgLlts :jfy{ x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ ;"rgf lng ;lhnf] x'G5 .

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8G8Lkmf]/ cfPsf o'jfo'jtLn] 5fnf /fd|f] xf]nf eg]/ cf}ifwL u5{g\ . Pp6f cf}ifwLn] ubf{ o'jfo'jtL lvGg eP, s]xLn] t cfTdxTof u/] . cf}ifwLsf] o:tf] c;/sf af/]df kqsf/n] ;dfrf/ agfpg'k5{ . t/ of] s'/f yfxf kfpg sl7g 5 .

cf}ifwLsf unt c;/ ;DaGwL tYof+s /flvPsf eg] 5g\ . cf}ifwL agfpg] sDkgLn] cf}ifwLsf s] s:tf c;/ k/]sf 5g\ eGg]af/]df ;/sf/nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf atfpg'k5{ . ahf/df cf}ifwL a]Rg cg'dlt lbOPsf cf}ifwLsf ;fO8 Ok]mS6 ;DaGwL hfgsf/L /fli6«o ;/sf/ / o'/f]k]nL ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Ln] /fVg'k5{ .

o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;a}eGbf klxn] 8]gdfs{n] lbof] . o;sf nflu cg';Gwfg ug{ xfdLn] 8]lg;–8r–a]lNhog 6f]nL agfPsf lyof}+ . kl5 g]b/NofG8n] klg hfgsf/L lbof] . 8r ;/sf/;Fu x'g'k5{ egL 7flgPsf hfgsf/L 8]gdfs{df kfOof] .

120

cf}ifwLsf c;/sf sf/0fn] o'/f]k / c¿ w]/} b]zdf o'jfx¿n] cfTdxTof ug{] u/]sf /x]5g\ . kqsf/, cg';Gwfgstf{ / kLl8tsf kl/jf/ o; ;DaGwL ;"rgf kfpg k|of;/t 5g\ . o'/f]k]nL cDa'8\;Dofg o'/f]ksf cf}ifwL lgdf{tfdfly kf/bzL{ x'g bafa lbO/x]sf 5g\ / pgL ;kmn eP h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 -http://bit.ly/eu-ombudsman_ . ca xfdL kqsf/n] tL tYof+s ;+sng u/L o; ljifodf uxg ljZn]if0f ug'{ h¿/L 5 .

o;sf] kf7M s;}n] s'g} hfgsf/L lbg ldNb}g eGof] eg]/ r'k nfu]/ a:g' x'Fb}g . w}o{ ug{'k5{ / nfdf] ;do;Dd To;sf kl5 nflu/xg'k5{ . ;do ablng ;S5 . kl5 s'g} a]nf ;"rgf kfpg ;lsG5 .

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d[To'sf] t:s/L

o'4kl5 / ;+qmd0fsfn ;a} dflg;x¿sf nflu b'MvbfoL x'G5g\ . n8fOFaf6 kmfObf lnPsf dflg; ;Qfdf k'u]sf a]nfdf kqsf/n] vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ ug{sf nflu tYof+s sxfFaf6 kfpg] < :nf]]e]lgog, qmf]ol;og / af]l:gog kqsf/n] hf]8L afFw]/ o:tf tYof+s vf]Hg] ljrf/ u/] .

pgLx¿n] ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?df ;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] o'uf]:nfleofnfO{ xftxltof/ laqmL ug{ k|ltaGw nufPsf a]nf ePsf] xltof/sf] Jofkf/ ;DaGwdf vf]hL ug{] of]hgf agfP . ;+;bLo ;ldltn] o;} ljifodf u/]sf] 5fglagsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ pgLx¿n] cWoogsf] cfwf/ agfPsf lyP . xltof/ cfk"lt{sf] af6f], Jofkf/ / cf];f/k|;f/sf] k|s[ltaf/]df a'e\mg aGb/ufxdf /x]sf hxfhsf gDa/ / 6«ssf nfO;]G; gDa/ yfxf kfpg' h¿/L lyof] . :nf]e]lgofnL ;+;bLo ;ldltn] aNsfg o'4sf gfkmfvf]/x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lng sf]l;; u/]sf] lyof] t/ pm lgisif{df eg] k'Ug ;s]sf] lyPg . o; ;DaGwL sfuhft xfn;fn} uf]Ko xf]Ogg\ egL juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df ^ xhf/ kfgf lyP . :nf]e]lgofnL l6dn] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ of] sfuhft xft kf/]sf] lyof] .

o; :6f]/Lsf nflu sfuhdf 5flkPsf tYof+s e]nf u/L 8]6fa];df /fVg'kg{] eof] . pgLx¿n] yk tYof+s vf]h], ltgsf] ljZn]if0f u/] / u}/sfg'gL xltof/sf] Jofkf/sf] ?6 -bit.ly/kaasogmulvad-smuggling_ kQf nufP .

6f]nL cfˆgf] sfddf ;kmn eof] . o;sf] cgf}7f] glthf -bit.ly/journalismfund-smuggling1_ lg:Sof] . ;f] 6f]nLn] pSt sfdsf] klxnf] kmn klg kfof] . pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] :6f]/L o; If]qs} nflu pkof]uL lyof] . xftxltof/ h'g h'g b]z x'Fb} cf];fl/Psf] lyof] tL b]zsf kqsf/n] klg o; ;DaGwL :6f]/L agfpg ;Snfg\ .

kf7M cfk"mn] g;f]r]sf] 7fpFaf6 eP klg ultnf ;"rgf lgsfNg'k5{ . tL ;"rgf / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw tYof+s ldnfpFbf /fd|f] :6f]/L aGg ;S5 .

– la|lh6 cNkm6/, Journalismfund.eu

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pgLx¿n] Pp6f a[xt\ 8]6fa]; tof/ u/] h;n] e|i6frf/ ePsf] b]vfof] . ;a}eGbf a9L tna vfg] d]o/sf] ;"rL agfP/ x]bf{ pgLx¿sf] tna ;la{ofnL /fi6«kltsf] eGbf klg a9L ePsf] e]l6of] . w]/} sd{rf/Ln] kfpg'kg{] eGbf a9L tna lnPsf] kfOof] . pgLx¿n] oftfoft tyf b}lgs e|d0feQf zLif{sdf w]/} k};f lnPsf lyP . ;fj{hlgs vl/b ljj/0f x]bf{ efF8e}nf] ePsf] b]lvof] . o; 8]6fa];af6 !%) eGbf a9L :6f]/L tof/ eP . w]/}h;f] :6f]/L ;la{ofsf :yfgLo / /fli6«o ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt÷k|;fl/t eP .

Ps} vfnsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf t'ngfof]Uo ljj/0f t'ngf ubf{ s;n], sxfF, 36La9L vr{ u/]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfOG5 . o;af6 e|i6frf/ ePsf] x'g ;Sg] ;+s]t ldN5 . t'ngf u/L x]bf{ sxfF, s;n] cTolws / cgfjZos vr{ u/]sf] 5 eGg] hflgG5 .

— bf]lh{ Kof8]:sL, gfO6 hgf{lnhd km]nf], :6\ofGkmf]8{ ljZjljBfno

j]aaf6 tYof+s ;+sng

w]/} k|of; ubf{ klg vf]h]sf] tYof+s kfpg ;lsPg . cfk"mn] vf]h]sf s'/f j]adf /flvPsf] t /x]5 t/ 8fpgnf]8 ug{ gkfOg], skL u/]/ cfˆgf] kmfOndf k]:6 ug{ klg gldNg] /x]5 eg] klg cflQg' kb{}g . ;+;f/df w]/} ;d:of xn ug{] pkfo 5g\ . of] ;d:of xn ug{] pkfo klg 5g\ . s]xL pkfo tn lbOPsf 5g\M • cgnfOg 8]6fa];sf] OG6/km]; / cGo cfw'lgs j]a PK; -6\jL6/, km];a's, / To:t} ;fdflhs

;~hfn_ h:tf j]adf cfwfl/t PkLcfO{af6 tYof+s lng ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L, Jofkfl/s clg ;fdflhs ;+hfn ;fO6af6 tYof+s lng] of] uHha pkfo xf] .

• kL8LPkm kmfOnaf6 tYof+s lgsfNg]] . kL8LPkmaf6 tYof+s lgsfNg Psbd} sl7g x'G5 lsgeg] kL8LPkmsf] efiff lk|G6/sf nflu eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;sf] efiffdf xfdLnfO{ sfd nfUg] hfgsf/L x'Fb}g . ltgLx¿ b:tfj]hdf b]lvG5g\ dfq . kL8LPkmaf6 ;"rgf ;+sng s;/L ug]{ hfgsf/L lbg' o; k':tssf] p2]Zo xf]Og t/ klg oxfF s];Dd atfpg ;lsG5 eg] of] sfd ug{ ;xof]u ug{] s]xL 6'n / 6\o'6f]l/on kfOG5g\ .

122

• j]a;fO6 :qmLg :qmØfk ug{] . :qmLg :qmofk ubf{ :qmØflkª o'l6ln6Lsf ;xfotfn] cyjf ;fgf] sf]8 agfP/ ;/n j]ak]haf6 Jojl:yt ;fdu|L lemlsG5 . of] tl/sf Psbd} zlQmzfnL 5 / o;sf ;xfotfn] w]/} 7fpFaf6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . t/ o;sf nflu j]adf s;/L sfd x'G5 eGg]af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{ .

otL /fd|f k|fljlws pkfo eP klg c¿ ;fdfGo pkfo ckgfpg 5f8\g' x'Fb}g . h:t}, d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] tYof+s ;r{ ug{ s]xL ;do vr{ ug{] . cyjf tYof+s /fVg] ;+:yfsf dflg;;Fu tL tYof+s b]pm egL dfUg] .

tn Pr6LPdPn j]ak]haf6 tYof+s s;/L :qmØfk ug{] eGg] ljifosf cfwf/e"t pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\ .

d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] 8]6f eg]sf] s] xf] <

d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] 8]6f sDKo'6/n] k|zf]wg ug{ ;s"g\ eg]/ tof/ ul/Psf x'G5g\, dflg;n] TolQs} k9\gsf nflu xf]Og . o;df ePsf ;"rgf sDKo'6/sf :qmLgdf b]lvP h:tf 9fFrfdf /flvPsf x'Fb}gg\ . CSV,XML,JSON, and Excel kmfOn d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] kmDof{6 x'g\ eg] j8{ 8s'd]G6, Pr6LPdPn k]h / kL8LPkm kmfOn To;df ePsf hfgsf/L :qmLgdf b]vfpg] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf x'g\ . kL8LPkmn] lk|G6/;Fu ;f]emf] ;DaGw /fV5 . o;n] k]hdf /x]sf nfOg / yf]Knf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5, :ki6 ¿kdf k9\g ;lsg] cIf/;Fu xf]Og .

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o;/L :qmØflkª ubf{ s] kmfObf s] x'G5 eg] df};d ;DaGwL ljj/0f ePsf] j]a;fO6 xf];\ jf ;/sf/L ah]6 ;DaGwL j]a;fO6 xf];\ ;a} vfnsf j]a;fO6af6 tYof+s lng ;lsG5 . API sf] ;'ljwf gePsf ;fO6af6 /c -ck|zf]lwt_ tYof+s lng ;lsG5 .

:qmØfk ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg]

;a} ;fO6 :qmØfk ug{ ;ls+b}g . tnsf ljz]iftf ePsf ;fO6 :qmØfk ug{ ufx|f] x'G5M • /fd|f];Fu Jojl:yt gul/Psf Pr6LPdPn sf]8 h;df Jojl:yt hfgsf/L x'Fb}gg\ jf yf]/} dfq

x'G5g\ -k'/fgf ;/sf/L j]a;fO6_ .• :jrflnt lsl;dn] tYof+s lng /f]s nufOPsf -CAPTCHA codes and paywalls_ .• o'h/n] ;fO6df s] s;f] u5{g\ eg]/ lrof] ug{] k|0ffnL ePsf . • ;a} s'/fsf] ;"rL / jfON8sf8{ ;r{ ;'ljwf gePsf .• ;e{/ P8ldlg:6«]6/n] w]/} tYof+s lng /f]s nufPsf .

123

Koflrª, :qmØflkª, sDkfOlnª, lSnlgª

o's]sf w]/}eGbf w]/} tYof+s lng ;d:of k/]g . tYof+s pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] kmDof{6df /fVg] rng a9\bf] 5 . cltly ;Tsf/, ;f+;bsf] :jfy{, nlaOª / cGo ljifosf hfgsf/L lgoldt ¿kdf k|sflzt eO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ tL tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{ cK7\of/f] x'g] lsl;dn] /flvPsf] 5 . s]xL hfgsf/L kfpgsf nflu w]/} kmfOn Ps 7fpFdf hf]8\g' -Koflrª ug{'_ k5{ . s]xL hfgsf/L eg] j]a :qmØflkª ubf{ ;lhn} cfpF5g\ .

:qmØfk/ljsL h:tf ;]jfsf] ;xof]u lnP/ :qmØfk ug{ rflxg] hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . xfdLn] oxL tl/sf ckgfpFbf ;f+;bsf] :jfy{;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L Pp6} l;6df /fVg ;Sof}+ . xfd|f] cfwf sfd ;lhnf];Fu ;lsof] .

ufFh]dfh] tYof+snfO{ pkof]u ug{ ldNg agfpg] sfddf :qmØfk/ljsL cyjf Outwit Hub h:tf 6'nn] kqsf/nfO{ w]/} d2t u5{g\ . — h]D; an, b ufl8{og

:qmØfk ug{ ;3fpg] 6'n

j]a;fO6df 7"nf] kl/df0fdf /flvPsf ;"rgf lgsfNg ;3fpg] w]/} k|f]u|fd 5g\ . Readability (http://www.readability.com/) n] j]ak]haf6 6]S:6 lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ . DownThemAll http://www.downthemall.net/ n] Ps} k6s w]/} kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;3fpF5 . logn] cfk}+mn] ubf{ lbSs nfUg] sltko sfd :jrflnt ¿kdf ul/lbG5g\ . qmf]ddf /flvPsf] Scraper extension j]a;fO6df /flvPsf 6]an lemSgs} nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . kmfo/kmS;n] firebug (http://getfirebug.com/) 8]enk/ PS:6]G;g agfPsf] 5 . qmf]d, ;kmf/L / cfO{O{df of] ;'ljwf o;cl3 g} pknAw lyof] . logn] j]a;fO6 s;/L /flvPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f atfpF5g\ . clg xfd|f] a|fph/ / ;e{/sf aLrdf s] s:tf s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f klg atfpF5g\ . :qmØfk/ljsL -https://scraperwiki.com_ o:tf] j]a;fO6 xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] kfOyg, ?aL jf kLPrkL h'g;'s} k|f]u|fldª efiffdf :qmØfk/nfO{ sf]8 ug{ ldN5 . cfˆgf] sDKo'6/df k|f]u|fldª gu/Lsg tYof+s :qmØfk ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] of] /fd|f] pkfo xf] . Google Spreadsheets and Yahoo! Pipes h:tf j]a ;le{;sf] pkof]u u/]/ klg j]a;fO6af6 ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 .

sfg'gL c8\rg klg x'g ;S5 . s]xL b]zn] 8]6fa];sf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft /fv]sf x'G5g\ . o;n] ubf{ cgnfOgdf k|sflzt hfgsf/L k'gMk|of]u ug{ gkfOg] x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ sfg'gn] eGb} u5{, cfˆgf] sfd u5{' eGg ;lsPnf . kqsf/sf] ljz]if clwsf/ x'g ;Snf . ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fOPsf ;/sf/L tYof+s :qmØfk ug{ ;lsPnf t/ ltgnfO{ k|sflzt ug{'cl3 To;f] ug{ sfg'gn] lbG5 ls lb+b}g eg]/ x]g{'knf{ . Jofkfl/s ;+:yf / s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] o;f] ug{'nfO{ g/fd|f] dfGg ;S5g\, pgLx¿n] :qmØfk ug{]dfly l;:6d æ:ofaf]6]hÆ u/]sf] cf/f]k nufpg ;S5g\ . s'g} ;"rgfn] JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ pNn+3g ug{ ;S5 .

124

j]a:qmØfk/n] s;/L sfd u5{ <

j]a:qmØfk/ kfOyg, ?aL jf kLPrkLdf n]lvPsf ;fgf k|f]u|fldª sf]8 x'g\ . oLdWo] s'g rnfpg] eGg] s'/f cfˆgf] cj:yfdf lge{/ u5{ . cfˆgf] klqsfsf cyjf cfˆgf 7fpFsf k|fljlwsn] dflysf dWo] h'g k|f]u|fldª efiff hfg]sf 5g\ ToxL k|f]u|fldª efiff rnfpg' pQd x'G5 .

o;cl3 pNn]v ul/Psf s]xL :qmØflkª 6'n :qmØflkª ug{ l;Sbf sfd nfU5g\ t/ cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf lemSgsf nflu ;xL kfgf / ;xL Olnd]G6 lrGg] / k|of]u ug{] sfd lgs} hl6n 5 .

oL sfd k|f]u|fldªsf xf]Ogg\, j]a;fO6 / 8]6fa];sf] agfj6 yfxf kfpgsf nflu ug{'kg{] sfd x'g\ . j]a;fO6 b]vfpg] a]nfdf a|fph/n] b'O{j6f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]sf] x'G5 M Pr6L6LkL / Pr6LPdn . Pr6L6LkLn] ;e{/;Fu ;~rf/ u/L b:tfj]h, lrq jf lel8of] ;fdu|L dfU5 . Pr6LPdPn j]a;fO6 agfpg k|of]u ul/Psf] efiff xf] .

j]ak]hsf] agfj6

h'g;'s} Pr6LPdPn kfgf y'k|} afs; ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ Pr6LPdPn 6\ofu elgG5 . 7"nf] afs;leq y'k|} ;;fgf afs; /x]sf x'G5g\, Pp6f 6]andf y'k|} k+lQm / ;]n eP h:t} . 6\ofu y'k}| lsl;dsf x'G5g\ h;n] km/s km/s sfd u5{g\ . s]xL 6\ofun] afs; agfpF5g\, s]xLn] 6]an, Od]h jf ln+s . 6\ofudf yk ljz]iftf klg x'g ;S5g\ . 6\ofu s'g} ;d"xdf /x]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ æSnf;]hÆ elgG5 . s'g} b:tfj]hleq /x]sf Olnd]G6nfO{ nlIft u/L To;nfO{ ;dfTg] sfd Snf;]hn] u5{ . :qmØfk/ agfpg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo pko'Qm Olnd]G6sf] 5gf]6 ug'{ / To;df /x]sf ljifoj:t' lgsfNg' xf] .

j]ak]hdf /x]sf Olnd]G6nfO{ x]bf{ afs;leq afs; /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

j]ak]h :qmØfk ug{ Pr6LPdPn 8s'd]G6df ePsf ljleGg vfn] Olnd]G6sf af/]df yfxf kfpg' h¿/L 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, <table> Olnd]G6n] ;a} 6]annfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . <tr> n] 6]ansf] k+lQmnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;df x/]s ;]nsf nflu <td> /x]sf] x'G5 . ;a}eGbf rNtLsf] Olnd]G6 <div> xf] h:n] ljifoj:t'sf] Pp6f efu eGg] hgfpF5 . oL Olnd]G6af/] yfxf kfpg] ;lhnf] pkfo eg]sf] j]a a|fph/df /x]sf] 8]enk/ 6'naf/ -bit.ly/developer-toolbar_ sf] k|of]u ug{' xf] . o;n] j]ak]hsf] h'g;'s} efudf klg hfg / To;df s] sf]8 n]lvPsf] 5 egL x]g{ lbG5 .

6\ofu lstfasf] v08 h:t} xf] h;n] Pp6f v08 ;lsPsf] / csf{] v08 ;'? ePsf] hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, <em> n] O6flns ul/Psf] cyjf af]N8 ul/Psf] cIf/ ;'? ePsf]] hgfpF5 eg] </em> n] To;sf] cGTo ePsf] atfpF5 .

125

lrq $=$M cGt/f{li6«o cf0fljs phf{ ;+:yfsf] kf]6{n -news.iaea.org_

Pp6f pbfx/0fM kfOygsf] ;xfotfn] cf0fljs pmhf{ b'3{6gf ;DaGwL ;"rgf :qmØfk\

cGt/f{li6«o cf0fljs pmhf{ Ph]G;Lsf] kf]6{n NEWS (www-news.iaea.org/EventList.aspx) df ;+;f/e/ ePsf ljls/0f ;DaGwL b'3{6gfsf hfgsf/L /flvPsf] 5 . o;df b'3{6gfnfO{ ;/n kf/fdf /flvPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;lhn};Fu :qmØfk ug{ ;lsG5 .

;'?df kfOyg :qmØfk/ljsLdf (https://scraperwiki.com/_ uP/ gofF kfOyg :qmofk/ agfpg] . olt ubf{ Pp6f vfnL 7fpF cfpF5 h;df s]xL sf]8 x'G5g\ . csf]{ a|fph/ ljG8f]df -http://www-news.iaea.org/EventList.aspx) vf]Ng] / cfˆgf] a|fph/df 8]enk/ 6'naf/ vf]Ng] . æOlnd]G6\;Æ Eo'df uP/ s'g} Pp6f ;dfrf/sf] Pr6LPdn Olnd]G6 kQf nufpg] . a|fph/sf] 8]enk/ 6'naf/n] j]ak]hdf /x]sf Olnd]G6;Fu ;Dks{ u5{ / Pr6LPdPn sf]8 b]vfpF5 .

of] k]hdf /fd|f];Fu x]bf{ zLif{s 6]an <table> leq <h4> Olnd]G6df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . x/]s 36gfnfO{ <tr> k+lQmn] hgfpF5 . o;df s]xL JofVof / ldlt;d]t n]lvPsf] x'G5 . ;a} 36gfsf ljj/0f lgsfNg'k/]sf] 5 eg] x/]s k+lQmnfO{ tflnsfdf qmda4 ¿kdf 5fGg] tl/sf kQf nufpg'k5{ .

of] k|lqmofnfO{ sf]8df abNgsf nflu xfdLn] o;sf ;a} sbdsf af/]df yfxf kfpg'k5{ . s:tf sbd rfNg'k5{ eGg] yfxf kfpg Pp6f ;/n cEof; u/f}+ . cfˆgf] :qmØfk/ljsL ljG8f]df cfˆgf nflu lgb]{zg n]vf}+ . o;df of] :qmØfk/ agfpgsf nflu h] h] sfd u5f{}+ tL ;a} s'/f n]Vg'k5{ . kfOygnfO{ of] jf:tljs sDKo'6/ sf]8 xf]Og eGg] hgfpgsf nflu x/]s sfdsf] cufl8 # lrGx /fvf}+ . pbfx/0fsf nfluM # Look for all rows in the table#Unicornmustnotoverflowonleftside.

126

;s];Dd ;l6s aGg] k|of; ug{'k5{ . xfdLn] :qmØfk ug{ nfu]sf k]hsf af/]df k|f]u|fdnfO{ x/]s s'/f yfxf 5 eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g .

s]xL s[lqd sf]8 n]lv;s]kl5 o;nfO{ xfd|f] klxnf] :qmØfk/sf] h¿/L sf]8;Fu t'ngf u/f+}M

import scraperwiki from lxml import html

of] klxnf] v08df xfdL nfOa|]/Laf6 ljBdfg lnlvt sf]8 cfoft ub{}5f}+ . :qmØfk/ljsL -scraperwiki_ n] xfdLnfO{ j]a;fO6 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . To:t} lxml 6'nn] Pr6LPdPn 8s'd]G6sf] agfj6sf] ljZn]if0f ub{5 . Pp6f ;lhnf] s] 5 eg] :qmØfk/ljsLdf kfOyg :qmØfk/n] sfd ubf{ tnsf oL b'O{ x/km ;w}+el/ ;dfg /xG5g\ .

url = "http://www-news.iaea.org/EventList.aspx"doc_text = scraperwiki.scrape(url)doc = html.fromstring(doc_text)

ca sf]8n] url e]l/oan agfpF5 / IAEA k]hnfO{ Eofn'df /fV5 . o;n] :qmØfk/nfO{ oL s'/fx¿ cl:tTjdf 5g\ eGg] hgfpF5 / o;af/] xfdLn] Wofg lbg'k5{ . url ;a} p4/0f lrGxleq /x]sf] 5 lsgeg] of] k|f]u|fd sf]8sf] c+u xf]Og a? Sof/]S6/sf] >[+vnf xf] h;nfO{ l:6«ª elgG5 .

o;kl5 xfdLn] o'cf/Pn e]l/oannfO{ kmª;g, scraperwiki.scrape df Ogk'6sf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{'k5{ . o;n] s]xL tf]lsPsf sfd u5{ . oxfF xfdLn] ul//x]sf] sfdsf xsdf o;n] j]ak]h 8fpgnf]8 u5{ . of] sfd ;lsPkl5 o;n] o;sf cfp6k'6nfO{ csf{] e]l/oandf c;fOg u5{, doc_text. doc_textn] ca j]a;fO6sf jf:tljs 6]S:6 -a|fph/df b]lvPsf s'/f xf]Og_, 6\ofu;d]tsf jf:tljs ;f];{ sf]8 /fV5 . o;nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] gePsfn] xfdLn] csf{] Olnd]G6 html.fromstring k|of]u u/L :k];n l/k|]h]G6];g tof/ ug{'k5{ hxfF xfdLn] Olnd]G6 -h;nfO{ 8s'd]G6 cAh]S6 df]8n –8Lcf]Pd– elgG5_ nfO{ ;lhn} P8«]; ug{ ;S5f}+ .

for row in doc.cssselect("#tblEvents tr"):link_in_header = row.cssselect("h4 a").pop()event_title = link_in_header.textprint event_title

of] clGtd r/0fdf 6]andf ePsf nx/ kQf nufpg 8Lcf]Pdsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ / x]8/af6 36gfsf] zLif{s lgsfNg'k5{ . o;sf nflu b'O{j6f gofF cjwf/0ffsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . Pp6f xf]M the for loop . b km/ n'kn] cfˆgf] gfd cg';f/s} sfd u5{ . o;n] ljj/0fsf] ;"rL tof/ kf5{ . To;f] ubf{ o;n] x/]snfO{ -oxfF x/]s nx/nfO{_ nfO{ c:yfoL gfd lbG5 / x/]s ljj/0fsf nflu lbPsf] lgb]{zg /g u5{ .

csf]{ gofF cjwf/0ff, Olnd]G6sf] 5gf]6 -element selection (.cssselect)) xf] . Olnd]G6 5gf]6 eg]sf] 8s'd]G6df /x]sf Olnd]G6 kQf nufpg k|of]u ul/g] sDKo'6/ efiff xf] . ;fdfGotof CSS selectors sf]

127

k|of]u Pr6LPdPn Olnd]G6df n]cfp6 ;"rgf /fVgsf nflu ul/G5 . k]haf6 Olnd]G6 lemSg klg o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . oxfF xfdL nfOg ^ df #tblEvents tr sf] 5gf]6 ub{}5f}+ hf] ID tblEvents 6]andf /x]sf Olnd]G6 <tr> ;Fu ldN5g\ . o;n] <tr> Olnd]G6sf] ;"rL b]vfpF5 .

of] ;"rL ;ftf}+ x/kmdf b]lvG5 . oxfF xfdL xfOk/ln+s <a> kQf nufpg csf]{ ;]n]S6/sf] k|of]u ub{5f+} h'g <h4> leq x'G5 . oxfF xfdL Pp6} dfq Olnd]G6 vf]H5f}+ . To;}n] xfdL .pop() kmª\;g k|of]u ub{5f}+ .

l8cf]Pddf ePsf s]xL Olnd]G6 jf:tljs 6]S:6 x'g\ . o;nfO{ nfOg * df b]lvPsf] [element].text syntax pkof]u u/]/ PS;]; ug{ ;lsG5 . cGTodf, nfOg ( df To; 6]S:6nfO{ :qmØfk/ljsLsf] sG;f]ndf lk|G6 u5f{}+ . :qmØfk/df /x]sf] /gdf lx6 ubf{ ;fgf] ljG8f]df cfO{PO{Psf] j]a;fO6af6 36gfsf gfdsf] ljj/0f cfpF5 .

olt a]nf ;fdfGo :qmØfk/n] sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] j]ak]h 8fpgnf]8 u5{ / j]ak]hnfO{ l8cf]Pd kmd{df kl/jt{g u5{ . o;kl5 s'g} lglZrt ;fdu|L lemSg ;lsG5 . of] agfj6sf cfwf/df :qmØfk/ljsL / kfOygsf] k|of]u u/L cGo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5M

• x/]s 36gfsf] 6fO6nsf] ln+ssf] P8«]; kfpg ;S5f}+ <• ;LP;P; Snf; g]d pkof]u u/]/ gfd / 7fpF ePsf ;fgf afs; ;]n]S6 ug{ ;S5f}+ /

Olnd]G6sf 6]S:6 lgsfNg ;S5f}+ <• :qmØfk/ljsLn] x/]s :qmØkf/sf nflu ;fgf] 8]6fa]; agfpF5 . To;}n] xfdL o;sf] l/hN6 :6f]/

ug{ ;S5f}+ . 8S;af6 ;fGble{s pbfx/0f skL ug{ ;S5f}+ / o;nfO{ P8fK6 ug{ ;S5f}+ h;n] 36gfsf] 6fO6n, ln+s / ldlt ;]e u5{ .

• Oe]G6 ln:6df w]/} k]h x'G5 . klxn]sf 36gf ePsf w]/} k]h :qmØfk ug{ ;S5f}+ <

oL r'gf}tL ;dfwfg ug{ sf]l;; ubf{ eg] :qmØfk/ljsLdf x]g'{k5{ . ToxfF ljBdfg :qmØfk/sf y'k|} pbfx/0f 5g\ . k|foMh;f] 8]6f /f]rs x'G5g\ . o;/L xfdLn] x/]s k6s ;'?s} r/0faf6 sfd yfNg' kb{}g . cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] h:tf] :qmØfk/ 5fGg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ rnfP/ cfˆgf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .— k|]m8]l/s lnG8]gau{, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g

lrq $=%M :qmØfk/df sfd eO/x]sf] -:qmØfk/ljsL_

128

tYof+ssf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf j]a

Od]n 7]ufgf, j]a;fO6, kmf]6f]÷lrq cyjf ljlslkl8ofdf ePsf n]v h:tf OG6/g]6df dfq} kfOg] ;fdu|Lsf af/]df yk s'/f s;/L yfxf kfpg] < oxfF d}n] To:tf 6'nsf af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] 5' h;n] ltgsf af/]df yk s'/f atfpF5g\ .

j]a 6'N;

;a}eGbf klxn] s]xL To:tf ;]jfsf af/]df rrf{ u/f}+ h;n] s'g} lglZrt k]hsf af/]df xf]Og k"/} ;fO6sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5g\ .

Whoishttp://whois.domaintools.com/ df uP/ who is lookup df cfkm"n] hfgsf/L lng rfx]sf] j]a;fO6sf] j]a 7]ufgf 6fOk u/]df jf Dofssf] 6ld{gn Pkdf whois www.example.com 6fOk u/]df h'g;'s} j]a;fO6sf] klg /lh:6«];g ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . xfn cfP/ sltko j]a;fO6 ;+rfnsn] /lh:6«];g uf]Ko /fVg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs x'Fb}g . t/ w]/}h;f] j]a;fO6sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, Od]n / /lh:6/ ug]{ JolStsf] gfd cflb x]g{ ;lsG5 . o; 7fpFdf IP address 6fOk ubf{ Tof] s'g JolSt jf ;+:yfsf] ;e{/ xf] eGg] yfxf x'G5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf b'?kof]u ug]{ jf z+sf:kb JolStsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng of] 6'n pkof]uL 5 lsgeg] k|foM ;a} j]a;fO6n] j]a;fO6 k|of]ustf{sf] IP address /]s8{ u/]sf] x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs 8]6fa]; :qmØfk ug{'

s]xL k|mfG;]nL lrlsT;sx¿n] cfˆgf] z'Ns cfk}+m tf]Sg kfpF5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 6\o'd/ ljz]if1;Fu #) ldg]6 s'/fsfgL ubf{ la/fdLn] &) o'/f]b]lv %)) o'/f];Dd ltg'{k5{ . of] b/ sfg'gL ¿kn] k|sflzt b/ xf] . t/ ;/sf/n] o; ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hg c;lhnf] 8]6fa]; agfP/ k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . n] df]G8]sf lrlsT;ssf] z'Nsaf/] hfgsf/L ;lhn};Fu b]Vg ;lsg] agfpg d}n] ;a} 8]6fa];nfO{ :qmØfk ug]{ ljrf/ u/]+ .

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BlekkoBlekko ;r{ OlGhg (http://blekko.com/) n] j]a;fO6sf y'k|} cfGtl/s hfgsf/L aflx/ NofpF5 . s'g} klg j]a;fO6sf] 8f]d]g gfdsf k5fl8 æ/seo" 6fOk u/]df To; j]a;fO6sf af/]df Ps kfgf hlt hfgsf/L kfOG5 . lrq $=& df sf] klxnf] 6\ofadf c¿ s'g s'g ;fO6 o;df ln+s ul/Psf] 5 egL] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; j]a;fO6n] slt se/]h kfPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg o;n] b]vfpF5 . u'un ;r{sf] kl/0ffddf o:sf] :yfg lsg pRr ePsf] xf] eGg] yfxf kfpg ;d]t o;n] sfd lbG5 . lrq $=* df To; d]l;gaf6 c¿ s'g s'g j]a;fO6 ;~rflnt 5g\\ eGg] s'/fb]vfOPsf] 5 . :Sofd/ / :kfd/n] cfˆgf] j}wflgs cl:tTj b]vfpgsf nflu w]/} ;fO6 agfO{ Pscsf{df ln+s /fVg] u/]sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ 5'§f5'§} 8f]d]g h:tf b]lvG5g\ / btf{ ljj/0f ;d]t km/s x'g ;S5 . t/ ltgLx¿ k|foM ;a} Pp6} ;e{/df /flvPsf x'G5g\ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 . oL tYof+ssf cfwf/df cfk"mn] cg';Gwfg ug{ nfu]sf] ;fO6sf leqL s'/f yfxf kfOG5 .

lrq $=̂ M An]Ssf] ;r{ OlGhg (Blekko.com)

lrq $=&M j]asf] nf]slk|otf yfxf kfpg]M who links to who? “Crawl stats”, vf;u/L “Cohosted with” v08 klg pkof]uL 5 (Blekko.com)

lrq $=*M j]a :Kofd/ / :Sofd/ kQf nufpg] af6f] (Blekko.com)

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www.compete.como;df uP/ ;fO6 kf]6{kmf]lnof] 6\ofasf] 5gf]6 u/L -lrq $=(_ To;df 8f]d]g 6fOk ubf{ To; ;fO6sf] lat]sf jif{sf] 6«flkms b]lvG5 . o;df slt dfG5]n] Tof] ;fO6 lelh6 u/], af/Daf/ cfpg] lelh6/ slt lyP -lrq $=!)_ eGg] ljj/0f x'G5 . ;e{]df cfwfl/t ePsfn] of] olsg ;+Vof xf]Og t/ OG6/gn Pgflnl6S;;Fu t'ngf u/L x]bf{ of] emG8} emG8} b'?:t ePsf] kfOof] . b'O{j6f ;fO6sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ klg of] /fd|f] pkfo xf] h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 .

u'un ;fO6 ;r{s'g} lglZrt 8f]d]gdf ePsf ;a} ;fdu|L x]g{] xf] eg] “site:” ls j8{ w]/} pkof]uL x'G5 . ;r{ aS;df “site:example.com” 6fOk ubf{ u'unn] cfk"mn] 6fOk u/]sf] ;fO6sf] dfq hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;df lglZrt k]h dfq x]g{ dg nfu]sf] 5 eg] “site:example.com/pages/” 6fOk ug{'k5{ . 8f]d]gsf dflnsn] 8f]d]gdf /fv]sf] t/ w]/} dflg;nfO{ yfxf lbg gvf]h]sf] hfgsf/L vf]Hg of] pkfo sfd nfU5 .

j]a k]h, Od]h / lel8of]slxn]sfxL+ xfdLnfO{ s'g} lglZrt :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf af/]df hfGg dg nfUg ;S5 . s'g ;fdu|L s;n] k9\b}5, To;;Fu ;DalGwt s:tf s:tf k|ltlqmof ePsf 5g\, s;n] skL u¥of] cyjf z]o/ u¥of] h:tf s'/f yfxf kfpg tnsf 6'n pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ .

Bit.lys'g} vf; ln+snfO{ dflg;n] Psfk;df s;/L z]o/ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] hfGg dg nfUof] eg] d bit.ly (https://bitly.com) rnfpF5' . o;sf nflu h'g o'cf/Pnsf af/]df hfGg vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] o'cf/Pn OG6/ ug{'k5{ . To;kl5 OGkmf] k]h Kn; ln+sdf lSns ug{'k5{ . o;n] tYof+s k]hdf n}hfG5 -of] ;le{; lnPsf] 5 eg] “aggregratebit.lylink” 5gf]6 ug{'k5{_ . o;af6 of] k]h slt nf]slk|o 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . o;n] k]m;a's, 6\jL6/ cflbdf o;;Fu ;DalGwt s] s:tf ultljlw ePsf /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f klg b]vfpF5 . To;eGbf tn To;sf af/]df ul/Psf sd]G6 lbOPsf]

lrq $=(M Compete.com sf] ;fO6 k|f]kmfOn ;]jf (Compete.com)

lrq $=!)M What’sinvogue?What’sindemand?:Hotspotsontheweb(Compete.com)

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x'G5 . tYof+s / 5nkmn b'j} hfgsf/L o;/L Ps} 7fpFdf kfpFbf s] kmfObf x'G5 eg] of] ;fO6 slt nf]slk|o /x]5 eGg] s'/f dfq xf]Og, o;sf ˆofg sf] /x]5g\ / of] lsg nf]slk|o /x]5 eGg] klg yfxf kfOG5 .

6\jL6/of] dfOqmf] Anluª ;]jf xf] . of] rnfpg] dfG5] a9\b}5g\ . To;}n] o;df dflg;n] s:tf s'/f s;/L z]o/ u5{g\ / 5nkmn u5{g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg' pkof]uL x'G5 . o;df s'g} ln+ssf af/]df dflg;n] s] s:tf 6Lsfl6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] 5 . o;sf] ;r{aS;df cfk"mn] hfGg rfx]sf] ;fdu|Lsf] o'cf/Pn k]:6 u/]/ OG6/ u/L ædf]/ 6\jL6\;Æ df lx6 u¥of] eg] cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 .

uu'nsf] Sofz]s'g} k]hdf ljjfb cfof] eg] To;sf k|sfzsn] c¿nfO{ yfx} glbO{sg o;nfO{ ;fO6af6 x6fpg ;S5g\ . o:tf] z+sf nfUof] eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] cfk"mn] ;a}eGbf kl5 x]/]sf] Tof] k]hsf] u'un Sofz]df hfg'k5{ . Sofz] w]/} rNg] x'gfn] cfk"mnfO{ z+sf nfu]sf] s]xL 306fleq}df x]¥of] eg] o;sf] Sofz] k]mnf kg{ ;S5 . To;kl5 u'un ;r{df o;sf] o'cf/Pn OG6/ u/]/ k]hsf] bflxg] ePsf] l6«kn P/f]df lSns ug{'k5{ .

olt ul/;s]kl5 u|flkmsn lk|Eo' b]lvg'k5{ . o;sf] dfly kl6 æSofz]Æ ln+s e]l6g ;S5 . To; k]hsf af/]df yfxf kfpg Tof] ln+sdf lSns ug{'k5{ . of] k]h nf]8 x'g ;d:of k¥of] eg] k'mn Sofz] k]hsf] dfly ePsf] 6]S:6–cGnLdf n}hfg] 7fpFdf lSns ug{'k5{ . o;/L kfOPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] :qmLg;6 lng ;lsG5 cyjf oxfF ePsf ;fdu|L skL u/]/ cfˆgf] kmfOndf k]:6 ug{ ;lsG5 . kl5 c¿ Sofz] cfPkl5 of] gkfOg ;S5 .

WaybackMachinenfdf] ;dodf -w]/} dlxgf jf jif{df_ s'g} k]hdf s] s'/f k]ml/P5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] OG6/g]6 cfsf{Oedf /x]sf] TheWaybackMachine gfds ;]jf rnfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . o;n] a]nfa]nfdf j]asf ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o k]hsf :Gofk;6 /fVg] u5{ . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ;fO6df uP/ cfk"mn] cWoog ug{ nfu]sf] ln+s lbg'k5{ . o;sf] skL pknAw /x]5 eg] To;df To; k]hsf] Sofn]G8/ lbG5 . cfk"mnfO{ h'g ldltsf] k]h x]g{ dg nfu]sf] 5 ToxL a]nfsf] k]h /f]Hg'k5{ . olt ubf{ ToxL a]nfsf] cyjf To;sf] cln cl3÷kl5sf] k]h b]vfOlbg ;S5 . To;sf :6fOn cyjf lrq÷kmf]6f] ge]l6g ;S5g\ t/ To;df s] s] s'/f k]ml/P5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] df]6fdf]6L hfgsf/L kfOG5 .

ViewSourceof] cln nfdf] k|lqmof xf] . 8]enk/n] k]hsf Pr6LPdPn sf]8df k|foMh;f] sd]G6 cyjf Sn' -hfgsf/L kfOg] ;+s]t_ /fv]sf x'G5g\ . æEo' ;f];{Æ a|fph/ cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} 7fpFdf x'G5 . of] cK;gdf hfFbf sRrf Pr6LPdPn vf]Hg ;lsG5 . o;sf d]l;gn] dfq k9\g ;Sg] s'/fdf s] elgPsf] 5 egL x]g{' kb{}g, ltgsf aLrdf /x]sf cIf/ x]bf{ x'G5 . logdf slk/fO6 ;DaGwL ;"rgf x'g ;Snf cyjf n]vssf] gfd x'g ;Snf . o;sf cfwf/df of] k]h lsg / s;/L agfOof] eGg] s'/f kQf nfUg ;S5 .

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TinEyeslxn]sfxL+ s'g} Od]hsf] ;f];{ kQf nufpg'kg{] x'G5 t/ To;;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} 6]S:6 cfk"m;Fu x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf u'un h:tf k/Dk/fut ;r{ OlGhg sfd nfUb}gg\ . o;sf nflu 6LgcfO{ -www.tineye.com_ sfd nfU5 h;n] “reverseimagesearch” ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 . cfk"mn] h'g Od]hsf] ;f];{ kQf nufpg vf]h]sf] xf] Tof] Od]h ToxfF /flvlb+bf p;n] To:t} Od]h j]adf cGt sxfF sxfF 5g\ egL vf]H5 . o;n] Od]h vf]Hg] x'gfn] cfk"mn] lbPsf] Od]h qmk, l8:6f]6{ jf sDk|]; u/]sf] /x]5 eg] klg s]xL km/s kb{}g . cfk"mn] kfPsf] Od]h df}lns xf] ls xf]Og cyjf To;nfO{ tf]8df]8 ul/Psf] 5 ls eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

o'6\o'ao'6\o'adf lel8of]sf] bfofFkl§ tNnf] efudf /x]sf] :6fl6l:6S; n]lvPsf] 7fpFdf lSns ubf{ ;f] lel8of] slt hgfn] x]/]5g\ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 . olt dfq xf]Og sxfFsf bz{sn] x]/]5g\, pgLx¿ slQsf] af/Daf/ o; ;fO6 cfpFbf /x]5g\ / pgLx¿n] slxn] ;f] lel8of] x]/]5g\ eGg] s'/f ;d]t yfxf x'G5 .

Od]ncfk"mn] kfPsf Od]n k7fpg] dfG5] / ltgsf] 7]ufgf kQf nufpg] algagfpm ;fwg t 5}gg\ t/ x/]s Od]n Dof;]hdf ePsf ælx8g x]8/Æsf af/]df yfxf kfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . oL k/Dk/fut lr7Ldf ePsf kf]:6dfs{ h:t} lrGx x'g\ . logsf cfwf/df k|]ifssf af/]df w]/} yfxf kfOG5 . vf;u/L d]n k7fpg] cfO{kL P8«]; / d]l;gsf af/]df yfxf kfOG5 . of] hfgsf/L kmf]gsf] sn/ cfO{8L h:t} xf] . cfO{kL P8«]; kfO;s]kl5 x'Oh cg -h;sf af/]df dfly n]lvPsf] 5_ sf ;xfotfn] Tof] d]l;g s'g ;+:yfsf] xf] eGg] kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . o'h/nfO{ Comcast jf AT&T h:tf ;+:yfn] sg]S;g lbPsf] /x]5 eg] MaxMind df uP/ Tof] s'g 7fpFdf 5 eg]/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

lhd]ndf x]8/ kQf nufpgsf nflu Dof;]h cf]kg u/]/ bflxg]lt/ ;a}eGbf dfly l/KnfO{ eGbf klt{/sf] d]g' cf]kg ug{'k5{ . To;df “Show original” /f]Hg'k5{ .

o;f] ubf{ gofF k]hdf klxn] gb]lvPsf hfgsf/L b]lvG5g\ . ;'?sf s]xL bh{g nfOgdf s]xL zAb / To;sf k5fl8 sf]nf]g x'G5g\ . xfdLn] vf]lh/x]sf] cfO{kL P8«]; ot} st} x'g ;S5 . t/ o;sf] gfd s] xf] eGg] s'/f Tof] d]n s;/L k7fOPsf] xf] ;f] s'/fdf e/ k5{ . x6d]naf6 k7fOPsf] /x]5 eg] X-Originating-IP: x'G5 . cfp6n's cyjf ofx'af6 k7fPsf] /x]5 eg] Received: af6 ;'? ePsf] klxnf] nfOgdf x'G5 .

o;/L k]mnf k/]sf] P8«];nfO{ x'Ohdf nu]/ vf]Hbf o;n] elh{g ldl8of eGg] b]vfof] h'g o's]sf] cfO{P;kL xf] . o;kl5 d}n] DofS;dfOG8df uP/ o;sf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt kQf nufpg] ;]jf pkof]u ubf{ of] d]/f] 3/ ePsf] zx/ SoflDa|haf6 cfPsf] kQf nfUof] .

w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpgs'g} lglZrt j]a;fO6 cyjf Pp6f dfq ;fdu|Lsf af/]df xf]Og s'g} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} s'/f yfxf kfpg'k/]sf] 5 eg] tn lbOPsf s]xL 6'nn] d2t ug{ ;Snfg\M

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ljlslkl8ofsf n]v k9\g] dflg;cfd dflg; cyjf lglZrt JolQmsf ?lr ;do;dodf s;/L k]ml/G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t ljlslkl8ofdf ;f] ljifosf k]h slt x]l/Psf 5g\ eGg] cfFs8fn] lbG5 -http://stats.grok.se/_ . of] cln v;|f] t/ k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] . s]xL a]/ vf]Hbf o;n] xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] s'/f lbG5 . cfk"mn] hfGg rfx]sf] ljifosf] gfd OG6/ u/]/ To; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt k]h lglZrt dlxgfdf slt hgfn] x]/] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;df Ps k6sdf Pp6f dlxgfsf] /]s8{ dfq x]g{ kfOG5 . csf{] dlxgfsf] x]g{sf nflu csf{] dlxgf /f]Hg'k5{ . o;f] u/]/ Tof] k]h x]g{] dfG5] sltn] 36] jf a9] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

GoogleInsightsu'unsf] OG;fO6\; pkof]u u/]/ (http://www.google.com/insights/search/; lrq $=!!_ cfd dflg;n] s] s'/f ;r{ ubf{ /x]5g\ egL yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;r{ ug{] zAbfjnL -h:t}, “JustinBiebervsLadyGaga”_ 6fOk ubf{ o; ljifodf s'g ;dodf slt k6s ;r{ ul/of] eGg]s'/fsf] u|fkm b]lvG5 . lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qsf dflg;n] sltk6s x]/] eGg] s'/f klg yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 cyjf ;dosf cfwf/df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] v/fa kIf rflx+ s] 5 eg] o;df k|ltzt b]vfOPsf] x'G5, olsg cfFs8f xf]Og . To;}n] o;sf] JofVof ug{ eg] sl7g x'G5 .

ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnudf qmfp8;f]l;{ª s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ aflx/sf dflg;sf] ;GhfnnfO{ sfd nufpg'nfO{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª elgG5 . ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnun] ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL 3f]6fnf, nfu" kbfy{sf] pkof]u / ;f/f Koflng k]k/ h:tf ljifodf :6f]/L ubf{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª s;/L ul/Psf] lyof] egL ;fOdg /f]h;{;Fu ul/Psf] cGtjf{tf{sf] c+z tn lbOPsf] 5M

slxn]sfxL+ w]/} kmfOn cyjf tYof+s k9\g'kg{] x'G5 h'g Ps hgfn] ug{ ;ls+b}g . cyjf cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;"rgf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] kmDof{6df gx'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf qmfp8;f]l;{ª sfd nfUg ;S5 .

ufl8{ogsf w]/} kf7s 5g\ . s'g} /f]rs :6f]/L ug{sf nflu xfdLnfO{ ;xof]usf] vfFrf] k¥of] eg] xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ u'xf5f{}+ . ;f+;bsf] vr{sf ;DaGwdf :6f]/L -http://mps-expenses.guardian.co.uk_ ubf{ xfdLn] o;f] u/]sf lyof}+ . xfdL;Fu $%),))) 8s'd]G6 lyP, ;do eg] yf]/} lyof] . xfdL;Fu ePsf] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm pkfo lyof]M of] sfd kf7snfO{ nufpg' .

lrq $=!!M u'un OG;fO6\; -u'un)

— lk6 jf8{]g, :jtGq 8]6f ljZn]ifs tyf 8]enk/

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lrq $=!@M Aredacted copy of Stephen Pound’s incidental expenses (the Guardian)

of] :6f]/L ubf{ xfdLn] w]/} s'/f hfGof}+ . xfdLn] tYof+seGbf a9L :6f]/L kfof}+ . kf7ssf] 6«flkmssf b[li6n] of] :6f]/L pNn]vgLo ¿kn] ;kmn eof] . dflg;n] o;nfO{ w]/} dg k/fP .

xfdL clxn] nfu" kbfy{sf] pkof]u ;DaGwL :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/guardian-drugs_ ub{}5f}+ . of] klg clt ;kmn eof] . kf7ssf cfwf/df eGbf, of] a]nfotsf] ck/fw ;j{]If0feGbf a9L ;kmn xf]nf h:tf] b]lvG5 . of] Psbd} v';Lsf] s'/f xf] .

oL b'j} ljifodf dflg;n] 7"nf] rf;f] /fv]sf lyP . To;}n] pgLx¿ oL ljifodf :6f]/L agfpg ;3fpg tof/ lyP . qmfp8;f]l;{ªsf] sfd Tolt a]nf ;kmn x'G5 hlt a]nf cxf]/fq v6\g ;Sg], nfdf] ;do;Dd o;df nflu kg{] dflg; of] sfd ug{ tof/ x'G5g\ . ;f+;bsf] vr{df ;'?df Psbd} w]/} 6«flkms cfof] t/ of] pT;fx la:tf/} ;]nfof] . t/ clxn] klg xfdLsxfF Hofb|f] eP/ nfUg] dflg; 5g\ hf] xfd|f k]h vf]tn]/ lj;+ult / :6f]/L kQf nufpg tNnLg 5g\ . Ps hgf dflg;n] #),))) k]hsf] sfd u/] . of] Psbd} w]/} sfd xf] .

;f/f Koflng k]k/sf -http://bit.ly/guardian-palin-papers_ ljifodf klg xfdLn] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ckgfof}+ . o; :6f]/Lsf nflu sRrf hfgsf/Laf6 sfd nfUg] hfgsf/L lgsfNg] sfddf o; ljlwn] dBt u¥of] .

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:6f]/L kQf nufpg] sfddf qmfp;f]l;{ª Psbd} pkof]uL eof] . dflg;n] o;nfO{ dg k/fP . o;n] b ufl8{ogsf] OHht a9fof] . ;"rgf lngsf nflu eg] xfdLn] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw plt w]/} pkof]u u/]gf}+ .

k/Dk/fut vfnsf ;e{]df qmfp8;f]l;{ª c;fWo} k|efjsf/L eof] . dflg;nfO{ pgLx¿sf cg'ejsf af/]df, hLjgsf af/]df, pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfdsf af/]df ;f]Wbf pgLx¿n] /fd|f];Fu atfP . pgLx¿sf dgdf h] lyof] Tof] atfP . t/ tYof+s k|zf]wg h:tf sfd pgLx¿nfO{ nufpg eg] Pp6f lglZrt tl/sf x'g'k5{ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] k|zf]wg u/]/ lgsfNg] tYof+sdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

tYof+ssf] ljZj;gLotfsf ;Gbe{df plxn]sf] df};d -http://www.oldweather.org/_ ;DaGwL :6f]/L tof/ ug{ ckgfP h:tf] tl/sf ckgfpFbf ax't} /fd|f] x'g] /x]5 . of] sfd ubf{ Pp6f sfd OG6«L ug{ !) hgfnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . o;f] ubf{ uNtL x'g] 8/ x'Fb}g . ;f+;bsf] vr{sf] :6f]/L ubf{ ;f+;bx¿ cgnfOg uP/ cfˆgf] /]s8{ ;Dkfbg u/L pgLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ /fd|f] b]vfpg] 8/ lyof] . xfdLn] of] vt/f sd ug{ vf]Hof}+ . t/ qmfp8;f]l;{ª ubf{ o:tf] s'/f ;w}+el/ /f]Sg ;ls+b}g . lglZrt o'cf/Pn cyjf lglZrt 7fpFaf6 cfPsf lelh6/nfO{ t /f]Sg ;lsPnf t/ ;a}nfO{ lgu/fgL /fVg ;ls+b}g . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] kfpg] tYof+s ;w}+el/ e/kbf{ x'Fb}gg\ .

tYof+s ;+sng ug{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ckgfpg rfxg] kqsf/nfO{ d s] ;Nnfx lbG5' eg] of] ljlw To:tf ljifodf ckgfpg'k5{ h'g ljifodf dflg; c;fWo} w]/} ?lr /fV5g\, h;sf af/]df pgLx¿ ahf/df rrf{ x'g 5f8]kl5 klg Vofn /fV5g\ . o;nfO{ u]d h:tf] agfpg ;s]df dflg;nfO{ of] sfd nufpg ;lsG5 . ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL bf];|f] :6f]/L ubf{ xfdLn] JolQmnfO{ u]d v]n] h:tf] lglZrt sfd ug{ lbof}+ . dflg;nfO{ lglZrt sfd lbof] eg] /fd|f] x'G5 . kmfOnsf] 7"nf] rfª lbP/ of] k9\ eGof] eg] pgLx¿n] of] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;f] ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg klg x'Fb}g . — 8]6f hgf{lnhd Anusf dfl/ofgg] a';f{6n] b ufl8{ogsf ;fOdg /f]h;{;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgL

cf]nlDkssf] l6s6 laqmL k|s/0fdf 8]6fAnun] ckgfPsf] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw

cf]nlDks v]nsf] l6s6 laqmL ;DaGwL :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/guardian-olympics_ ug{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ckgfP/ ;"rgf ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o:tf] ljlw ckgfP/ ul/Psf] :6f]/LdWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} dflg; ;xefuL ePsf] :6f]/L oxL x'g'k5{ . o's]sf xhf/f}+ dflg;n] ;g\ @)!@ sf] cf]nlDkssf ljleGg v]nsf] l6s6 lng sf]l;; u/]sf lyP . l6s6 lsGg vf]Hg]n] l6s6 gkfPsf] w]/} u'gf;f] cfPsf] lyof] . dflg;n] xhf/f}+ kfpG8 a/fa/sf l6s6 c8{/ u/]sf lyP t/ pgLx¿n] yf]/}sf] l6s6 klg kfPgg\ . yf]/} dflg;n] dfq l6s6 gkfP klg pgLx¿n] 7"nf] xNnf u/]sf x'g\ ls l6s6 gkfP/ w]/} dflg; c;Gt'i6 5g\ eGg] s'/f s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg . To;}n] xfdLn] of] s'/f yfxf kfpg] pkfo lgsfNg sf]l;; u¥of}+ .

o; ljifodf e/kbf{ tYof+s gePsfn] xfdLn] cfd dflg;nfO{ ;f]Wg] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . xfdLn] ;Gt'lnt :ofDkn lnP/ ;j{]If0f ug{ vf]h]sf lyPgf}+, o;df ?lr ePsf hf];'s}nfO{ ;f]Wg] ljrf/ u/]sf lyof}+ . o; sfdnfO{ /f]rs agfpg vf]h]sf lyof}+ .

136

lrq $=!#M tkfO{+n] sltj6f cf]nlDks l6s6 kfpg'eof] < kf7ssf] dtsf] kl/0ffd -b ufl8{og_

xfdLn] u'undf Pp6f kmd{ agfof}+ . o;df xfdLn] Psbd} 7f]; k|Zg ;f]w]sf lyof}+ -http://bit.ly/guardian-olympics2_ . vf;df of] nfdf] kmd{ lyof] . To;df oL k|Zg ;f]lwPsf lyPM ltdLn] slt k};f a/fa/sf] l6s6 c8{/ u/]sf lyof}, To;sf nflu ltd|f] 8]la6 sf8{af6 slt k};f lnOof]< s'g v]nsf nflu l6s6 lng vf]h]sf lyof} < cflb .

xfdLn] xfd|f] ;fO6sf] cl3Nnf] efudf Pp6f ;fgf] kmf]6f] /fVof}+ . o;nfO{ Psbd} rfF8} z]o/ ul/of] . :6f]/Lsf nflu xfdLnfO{ s] rflxPsf] 5 eGg] ;f]r]/ dfq x'Fb}g, clxn] dflg;n] s] eGg rfx]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f klg Vofn /fVg'k5{ . dflg;n] h] eGg vf]h]sf 5g\ ToxL s'/f ;f]w]sf v08df dfq qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ;kmn x'G5 . of] xfdLn] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ckgfPsf] klxnf] :6f]/L lyof] . o;df dflg;n] cToGt} pT;fxsf ;fy efu lnP . cfwf 306feGbf sd ;dodf Ps xhf/ / klxnf] lbgdf ;ft xhf/ pQ/ xfdLn] kfof}+ .

To;}n] xfdLn] o;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ a9L uDeL/ eP/ k|:t't u¥of}+ . ;'?df xfdLnfO{ of] sfd slt ;kmn x'G5 eGg] yfxf lyPg .

o;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ slt dxTj lbOPnf eGg] s'/fdf xfdL Tolt :ki6 lyPgf}+ . ;ft xhf/ pQ/sf cfwf/df xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] l6s6 lsGg vf]Hg] cfwf hltn] Pp6f v]nsf] klg l6s6 kfPsf /x]g5g\ . xfdLn] oL hfgsf/L /fv]/ :6f]/L agfof}+ . cl3Nnf] lbg w]/} hgfn] pQ/ lbPsfn] pgLx¿ To;sf] kl/0ffd hfGg pT;'s lyP .

137

o;sf] s]xL xKtfkl5 ;/sf/n] oxL ljifosf] ;+lIfKt l/kf]6{ k|sflzt u¥of] . xfd|f] / pgLx¿sf] l/kf]6{sf] kl/0ffd cfZro{nfUbf] u/L p:t} p:t} x'g k'Uof] . ;+of]un] dfq o;f] ePsf] xf]Og, xfdLnfO{ w]/} dflg;n] pQ/ lbPsfn] klg o;f] ePsf] xf] .

oxL k|Zg ;f]w]/ kf7snfO{ sd]G6 aS;df pQ/ n]Vg eg]sf] eP To;sf cfwf/df :6f]/L n]Vg ;ls+b}gYof] . To;}n] xfdLn] cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] pQ/ yfxf kfpg s'g 6'n ;a}eGbf a9L pko'Qm x'G5 egL ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . sd]G6 y|]8 pkof]u ug{] ls < Pk agfpg] ls < Pk agfpGh]n kv{g] / < Pk agfpg nfUg] ;|f]t;fwg o;df vr{ ug{] / < cflb cflb .

o; :6f]/Lsf nflu xfdLn] u'un kmd{ pko'Qm x'g] 7fGof}+ . s;}n] kmd{ e¥of] eg] Tof] hfgsf/L :k|]8l;6sf] Pp6f /f]df b]lvG5 . kmd{ eb{} ubf{ klg, kl/0ffd cfpFb} ubf{ klg xfdL :k|]8l;6 cf]kg u/]/ s:tf] glthf cfpFb}5 egL x]g{ kfpF5f}+ .

tYof+s k|zf]wgsf] sfd u'und} klg ug{ ;Sy]+ t/ d}n] ltgnfO{ dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf 8fpgnf]8 u/]+ . To;kl5 ;a}eGbf a9L / ;a}eGbf sd dfg ePsf cfwf/df ltgnfO{ ldnfPF . slt 7fpFdf dflg;n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] vr{sf] /sd c+sdf xf]Og cIf/df n]v]sf /x]5g\ . d}n] To;nfO{ c+sdf /fv]+ . d}n] hlt ;Sof] yf]/} dfq hfgsf/L kmfNg] lgwf] u/]+ . To;}n], ;a} pQ/ ldn]sf OG6«L lnP/ pQ/ gldn]sf OG6«LnfO{ kmfNg] ul/gF . a? gldn]sf pQ/ -c+sdf n]Vg'kg{]df cIf/df n]lvPsf h:tf_ ldnfpglt/ nfu]+ . s]xLn] /sd ljb]zL d'b|fdf n]v]sf lyP, d}n] ltgnfO{ :6ln{ª kfpG8df abn]+ . of] sfd cln emGeml6nf] lyof] .

t/ olt u/]/ klg ljZn]if0fsf] ;a} sfd s]xL 306fdf l;l4of] . ;Rofpg ;Sb} g;lsg] OG6«LnfO{ eg] d}n] x6fOlbPF . w]/} dflg;n] cfk"mn] l6s6df Ps k};f vr{ gu/]sf] atfPsf lyP . o;f] eGg' d'Vof{OF lyof], t/ klg 7Ls} 5 . ;ft xhf/ hjfkmdWo] Ps ;oeGbf sddf o:tf] x'g' cgf}7f] xf]Og .

s]xLn] xfd|f] ;j{]If0fsf] kl/0ffd e"m6f agfpg Psbd} w]/} /sdsf] l6s6 lsGg vf]h]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf lyP . of] s'/f k|:6 b]lvGYof] . h:t}, s;}n] Ps s/f]8 kfpG8 n]v]sf lyP . o:tfnfO{ x6fP/ afFsL /x]sf pQ/nfO{ lkef]6 6]andf k|zf]wg u/]+ .

of] :6f]/Ln] ahf/ slQsf] lk6\nf eGg]af/]df xfdL lglZrt lyPgf}+ . xfd|f] Anusf :kf]6{ ;Dkfbs / d dfq of] sfd ul//x]sf lyof}+ . xfdLn] ;/;Nnfx ub{} uof}+ . sfd ub{} hfFbf of] :6f]/L /dfOnf] x'g ;S5 eGg] xfdLn] 7fGof}+ . of] sfd yfn]sf] @$ 306fdf ;Sof}+ . nGr 6fOddf xfdLn] clnslt ;fdu|L /fVof}+, ;fO6sf] klxnf] k]hdf . of] nf]slk|o x'G5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] t'?Gt} yfxf kfof}+ . To;}n] o;nfO{ Tof] lbge/ klxnf] k]hdf /fVof}+ . ef]lnkN6 laxfg To;sf] ;a} kl/0ffd cgnfOgdf /fVof}+ .

xfdLn] u'un 8S; rnfpg] lgwf] u¥of}+ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ kl/0ffd k"0f{tof xfd|f] lgoGq0fdf x'GYof] . d}n] c¿ s'g} Pgflnl6s 6'n k|of]u ug{'k/]g . o;nfO{ d}n] 8]6fa]; ;ˆ6j]o/ jf :k|]8l;6df ;lhn} /fVg ;Sy]+ . dt ;j{]If0fsf nflu eg]/ agfOPsf ;ˆ6j]o/ rnfof] eg] pgLx¿s} dfq 6'n rnfpg'k5{ . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f tYof+s ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ eGg] nfu]sf] eP xfdL u'un rnfpg lxlRsrfpFYof}+ xf]nf . To:tf] a]nfdf xfdLn] æOg–xfp;Æ pkfo kQf nufpg'kYof{] . t/ u'un kmd{nfO{ ufl8{ogsf] k]hdf /fVg ;lhnf] 5 . o'h/n] xfdLn] of] rnfO/x]sf 5f}+ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpFb}gg\ . To;}n] u'un rnfpg ;lhnf] 5 .

138

qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw pkof]u ug{ vf]Hg] kqsf/nfO{ d o:tf] ;Nnfx lbG5'M cfk"mn] s] rfx]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g'k5{ . ;s];Dd, o:tf] k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ h;sf ljleGg pQ/dWo] pQ/bftfn] s'g} Pp6f pQ/ /f]Hg kfpF5 . pQ/bftfsf] hg;f+lVos ljj/0f klg yf]/} lng'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ xfd|f] :ofDkn PskIfLo 5 ls eg]/ x]g{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . /sd, dfqf h:tf s'/f ;f]Wg] xf] eg] c+sdf n]Vg'xf]nf, kmnfgf d'b|fdf n]Vg'xf]nf egL :ki6 kfg{'k5{ . olt ubf{ klg s;}n] xfdLn] eg] h:tf] ub{}gg\ t/ o;f] eGbf hftL x'G5 . sd]G6 aS; /fVg e'Ng' x'Fb} x'Fb}g lsgeg] o;f] ul/Pg eg] dflg;n] c¿ 7fpFdf sd]G6 n]V5g\ . pgLx¿ :6f]/Ldf cfˆgf ljrf/ cfpg\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . vf;u/L pkef]Qmf cyjf cfqmf]z;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/Ldf . — 8]6f hgf{lnhd Anusf dfl/ofg] af}rf6{n] b ufl8{ogsf h]D; an;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgL

tYof+ssf] pkof]u / z]o/

oxfF xfdLn] tYof+s / 8]6fa]; ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg'gsf af/]df ;+lIfKt rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . k|rlnt ;fj{hlgs nfO;]G; / sfg'gL k|fjwfg Vofn u/]/ tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df klg oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . tn lbOPsf sfg'gL k|fjwfg k9]/ tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] hf]; gdfg{' xf]nf . tYof+s ;DaGwL sfg'gL c8\rg ;fdfGotof cfpFb}gg\, xfdLn] k|sfzg u/]sf tYof+s pkof]u ug{] dflg;nfO{ klg sfg'gL emGem6 gk/f];\ eGg] s'/fdf xfdLn] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

tYof+s lng] sfd slxNo} klg ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . tYof+s j]adf k|sflzt ug{] rng cfpg'cl3, cfk"mnfO{ oL tYof+s rflxPsf 5g\ eGg] yfxf eO;s]kl5 tL tYof+s ePsf dflg;;Fu dfUg'kYof{] . clxn] cfˆgf] sDKo'6/dfk{mt tYof+s d]/f] sDKo'6/df k7fOb]pm egL tYof+sjfnfsf] sDKo'6/nfO{ eGg'k5{ . olt u/]/ xfdLn] tYof+s kfpF5f}+ . t/ of] tYof+s tof/ ug{] cyjf k|sflzt ug{]nfO{ xfdLn] p;n] k7fPsf] tYof+ssf] skL 8fpgnf]8 u¥of}+ ls u/]gf}+ eGg] s'/f ;d]t yfxf x'Fb}g . xfdLn] To;nfO{ s;/L pkof]u u¥of}+ eGg] hfGg' t 6f9fsf] s'/f eof] .

k|f]u|fdsf ;xfotfn] csf{sf] ;fO6af6 tYof+s 8fpgnf]8 ug{ -h;nfO{ slxn]sfxL+ :qmØflkª ug{' elgG5_ ldN5 < o; ;DaGwL s] s:tf sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5g\ < k};f / ;do 5 eg] sfg'gsf 7]nL k9] x'G5 cyjf jlsn;Fu ;Nnfx u/] x'G5 . xfd|f] k|f]u|fdn] c¿sf] ;fO6df uP/ tYof+s ln+bf Tof] ;fO6jfnfn] xfdLnfO{ k]ml/ Tof] ;fO6df k:g k|ltaGw nufpg ;S5, xfdL To; nfos 7xl/g ;S5f}+ . j]aaf6 tYof+s :qmØfk ug{] rng plt w]/} 5}g . o;f] ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] :qmØfk/ljsLdf uP/ o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f k9\bf /fd|f] x'G5 .

cfk"mnfO{ ?lr ePsf ljifosf tYof+s xft kl/;s]kl5 xfdL ltgnfO{ cWoog ug{ ;S5f}+, 5gf]6 ug{ ;S5f}+, b[Zof+sg ug{ ;S5f}+, ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5f}+ . To:tf] ljZn]if0f k|sflzt ug{ ;S5f}+ . of] ljZn]if0f kmnfgf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t 5 eg]/ eGg ;S5f}+ .

:yflkt tYof+s kqsf/ ePsfn] cyjf tYof+s kqsf/ x'g] rfxgf ePsfn] xfdL s]xL cfFs8f cyjf tYof+s ePsf ljZn]if0f dfq} xf]Og k"/} tYof+s k|sflzt ug{ rfxG5f}+ . cyjf s;}nfO{ tYof+snfO{ So'/]6 u/]/ -o:tf dfG5] e]l6g' v';Lsf] s'/f xf]_, ljZn]if0f gu/Lsg} tL tYof+s k|sflzt ug{ dg nfUnf . t/ c¿n] e]nf u/]sf tYof+s k|sflzt ubf{ ;d:of cfpnf ls egL Vofn ug{'k5{ .

slk/fO6 ;DaGwL sfg'gn] s;}sf] l;h{gf rnfpg c¿nfO{ /f]s nufPsf] 5 . slk/fO6 xf]N8/n]

139

p;n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|L pkof]u ug{] cg'dlt lbPsf] 5}g t/ xfdLn] ltgnfO{ ljt/0f u¥of}+ eg] p;n] xfdLnfO{ To;f] ug{ glbg ;S5 . -s;}sf] l;h{gf klAns 8f]d]gdf cfPsf] x'g ;S5 cyf{t\ p;sf] slk/fO6sf] cjlw ;lsO;s]sf] x'g ;S5, cyjf s;}n] plrt pkof]u ug{ lbPsf] x'g ;S5 ._

cfFs8f ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ x'g\ t/ tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt sfd -;+sng, ljZn]if0f, k|:t'lt cflb_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ gx'g ;S5g\ . o:tf sfd -l;h{gf_ nfO{ lgoldt ug{] sfg'gn] tL l;h{gf c¿n] s;/L pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ / s;/L pkof]u ug{ kfpFb}gg\ eg]/ lgodg u/]sf] x'G5 . 8]6fa];nfO{ l;h{gfTds s[lt dflgG5 . To;}n] o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ slk/fO6 P]g cfslif{t x'G5 . w]/} 7fpFdf, cl;h{gfTds tl/sfn] ;+sng ul/Psf tYof+sdf klg slk/fO6 P]g nfu" x'g ;S5 . To;}n] c¿n] tof/ u/]sf] 8]6fa]; k|sflzt ug{'eGbf klxn] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf af/]df yfxf kfO/fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

o:tf k|ltaGw tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}gg\ . o:tf k|ltaGwn] ;du| ;dfhnfO{ klg kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] x'Fb}g . cfk"mn] 8]6fa]; k|sflzt ug{] a]nfdf 8]6fa];df o:tf] k|ltaGw g/fVg ;lsG5 -ltgdf c¿sf] slk/fO6 ePsf ;fdu|L 5}gg\ eg]/ dfGbf_ . oL 8]6fa]; h;n] klg k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ klxNo} elglbg ;lsG5 . o:tf tYof+ssf] slk/fO6 ;fj{hlgs nfO;]G; cyjf klAns 8f]d]g cGtu{t c¿nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 . w]/} k|f]u|fd/n] cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf sf]8 l;Q}df ;a}n] rnfpg kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf x'G5g\ . o;f] ubf{ c¿n] tL sf]8nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ kfpF5g\ . tYof+s kqsf/n] tYof+s dfq rnfP/ k'Ub}g sf]8 klg rnfpg'k5{ . cfk"mn] tYof+s dfq k|sflzt u/]/ x'Fb}g To;sf] sf]8 klg lbg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ c¿n] tL tYof+s pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . cfk"mn] pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s c¿nfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ lbg'sf w]/} sf/0f 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf tYof+ssf cfwf/df c¿n] gofF lsl;dn] b[Zof+sg jf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ h;sf] ln+s xfdLn] xfd|f] ;fO6df lbg kfpF5f}+ . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] 8]6fa];df c¿n] cfˆgf 8]6fa]; ldnfpg kfpF5g\ . o;n] ubf{ To; ljifosf] ;Dk"0f{ tl:a/ xfdL / xfd|f kf7snfO{ yfxf x'G5 . cfˆgf] 8]6fdf cfwfl/t eP/ c¿n] h] sfd u5{g\ To;af6 xfdLn] :6f]/Lsf gofF cfOl8of jf :6f]/L kfpg ;S5f}+ . cyjf gofF ljifosf] :6f]/Lsf] cfOl8of cfpg ;S5 . o;af6 cfˆgf] Voflt a9\5 .

xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|L klAns nfO;]G; cGtu{t 5fl8lbg'k5{ eGg] nfUof] eg] s'g nfO;]G; cGtu{t 5f8\g] eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .

cf]kg nfO;]G; d"ntM tLg lsl;dsf x'G5g\M

klAns 8f]d]g 8]l8s];go;df s'g} lsl;dsf] zt{ /flvPsf] x'Fb}g . o:tf] nfO;]G; lbOPsf ;fdu|L h;/L k|of]u u/] klg x'G5 .

;|f]t v'nfpg'kg{]o:tf] zt{ /fv]/ lbOPsf ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ ;|f]t dfq} v'nfP k'U5 . c¿ s]xL klg zt{ kfngf ug{'kb{}g .

140

slkn]ˆ6, cfbfgk|bfg ug{]of] ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u u/]/ tof/ u/]sf s'g} ;fdu|L k|sfzg u/]df tL ;fdu|Lsf] o:t} nfO;]G; lbg'k5{ .

cf]kg nfO;]G; lbOPsf, c¿n] k|sflzt u/]sf 8]6fl;6 k|of]u ubf{ s] s:tf zt{ kfngf ug{'k5{ egL lg0f{o ug{ dfly lbOPsf hfgsf/Ln] d2t u5{g\ . lqmol6e sdG;, cf]kg 8]6f sdG; cyjf ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfon] 8]6f k|of]u ug{ s] s:tf zt{ /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f atfPsf x'G5 . h'g j]a k]haf6 8]6f cyjf 8]6fl;6 lnOPsf] xf] ToxfF oL s'/f pNn]v x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ 8]6fl;6d} klg n]lvPsf x'G5g\ .

ca ;'?sf] k|Zglt/ hfpFm . cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf tYof+s cgnfOgdf pknAw 5}gg\ cyjf pknAw eP klg ;a}sf nflu pknAw 5}gg\ eg] s] ug{] < cfˆgf nflu tL tYof+s dfUg] s'/f t 5Fb}5 . o; afx]s oL tYof+s k'gMk|of]u ug{] clwsf/ ;a}nfO{ lb+bf /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ atfpg' klg k5{ . To;f] ubf{ s] kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg atfOlb+bf x'G5 .

s]xL 8]6fa]; z]o/ ubf{ JolQmut uf]kgLotf nufotsf s'/fdf ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . tYof+s pkof]u ug{ ;a}nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] o;n] k|fljlws / slk/fO6 h:tf emGem6 sd u5{ t/ JolQmut uf]kgLotfsf] xs h:tf s'g} klg sfg'g kfngf ug{'kb{}g eGg] xf]Og . — dfOs ln+S;efo/, lqmol6e sdG;

lrq $=!$M cf]kg 8]6f Aofh -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_

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tYof+s a'e\mg'

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tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 ltgnfO{ s] ug{] < ltgdf s] s'/f vf]Hg] < To;sf nflu s'g 6'n k|of]u ug{] < o; v08df tYof+ssf ljifodf s;/L ;fIf/ x'g] eGg]af/]df n]lvPsf] 5 . cfFs8f / tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{] eGg] ;Nnfx lbOPsf] 5 . ufFh]dfh], ck"0f{ / 8s'd]G6 gul/Psf 8]6fa];nfO{ s] ug{] eGg] ljifodf klg rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; v08df xfdLn] tYof+saf6 :6f]/L s;/L lgsfNg], tYof+s kqsf/n] s'g 6'n /f]Hbf /x]5g\ / cfk"mn] vf]hL ul//x]sf] ljifodf cGt/1fg kfpg tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf s;/L abNg] eGg] s'/f klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tLg kfOnfdf tYof+ssf ljifodf ;fIf/ x'g]

;fIf/ x'g] eGgfn] æ1fgsf nflu k9\g], l;nl;nf ldnfP/ n]Vg] / 5flkPsf ;fdu|Lsf af/]df ljZn]if0ffTds 9+un] ;f]Rg] IfdtfÆ eGg] a'lemG5 . o;}u/L, tYof+ssf ljifodf ;fIf/ x'g' eGgfn] klg 1fg xfl;n ug{], l;nfl;nf ldnfP/ k|:t't ug{] / tYof+ssf af/]df ljZn]if0ffTds 9+un] ;f]Rg] Ifdtf eGg] a'lemG5 . tYof+s ;fIf/tfleq tYof+szf:qLo ;fIf/tf dfq kb{}g . o;leq 7"nf 8]6fl;6nfO{ s] ug{], tL s;/L tof/ ePsf x'G5g\, ljleGg 8]6fl;6nfO{ s;/L hf]8\g] / ltgnfO{ s;/L JofVof ug{] eGg] s'/f klg k5{g\ .

lrq %=!M tYof+s vf]tNg] -kmf]6f]M JDHancock,http://www.flickr.com/photos/jdhancock/3386035827/)

kf]OG6/sf] Go'h ljZjljBfnon] kqsf/sf nflu -www.newsu.org/courses/math-journalists_ ul0ftsf] Snf; rnfpF5 . o:tf Snf;df l/kf]6{/n] k|ltzt / cf};t h:tf cjwf/0ffaf/]df :ki6 x'g] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . hlt a]nf kqsf/sf nflu Snf; rln/x]sf] x'G5 Tolt g} a]nf kf]OG6/sf] clkm; 5]psf ˆnf]l/8fsf :s"ndf kfFrf}+ sIffsf -!)–!! jif{sf_ ljBfyL{nfO{ log} s'/f l;sfOG5 -kf7\oqmdsf -bit.ly/k12-courses_ cg';f/_ .

143

xfO{:s"ndf hflg;Sg'kg{] s'/f kqsf/nfO{ l;sfpg'k5{ eg] o;n] ;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s ;DaGwL ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf slt sdhf]/ 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 . of] ;d:of xf] . h'g kqsf/nfO{ slGkm8]G; OG6/en eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/f yfxf 5}g p;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cfFs8fnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;S5 < d]l8og / ldgsf aLrsf] cGt/ -bit.ly/karenberger-mean-median_ yfxf gkfpg] kqsf/n] cfosf] ljt/0fsf af/]df s;/L :6f]/L n]Vg ;Snf <

tYof+snfO{ s'zntfk"j{s pkof]u ug{sf nflu kqsf/n] tYof+szf:qdf l8u|L lng' kb{}g . s]xL ;fdfGo s'/f hfg]sf v08df kqsf/n] tYof+ssf cfwf/df /fd|f :6f]/L agfpg ;S5g\ . DofS; Knfª\s OlG:6Ro'6sf k|f]k]m;/ h8{ lhu]Gh]/n]] (bit.ly/ddjnet-numeracy) eg] e}+m /fd|f 6'n pkof]u ug{] a]nfdf cGt/1fg rnfOPg eg] tL 6'ns} cfwf/df dfq} kqsfl/tf /fd|f] x'Fb}g .

ul0ft cyjf tYof+szf:q ;DaGwL 1fg geP klg tLgj6f ;fdfGo k|Zg ;f]w]sf v08df sf]xL klg kqsf/ s'zn tYof+s kqsf/ aGg ;S5 .

!= tYof+s s;/L ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] <

s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf cfZro{hgs j[l4tYof+s cyf{t\ tYo elgPsf c+s jf:tljs geP/ sfNklgs x'g ;S5 . e"tk"j{ a]nfotL /fhb"t s|]u d'/{]n] cfˆgf] lstfa d8{/ Og ;d/sGb -amzn.to/murder-samarkand_ df s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] pHa]s:tfgsf] j[l4 b/ :yfgLo ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfosf aLr uxg 5nkmn eP/ to ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ xf], Tof] j[l4 b/n] cy{tGqsf] cj:yf emNsfpFb}gYof] .

j[l4 b/ cy{tGqsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;"rs xf] lsgeg] o;af6 ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf] cfDbfgLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;|f]t Eof6 slt p7\5, p7]sf] 5 h:tf s'/f x]g{ kfpF5 . ;/sf/ Eof6df lge{/ g/x]sf jf ah]6 ;fj{hlgs ug{] rng gePsf b]zsf ;/sf/n] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg gfKg] tYof+s ;+sng ug{' kb{}g . To;}n] To:tf b]zsf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ;DaGwL tYof+s dgu9Gt] x'G5g\ .

ck/fw ;w}+ a9\5æsf7df8f}+df ck/fw # k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5Æ h:tf ;dfrf/ cfO/xG5g\ . k|x/Lsf] /]s8{df ePsf o:tf cfFs8fsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg ;ls+b}g .

o'/f]lkog o'lgogdf tYof+s tf]8df]8 ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o;sf ckjfb 5g\ . h:t}, k|x/L k|f]T;fxg lng] bfpdf x'G5 . ck/fwsf w]/} 36gf;Fu h'w]sf] eg]/ b]vfpFbf k|f]T;fxg kfOg] /x]5 eg] k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug{' gkg{] vfnsf 36gf a9]sf] egL b]vfpg ;S5 .

xfdLn] s] ug{]tYof+ssf af/]df z+sf nfUof] eg] hfFr ug{] .

144

@= o;af6 s] s'/f yfxf kfOof] <

/ftL sfd ubf{ dlN6kn :Sn]/f]l;;sf] vt/f a9L x'G5o:tf] x]8nfOgn] /ftL sfd ug{] dflg;nfO{ em:sfpF5 . t/ o; x]8nfOgn] s:tf], slt vt/f egL s]xL klg atfpFb}g .

dfgf}+, Ps xhf/ hgfdf Ps hgfnfO{ of] /f]u /ftL sfd gu/] klg nfU5 . ca dfgf}+ oLdWo] ;a} hgf /ftLsf] l;ˆ6df sfd ubf{ /x]5g\ . o;f] x'Fbf tLdWo] b'O{ hgfdf of] /f]u nfUg] eof] . ;fFrf] s'/f s] xf] eg] /ftL sfd ug{] Ps xhf/ hgfdf Ps hgfnfO{ of] /f]u nfUg] vt/f x'G5 . ;a}nfO{ xf]Og . of] cfFs8f rflx+ xfd|f cl8oG;sf nflu pkof]uL xf] .

cf};tdf !% hgf o'/f]k]nLdWo] Ps hgf k"0f{¿kn] lg/If/ 5g\o:tf] x]8nfOgn] dflg;nfO{ em:sfpF5 oBlk of] Psbd} ;xL cfFs8f xf] . %) s/f]8 o'/f]lkogdWo] # s/f]8 ^) nfv dflg; n]Vg / k9\g ghfGnfg\ . lsgeg] pgLx¿ ;ft jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf 5g\ . -o'/f]:6f6af6 http://bit.ly/eurostat-numeracy) .

cf};t n]Vbf hlxNo} klg æs]sf] cf};tÆ egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . Ps} lsl;dsf dflg;sf] cf};t xf] ls < ljz]iftf cfgsf tfg km/s ePsf dflg;sf] cf};t xf] . Ps} lsl;dsf dflg;sf] xf] eg] cf};t n]Vbf 7Ls} xf]nf t/ Psbd} w]/} cGt/ ePsf dflg;sf] cf};tn] cNdNofpF5 . w]/} dflg;n] hLGbuLe/ uf8L rnfpFbf Ps k6s klg b'3{6gf u/fPsf x'Fb}gg\ . s;}n] Psbd} w]/} b'3{6gf u/fpF5g\ . oL b'O{sf aLrsf] cf};tn] u8a8 u/fpF5 . cf};t cfDbfgL olt 5 eGg] rng 5 t/ clwsf+z dflg;sf] cfDbfgL cf};teGbf w]/} sd x'G5 . o:tf]df cf};tn] ;xL tl:a/ b]vfpFb}g .

s] ug{] tldg / d]l8og lgsfn]/ dfq} k'Ub}g df]8 klg lgsfNg''k5{ . o;f] ubf{ dfq cfˆgf] l/kf]l6{ª ;xL x'G5 . atfpg] a]nfdf klg cln :jfefljs lsl;dn] atfpg ;lsof] eg] dflg;n] a'e\m5g\ . Ps k|ltzt eGg'eGbf ;odf Ps eGbf ;lhnf] u/L a'lemPnf .

#= tYof+s slQsf ljZj;gLo 5g\ <

:ofDkn ;fOhdfgf}+ æc;L k|ltzt g]kfnL Gofo k|0ffnL;Fu c;Gt'i6 5g\Æ egL Pp6f ;j{]If0fn] b]vfof] . t/ of] ;j{]If0f ^)) dflg;df dfq ul/Psf] /x]5 . olQn] ;f/f g]kfnLsf] ljrf/sf] tl:a/ k|:6 kfg{ ;S5 < o:tf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

o:tf] ;e{] ubf{ ;e{]sf] O/f]/ dflh{g # k|ltzteGbf sd x'g'k5{ . o;sf] dtna xf] ToxL ;e{] km/s km/s :ofDkndf @) k6s;Dd ubf{ !( k6ssf] kl/0ffddf tLg k|ltzteGbf a9L cGt/ x'g'x'Fb}g .

145

lrof vfFbf :6«f]s x'g] vt/f sd x'G5lrof vfFbf w]/} kmfObf x'G5 eg]/ w]/} n]v n]lvG5g\ . lrofn] kfg{] k|efjsf af/]df uDeL/ cWoog klg ePsf 5g\ t/ w]/} cg';Gwfgn] lrof vfg] dflg;sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'gdf vfgkfg, k]zf / v]ns'b cflb h:tf hLjgz}nL;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fn] slt of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lb+b}gg\ . lrof dfq}n] of]ubfg lbof] eGg] u5{g\ .

w]/} b]zdf lrof :jf:Yok|lt ;r]t dflyNnf] ju{sf dflg;n] vfg] j:t' ePsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgstf{n] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf lrofsf] k|efjsf af/]df cWoog ubf{ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf dflg;sf] hLjgz}nLdf Wofg lbPsf /x]g5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] cg';Gwfg s]xL sfd nfUg] x'Fb}g . pgLx¿n] o:tf] s'/f dfq eGg ;S5g\, æwgL dflg; :j:y 5g\ . pgLx¿ lrof vfFbf x'g\ .Æ

s] ug{] t <lrofsf] cWoogdf sf]l/n];g / O/f]/ dflh{g k|foM ;xL x'G5g\ . t/ cg';Gwfgstf{n] cGo ;DaGw -h:t} lrof vfg] dflg;x¿ v]ns'b u5{g\_ x]/]gg\ eg] To:tf cg';Gwfgsf] dxTj x'Fb}g .

xfdLn] kqsf/ eP/ cWoogsf cfFs8f -:ofDkn ;fOh h:tf s'/f_ nfO{ r'gf}tL lbglt/ nfUg' x'Fb}g . uDeL/ z+sf 5 eg] dfq} o;f] ug{'k5{ . t/ cg';Gwfgstf{n] cWoogsf] lgrf]8df k|efj kfg{] ;a} kIfsf] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f eg] hfFRg''k5{ .— lgsf]n; s];/–la|n, Journalism++

;dfrf/df cfFs8fsf] pkof]u

• tYof+s v]nfpg ?lr /fVg'k5{ . tYof+s 8/nfUbf x'G5g\ . oL;Fu 8/fof] eg] s]xL klg ug{ ;ls+b}g . lognfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]¥of] / cGj]if0f u¥of] eg] klxn] yfxf gePsf s'/f yfxf kfOG5, cgf}7f :6f]/L kQf nfU5g\ . To;}n] tYof+snfO{ klg c¿ k|df0fnfO{ pkof]u ubf{ h:t} u/L g8/fO{sg, s;}sf] kIf glnO{sg pkof]u ug{'k5{ . tYof+sdfk{mt gofF lsl;dsf :6f]/L eGg ;lsG5 ls egL x]g{'k5{, tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu JofVof ug{'k5{ / c¿ k|df0fn] s] eG5g\ egL vf]hL ug{'k5{ . cfFs8fn] t o;f] eg] t/ c¿ k|df0fn] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ egL x]g{'k5{ . tYof+sn] em§ b]vfPsf ;a} s'/f ;xL gx'g ;S5g\ .

• z+sf ug{'k5{ t/ x7 ug{' x'Fb}g . z+sf ug{]n] Tof] s'/f xf] ls xf]Og egL k|df0f vf]H5g, t/ x7 ug{]n] eg] ljgf k|df0f xf]Og elglbG5 . tYof+sn] :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg ;xof]u u5{g\ . tYof+snfO{ Wofg lbP/ pkof]u u/]sf v08df ltgn] xfdLnfO{ k|foMh;f] 1fg lbG5g\ . xfdLn] tYof+ssf] lj/f]wdf x7 lng' x'Fb}g, ;hu eg] x'g'k5{ .

• clxn], dGbLsf a]nfdf dflg; a9L hfF8 vfFb}5g\ eg]/ s;}n] eGof] eg] csf{n] o;f] eGg ;S5M ;a} hgf lg/fz 5g\, clg vfFb}gg\ t hfF8 < dGbLsf a]nf hfF8 vfg] qmd 36]sf] 5 eg]/ s;}n] eGof] eg] ToxL dflg;n] eGg ;S5M dfG5];Fu k};} 5}g, s;/L vfpg\ t < tYof+sn] h] b]vfP klg dflg; To;sf] JofVof cfˆg} lsl;dn] ug{] u5{g\ . h] eP klg To;nfO{ v/fa eG5g\ . s'g} s'/f dfly pSnFbf klg v/fa eof] eG5g\ . ToxL s'/f tn em¥of] eg] klg g/fd|f] eof] eG5g\ . tYof+sn] s] eG5 ;f] s'/f af]Ng lbg'k5{ . cfˆgf] d'8, ljZjf; cyjf rfxgfsf cfwf/df of] s'/f o;f] xf] eGg' x'Fb}g . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] k"jf{u|xL dflg;sf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] s]xL klg dxTj 5}g .

146

• cfFs8fnfO{ cflwsfl/stf / lgZro;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{] ul/G5 . slxn]sfxL+ cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] pQ/ kfOFb}g cyjf hjfkm clxn];Dds} /fd|f] e]l6P klg Tof] ;xL gx'g ;S5 . tYof+s ;xL xf]Og /x]5 eg] :6f]/L ug{ x'Fb}g . :6f]/L ePg eg] klg o;n] csf{] k|Zg hGdfpg ;S5 .

• cg';Gwfgs} :6f]/L aG5 . s'g} s'/f kQf nufpg, Pp6f hfgsf/L kfPkl5 csf{] hfgsf/L kfpg cfk"mn] slt sf]l;; u/]+ eGg] ljifosf] :6f]/L /fd|f] kqsfl/tf x'g ;S5 . ljleGg ;|f]tn] ljleGg P+un lbG5g\, gofF cfOl8of lbG5g\ / d"Nojfg\ 1fg lbG5g\ .

• kqsfl/tfdf w]/} jif{b]lv ;f]lw+b} cfPsf oL k|Zg clxn] klg ;f]Wg'k5{M of] cfFs8f Psbd} 7"nf] xf] t < cfFs8f sxfFaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ < o;n] h] eG5 h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 ToxL eGnf <

— dfOsn Anf:6NofG8, :jtGq kqsf/

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L ubf{ gu/L gx'g] sfd

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ sDtLdf klg tLgj6f cjwf/0ffsf af/]df :ki6 x'g'k5{M

• tYof+s vf]Hg hfg'eGbf klxn] cfk"mnfO{ s:tf tYof+s rflxPsf x'g\ egL ;"rL agfpg'k5{ .• tYof+s ufFh]dfh] x'G5g\, ltgnfO{ ;Rofpg'k5{ .• tYof+sdf 8s'd]G6 gul/Psf ;"rgf x'g ;S5g\ .

s] s'/f vf]Hg] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{

tYof+sdf sfd ug{' klg w]/} xb;Dd dflg;;Fu cGtjf{tf{ ug{' h:t} xf] . lglZrt k|Zg agfP/ tL k|Zgsf pQ/ tYof+sdf vf]Hg'k5{ . h;/L dflg;nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wbf p;n] cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePsf] hjfkm dfq lbg ;S5 To;}u/L 8]6fl;6df klg tL hjfkm dfq} e]l6G5g\ h'g ljifosf ;xL /]s8{ 5g\ . To;}n], tYof+s lng'eGbf klxNo} cfk"mn] s] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] s'/fdf k|:6 x'g'k5{ . ;a}eGbf klxn], :6f]/L agfpg nfu]sf ljifodf cfk"mnfO{ s] s:tf z+sf nfu]sf] 5 To;sf] ;"rL agfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 tL z+sf ;xL jf unt s] /x]5g\ egL yfxf kfpg tYof+s vf]Hg'k5{ / ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ .

lrq %=@M ufFh]dfh] tYof+s

147

pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} 7fpFsf ck/fw ;DaGwL :6f]/LnfO{ lncf}+ . xfdL cfˆgf] zx/sf] ck/fw 36]a9]sf s] 5g\ egL :6f]/L ug{ nfu]sf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ zx/sf lglZrt 7fpFdf lglZrt a]nfdf lglZrt vfnsf ck/fw x'G5g\ eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .

xfdLn] ck/fw ePsf jf ePsf egL hfx]/L lbOPsf ;a} 36gf ePsf] ldlt, 36gf ePsf] ;do, 36gf ePsf] 7fpF, ePsf] ck/fw -xTof, rf]/L, 8s}tL_ h:tf s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ .

dflysf dfq} k|Zg lnP/ tYof+s vf]Hbf kLl8tdWo] s'g hft / ln+u a9L /x]5g\, slt /sd a/fa/sf] ;fdfg rf]/L eP5, s'g clkm;/n] ;a}eGbf a9L ck/fwL klqmPsf] /x]5 h:tf s'/fsf] hjfkm kfOFb}g . oL hfgsf/L gvf]Hbf tL ljifodf :6f]/L agfpg] af6f] cfk}+mn] ubf{ aGb x'G5 . lat]sf tLg jif{sf] dfq} tYof+s lnOof] eg] nfdf] ;dodf ck/fw a9]sf] 5 ls 36]sf] 5 cyjf ck/fwsf k|s[lt k]ml/Psf 5g\ ls h:tf hfgsf/L kfOFb}g . ;'?df oL s'/f x]g{]lt/ Wofg glbOPsf] x'g ;S5 . olt a]nf cfP/ :6f]/Lsf nflu dfly elgPsf ;a} tYof+s rflxg] /x]5 eGg] nfUg ;S5 .

o;sf] dtna s] xf] eg] xfdLn] ug{ nfu]sf] :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lsl;dsf tYof+s vf]Hg'k5{, tTsfn dxTjk"0f{ h:tf] nfu]sf] :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf lglZrt kIfsf] dfq} xf]Og -tYof+s lngsf nflu k|f]u|fd agfpg'kg{] /x]5 eg] s'g} ljifosf lglZrt kIfsf dfq} hfgsf/L lng] k|f]u|fd agfpg hlt vr{ nfU5 Tolt g} vr{df ;a} hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5_ . ;a} tYof+s lnO;s]kl5 d o;sf lglZrt kIf dfq} x]5{' eGg ;lsxflnG5 . ;a} tYof+s ln+bf kl5 p7\g] k|Zgsf] klg hjfkm e]l6G5 . ;a} tYof+ssf] cWoog ubf{ :6f]/Lsf] ©nf]ck ug{sf nflu gofF cfOl8of klg cfpg ;S5 . uf]kgLotfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'g cflbn] ubf{ kLl8tsf] klxrfg cyjf ;'/fsLsf] gfd h:tf hfgsf/L xfdLn] gkfpg ;S5f}+ . t/ hfgsf/L x'Fb} gx'g' eGbf oL afx]ssf hfgsf/L x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 . olt a]nf s'g k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg] 8]6fa]; kfOof] / s'g k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg] kfOPg eGg] s'/fsf] eg] x]Ssf /fVg'k5{ .

ufFh]dfh] tYof+s ldnfpg]

8]6fa];af6 hfgsf/L lng] sfdsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] xfdLn] ;/sf/n] /]s8{ /fVg'kg{] p2]Zon] -ljZn]if0f ug{] p2]Zon] xf]Og_ e]nf u/]sf tYof+snfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] sfddf pkof]u ug{'k5{ . o:tf tYof+s k|fozM km/s km/s kmDof{6df /flvPsf x'G5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf tYof+s /fVg'sf] p2]Zo lglZrt cleo'QmnfO{ p;sf] d'2f ;'g'jfO x'g] lbgdf cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg g5'6f];\ eGg] xf] . o;sf nflu p;sf] hGdldlt km/s kbf{ klg s]xL lau|+b}g . p;sf] 7]ufgfsf] lxHh] unt x'Fbf klg s]xL lau|+b}g cyjf p;sf] aLrsf] gfdsf] 5f]6s/L ¿k unt eP klg cK7\of/f] x'Fb}g . oL s'/f gldn]sf eP klg p;nfO{ cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg afwf kb{}g .

8]6fa];df o:tf q'l6 /x]5g\ eg] kqsf/n] tYof+ssf cfwf/df lgsfn]sf lgisif{ unt x'G5g\ . To;}n], tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 tYof+s slt ufFh]dfh] 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 o:tf uNtL ;Rofpg'k5{ -k|fljlws efiffdf o;nfO{ ælSngÆ ug{' elgG5_ . o;sf nflu ljleGg zLif{s /fv]/ lk|mSj]G;L 6]an agfpg'k5{ . -PS;]ndf lkmN6/ cyjf lkef]6 6]ansf ;xfotfn] o:tf] ug{ ;lsG5_ .

148

æln+uÆ ;DaGwL ;/n pbfx/0f lncf}+ . o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/LnfO{ d]n, lkmd]n, Pd, Pkm, !, ) eg]/ /fv]sf] x'g ;Snf . logsf lxHh] klg unt x'g ;Snfg\ . ;xL 9+un] n}+lus ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu xfdLn] k'?if ;DaGwL ;a} tYof+snfO{ Pd cGtu{t / dlxnf ;DaGwL ;a} tYof+snfO{ Pkm cGtu{t /fVg'k5{ . ufFh]dfh] tYof+ssf] csf{] pbfx/0f cd]l/sfsf] r'gfj cleofgdf p7fOPsf] rGbfsf] ljj/0f xf] . To;df rGbfbftfsf] k]zf eGg] dxndf “Lawyer,” “Attorney,” “Atty,” “Counsel,” “Trial Lawyer" dWo] h] klg n]v]sf] x'g ;S5 . oL ;a}nfO{ Pp6} agfpg'k5{ .

gfdn] cem w}/] 6fpsf] b'vfpF5g\ . /d]zrGb| /fO{, /d]z /fO{, /fd]z /fO{ oL Pp6} dfG5]sf gfd x'g ls cnu cnu < vjf; kxf8] vjf; xf] ls dw];L < nf]xf/ y/ n]lvPsf] dfG5] kxf8] blnt klg x'g ;S5 dw];L hflt klg x'g ;S5 . of] s'/f kQf nufpgsf nflu 7]ufgf / hGdldlt h:tf cGo ljj/0f x]g{'kg{] x'g ;S5 . cyjf cGo /]s8{df vf]Hg'kg{] x'g ;S5 . u'un l/kmfOg h:tf 6'nn] tYof+s ;Rofpg] / ltgnfO{ :t/Lo agfpg] sfdnfO{ l56f] / sd emGeml6nf] agfPsf 5g\ .

tYof+sdf 8s'd]G6 gul/Psf ljz]iftf x'g ;S5g\

s'g} klg vfnsf 8]6fa];df 8]6fkmfOn s;/L kmDof{6 ul/Psf 5g\ nufotsf w]/} hfgsf/L ePsf kmfOn x'G5g\ h;nfO{ 8]6f l8S;g/L elgG5 . oL hfgsf/Ln] xfdLnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] ;ˆ6j]o/ -PS;]n, PS;];, P;kLP;P;, ˆo'hg 6]an cflb_ df tYof+s ;xL 9+un] ODkf]6{ ug{ d2t u5{g\ .

ToxfF sf]8 h:tf hfgsf/L klg x'G5g\ . h:t} ! eg]sf] k'?if, @ eg]sf] dlxnf cflb . x/]s ck/fwsf nflu km/s km/s gDa/sf sf]8 /flvPsf x'g ;S5g\ . c:ktfnsf] tYof+sdf klg o:t} x'g ;S5 . 8]6f l8S;g/L lagf 8]6fl;6nfO{ /fd|/L ljZn]if0f ug{ sl7g x'G5, slxn]sfxL+ t c;Dej x'G5 .

slxn]sfxL+ 8]6f l8S;g/L eP klg ;d:of x'g ;S5 . s]xL jif{ klxn] ˆnf]l/8fsf] ldofdL x]/fN8sf l/kf]6{/x¿n] o:t} ;d:of ef]u]sf lyP . pgLx¿ /S;L vfP/ uf8L rnfPsf rfnsnfO{ ljleGg GofofwLzn] km/s km/s ;hfo u/]sf] ljifodf :6f]/L ug{ nfu]sf lyP . l/kf]6{/n] cbfntaf6 tYof+s lnP . pgLx¿n] cbfntn] tf]s]sf] h]n ;hfosf] cjlw / hl/jfgf h:tf s'/f x]/] . o;n] s] b]vfof] eg] s'g} GofofwLzn] a9L ;hfo lbPsf /x]5g\ eg] s'g}n] sd .

t/ ;a} GofofwLzn] ! b]lv @ k|ltzt d'2fdf s]xL klg ;hfo gu/]sf] b]lvof] . x/]s GofofwLzn] x]/]sf s]xL d'2fdf æ;hfo ePgÆ eGg] b]lvof] . klqsfdf of] :6f]/L / rf6{ 5flkPkl5 GofofwLzn] lj/f]w u/] .

ufFh]dfh] tYof+s

cd]l/sfdf ;fj{hlgs /]s8{ ;DaGwL ;fdfGotof s8f sfg'g x'gfn] oxfF ;"rgf kfpg c¿ w]/} b]zdf h:tf] sl7g 5}g . t/ tYof+s kfpFb}df sfd ;ls+b}g, sd{rf/Ln] /]s8{ /fVg] p2]Zon] -ljZn]if0f ug{] p2]Zon] xf]Og_ e]nf u/]sf tYof+s w]/} emGeml6nf x'G5g\ . tYof+s k|foM æg/fd|fÆ x'G5g\ h;nfO{ :t/Lo agfpg'k5{ . slt k6s d}n] o:tf tYof+s kfPsf] 5' hf] To;sf] kmfOn n]cfp6 cyjf 8]6f l8S;g/L;Fu d]n vfFb}gy] . s]xL ;+:yfn] kL8LPkm h:tf cK7\of/f kmDof{6df tYof+s lbG5g\ . ltgnfO{ sGe6{ ug{'k5{ . o:tf ;d:of gePsf tYof+s e]6\bf b+u kg{'k5{ . — l:6e 8f]Ou, jfN6/ qmf]GsfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd, Pl/hf]gf :6]6 o'lgel;{6L

149

cfk"mdfly dft]/ uf8L rnfpg]nfO{ ;hfo ug{'kg{] sfg'g pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf] egL GofofwLzn] klqsfsf] lj/f]w u/] .

To;kl5 l/kf]6{x¿ cfk"mnfO{ tYof+s lbg] cbfntsf >]:t]bf/sxfF uP / o:tf] uNtL s;/L eof] egL p;nfO{ ;f]w] . l/kf]6{/nfO{ s] atfOof] eg] tL d'2f klxnf] k6s o:tf] ug{], ul/a rfns;Fu ;DalGwt lyP . ;fdfGotof, pgLx¿nfO{ hl/jfgf ul/G5, t/ hl/jfgf ltg{] k};f pgLx¿;Fu lyPg . To;}n] GofofwLzn] ltgnfO{ ;8ssf kmf]x/ ;kmf ug{] h:tf ;fd'bflos ;]jf ug{'kg{] ;hfo lbPsf lyP . eP5 s] eg], tYof+s /fVg] kmDof{6 hfF8 vfP/ uf8L rnfpg]nfO{ ;hfo ug{} kg{] sfg'g aGg'eGbf klxn] g} tof/ ul/Psf] /x]5 . To;}n] To;df ;fd'bflos ;]jf ;DaGwL ;hfo pNn]v ug{] 7fpF /x]g5 . cbfntsf ;|]:t]bf/nfO{ s] yfxf lyof] eg] h]n / hl/jfgf ;DaGwL dxndf s]xL gn]lvPsf d'2fdf ;fd'bflos ;]jf ug{'kg{] ;hfo lbOPsf] lyof] . t/ dfly elgPsf sf/0fn] of] s'/f 8]6f l8S;g/Ldf v'nfOPsf] lyPg . To;n] ubf{ klqsfn] uNtL eof] egL To;nfO{ ;Rofpg'k¥of] .

o; pbfx/0fn] l;sfPsf] kf7 o:tf] 5M tYof+s lbg];Fu oL s'/f ;f]Wg'k5{ — tYof+sdf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f pNn]v ug{ 5'6]sf 5g\ ls < 8]6f l8S;g/Ldf pNn]v gePsf s]xL sf]8 /flvPsf] 5 ls < kmfOn n]cfp6 k]ml/Psf] 5 ls cyjf 8]6f ljZn]if0f ug{'cl3 cfk"mn] yfxf kfpg'kg{] s'/f s]xL 5 ls < x]/fN8 l/kf]6{/n] yf]/} ;dodf :6f]/L u/]sf lyP . To;}n] pgLx¿n] x/]s GofofwLzn] lbPsf cf};t ;hfodf Wofg lbP . To;f] x'Fbf pgLx¿n] ;hfo glbPsf] egL b]lvPsf d'2fdf o;} ePsf] xf] ls cGoyf ePsf] xf] egL hfFRglt/ Wofg lbPgg\ . ;a} GofofwLzn] s;/L ;hfoaf6 pGd'lQm lbP xf]nfg\ egL ;f]Wg]lt/ l/kf]6{/x¿ nfu]gg\ . — l:6e 8f]Ou, jfN6/ qmf]GsfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd, Pl/hf]gf :6]6 o'lgel;{6L

ldl;Psf, n's]sf / ufoa tYof+s

x+u]/L;Fu ;DalGwt Oo'n] lbPsf s[lif cg'bfgsf] tYof+s vf]Hg] qmddf cgf}7f] cj:yf cfPsf] dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 . xfdLn] tYof+s t kfof}+ t/ tL kL8LPkm kmDof{6df 7"nf] rfªdf k'l/Psf lyP . tL tYof+s c¿ b]zsf tYof+s;Fu ldl;Psf lyP . ltgnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] agfpg xfd|f] k|f]u|fd/n] 306f}+ sfd ug{'k¥of] .

Oo'n] df5fdf lbPsf] cg'bfg ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hbf klg xfdLn] /dfOnf] dx;'; u¥of}+ . Oo'sf @& j6f ;b:o /fi6«sf cg'bfg lbg] Ph]G;Ln] o:tf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{'kg{] afWotf 5 .

o; ljifodf xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] l/kf]6{sf] -bit.ly/alfter-eu27_ s]xL c+zM æpbfx/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf tYof+s y/Ly/Lsf kmDof{6df /flvPsf 5g\ . sf]xL o'h/n] pkof]u ug{ ldNg] Pr6LPdPn ;r{ k]hdf 5g\ eg] sf]xL kL8LPkm kmDof{6df . st} st} t cg'bfg kfpg]sf] ;"rL tn k|]; lj1lKtdf n's]/ a;]sf 5g\ . Pp6} ;b:o /fi6«n] klg ;"rgf ljleGg kmDof{6df /fv]sf] 5 . hd{gL / a'Nu]l/ofdf vfnL ;"rL k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . zLif{s t 5, To;df s]xL klg tYof+s 5}g .Æ— la|lht cN˚//, Journalismfund.eu

150

#@ kfp08 kg{] kfp/f]6L

j]N; cg ;G8] gfds klqsfn] ;/sf/n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] Un'6]g ljgfsf] Ps kf]sf kfp/f]6LnfO{ #@ kfpG8 k5{ eg]/ x]8nfOgdf 5fKof] . vf;df Ps kf]sf kfp/f]6LnfO{ #@ kfpG8 kg{] xf]Og /x]5 . x/]snfO{ @=*@ kfpG8 kg{] !! kf]sf ePsf] kfp/f]6Lsf] aG8nsf] d"No kf] /x]5 of] .

j]N;sf] P;]DAnLdf lbOPsf] lnlvt hjfkm / j]N;sf] /fli6«o 3/fo;L ;e{]sf] tYof+sdf ;/sf/n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] Ps cfO6dnfO{ olt k5{ egL n]lvPsf] /x]5 . To; tYof+sdf l;kmfl/; ePsf] cfO6d eGgfn] s]nfO{ a'emfpF5 egL :ki6 kfl/Psf] lyPg .

To;n] ubf{ l/kf]6{/n] Ps kf]sf kfp/f]6LnfO{ g} olt k5{ eGg] 7fg] . o;df w]/} kf]sf kfp/f]6L x'G5g\ eGg] ;f]r]gg\ .

of] :6f]/L g5flkpGh]n P;]DAnLdf hjfkm lbg]n] klg o;sf] JofVof u/]g, c¿ s;}n] klg o;sf] JofVof u/]g .

o;af6 s] kf7 l;Sg'k5{ eg] tYof+sdf ePsf o:tf c:ki6tf x6fpg'k5{ .

lrq %=#M #@ kfpG8 kg{] Un'6]g gePsf] kfp/f]6L vfg l;kmfl/; -j]N;cgnfOg_

151

;fdfGotof cvaf/n] x]8nfOg agfpg ldNg] s'/f vf]H5g\ . x]8nfOg agfpg] nf]edf k/]/ pgLx¿ dflysf h:tf uNtL x'g ;S5 ls eg]/ ;ts{ x'Fb}gg\ h;n] ubf{ x]8nfOgd} o:tf uNtL x'g] 8/ x'G5 .

unt vfnsf bfaL ;xL x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ egL kqsf/x¿n] hfFRg'k5{ . To:tf bfaL unt ;fljt eP eg] ;dfrf/sf] dxTj 36\5 eg]/ tYo hfFr gug{' 7Ls xf]Og . — lSno/ ldn/, j]N;cgnfOg

tYof+saf6 sfd yfNg], :6f]/Ldf 6'+Uofpg]

kf7snfO{ cfslif{t ug{sf nflu x]8nfOgsf] c+sn] pgLx¿nfO{ em:sfpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ afFsL ;dfrf/ k9\5g\ . :6f]/L k9\g]nfO{ of] cfFs8f 8]6fl;6af6 lnPsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f emG8} emG8} yfxf glbO{sg :6f]/L n]Vg ;Sg'k5{ . :6f]/LnfO{ /f]rs agfpg'k5{ . n]Vbf cfˆgf cl8oG; sf] x'g\ egL ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .

Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhdn] o'/f]lkog o'lgog sld;gsf] ljQLo kf/blz{tf k|0ffnLsf af/]df u/]sf] :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/ec-fts_, :6f]/L s;/L k|:t't ug{] eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . of] :6f]/L lglZrt k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg 8]6fl;6sf] cWoog u/]sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

tYof+sdf xfdLn] æsS6]nÆ æuNkmÆ æcj] 8]hÆ h:tf zAb vf]Hof}+ . o;sf cfwf/df oL zLif{sdf sld;gn] slt vr{ u/]5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfof}+ . o;af6 w]/} k|Zg p7] / xfdLn] kmnf]ck ug{] :6f]/L nfOg kfof}+ .

o;/L zAbsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L vf]Hbf ;w}+el/ cfk"mn] rfx]sf] s'/f e]l6G5 eGg] 5}g . slxn]sfxL+ tYof+s Wofg lbP/ x]g{'k5{ / d}n] jf:tjd} s] vf]h]sf] x'F egL 3f]lTng'k5{ . of] :6f]/L ubf{ xfdLn] sld;gsf sld:g/x¿n] lghL h]6df ofqf ug{ slt k};f vr{ u/] egL kQf nufpg vf]h]sf lyof}+ . t/ tYof+sdf ælghL h]6Æ zLif{sdf vr{ ePsf] e]l6+b}g . To;}n] xfdLn] c¿ pkfo nufP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg] 6«fen Ph]G;Lsf] gfd yfxf kfpg'k¥of] . o:tf] ;]jf lbg] 6«fen Ph]G;Lsf] gfd æca]nfuÆ /x]5 eGg] yfxf kfof}+ . o;kl5 xfdLn] To; sDkgLnfO{ slt k};f ltl/Psf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f vf]Hof}+ .

o;/L xfdL tYof+sdf s] vf]Hg] eGg] s'/fdf :ki6 lyof}+ . Tof] lyof] — x]8nfOg agfpg ldNg] cfFs8f kQf nufpg' . :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] kfg{] tTjsf] vf]hL kl5 ug{] xf] .

csf{] tl/sf klg 5 . h;sf] :6f]/L ug{ nfu]sf] xf] To; ;+:yfn] s] s] sfd gug{] eg]sf] 5 / tL sfd u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{] . kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; / Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhdn] Oo'sf] ;+/rgf sf]ifsf sfd ;DaGwdf :6f]/L ubf{ o:tf] tl/sf pkof]u u/]sf lyP .

xfdLn] sld;gsf] lgod x]¥of}+ / s:tf s:tf sDkgL tyf ;+:yf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;'tL{ pTkfbs_ nfO{ sld;gsf] sf]ifaf6 k};f lbg /f]s nufOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfof}+ . ca xfd|f] sfd lyof] ltgnfO{ k};f lbOPsf] 5 ls 5}g egL kQf nufpg] .

To;kl5 xfdLn] 8]6fl;6df ;'tL{ sDkgL, ;'tL{ pTkfbs / ;'tL{ ls;fg e]l6G5 ls eg]/ x]¥of}+ . o;f]

152

ubf{ la|l6; cd]l/sg ;'tL{ sDkgLnfO{ hd{gLdf ˆofS6«L rnfpgsf nflu !% nfv kfpG8 lbPsf] e]l6of] .

of] /sd sld;gsf] lgod ljk/Lt lbOPsf] lyof] . tYof+saf6 t'?Gt} :6f]/L kQf nufpg] of] Pp6f tl/sf xf] .

8]6fl;6df s] kfOG5 eg]/ o;} eGg ;ls+b}g . To;}n] xfd|f] sfd xf] ltgnfO{ lgofNg' . o;sf nflu ;fx;L x'g'k5{ . — s}n]log af/, l;6Ljfo/

tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L

tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg] lalQs} slxn]sfxL+ o;n] tYof+s dfq k|:t't ug{] -h:t}, lglZrt cfFs8fnfO{ b[Zodf kl/0ft u/]/ o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/L l56f] / k|efjsf/L 9+un] lbg] cyjf cGt/lqmofTds 8]6f;]6 /flvlbg] h;sf cfwf/df o'h/n] cfˆgf] 7fpF jf c:ktfn cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L cfk}+m vf]Hg ;S5g\_ xf] ls eGg] efg lbG5 . of] sfd dxTjk"0f{ 5Fb}5 t/ c¿ vfnsf] kqsfl/tfdf h:t} tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf klg :6f]/L eGg'k5{ . tYof+sdf s:tf :6f]/L kfOPnfg\ < tn d}n] lala;Ldf xfl;n u/]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] p7fpg ;Sg] ljleGg vfnsf :6f]/Lsf af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] 5' .

tn lbOPsf s'/fnfO{ tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{'eGbf w]/} cl3 cyf{t\ hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{] a]nfd} Wofg lb+bf /fd|f] x'G5 .

dfkg;/n :6f]/L . h:t}, kmnfgf lhlj;n] kmnfgf ;fndf k]k/ lSnk lsGg olt ?k}ofF vr{ u¥of] . cfFs8f dfq} lb+bf To;n] cy{ lb+b}g . of] w]/} xf] ls yf]/} xf] eGg] s'/f kf7snfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . of] s'/f :ki6 kfg{sf nflu xfdLn] lgDg lsl;dsf] ;Gbe{ lbg'k5{M

cg'kftæut jif{ lhlj;n] cfˆgf] :6]zg/Lsf] ah]6sf] b'O{ltxfO /sd k]k/lSnk lsGg vr{ u¥of] .Æ

p;}sf cGo sfd;Fu t'ngfælhlj;n] ;/;kmfO ug{] sfddf eGbf k]k/ lSnk lsGgdf a9L k};f vr{ u/]sf] 5 .Æ

c¿;Fu t'ngfælhlj;n] ut jif{ k]k/ lSnk lsGg vr{ u/]sf] /sd p;n] s]Gb|af6 kfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ cg'bfgeGbf a9L 5 .Æ

153

tYof+s cGj]if0f ug{] c¿ tl/sf klg 5g\M

ljleGg jif{df ePsf] kl/jt{gælhlj;n] o; jif{ k]k/ lSnk lsGg rf/ jif{cl3 ;f]xL sfddf u/]sf] eGbf t]Aa/ vr{ u/]sf] 5 .Æ

ælnu 6]anÆ7fpF / ;+:yfsf aLrdf ul/g] t'ngf -o;f] ubf{ s] s'/fdf Vofn ug{'k5{ eg] cfk"mn] u/]sf t'ngfn] cGofo gu/f];\ . h:t}, w]/} dflg; a:g] zx/ / yf]/} dflg; a:g] zx/sf gu/kflnsfn] lglZrt sfdsf nflu 5'6\ofpg] ah]6sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{' plrt x'Fb}g_ . ælhlj;n] k]k/ lSnk lsGg ;f]xL ;fdfg lsGg ul/Psf] b]ze/sf] cf};t vr{sf] rf}a/ vr{ u/]sf] 5 .Æ

cyjf tYof+snfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf afF8\g ;lsG5M

juL{s/0f cg';f/ ljZn]if0fæ;dtf kf6L{sf ;efklt ePsf lhlj;n] c;dtf kf6L{sf ;efklt ePsf lhlj;n] eGbf bf]Aa/ k};f k]k/ lSnk lsGg vr{ u/]sf 5g\ .Æ

cGo lsl;dn]æ:6]zg/L sDkgLaf6 a9L rGbf kfPsf] kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj ePsf lhlj;n] k]k/ lSnkdf a9L k};f vr{ u/]sf 5g\ .Æ

k]k/ lSnk vl/b ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hbf oL tYof+s klg vf]Hg'k5{M

• ;Gbe{ lbgsf nflu s'n vr{• t'ngfTds tYof+s lbgsf nflu ef}uf]lns÷P]ltxfl;s÷cGo hfgsf/L• t'ngf Gofof]lrt xf];\ eGgfsf nflu t'ngf ul/Psf 7fpFsf] hg;+Vof cflb h:tf tYof+s • cGo tYof+s h;n] ubf{ ljZn]if0f /f]rs x'G5 — dfl6{g /f];]gaf}d, lala;L

s'g 6'n k|of]u ug{]

tYof+s xft kl/;s]kl5 xfdLn] s] ug{] < ToxfF s] s'/f vf]Hg] < To;sf nflu s'g 6'n pkof]u ug{] < xfdLn] w]/} hgf kqsf/nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; ubf{ pgLx¿n] s] s;f] u/]sf lyP egL ;f]w]sf lyof}+ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf s'/f tn lbOPsf 5g\M

b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnudf xfdL kf7s;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{ rfxG5f}+ . xfdL xfdLn] cEof; u/]sf] tYof+s kqsfl/tf hf] sf]xLn] t'?Gt} gSsn ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ . cyf{t\ pgLx¿n] xfdLn] u/]sf sfdsf cfwf/df To;nfO{ cem cufl8 a9fpg / xfdLn] ge]6]sf :6f]/L e]6'g\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ . xfdL To:tf

154

6'n k|of]u u5f}{+ h'g 6'n hf];'s}n] rnfpg kfpF5g\ / rnfpgsf nflu k|f]u|fd ug{] ;Lk cyjf ljz]if tflnd rflx+b}g / 6'n OG:6n ug{ w]/} k};f ltg{' kb{}g . o; sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdL clxn] w]/}h;f] u'un k|f]8S6 rnfO/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] k|zf]wg u/]sf / ;fj{hlgs u/]sf ;a} 8]6fl;6 u'un :k|]8l;6 x'g\ . o;sf] dtna xf] u'undf csfpG6 ePsf hf] sf]xLn] klg xfdLn] /fv]sf 8]6fl;6 8fpgnf]8 ug{, cfˆgf] csfpG6df ODkf]6{ ug{, cfˆg} lsl;dn] rf6{ agfpg, tYof+s Jojl:yt ug{, 6]an agfpg ;S5 . pgLx¿n] cfk"mn] /f]h]sf 6'ndf oL tYof+s ODkf]6{ ug{ ;S5g\ .

gS;f agfpg xfdL u'un ˆo'hg 6]an rnfpF5f}+ . lx6 Dofk agfpg ˆo'hg rnfpF5f}+ . kmfon z]o/ ubf{ s]Pdn z]k kmfOn z]o/ u5f{}+ . kf7sn] oL kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 u/]/ cfˆg} vfnsf lx6 Dofk agfpg ;s"g\ eg]/ o;f] u/]sf xf}+ . xfdLn] agfPsf gS;fdf pgLx¿n] n]o/ yKg klg ;S5g\ . oL u'un 6'nsf kmfObf s] 5g\ eg] lognfO{ xfd|f kf7sn] Anu k9\g pkof]u ug{] 8]:s6k, df]afOn / 6\ofan]6 h]df klg rnfpg ldN5 .

lbg}lkR5] ug{'kg{] sfdsf nflu xfdL u'un :k|]8l;6 / ˆo'hg afx]s c¿ b'O{j6f 6'n rnfpF5f}+ . Pp6f 6\ofAn' xf] . ax'cfoflds tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg xfdL of] 6'n k|of]u u5f{}+ . csf{] d]lgcfOh xf] . o;nfO{ xfdL tYof+snfO{ t'?Gt} ljZn]if0f ug{] sfddf pkof]u u5f{}+ . oL 6'ndf sdLsdhf]/L gePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] xfdL cem /fd|f];Fu b[Zof+sg ug{] 6'nsf] lg/Gt/ vf]hL u5f{}+ . — ln;f OefG;, b ufl8{og

kqsf/n] sf]8/ klg x'gk5{ < cxF . dnfO{ kqsf/n] sf]8 ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'k5{ h:tf] nfUb}g . t/ o;sf af/]df ;fdfGo s'/f yfxf kfpFbf / sf]8/af6 sfd lng ;Sg] x'Fbf /fd|f] x'G5 .

o; If]qdf ev{/ cfPsfn] Ps} rf]l6 bf}8g'eGbf la:tf/} lx+8\g' /fd|f] x'G5 . tYof+snfO{ b[Zof+sg ubf{, ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ / ljZn]if0f ubf{ c¿ lsl;dn] kfOg]eGbf km/s :6f]/L e]l6G5 eg]/ cfˆgf ;fyL / ;DkfbsnfO{ dgfpg'k5{ . of] sfd kmnbfoL xf] eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ of] s'/f dgfO;s]kl5 a9L hl6n :6f]/L / k|f]h]S6 yfNg'k5{ .

d]/f ljrf/df kqsf/n] klxn] PS;]n l;s]/ To;sf ;xfotfn] ;fdfGo :6f]/L ug{'k5{ . o;af6 ;'? u/]/ la:tf/} tYof+s ljZn]if0f / gS;f+sg ug{'k5{ . PS;]ndf w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . of] Psbd} zlQmzfnL 6'n xf] . clwsf+z dflg;n] PS;]nnfO{ p;n] ug{ ;Sg] yf]/} dfq sfd nufPsf 5g\ . ;lsG5 eg] kqsf/n] PS;]n s;/L rnfpg] eGg] sIff -s;}n] o:tf] sIff rnfPsf 5g\ eg]_ lnP x'G5 .

tYof+s JofVof ug{] ljifonfO{ xNsf 9+un] lng' x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu w]/} d]xgt ug{'k5{ / of] sfd ubf{ ;ts{ x'g'k5{ . o;sf x/]s s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . cfk"mn] h] e]6]sf] 5 Tof] ;xL xf] ls xf]Og egL hfFRg'k5{ . cf]l/hgn tYof+ssf] Ps k|lt h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg'k5{ . tYof+s k|zf]wg ubf{ s] s] u/]+ eGg] s'/fsf] ljj/0f /fd|f];Fu /fVg'k5{ . uNtL x'g ;S5 . To;}n] Ps k6sdf h] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 To;}df lrQ a'emfpg' x'Fb}g . d b'O{–tLg k6s;Dd ljZn]if0f u5{' . cfk"mn]

155

h'g tYof+s ljZn]if0f u/]sf] xf] ToxL tYof+s ;Dkfbs cyjf c¿ s;}n] 5'§} ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ b'O{ hgfsf] ljZn]if0fsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ ldN5 . — l;lGyof cf]Ú d'r{', kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;

l/kf]6{/n] ;dfrf/ n]Vg hlt ;do nufpF5g\ Tolt g} yf]/} ;dodf hl6n ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg] sfd xfn;fn} dfq x'g yfn]sf] xf] . klxn] o;sf nflu w]/} ;do nfUYof] . ;a}n], l;Q}df pkof]u ug{ kfOg] b'O{j6f k|]mdjs{n] ubf{ of] sfd ;Dej ePsf] xf] . oL x'g\M Django and Ruby on Rails . oL b'j} ;g\ @))) sf] bzssf] dWolt/ ;fj{hlgs ePsf x'g\ .

oL b'j} k]|mdjs{ Psbd} /fd|f 5g\ . logn] ubf{ Psbd} hl6n j]a PlKns];g klg l5gd} agfpg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 .

cd]l/sfsf Go'h Pk l6ddf ;e{] t ul/Psf] 5}g t/ s] ljZjf; ul/G5 eg] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ug{sf nflu clwsf+z Go'h Pk l6dn] oL b'O{j6f k|]mdjs{ pkof]u ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . k|f]klAnsfdf xfdL ?aL cg /]N; k|of]u u5f{}+ .

tYof+ssf sfd ubf{ xfdL c¿ a9L :t/Lo 6'n klg pkof]u u5f{}+ . h:t} tYof+s k|zf]wgsf nflu dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n, tYof+ssf nflu SPSS / R, hLcfO{P; ;DaGwL sfdsf nflu ArcGIS / QGIS, ;f];{ sf]8 Joj:yfkgsf nflu Git, sf]8 n]Vgsf nflu TextMate, Vim and Sublime Text, 8]6fa];sf nflu MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQL Server for databases . — :s6 Sn]g, k|f]klAnsf

slxn]sfxL+ ;a}eGbf ;/n 6'n g} pQd 6'n x'G5 . :k|]8l;6sf] tfutnfO{ sfd cfFSg] ul/G5 . sDKo'6/df 8; rnfPsf a]nfdf :k|]8l;6n] ubf{ d}n] tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{ ;s]sf] lyPF . :k|]8l;6df cfp6lno/ kQf nufpg / u0fgf ubf{ uNtL ePsf] 5 ls eg]/ x]g{ ldN5 . of] tYof+s kqsf/nfO{ geO{ gx'g] 6'n xf] .

olt elg;s]kl5, dnfO{ dg kg{] 6'nsf af/]df atfpF5' h'g cem zlQmzfnL 5 . Tof] xf] P;kLP;P; . tYof+s ljZn]if0f / Doflkªsf nflu . o;n] dnfO{ ef}uf]lns 9fFrf x]g{ ;3fpF5 . — z]/]n lkmlnK;, b l;of6n 6fOD;

dnfO{ kfOyg Psbd} dg k5{ . of] uhasf] cf]kg ;f];{ k|f]u|fldª Nofª\j]h xf] h'g k9\g / n]Vg ;lhnf] 5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, o;df x/]s nfOgsf k5fl8 ;]dLsf]nf]g n]Vg' kb{}g_ . ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, kfOygdf w]/} o'h/ a]; 5, Knlug 5g\ -h;nfO{ Kofs]h elgG5_ . logn] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ h] sfd ug{ klg ldN5 .

dnfO{ tYof+s kqsf/nfO{ Django rflxG5 h:tf] nfUb}g . 7"nf, tYof+sdf cfwfl/t j]a PlKns];g agfpg kfOyg j]a PlKns];g k|]mdjs{n] sfd u5{ . ;;fgf cGt/lqmofTds OGkmf]u|flkmS; agfpgsf nflu eg] of] h¿/L 5}g .

d QGis klg rnfpF5' . of] cf]kg ;f];{ 6'nls6 xf] . o;df ef}uf]lns tYof+s af/Daf/ rnfO/xg'kg{] tYof+s

156

kqsf/n] ug{'kg{] hLcfO{P; ;DaGwL y/Ly/Lsf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . lhof]:Kof;n 8]6f Pp6f kmDof{6af6 csf{] kmDof{6df nfg' 5 eg] QGis rflxG5 . o;n] k|foM ;a} kmDof{6 -Shapefiles, KML, GeoJSON cflb_ sf lhof]8]6f ;DaGwL sfd ug{ ;S5 . s'g} If]qnfO{ sf6]/ kmfNg'k/]sf] 5 eg] klg QGis sfd nfU5 . of] rnfpg] dflg; w]/} ePsfn] of] s;/L rnfpg] egL l;sfpg] ;fdu|L -bit.ly/goettingen-tutorial) j]adf k|z:t kfOG5 .

cf/ d"ntM j}1flgs hfgsf/L b[Zodf abNgsf nflu agfOPsf] 6'n xf] . o;df tYof+s b[Zof+sg ug{] / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] ;a} ljlw 5g\ . cf/ PSn} Pp6f a|Xdf08 xf], b[Zo tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{] tLy{:yn xf] . o;sf] Pp6f a]kmfObf s] 5 eg] of] rnfpg l;Sg'k5{ lsgeg] o;n] 5'§} Nofª\j]h rnfpF5 . t/ of] rnfpg l;Sg yfn]kl5 of] hlt zlQmzfnL 6'n csf{] 5}g eGg] nfU5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf hfg]sf kqsf/n] cf/sf] pkof]u u/]/ PS;]nn] wfGg g;Sg] u/L nfvf}+ /f] ePsf 6]andf /flvPsf tYof+s klg ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

cf/sf] /fd|f] kIf s] xf] eg] rf6{ agfO;s]kl5 cfFs8f k]mg{'kg{] eof] eg] Ps k6s lSns ug{] lalQs} of] sfd x'G5 . cfk"mn] agfPsf] rf6{ ;xL ePg egL s;}n] z+sf u¥of] eg] xfdL p;nfO{ To;sf] ;|f]t b]vfOlbg ;S5f}+ . o;f] ubf{ hf] sf]xLn] klg tL tYof+ssf cfwf/df cfk}+m rf6{ agfP/ x]g{ ;S5g\ -cyjf xfdLn] uNtL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] Tof] kQf nufpg ;S5g\_ .

kfOygdf NumPy + MatPlotLib k|of]u u/]/ o:t} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] kfOyg rnfpg klxNo} hfg]sf] 5 p;n] of] rnfP x'G5 . kfOygdf ePsf oL b'O{j6f Kofs]hnfO{ tYof+s ljZn]if0f / b[Zof+sg b'j} sfddf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . oL b'j}n] l:y/ b[Zo dfq} agfpg ;S5g\ . logsf] k|of]u u/]/ cGt/lqmofTds rf6{ agfpg ;ls+b}g .

d}n] MapBox rnfPsf] 5}g . t/ s] ;'g]sf] 5' eg] Open Street Map df cfwfl/t eP/ a9L k|efjzfnL gS;f agfpgsf nflu of] Psbd} /fd|f] 6'n xf] . o;df gS;fsf] :6fOn -sn/, n]an cflb_ nfO{ cfˆgf] lsl;dsf] agfpg ;lsG5 .Leafletgfds k|f]u|fd klg 5 hf] gS;f agfpgsf nflu sfd nfUg] hfefl:qmK6 nfOa|]/LeGbf cln pRr:t/sf] 5 .

RaphaelJS cln sd;n vfnsf] b[Zof+sg nfOa|]/L xf] h;df ;fdfGo vfnsf sfd -j[Q, nfOg, zAb h:tf_ ug{ / Plgd]6 ug{ clg cGt/lqmof ug{ ldN5 . o;df tof/L af/ rf6{ 5}gg\ . To;}n] o;df ;dsf]0f cfk}+m agfpg'k5{ .

/fk]mnsf] Pp6f kmfObf s] xf] eg] o;df agfPsf ;a} ;fdu|L OG6/g]6 PS:Knf]//df klg v'N5g\ . l8y|L h:tf c¿ w]/} b[Zof+sg nfOa|]/Ldf of] ljz]iftf 5}g . b'Mvsf] s'/f clxn] klg w]/} o'h/n] cfO{O{ rnfpF5g\ . ;dfrf/ sIfn] o; s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ x'Fb}g .

/fk]mnh]P; afx]s csf{] klg pkfo 5 5M Flash fallback for IE agfpg] . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] o:t} ug{] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] xfdLn] x/]s PlKns];g b'O{ k6s agfpg'k5{ .

cfO{O{df /fk]mnh]; PlKns];g c;fWo} l9nf] rN5, cfw'lgs a|fph/ pkof]u u/]/ ˆNof;df rnfpFbfsf] !) k|ltzt ultdf dfq . To;}n] ;a} o'h/sf nflu pRr u'0f:t/Lo Plgd]6 ul/Psf] b[Zo tof/ ug{] xf] eg] Flash fall backs k|of]u ug{ ;lsPnf .— u|]u/ cfoZr, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g

157

dnfO{ dgkg{] 6'n PS;]n xf] h;n] sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t l/kf]l6{ªsf nflu ug{'kg{] clwsf+z sfd u5{ . o;nfO{ rnfpg] tl/sf l;Sg klg ;lhnf] 5 . clwsf+z l/kf]6{/sf sDKo'6/df of] ;ˆ6j]o/ OG:6n ePsf] x'G5 . 6]an dh{ ug{'kbf{ d PS;]; rnfpF5' To;kl5 yk sfd ug{sf nflu dh{ ePsf] 6]annfO{ PS;]ndf PS:kf]6{ u5{' . ef}uf]lns ljZn]if0fsf nflu d ESRI sf] ArcMap rnfpF5' . of] zlQmzfnL 5 . lhof]sf]8]8 8]6f ;+sng ug{] ;+:yfx¿n] o;sf] pkof]u u5{g\ . TextWrangler 6]S:6 8]6f rnfpgsf nflu /fd|f] 6'n xf] . o;df ;r{ / l/Kn]; ;lhn};Fu ug{ ;lsG5 . lnlgo/ l/u|];g h:tf tYof+szf:qLo sfd ug{sf nflu d P;kLP;P; rnfpF5' . o;sf] KjfOG6 / lSns d]g' rnfpg ;lhnf] 5 . Psbd} w]/} tYof+s -nfvf}+ /]s8{ ePsf / uDeL/ lsl;dn] lkmN6/ ug{'kg{], ¿kfGt/0f ug{'kg{]_ 8]6f;]6 5g\ eg] d P;PP; ;ˆ6j]o/ rnfpF5' . — l:6e 8'Ou, jfN6/ qmf]gsfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd

Xoflsª, :qmØflkª ug{ / tYof+s rnfpgsf nflu xfdL kfOyg / Django, q]mhL j]a gS;f agfpgsf nflu PostGIS, QGIS / MapBox /f]H5f}+ . cGj]if0ffTds tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf nflu xfdLnfO{ R, NumPy + MatPlotLib /fd|f] nfu]sf 5g\ . xfn cfP/ xfdL cfk}+mn] agfPsf] CSVKit rnfpg dg k/fpF5f}+ . xfdLn] u/]sf ;a} sfd Snfp8df l8Knf]o u5f{}+ . — a|fog af]o]/, l;sfuf] 6fOD;

nf gfl;of]gdf xfdL oL 6'n rnfpF5f}+M

• tYof+s lSng ug{, Jojl:yt ug{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ PS;]n• k|sfzg ug{ tyf u'un ˆo'hg 6]an / h'gf/ cf]kg 8]6f Kn]6kmd{;Fu sg]S;g ldnfpg u'un

:k|]8l;6• tYof+snfO{ n]v cyjf Anukf]:6;Fu ufF:g / z]o/ ug{ h'gf/• cGt/lqmofTds b[Zof+sgsf nflu 6\ofAn' klAns• w]/} 7"nf 8]6fl;6 ljZn]if0f / 5gf]6 ug{sf nflu Qlikview• kL8LPkm / PS;]n kmfOn sGe6{ ug{sf nflu NitroPDF• gS;f agfpg u'un ˆo'hg 6]an — PGh]lnsf k]/fN6f /fdf];, nf gfl;of]g, -ch{]lG6gf_

xfd|f] ;+:yf 6«fG;k/]G;L Xofs;{ u|f;?6 ;+:yf xf] . xfdL w]/} lsl;dsf 6'N; / k|f]u|fldª Nofª\j]h rnfpF5f}+ . xfdL x/]snfO{ cnu cnu 6'n dg k5{ . o;sf kmfObf / a]kmfObf b'j} 5g\ . xfdLdWo] s]xLn] Transparency Hacker Linux Distribution agfof}+ . o;nfO{ xfdL hxfF;'s} nfOe a'6 u/]/ tYof+s Xofs ug{ ;S5f}+ . o;df tYof+s ;DaGwL sfd ug{ rflxg] Refine,RStudio / OpenOfficeCalc (cln hfGg] eGg]x¿n] o;nfO{ x]nf u5{g\ t/ ;fgf / l56} ;Sg'kg{] sfdsf nflu oL pkof]uL 5g\_ h:tf s]xL /fd|f 6'n / nfOa|]/L 5g\ . tYof+s t'?Gt} skL u/]/ cgnfOgdf /fVg xfdL :qmØfk/ljsL af/Daf/ rnfpF5f}+ .

b[Zof+sg ug{ / u|fkm agfpg xfdLnfO{ w]/} 6'n dg k5{g\ . Python and NumPy ax't} zlQmzfnL 5g\ . xfd|f s]xL ;fyLn] cf/ klg rnfPsf 5g\ . xfdL d3, Flot, and RaphaelJS klg w]/} dfqfdf rnfpF5f}+ . gS;f agfpgsf nflu xfdL w]/} k/LIf0f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;sf nflu xfdLnfO{ Tilemill /fd|f] nfu]sf] 5 . — k]b|f] dfs{'g, 6«fG;k/]lG;of Xofs/

158

tYof+sdf /x]sf] cGt/1fg lng tYof+s b[Zof+sg

tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf nflu b[Zof+sg h¿/L x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ c¿ lsl;dn] a'e\mg g;lsg] s'/f a'lemG5 . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] klxn] g;f]r]sf s'/f kfOG5g\, ;f]r]sf] s'/f xf]Ogg\ ls h:tf] nfUg ;S5 . — ljlnod P;= Sn]e]NofG8 -leHo'nfOlhª 8]6f, xf]a6{ k|];af6_

sDKo'6/sf] xf8{ 8«fOedf la6\ / afO6\sf ¿kdf /flvPsf] tYof+s cb[Zo j:t' xf] . o;nfO{ b]lvg] agfpg / To;af6 cy{ lgsfNg xfdLn] o;nfO{ b]lvg] agfpg'k5{, b[Zof+sg ug{'k5{ . o; v08df d}n] b[Zof+sgnfO{ a[xt\ cy{df pkof]u u/]sf] 5' cyf{t\ b[Zof+sg eGgfn] zAbdf b]vfpg] sfd ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 8]6fl;6nfO{ :k|]8l;6 ;ˆ6j]o/df 8fpgnf]8 ug{' klg b[Zof+sg xf] . o;f] ubf{ cln klxn];Dd cb[Zo tYof+s l:qmgdf b]lvG5 . kqsf/n] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg'k5{ ls kb{}g eGg] xf]Og s'g cj:yfdf s'g vfnsf] b[Zof+sg pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ .

csf{ lsl;dn] eGbfM slt a]nfdf tYof+snfO{ tflnsf afx]ssf b[Zodf /fVg'k5{ < o;sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ xf]M k|foM ;w}+el/ . 8]6fl;6 x]g{sf nflu tflnsf dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . tflnsf dfq}sf cfwf/df xfdL tYof+sn] b]vfPsf 9fFrf b]Vg ;Sb}gf}+ . ef}uf]lns 9fFrf o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;/n pbfx/0f xf] h;nfO{ gS;fdf g/fvLsg b]Vg ;ls+b}g . c¿ vfnsf 9fFrf x]g{sf nflu klg tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg'k5{ h;sf af/]df cln kl5 rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

cGt/1fg kfpgsf nflu b[Zof+sg ug{]

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] 6'nn] 8]6fl;6nfO{ cfkm ;] cfkm tof/L :6f]/Ldf ablnb]nf eGg] cfzf ug{' x'Fb}g . tYof+sdf :6f]/L e]l6G5 eGg] Uof/]G6L x'Fb}g . o;sf] ;§f kqsf/n] tYof+sdf n's]sf x'g ;Sg] æcGt/1fgÆ vf]Hbf /fd|f] x'G5 . o:tf] 1fg e]6]kl5 s'zn kqsf/n] snfTds kf/fn] a'g]/ :6f]/L agfpg ;S5 .

x/]s gofF b[Zon] xfdLnfO{ tYof+saf/] s]xL cGt/1fg lbG5 . o:tf s]xL cGt/1fg klxNo} yfxf eO;s]sf x'g ;S5g -t/ tL k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf x'Fb}gg\_ . s]xL cGt/1ffg k"0f{tM gf}nf / cfZro{hgs x'g ;S5g\ . s]xL cGt/1fgsf cfwf/df :6f]/L ;'? ug{ ;lsPnf . b[Zof+sg ubf{ b]lvPsf s]xL crDdnfUbf s'/f tYof+sdf q'l6 ePsfn] To:tf b]lvPsf x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf uNtL b[Zof+sg u/]kl5 e]l6g ;S5g\ .

tYof+sdf cGt/1fg k|efjsf/L 9+un] vf]Hg lrq %=$ df lbOPsf] -/ o;kl5 o; v08df j0f{g ul/Psf]_ k|lqmof pkof]uL x'G5 .

159

tYof+s b[Zof+sg ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'

b[Zof+sg ubf{ 8]6fl;6nfO{ gf}nf] tl/sfn] x]g{ ;lsG5 . tYof+snfO{ w]/} lsl;dn] b[Zodf abNg ;lsG5 .

t'ngfTds ¿kdf yf]/} tYof+s cWoog ug{sf nflu tflnsf Psbd} pkof]uL x'G5g\ . tflnsfn] zLif{s / c+snfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt 9+un] b]vfOlbG5 . tYof+s 5fGg] / lkmN6/ ug{] Ifdtf 5 eg] o;af6 w]/} s'/f b]lvG5 . P8jf8{ 6ˆ6]n] tflnsfdf ;fgf rf6{ agfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, x/]s nx/ -/f]_ sf] Pp6f af/ cyjf ;fgf] nfOg rf6{ -h;nfO{ :kfs{nfOg klg elgG5_ . t/ dfly elgP e}+m tflnsfn] ;a} s'/f b]vfpg ;Sb}g . tflnsfn] Pp6} 8fod]G;gsf cfp6lno/ dfq b]vfpg ;S5 . h:t} ;a}eGbf a9L s/ ltg{] bzj6f sDkgL, ;a}eGbf a9L c+s Nofpg] bz hgf ljBfyL{ cflb . t/ w]/} 8fod]G;gnfO{ Ps} k6s -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljleGg ;dosf ljleGg b]zsf] hg;+Vof_ b]vfpg o;n] ;Sb}g .

;fdfGotof, rf6{df tYof+sdf ePsf ljleGg 8fod]G;gnfO{ ljleGg cfsf/df b[Zosf ¿kdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 . b[Zof+sgsf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg tl/sf / ltgsf kmfObfsf af/]df w]/} n]lv;lsPsf 5g\ . 5f]6s/LdfM /ª x]g{ sl7g x'G5, cjl:ylt ;a}yf]s xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :Sof6/Kn6df 7f8f] / t];f{] nfOgdf b'O{ vfnsf hfgsf/L /flvG5g\ . /ª cyjf ;+s]tsf] cfsf/n] t];|f] 8fod]G;g klg b]vfpg ;lsG5 . klxn]b]lv clxn];Dd lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] k|ult b]vfpg nfOg rf6{ pkof]uL x'G5 eg] lglZrt ju{sf tYof+ssf] t'ngf ug{sf nflu af/ rf6{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;df km/s vfnsf hfgsf/L Psdfly csf{] u/L vK6Øfpg ldN5 .

lrq %=$M tYof+sdf cGt/1fgsf] vf]hLM b[Zof+sg -u|]u/ cfOZr_

160

lrq %=%M 6ˆ6]sf] ;NnfxM :kfs{nfOg -u|]u/ cfoZr_

xfdLn] rnfpg] clwsf+z tYof+s dflg;;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . gS;fn] tYof+snfO{ ef}lts ;+;f/;Fu hf]l8lbG5 . ck/fwsf 36gfsf] 8]6fl;6nfO{ lncf}+ . o;af6 ck/fw sxfF x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfpg ;lsG5 . pQ/L e]udf s:tf] 5 < blIf0fL e]udf s:tf] 5 < ufpF / zx/sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

u|fkm b[Zof+sgsf] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . o;n] b'O{ vfnsf tYof+ssf aLrsf ;DaGw b]vfpF5 . ;a} 8]6fl;6df b'O{j6f hfgsf/Lsf aLrdf ;DaGw ePsf] gx'g ;S5 . eP klg To:tf] ;DaGw ?lrs/ / dxTjk"0f{ gx'g ;S5 . o'P; l;g]6 ;f];n u|fkm -slate.me/senate-social_ o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] .

cfk"mn] b]v]sf s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f / JofVof ug{'

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abn]kl5 To; b[Zodf s] b]lvG5 egL x]g{'k5{ . olt a]nf oL k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]hg'k5{M

• o; b[Zodf d}n] s] b]v]+ < d}n] klxn] o:t} xf]nf egL cg'dfg u/]sf] lyPF <• o;df s'g} /f]rs 9fFrf 5g\ <• tYof+ssf ;Gbe{df o;sf] s] cy{ nfU5 <

slxn]sfxL+ xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] b[Zo ;'Gb/ eP klg To;n] tYof+ssf af/]df s]xL klg gatfpg ;S5 . t/ h'g;'s} tYof+snfO{ klg b[Zodf abNbf s]xL g s]xL s'/f l;lsG5 . ;fgf] s'/f g} lsg gxf];\ .

161

lrq %=̂ M snf]/f]Kn]y gS;f -u|]u/ cfoZr_

cfk"mn] kfPsf] cGt/1fg / cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdsf] /]s8{ /fVg'k5{

of] sfd 8]6fl;6df lx+8\g] ofqf xf] eg] o;sf nflu s] s] sfd u/]+ egL /]s8{ /fVg' ofqfsf] b}lgsL /fVg' h:tf] xf] . o;n] xfdL sxfF sxfF uof}+, s] s] b]Vof}+ / ca stf hfg] egL lg0f{o s;/L u¥of}+ eGg] s'/f atfpF5 . tYof+s klxnf] kN6 b]v]s} a]nfb]lvsf] /]s8{ /fVbf /fd|f] x'G5 .

klxn] slxNo} gb]v]sf tYof+s b]Vbf xfdLn] To;af6 s]xL s'/f kfOPnf eGg] cfzf / cg'dfg u/]sf x'G5f}+ . xfdLn] lglZrt tYof+sdf ?lr /fv]/ tL tYof+s vf]Hg'sf k5fl8 s]xL sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . o; s'/fsf] klg /]s8{ /fVg' pko'St x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ ;'?df s] nfu]sf] lyof] eGg] n]v]/ /fVbf cfˆgf k"jf{u|x yfxf kfpg / tYof+snfO{ unt JofVof ug{ ;lsg] hf]lvd 36fpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

dnfO{ o:tf] /]s8{ /fVg' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f xf] h:tf] nfU5 . w]/}nfO{ of] sfd lsg ug{'k¥of] / h:tf] nfU5 . tn lbOPsf] pbfx/0fdf b]lvP e}+m xfdLn] w]/} k6s tYof+s Knl6ª ug{'k5{, ltgnfO{ w]/} sf]0faf6 x]g{'k5{ . kGw|j6f rf6{ x]bf{ cndlng ;lsG5, vf;u/L sfd yfn]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 . oL tYof+s -xfdL / xfdLn] xfd|f lgrf]8 h;nfO{ atfpg rfx]sf x'G5f}+ ltgnfO{_ Tolt a]nf dfq pkof]uL x'G5g\ hlt a]nf ltgnfO{ tL tYof+s tof/ ePsf] ;Gbe{;Fu hf]8]/ k|:t't ul/G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] lgDg s'/fsf] l6kf]6 ul//fVg'k5{M

162

• of] rf6{ lsg agfpg nfluPsf] xf] < • o;sf nflu d}n] tYof+snfO{ s] s] u/]+ <• o; rf6{n] s] atfPsf] 5 <

tYof+ssf] ¿kfGt/0f

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf kl/0ft u/]/ cWoog ubf{ kfOPsf] cGt/1fgsf cfwf/df ca d}n] s] ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g ;S5 . 8]6fl;6df lglZrt vfnsf] /f]rs 9fFrf e]l6of] eg] To; 9fFrfsf af/]df ulx/fOdf k'u]/ x]g{'k5{ .

tYof+snfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{] s]xL tl/sf oL x'g\M

h'd ug{]b[Zodf lglZrt s'/fnfO{ glhsaf6 x]g{], ulxl/P/ x]g{] .

Ps¶f ug{]w]/}j6f tYof+snfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf ldnfpg] .

5fGg]clxn]sf nflu Tolt w]/} dxTjk"0f{ gePsf ;"rgf -c:yfoL ¿kn]_ x6fpg] .

cfp6lno/ x6fpg]

(( k|ltzt 8]6fl;6;Fu gldNg] vfnsf ;"rgfsf cfp6lno/ x6fpg] .

dfgf}+ xfdLn] Pp6f u|fkm agfof}+ . t/ o;n] s]xL klg s'/f atfPg . o;f] ePkl5 s]xL ;"rgfnfO{ x6fP/ tYof+snfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, bftf /fi6«n] ljleGg b]znfO{ lbPsf] k};fsf] k|jfx x]g{ vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] lglZrt /sdeGbf tnsf /sd b]vfpg] ;a} tYof+s x6fpg ;lsG5 .

s'g 6'n pkof]u ug{]

of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm ;lhnf] 5}g . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] ;a} 6'n s'g} g s'g} sfdsf nflu /fd|f 5g\ . b[Zof+sg / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{] sfd ;lhnf] / ;:tf] x'g'k5{ . b[Zoaf6 s'g} lglZrt hfgsf/L x6fpg 306f}+ nfUg] vfnsf ljlw ckgfpg' x'Fb}g . o;f] ug{] 6'n l;Sg] sfObf hfGg' x'Fb}g eg]sf] xf]Og . t/ pkof]u ug{] a]nfdf l56f]5l/tf] u/L u'0f:t/Lo sfd ug{ ;xof]u ug{] 6'n /f]Hg''k5{ .

tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{] / b[Zof+sg ug{] oL b'j} sfd ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf] 6'n rnfpg' pQd

163

x'G5 . oL b'O{j6f sfdsf nflu cnu cnu 6'n pkof]u u/]sf v08df tYof+snfO{ w]/} k6s ODkf]6{ / PS;kf]6{ ug{'k5{ . tYof+s b[Zof+sg ug{ / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{ sfd nfUg] s]xL 6'n tn lbOPsf 5g\M

•LibreOffice,ExcelorGoogleDocs• R (r-project.org) or Pandas (pandas.py- data.org)•(GIS) like Quantum GIS, ArcGIS, or GRASS•d3.js (mbostock.github.com/d3), Prefuse (pre- fuse.org), or Flare (flare.prefuse.org)•GoogleRefineorDatawrangler•ManyEyes or Tableau Public (ta- bleausoftware.com/products/public)

dfly lbOPsf gd'gf b[Zo agfpg cf/ -r-project.org) sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . b[Zofs+gsf dfdnfdf of] ax'pkof]uL 6'n xf] .

Pp6f pbfx/0fM lgjf{rg cleofgsf nflu p7fOsf] rGbf ;DaGwL tYof+s a'e\mg] sfd

cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt kbsf nflu ePsf] lgjf{rg cleofgsf nflu ljleGg pDd]bjf/nfO{ ljleGg dflg;n] -o; ;DaGwL sf/f]af/ $ nfv %) xhf/ k6s ePsf lyP_ lbPsf ;xof]u ;DaGwL 8]6fl;6 x]/f}+ . o;sf] l;P;eL kmfOn ^) d]ufafO6sf] lyof] . PS;]n h:tf k|f]u|fdn] olt 7"nf] tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

;a}eGbf klxn] d of] 8]6fl;6 kfpFbf cfk"mnfO{ s] nfUof] ;f] s'/f n]V5' . h:t}, • cf]afdfn] ;a}eGbf w]/} rGbf kfPsf] x'g'k5{ -lsgeg] pgL /fi6«klt r'lgPsf 5g\ / pgL ;aeGbf

nf]slk|o lyP_ .• r'gfjsf] ldlt glhls+b} ubf{ rGbf lbg] qmd a9]sf] x'g'k5{ . • yf]/} /sd rGbf lbg]dWo] w]/}n] l/klAnsg pDd]bjf/nfO{ eGbf cf]afdfnfO{ a9L rGbf lbPsf

lyP .

klxnf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm kfpgsf nflu xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug{'k5{ . rGbfsf ;a} $ nfv %) xhf/ sf/f]af/ x]g{'sf ;§f s'g pDd]bjf/n] s'n slt rGbf kfP egL x]g{'k5{ . x/]s pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf] s'n rGbf ;DaGwL ljj/0f tnsf] h:tf] b[Zodf kl/0ft ubf{ cf]afdfn] kfPsf /x]5g\ eg]/ olsg ug{ ;lsG5 .

o;af6 s;n] a9L / s;n] 36L rGbf kfof] eGg] s'/f b]lvP klg oL pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf rGbfaLrsf] cGt/ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L b]lv+b}gg . lrq %=& sf] rf6{ -h;nfO{ æ86 rf6{Æ elgG5_ df dflysf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf ;a} hfgsf/Lsf ;fy} yk hfgsf/L klg e]l6G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, o;df cf]afdf / /f]ldof]n] clg cf]afdf / k]/Ln] kfPsf] rGbfaLrsf] cGt/ kQf nufpg hf]836fp ul//fVg' kb{}g, of] s'/f :k6 b]lvG5 -gf]6M of] 86rf6{ agfpg cf/ pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o; v08sf] cGTodf o;sf] ;f];{ sf]8sf] ln+s lbOPsf] 5_ .

ca 8]6fl;6sf] lj:t[t hfgsf/Llt/ Wofg lbcf}+ . ;a}eGbf klxn] d}n] ;a}n] lbPsf rGbfsf] ljj/0fnfO{ ;/n Kn6df /fv]/ x]g{ ldNg] agfPF . tLgj6f afx]s ;a} sf/f]af/sf /sd Psbd} yf]/} lyP . yk cg';Gwfg ubf{ s] s'/f yfxf eof] eg] oL rGbf æcf]afdf lhtfpm sf]if @)!@Æ af6 cfPsf /x]5g\ . oL rGbf h"g @(, ;]K6]Da/ @( / l8;]Da/ #) df lbOPsf /x]5g\ .

164

lrq %=&M tYof+sdf cGt/lglxt 9fFrf b]vfpg] b[Zo -u|]u/ cfoZr_

Candidate Amount ($)

Obama, Barack 72,453,620.39Romney, Mitt 50,372,334.87Perry, Rick 18,529,490.47Paul, Ron 11,844,361.96Cain, Herman 7,010,445.99Gingrich, Newt 6,311,193.03Pawlenty, Timothy 4,202,769.03Huntsman, Jon 2,955,726.98Bachmann, Michelle 2,607,916.06Santorum, Rick 1,413,552.45Johnson, Gary Earl 413,276.89Roemer, Charles E. Buddy III 291,218.80McCotter, Thaddeus G 37,030.00

cf]afdf lhtfpm sf]ifdfk{mt cfPsf] /sdsf af/]df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . To; afx]s c¿ :6f]/L klg kfOG5g\ ls eg]/ x]g{ /dfOn} x'G5 . xfd|f] lrqdf w]/} /sdsf rGbf klg ePsfn] ;fgf rGbfbftfn] lbPsf] rGbf cf]e]mndf k/]sf 5g\ . ltgsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L kfpg 7"nf rGbfsf sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ x6fOlbpFm . o;f] ug{'nfO{ ;fdfGotof cfp6lno/ l/d'en elgG5 . o;/L csf{] lsl;dn] b[Zof+sg u/]kl5 o:tf] b]lvG5M rGbf -/ rGbflkmtL{_ sf clwsf+z sf/f]af/ !) xhf/ 8n/b]lv dfOg; % xhf/ 8n/sf aLrsf /x]5g\ .

cd]l/sfsf] lgod cg';f/ JolQmn] Ps hgf pDd]bjf/nfO{ @,%)) 8n/eGbf a9L rGbf lbg kfpFb}g . dflysf] Kn6df xfdLn] s] b]Vof}+ eg] w]/} sf/f]af/ lgodn] tf]s]sf] xbeGbf a9L /sdsf 5g\ . xfd|f] Wofg d] dlxgfdf ePsf b'O{j6f 7"nf /sdsf sf/f]af/lt/ uof] . oL sf/f]af/ h"g / h'nfO{df rGbf lkmtf{ ul/Psf sf/f]af/;Fu ;DalGwt eP h:tf] b]lvG5 . yk cWoog ubf{ tnsf hfgsf/L kfOof]M

165

lrq %=*M tLgj6f 7"nf k|fks -u|]u/ cfoZr_

cfp6lno/ x6fpFbf -u|]u/ cfOor_

• d] !) df ;g k|mflG;:sf]sf a]Gg]s/ kf6{g;{df sfd ug{] :6]k]mg h]D; 8]le;n] cf]afdfnfO{ @%,*)) 8n/ rGbf lbP .

• d] @% df lnl§n /ssL, d'k{]m ;d"xdf sfd ug{] l;lGyof d'k{]mn] cf]afdfnfO{ ##,#)) 8n/ rGbf lbOg\ .

• h"g !% df l;lGyof d'k{]mnfO{ #),*)) 8n/ lkmtf{ ul/of] . o;f] ubf{ pgn] rGbf lbPsf] /sd @,%)) 8n/ x'gk'Uof] .

• h'nfO{ !* df :6]k]mG; h]D; 8]le;nfO{ @%,*)) 8n/ lkmtf{ ul/of] . pgn] rGbf lbPsf] /sd z"Godf em¥of] .

166

oL cfFs8fdf /f]rs s'/f s] 5g\ < l;lGyof d'k{]mnfO{ #),*)) 8n/ lkmtf{ ul/of] . cd]l/sfsf] lgod cg';f/ JolQmn] /fli6«o kf6L{ sld6LnfO{ x/]s jif{ #),*)) 8n/ dfq rGbf lbg kfpF5g\ . d'k{]mn] pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbg kfOg] @,%)) 8n/ / /fli6«o kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6LnfO{ lbg kfOg] #),*)) 8n/ u/L ##,#)) Psd'i6 lbPsL lyOg\ xf]nf . To;}n] pgnfO{ #),*)) lkmtf{ u/]/ pgLn] lbPsf] @,%)) 8n/ -cGo sld6LnfO{ JolQmn] lbg kfpg] clwstd rGbf_ dfq :jLsf/ ul/of] .

clGtdsf] Kn6df, t];f{] /]vfn] l/klAnsg pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbPsf] rGbf -%,))) 8n/b]lv lnP/ dfOg; @,%)) 8n/;Dd_ b]vfPsf] 5 . of] /f]rs 5 . o;sf af/]df yk hfGg d}n] l/klAnsgn] dfq kfPsf] rGbfnfO{ b[Zodf abn]+ . o;f] ubf{ c¿ lsl;dn] b]Vg g;lsg] 9fFrf k|:6 x'g uof] .

lrq %=!)M cfp6lno/ @ x6fpFbf -u|]u/ cfoZr_

o;df xfdL s] b]Vg ;S5f}+ eg] l/klAnsg pDd]bjf/n] w]/} k6s %,))) 8n/ rGbf kfPsf 5g\ . o;df !,@$# k6s rGbf kmsf{Psf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . of] s'n rGbfsf] )=# k|ltzt dfq xf] t/ rGbf kmsf{Psf] b'O{j6f ;dosf aLrdf plt g} ;do x'gfn] rGbf kmsf{Psf] b]vfpg] nfOg klg nfdf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] s] klg b]vfpF5 eg] rGbfbftfn] JolQmn] pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbg kfpg] clwstd /sd -@,%)) 8n/_ eGbf a9L rGbf lbPsf lyP . kmn:j¿k, a9L /sd kmsf{OPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfOg; @,%)) 8n/sf] klg nfOg b]lvPsf] 5 . af/fs cf]afdfnfO{ lbPsf] rGbfdf o:tf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .

oxfF /f]rs s'/f s] 5 eg] Ps hgf JolQmn] Ps hgf pDd]bjf/nfO{ @,%)) 8n/eGbf a9L rGbf lbg kfOFb}g eGg] s'/f xhf/f}+ l/klAnsgn] lsg yfxf kfPgg\ < of] s'/f yfxf kfpgsf nflu xfdLn] s'g s'g pDd]bjf/nfO{ slt hgfn] %,))) 8n/eGbf a9L rGbf lbPsf lyP egL x]¥of}+ .

of] cln lau|]sf] b[Zo xf] lsgeg] o;df x/]s pDd]bjf/nfO{ JolQmn] slt /sd rGbf lbPsf lyP egL b]lvPsf] 5}g . csf{] Kn6df eg] x/]s pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf rGbfdWo] slt k|ltzt %,))) 8n/eGbf dflysf lyP egL b]vfOPsf] 5 .

167

lrq %=!!M cfp6lno/ # x6fpFbf -u|]u/ cfoZr_

lrq %=!@M k|lt pDd]bjf/ rGbf -u|]u/ cfoZr_

o;af6 l;lsPsf] kf7

gofF 8]6fl;6sf] b[ZofTds ljZn]if0f ubf{ gofF 7fpFdf e|d0f u/] h:tf] nfU5 . To; 7fpFsf nflu cfk"m gf}nf] eP h:tf] nfU5 lsgeg] cfk"m;Fu tYof+s / s]xL cg'dfg dfq x'G5g\ t/ x/]s kfOnf rfNbf, x/]s rf6{ x]bf{ ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt gofF cGt/1fg kfOG5 . o;sf cfwf/df ca s] ug{] / s'g kIfsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L vf]Hg] egL lg0f{o ug{'k5{ . o; v08df s] klg b]lvPsf] 5 eg] b[Zof+sg ug{], ljZn]if0f ug{] / tYof+s ¿kfGt/0f ug{] sfd w]/} k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'kg{] x'g ;S5 .

168

lrq %=!#M l;g]6/nfO{ k};f s;n] lbof] < x]/s pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf] rGbf -u|]u/ cfoZr_

;f];{ sf]8 lng';\

oL ;a} rf6{ xfdLn] cf/ gfds /fd|f] / zlQmzfnL ;ˆ6j]o/n] agfPsf xf}+ . of] b[Zof+sgs} nflu dfq eg]/ agfOPsf] 6'n xf] . tYof+snfO{ b[Zof+sg ug{] / ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] ;a} ljlw o; ;ˆ6j]o/df 5g\ eGbf x'G5 . o; ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pkof]u u/]/ b[Zof+sg ug{ / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . o; v08df lbOPsf rf6{sf] ;f];{ sf]8 tn lbOPsf 5g\M

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o; af/]df yk s'/f l;sfpg] w]/} lstfa kfOG5g\ . — -u|]u/ cfoZr_, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g

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170

tYof+s /fd|f];Fu x]l/;s]kl5 / ltgsf cfwf/df /fd|f] :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 h:tf] nfu]kl5 cfk"mn] atfpg rfx]sf s'/f s;/L k|:t't ug{] egL ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . oxfF ;'?df xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf cu'jfx¿n] tYof+s s;/L -OGkmf]u|flkmS;, cf]kg 8]6f Kn]6kmd{, 8fpgln+s, ln+s cflbdfk{mt_ k|:t't u/]sf lyP egL pbfx/0f lbPsf 5f}+ . To;kl5 Go'h Pk s;/L agfpg] / tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf s;/L abNg] eGg]af/]df lj:t[t ¿kdf rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . cGTodf, cl8oG;nfO{ xfd|f] sfddf ;+nUg u/fO/fVg s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

tYof+ssf] k|:t'lt

cl8oG;nfO{ tYof+s atfpg] w]/} tl/sf 5g\M :6f]/Lsf ;fydf k"/} tYof+s k|sflzt ug{], ;'Gb/ b[Zo tof/ ug{], cGt/lqmofTds j]a PlKns];g agfpg] . tYof+snfO{ cl8oG; ;dIf s;/L k|:t't ug{] eg]/ xfdLn] o; If]qsf cu'jf kqsf/nfO{ ;f]w]sf lyof}+ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf s'/f tn lbOPsf 5g\ .

b[Zodf abNg] ls gabNg] <

s'g} a]nfdf tYof+sn] zAb cyjf kmf]6f]n] eGbf /fd|f];Fu :6f]/L eGg ;S5 . o;n] ubf{ cfhef]ln w]/} ;dfrf/ sIfdf æGo'h PlKns];gÆ / ætYof+s b[Zof+sgÆ h:tf zAb af/Daf/ ;'lgG5g\ . clxn] tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf dfWodaf6 elgg] :6f]/Ldf abNg ;xof]u ug{] Psbd} w]/} 6'n / k|ljlw pknAw 5g\ h;nfO{ k|ljlw rnfpg plt ghfGg] kqsf/n] klg k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . tLdWo] w]/}j6f lgMz'Ns kfOG5g\ .

u'un ˆo'hg 6]an, d]gL cfOh, 6\ofAn', l8lk6L h:tf 6'nn] gS;f, rf6{, u|fkm / tYof+s PlKns];g;Dd agfpg ;lsG5 . oL sfd o;cl3 o; If]qsf ljz]if1n] dfq ug{ ;Sy] . k|ljlwn] o; sfdnfO{ ;/n kf/]sfn] ca kqsf/n] 8]6fl;6nfO{ b[Zodf abNg ;lsG5 ls ;ls+b}g eg]/ lrGtf ug{'k/]sf] 5}g, a? To;f] ug{'k5{ ls kb{}g eg]/ ;f]Rg'k/]sf] 5 . tYof+snfO{ g/fd|f] -bit.ly/niemanlab-wordcloud_ lsl;dn] b[Zodf k|:t't ug{'eGbf b[Zodf abNg] sf]l;; ub{} gu/]sf] a]; x'G5 .— cf/f]g l˚Nxf]km/, Go' of]s{ 6fOD;

l:qmK6 /fd|f];Fu n]Vg] xf], Plgd];g /fd|f] agfpg] xf] / :ki6 x'g] u/L JofVof ug{] xf] eg] df];g u|flkmS;dfk{mt hl6n ljifonfO{ hLjGt agfpg / cfˆgf cl8oG;nfO{ :6f]/L atfpg ;lsG5 . xfG; /fl:nªsf] lel8of] n]Sr/ tYof+snfO{ l:qmgdf k|:t't ubf{ slt hLjGt x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . Osf]gld:6n] pkof]u u/]sf] ljlw;Fu xfdL ;xdt eP klg geP klg p;n] pkof]u u/]sf] z'–6fj;{ OG8]S; -econ.st/shoethrowers_ gDa/df cfwfl/t :6f]/L eGg lel8of] s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . o; u|flkmsnfO{ l:y/ u|flkmS;sf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ x'Fb}g . Ps kl5 csf{] u/L pgLx¿n] of] OG8]S; agfPsf 5g\ . df];g u|flkmS; / 5f]6f] Plgd];gn] cl8oG;nfO{ pgLx¿n] ;'lg/x]sf s'/f lbdfudf hf]8;Fu 6fFl;lbG5g\ . JofVof ug{] lel8of]df EjfO;–cf]e/ /fv]df :6f]/L zlQmzfnL / kl5;Dd cl8oG;n] ;Demg] vfnsf] x'G5 . — n'n' lkGg]O{, lk|mnfG; OGkmf]u|flkms l8hfOg/

171

;+;f/nfO{ :6f]/L atfpg]

xfd|f] sfd PS;]naf6 ;'? x'G5 . ?lrs/ hfgsf/L ePsf tYof+snfO{ t'?Gt} :6f]/Ldf abNg] Psbd} ;lhnf] tl/sf xf] PS;]n . tYof+sdf s]xL bd 5 h:tf] nfUof] eg] xfdL ;dfrf/ sIfdf hfG5f}+ . b ufl8{ogdf xfdL ;dfrf/ sIfsf] 5]j}df a:g kfPsf 5f}+ . of] xfd|f] ;f}efUo xf] . To;kl5 o;nfO{ s;/L b[Zodf abNg'knf{ cyjf b]vfpg'knf{ eg]/ xfdL ljrf/ u5f{}+ . To;kl5 o;sf ;fydf /flvg] ;dfrf/ n]V5f}+ . n]v]sf a]nfdf d :k|]8l;6sf] 5f]6s/L ;+:s/0f klg ;Fu} /fV5' . /f]rs s'/fsf af/]df n]Vbf d k|fozM clnslt ljZn]if0f klg /fV5' . To;kl5 d :6f]/L kf]:6 u5{' / o;nfO{ 6\jL6 ug{, dflg;nfO{ o;sf af/]df atfpg / ;xL dflg;n] o;sf] ln+s /flvlbpmg\ eGgfsf nflu s]xL ;do latfpF5' .

xfd|f] ;fO6 lelh6 ug{]dWo] cfwf 6\jL6/ / k]m;a'saf6 cfpg] u5{g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] s'/fdf uj{ 5 eg] xfd|f] 8]6fAnudf cfpg] lelh6/n] Pp6f cfl6{sndf cf};tdf ^ ldg]6 latfpF5g\ . b ufl8{ogsf afFsL j]a;fO6df cfpg] lelh6/n] Pp6f cfl6{sndf cf};tdf ! ldg]6 dfq latfpF5g\ . ^ ldg]6 lgs} a9L xf] . 6«flkmssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ lelh6/n] Pp6f k]hdf slt ;do latfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

o;sf cfwf/df xfdL xfd|f ;fyLx¿nfO{ xfd|f sfdsf] dxTj 5 eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt u/fpg ;S5f}+ . xfd|f o:tf sfd / tYof+sdf cfwfl/t -COINS, WikiLeaks and theUKriots h:tf_ :6f]/Lsf af/]df b ufl8{ogsf] ;dfrf/ sIfsf ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 . sf]OG; :6f]/Ldf o's] ;/sf/n] tYof+s k|sflzt u/]kl5 ltgsf af/]df %–^ hgf ljz]if1 l/kf]6{/n] cfˆgf ljrf/ lbP . o's] ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s ;fj{hlgs u/]sf a]nf klg knL sl6{; h:tf Vofltk|fKt l/kf]6{/ nufot %–^ hgfsf] l6dn] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . ljlslnS; klg 7"nf] sfd lyof] h;af6 O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf ;DaGwdf w]/} :6f]/L tof/ eP . b+uf ;DaGwL :6f]/L klg lgs} 7"nf] lyof] . o;;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/L 5flkPkl5sf b'O{ lbgdf % nfv %) xhf/ lelh6/n] tL ;dfrf/ x]/] .

oL :6f]/L 5flkPsf a]nfdf dfq pkof]uL geO{ kl5;Dd pkof]uL ePsf 5g\ . oL ;"rgfsf e/ kbf{ ;|f]t ag]sf 5g\ . xfdL xfd|f] ;fO6nfO{ xfdLn] :6f]/L 5fk]sf ljifodf /fd|f, cy{k"0f{ ;"rgf kfOg] 7fpF agfpg rfxG5f}+ . — ;fOdg /f]h;{, b ufl8{og

tYof+s k|sfzgxfdLn] xfd|f ;fO6df tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf /fVbf k"/} tYof+ssf] ln+s klg /fV5f}+ . 8]6fl;6 ;a}n] ;lhn};Fu 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;Sg] u/L . xfd|f kf7sn] b[Zodf cGt/lqmof u/]/ xfd|f] :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s cfk}+m cWoog ug{ ;S5g\ cyjf tL tYof+snfO{ cfˆg} lsl;dn] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o;f] ug{ lsg h¿/L 5 < o;f] ubf{ b l;of6n 6fOD;sf] kf/blz{tf a9\5 . xfdL cfk"mn] hf]8bf/ lgisif{ lgsfNg pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s oL x'g\ egL kf7snfO{ tL tYof+s b]vfpg] Joj:yf u5f{}+ . tL tYof+s s;n] pkof]u u5{ < xfd|f cfnf]rsn] t pkof]u u5{g\ g}, To; afx]s :6f]/Ldf ?lr /fVg] hf] sf]xLn] klg x]g{ ;S5g\ . o;f] ubf{ xfd|f cfnf]rs / kf7sn] xfdLn] s] hfgsf/L lbg / s] s] sfd ug{ 5'6fof}+ egL cf}+NofOlbG5g\ . kqsfl/tfsf nflu oL Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f x'g\ . — z]o{n lkmlnK;, b l;of6n 6fOD;

172

tYof+s ;a}nfO{ lbg]

xfdLn] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s xfd|f :6f]/Lsf pkef]QmfnfO{ lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf w]/} sf/0f 5 . o;f] ubf{ kf7s xfdLn] :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ tYof+snfO{ aª\UofP/ unt lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5}gf}+ eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'G5g\ . ;dfh lj1fgsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ cfk"mn] u/] h:tf] cWoog c¿ s;}n] ug{ rfxG5 eg] To;nfO{ ;lhnf] agfOlbg] k/Dk/f 5 . kf7snfO{ tYof+s k9\g lbof] eg] pgLx¿n] gofF :6f]/Lsf cfOl8of lbg ;S5g\ h;sf cfwf/df xfdL kmnf]ck :6f]/L ug{ ;S5f}+ . tYof+sdf ?lr /fVg] kf7s o;/L xfd|f] :6f]/Ldf ;xefuL x'g kfP eg] pgLx¿ xfd|f] ;fO6df cfO/G5g\ . — l:6e 8f]Ou, jfN6/ qmf]GqmfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd, Pl/hf]gf :6]6 o'lgel;{6L

tYof+s ;j{;'ne agfpg] Kn]6kmd{ agfpg

nf gfl;of]gdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ xfdL cfk"mn] pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s kf7snfO{ pknAw u/fpF5f}+ . ch{]lG6gfdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g 5}g / /fli6«o tYof+s /fVg] kf]6{n klg 5}g . To;}n] xfdLn] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s cfd dflg;nfO{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ eGg] 7fGof}+ .

o;n] ubf{ xfdL ;a} tYof+s xfd|f] PsLs[t Kn]6kmd{ h'gf/ -data.lanacion.com.ar_ / u'un :k|]8l;6dfk{mt k|sflzt u5f}{+ . xfdL tYof+snfO{ k'gM k|of]u ug{ c¿nfO{ ;an agfpF5f}+, To;f] ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbG5f}+ . o;f] s;/L ug{] eg]/ lnvt / lel8of]dfk{mt -bit.ly/lanacion-tutorials_ atfpF5f}+ klg .

o; afx]s xfdLn] s]xL 8]6fl;6 / b[Zof+sg ul/Psf] ;fdu|L gfl;of]g8]6f Anudf klg /fVg] u/]sf 5f}+ . ch{]lG6gfdf tYof+s / tYof+s k|sfzg ug{] 6'nnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpgsf nflu xfdLn] o;f] u/]sf xf}+ . o;f] u/]/ xfdLn] tYof+s s;/L ;+sng u¥of}+ / xfdLn] ;+sng u/]sf tYof+s c¿n] s;/L k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ egL xfdL atfOlbG5f}+ .

k]ma|'c/L @)!@ df of] Kn]6kmd{ ;'? eP otf 8]6fl;6 s;/L pkof]u ug{] eg]/ w]/}n] ;Nnfx / cfOl8of dfu] . o;f] ug{]dWo] clwsf+z k|fl1s / cg';Gwfg If]qsf dflg; / ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{ lyP . pgLx¿n] p7fPsf ;d:ofsf af/]df xfdL hjfkm k7fpF5f}+ . To:tf] hjfkm kfpFbf pgLx¿ xfdLk|lt s[t1 x'G5g\ . kf7s 6\ofAn'df /fv]sf tYof+sdf Jo:t x'G5g\ cyjf pgLx¿ ltgdf l6Kk0fL klg u5{g\ . oL ;fdu|L xfd|f] ;fO6df ;a}eGbf a9L sd]G6 cfPsf / x]l/Psf ;fdu|L ag]sf 5g\ . PGh]lnsf k]/fN6f /fdf];, nf gfl;of]g -ch{]lG6gf_

tYof+ssf] dfgjLos/0f

7"nf tYof+s ;DaGwL 5nkmn clxn] ;xdltlt/ hfFb}5 . t/ o; 5nkmndf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf -dfgjLo kIf_ z+sf:kb 9+un] x/fpg] u/]sf] 5 . xfdLdWo] w]/}n] tYof+snfO{ dfG5]eGbf cnu ;+Vofsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5f}+ . vf;df tYof+sn] b]Vg ;lsg] -k|fozM dflg;_ j:t'sf] dfkg u5{ . tYof+s dflg;sf] jf:tljs hLjg;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . xfdLn] cfFs8fsf s'/f ubf{ tL cfFs8f jf:tljs ;+;f/df hf];Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ ltgsf af/]df ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .

173

pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} 7fpFsf] cjl:ylt ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ lncf}+ . o; ;DaGwL tYof+s clxn] nfvf}+ kmf]g / df]afOn pks/0fn] lnO/x]sf 5g\ . oL tYof+sn] xfd|f] JolQmut hLjgsf af/]df w]/} s'/f eG5g\ . cfk"m s'g ;dodf sxfF lyPF eGg] tYof+s gS;fdf /fv]/ ltgnfO{ l/Kn] u/]sf v08df ltgn] xfd|f] hLjgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;DemfOlbG5g\ .

xfn o:tf] tYof+s t];|f] kIfn] -PlKns];g agfpg], 7"nf a|fG8jfnf / lj1fkgbftfn]_ pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . o:tf tYof+s bf];|f] kIf -6]lnkmf]g sDkgL / kmf]g tyf pks/0f agfpg]_ n] /fV5g\, oL tYo+fs pgLx¿sf ;DklQ ePsf 5g\ . oL tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt k|yd kIf cyf{t\ tkfO{+ oL ;"rgf lng ;Sg'x'Gg, tL ;"rgf tkfO{+sf] cwLgdf 5}gg\ . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ljefudf xfdLn] cf]kgkfy (https://openpaths.cc) gfds k|f]h]S6 ;'? u¥of}+ h;n] cfd dflg;nfO{ cjl:ylt ;DaGwL tYof+s x]g{ ;Sg] agfPsf] 5 / oL tYof+snfO{ pgLx¿sf] cwLgdf Nofpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjg / cg'ej;Fu clt glhssf oL tYof+snfO{ cfˆgf] cwLgdf /fVg] clwsf/ kfpg'k5{ .

kqsf/n] tYof+s;Fu hf]l8Psf] of] dfgjLo kIfdfly k|sfz kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ dflg;sf] 1fg kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] kqsfl/tfsf] zlQmsf] pkof]u x'G5 . — h/ yf]k, 8]6f cfl6{:6 Og /]lh8]G;M Go' of]s{ 6fOD; cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ;d"x

;fj{hlgs tYof+s, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t, ;fj{hlgs ;dfrf/

;g\ @)!@ l;Q}df ;lhn} ;dfrf/ kfOg] jif{ x'g klg ;S5 . of] xfd|f] ;DkfbsLo ljrf/wf/fsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . xfdLn] xfd|f] klqsfnfO{ oxL ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ vf]h]sf 5f}+ . tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ug{sf nflu xfdLn] v'nf k|lqmof ckgfpg'k5{ . of] k|lqmof tYof+s ;'ne ePsfn] dfq cl3 a9\g] xf]Og o;sf nflu oL tYof+s pkof]u ug{ rflxg] 6'n klg ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g'k5{ . xfdLn] o; jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf k|sflzt u/]sf b[Zof+sgsf ;fydf To;;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s dfq xf]Og b[Zof+sg ug{ pkof]u ul/Psf] sf]8 klg ;a}nfO{ l;Q}df pknAw u/fpg] cfzf u/]sf 5f}+ .

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] w]/}h;f] 6'n clxn] ;a}n] kfpFb}gg\, lgMz'Ns kfpFb}gg\ . s]xLsf] nfO;]G; ;zt{ lbOPsf] x'G5 . h'g h'g 6'n ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw 5g\ ltgsf cfwf/df h:tf] rfXof] To:tf] ug{ ;ls+b}g . o;n] ubf{ cfd dflg;n] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] sfd ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . of] cj:yf x6fpg xfdLn] cGt/lqmofTds 9+un] :6f]/L eGgsf nflu rflxg] 6'n agfP/ lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] sfd -theMisoProject(@themisoproject_ yfn]sf 5f}+ .

xfdL o; sfdsf af/]df c¿ ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu klg s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . ;a}nfO{, lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k"0f{ ;DefJotf dx;'; ug{sf nflu o; If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf ;a}nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ . o; sfddf xfdL ;kmn eof}+ eg] o;n] xfd|f kf7snfO{ clxn]eGbf Psbd} km/s cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 . pgLx¿n] xfd|f] :6f]/Ldf sd]G6 ug{] sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'g'kb{}g . pgLx¿ au lkmS; ug{ / tYof+snfO{ xfdLn] g;f]r]sf] tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{;d]t ;Ifd x'G5g\ . — cfn]:6]o/ 8fG6, b ufl8{og

174

8fpgnf]8 ln+s /flvlbg'

lat]sf kfFr jif{df k|f]h]S6 cyjf n]v tof/ ug{] qmddf d}n] s]xL luufafO6 tYof+s rnfpg'k¥of] . oL tYof+sdf ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf 6fOk/fO6/df 6fOk ul/Psf tflnsfb]lv lnP/ ljlslnS;n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf !=% luufafO6 tYof+s;d]t lyP . cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+s ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns / x]g{ ;lsg] 9fFrfdf k|sfzg ug{ ;DkfbsnfO{ dgfpg hlxn] klg sl7g x'G5 . o; ;d:ofnfO{ 5Ngsf nflu d}n] n]vdf ætYof+s 8fpgnf]8Æ ln+s /flvlbg] u/]sf] 5' h;df lSns ubf{ xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf tYof+ssf] kmfOn cyjf u'un 8s v'N5 . oL tYof+sdf yf]/} dfq o'h/sf] ?lr x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/n] /fv]sf tYof+s x]g{] dflg; yf]/} dfq ePsf cfwf/df o;f] eg]sf] x'F . t/, yf]/}n] dfq pkof]u u/] eg] klg :6f]/Ldf ln+s lbgsf nflu vr{ u/]sf] s]xL ldg]6 /fd|f];Fu ;b'kof]u ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . — lgsf]n; s];/–la|n, Journalism++

cfˆgf] If]q yfxf kfpg'

cfˆgf] If]q yfxf kfpg'k5{ . dgf]/~hg lngsf nflu Xofs ug{' / lglZrt p2]Zosf nflu sfd ug{' km/s s'/f x'g\ . cfˆgf] sfdsf nflu sf] dflg; pko'Qm x'G5 pm;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{'k5{ . l8hfOgnfO{ pk]Iff ug{'x'Fb}g . j]a;fO6 pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{'k5{ . o'h/n] s:tf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ / k|:t'ltsf] l8hfOg /fd|f] x'g'k5{ . cfˆgf] sfd ;kmn÷c;kmn x'gdf oL ;a} s'/fsf] w]/} 7"nf] xft x'G5 . — ls|; j', XofS;÷Xofs;{

Go'h Pk s;/L agfpg]

Go'h PlKns];g :6f]/Ldf pkof]u ePsf tYof+sdf k:g] 9f]sf xf] . tYof+s w]/} lsl;dsf x'g ;S5g\M vf]hL ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] 8]6fa]; x'g ;S5, rlDsnf b[Zo x'g ;S5g\, cyjf oLeGbf laNs'n} km/s ;"rgf klg x'g ;S5g\ . tL h] h:tf] ¿ksf eP klg Go'h Pkn] l/8/nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ pkof]uL -cfˆgf] If]qsf] ck/fw k|j[lQ x'g ;Snf, cfˆgf] 7fpFsf 8fS6/n] slQsf] /fd|f] ;]jf lbG5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L x'g ;Snf_ tYof+s x]g{ k|f]T;fxg lbG5 .

Go'h Pk pRr k|ljlwo'Qm OGkmf]u|flkmS; dfq xf]Ogg\ . /fd|f Go'h Pk kl5;Dd klg pkof]u ul/G5g\ . ;dfrf/ h;/L rfF8} k'/fgf / sfd gnfUg] x'Fb}gg\ lsgeg] logn] kf7snfO{ Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ d2t u5{g\ cyjf kf7ssf dgdf nfu]sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm lb+bf ltgn] gf}nf] kf/fn] lbG5g\ h;n] ubf{ tL ;w}+el/ sfd nfUg] ;fwg aG5g\ . k|f]klAnsfsf kqsf/n] cd]l/sfsf ls8\gL 8folnl;; ug{] lSnlgs slQsf] ;'/lIft 5g\ egL vf]hL ug{] ljrf/ u/] . vf]hL ul/;s]kl5 pgLx¿n] Pp6f PlKns];g -projects.propublica.org/dialysis_ agfP h;sf cfwf/df o'h/n] cfˆgf] zx/sf lSnlgs ;'/lIft 5g\ ls 5}gg\ egL r]s ug{ ;S5g\ . dxTjk"0f{ / w]/}nfO{ rflxPsf] o:tf] ;]jf lb+bf o'h/;Fu o:tf] ;DaGw sfod x'G5 h'g lnlvt :6f]/Ln] dfq} sfod ug{ ;Sb}g .

pTs[i6 / kl5;Dd sfd nfUg] Go'h Pk agfpg] sfdsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf oxL xf] . 8]enk/ cyjf d]g]h/ h;n] klg /fd|f] Go'h Pk s;/L agfpg] egL 5nkmn ubf{ ;fdu|L tof/ ug{] ;f]rfO /fVg'k5{ . To;}n] PK; agfpg yfNg'eGbf klxn] tn n]lvPsf tLgj6f k|Zg cfk}+mnfO{ ;f]Wbf ;lhnf] x'G5 .

175

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d]/f cl8oG; sf] x'g\ / ltgnfO{ s] rflxPsf] 5 <

Go'h Pkn] :6f]/LnfO{ xf]Og o'h/nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg'k5{ . s'g} PK;n] o'h/nfO{ cfˆgf] 7fpFsf] lSnlgsdf 8folnl;; ug{ x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f yfxf lbg'knf{, s'g} PK;n] o'h/nfO{ pgsf] 3/ 5]pdf ePsf] csf{] 3/ e"sDksf a]nf slQsf] vt/gfs 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf lbg'knf{ . o'h/ hf] eP klg Pk agfpg yfNbf c¿ s'g} klg j:t' agfpg yfNbf h:t} Pk s;n], s] sfdsf nflu pkof]u unf{ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ .

w]/} o'h/nfO{ Pp6} Pkn] ;]jf lbg;Snf . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cf]dfxf -g]a|f:sf_ jN8{–x]/fN8n] agfPsf] sa{jfOh -curbwise.com_ gfds k|f]h]S6n] cfk"mdfly a9L s/ yf]kl/Psf] 5 egL 7fGg] 3/wgLnfO{ klg ;]jf k'¥ofpF5, cfˆgf] 5]psf] 3/hUuf lsGg] ?lr ePsf dflg;nfO{ klg ;]jf k'¥ofpF5, xfn;fn s:tf 3/hUufsf] s:tf] sf/f]af/ eO/x]sf] 5 egL yfxf kfpg vf]Hg] 3/hUuf sf/f]af/LnfO{ klg kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] ubf{ oL ;a} o'h/ cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L lng o; j]a;fO6df 3/L3/L cfpF5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, 3/hUufwgLnfO{ cfk"mnfO{ a9L s/ nufOPsf] 5 h'g plrt 5}g egL gu/kflnsf;Fu ax; ug{ cfˆgf] l5d]ssf 3/hUuf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng d2t unf{ . oL hfgsf/L e]nf ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5 / of] sfd hl6n klg x'G5 t/ sa{jfOhn] :yfgLo sfof{nodf uP/ xfdLnfO{ a9L s/ nufOof], o;f] ug{'x'Fb}g egL ax; ug{ rflxg] ;a} hfgsf/L o'h/n] pkof]u ug{sf nflu ;lhnf] x'g] -curbwise.com/how-to-protest_ 9fFrf /fv]/ of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbof] . sa{jfOhn] of] ;"rgf @) 8n/df a]Rof] . dflg;n] olt k};f lt/] lsgeg] o;af6 pgLx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg eof] .

sa{jfOhn] h;/L dflg;sf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ Go'h Pk agfpFbf xf];\ jf /f]rs b[Zo lbP/ lnlvt :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg PK; tof/ ubf{ xf];\ o;nfO{ s;n] pkof]u u5{ eGg] s'/f

176

Vofn /fVg'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{] lsl;dsf] l8hfOg / ljz]iftfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

o;df slt ;do lbg'k5{ < ;dfrf/ sIfsf 8]enk/ d?e"ldsf kfgL h:tf d"Nojfg\ x'G5g\ . logsf] dfu w]/} x'G5, cfk"lt{ sd . To;}n] sfd yfNg'cl3 of] s'/f ;f]Rg'k5{M ;dfrf/ sIfsf b}lgs cfjZostf k"/f ug{] vfnsf sfd slt ug{] / Psbd} /fd|f, kl5;Dd sfd nfUg] Pk agfpg] sfd slt ug{] <

dfgf}+, ;Dkfbsn] tkfO{+nfO{ o;f] eg]M xfd|f] gu/df ePsf w]/}j6f P]ltxfl;s :yn eTsfpg] ls geTsfpg] eg]/ gu/kflnsfn] csf{] xKtf ef]6 ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s ejg sxfF sxfF 5g\ egL b]vfpg] Pp6f ;fwf/0f Pk agfpg'k¥of] .

o;f] ug{] b'O{j6f tl/sf 5g\M oxL sfdsf nflu eg]/ agfOPsf ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u u/]/ cfˆgf] OlGhlgol/ª a'l4 / w]/} ;do nufP/ Pk agfpg] cyjf u'un ˆo'hg 6]an cyjf l;Q}df kfOg] gS;f agfpg] 6'n pkof]u u/]/ s]xL 306fd} of] sfd ;Sg] . klxnf] tl/sf ckgfpFbf /fd|f] Pk tof/ x'G5 . kl5Nnf] tl/sf ckgfpFbf tkfO{+n] o;df w]/} ;do lbg'kb{}g . o;af6 ar]sf] ;do kl5;Dd l6Sg] /fd|f Pk agfpg nufpg kfpg'x'G5 .

:6f]/L hl6n 5 eGb}df tkfO{+n] Pk agfpg w]/} ;do vr{ ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . s'g s'/f dxTjk"0f{ xf] egL x]g{' h¿/L 5 . s'g sfddf slt ;do lbg] eGg] lg0f{o ubf{ s] s'/f Vofn ug{'k5{ eg] of] sfd ug{ dnfO{ ;do nfU5 . cyf{t\ of] Pk agfpg w]/} ;do lbPF eg] /fd|f] / a9L k|efj kfg{], kl5;Dd l6Sg] Pk agfpg ;do lbg ;lSbgF .

clxn]sf] eGbf /fd|f] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < Psbd} pRr :t/sf] Go'h Pk agfpg ;do nfU5, vlr{nf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;af6 s] kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f x]g{'k5{ . yf]/} sfd u/]/ ljz]if vfnsf] ;fdu|L s;/L agfpg ;S5' eGg] s'/f Wofg lbg'k5{ .

o;sf] Pp6f tl/sfM ;dfrf/ h;/L s]xL ;dod} k'/fgf] / cg'kof]uL x'g] xf]Og nfdf] ;do;Dd pkof]uL x'g] Pk agfpg' . csf{] tl/sfM kl5 ;do art u/fpg] 6'n agfpg] -/ o;nfO{ ;a}sf nflu, lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg]_ .

s'g} zx/sf] hg;+Vofsf] agf]6df cfPsf] kl/jt{g b]vfpg] hgu0fgf gS;f w]/} ;+:yfn] agfpF5g\ . l;sfuf] 6fOD;sf] Go'h Pk l6dn] cfˆg} gS;f agfof] -bit.ly/chicago-census_ . o;f] ubf{ p;n] o:tf] gS;f rfF8} agfpg] 6'n / ljlw agfof] -o;f] ubf{ of] sfd dflyNnf] r/0fdf k'Uof]_ . To;kl5 Tof] l6dn]] Tof] 6'n / ljlwnfO{ c¿n] klg pkof]u ug{ kfpg] -bit.ly/chicagotribune-maps_ Joj:yf ldnfof] .

cln r'OFof eP h:tf] 7fGg'xf]nf t/ Pk agfpFbf nfu]sf] nufgL s;/L p7\5 -bit.ly/cironline-return_ eGg] s'/fdf hlxNo} klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . o'h/nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] gofF tl/sf agfpg';\, o'h/sf cfgLafgL yfxf kfpg Pgflnl6S; pkof]u ug{';\ cyjf sa{jfOhn] h;/L k};f sdfpg] pkfo kQf nufpg';\ .

177

lgisif{ Go'h PlKns];g agfpg] sfdn] 5f]6f] ;dodf nfdf] km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . Go'h Pk !=) OGkmf]u|flkmS; @=) h:t} lyof] . vf]Hg ;lsg] 8]6fa]; ePsf] cGt/lqmofTds tYof+s b[Zof+sg . of] agfpg'sf] d"n p2]Zo lnlvt :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg' lyof] . clxn] o:tf PK; yf]/} ;dodf sfd ;Sg'kg{] afWotf ePsf l/kf]6{/n] rfF8} agfpg ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu hl6n 6'N; pkof]u ul//fVg' kb{}g . ;a}sf nflu, l;Q}df pknAw ;lhnf 6'N; pkof]u u/]/ of] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ xfdL 8]enk/n] o:tf sfddf cndlng' k/]sf] 5}g, cem /fd|f / 7"nf sfd ug{ ;do lg:s]sf] 5 .

clxn] xfdL Go'h PK; @=) lt/ hfFb}5f}+ . o;n] :6f]/L eG5 . ;fy} kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfd"ns agfpg] sfd klg u5{ . o;n] ubf{ tYof+snfO{ ;fGble{s, /f]rs / cl8oG;sf nflu pkof]uL agfpg ljleGg tl/sf kQf nufpg] sfddf qmflGt x'g]5 . — r]; 8]le;, ;]G6/ km/ OGe]l:6u]l6e l/kf]l6{ª

k|f]klAnsfdf Go'h PK; Go'h PlKns];g 7"nf] cGt/lqmofTds 8]6fa]; xf] h;n] :6f]/L eG5 . o;nfO{ kqsfl/tfsf c¿ ;dfu|L h:t} 7fGbf x'G5 . km/s slt dfq xf] eg] o;df zAb / lrqsf 7fpFdf ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pkof]u x'G5 .

o;n] kf7snfO{ pm;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s b]vfOlbG5 . o;f] ubf{ x/]s kf7snfO{ cfk"mnfO{ ;fy{s x'g] lsl;dn] :6f]/L a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;n] kf7snfO{ a[xt\ /fhgLlts kl/b[Zo;Fu cfˆgf] ;DaGw a'e\mg d2t u5{ . pgLx¿n] hfg]sf s'/fnfO{ ghfg]sf s'/f;Fu ufF:g ;xof]u u5{ . o;f] ubf{ kf7snfO{ cd"t{ cjwf/0ff ulx/f] u/L a'e\mg k|f]T;fxg ldN5 .

xfdL;Fu hlt a]nf /fli6«o kl/b[Zo ePsf] / ;fy{s ljj/0f ePsf, b]vfpg nfos 8]6fl;6 x'G5 -cyjf hlt a]nf xfdLn] gofF 8]6fl;6 lnG5f}+_ Tolt a]nf xfdL Go'h Pk agfpg vf]H5f}+ .

Go'h Pkn] :6f]/L eGg'k5{ . c¿ Go'h :6f]/L h:t} o;df klg x]8nfOg, afOnfOg, ln8 / g6u|fkm x'g'k5{ . cGt/lqmofTds ;ˆ6j]o/df cl3 elgPsf dWo] s]xL ljz]iftf em§ x]bf{ b]Vg ufx|f] k5{ . t/ lgofn]/ x]¥of] ltgnfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 .

Go'h Pk pTkfbgzLn x'g'k5{ . eGg'sf] dtna o;n] yk :6f]/L / yk l/kf]l6{ª hGdfpg'k5{ . k|f]klAnsfsf ;a}eGbf /fd|fdWo]sf PK;sf cfwf/df c¿ w]/} :6f]/L aGg ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu xfd|f] 8n;{ km/ 8S; Go'h PknfO{ -projects.propublica.org/docdollars_ lnpFm . o;n] k/fdz{ lbPsf], s'/fsfgL u/]sf] / o:t} o:t} sfd u/]sf] egL cf}ifwL sDkgLn] 8fS6/nfO{ lt/]sf] nfvf}+ 8n/ sxfF, s;/L lbPsf lyP egL b]vfPsf] 5 . o; Go'h Pkn] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf 8fS6/n] klg o:tf] k};f lnPsf 5g\ ls egL vf]Hg] ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 . oxfF lbOPsf tYof+snfO{ c¿ ;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd ug{] l/kf]6{/n] klg pkof]u u/] . o;df lbOPsf tYof+ssf cfwf/df af]:6g Unf]a, l;sfuf] 6fOD;, b ;]G6 n'O; kf]:6–l8:Kofr nufotsf !@% j6f ;~rf/ dfWodn] vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ u/] .

178

oLdWo] s]xL :yfgLo :6f]/L tof/ ug{ xfdLn] ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu ldn]/ sfd u/]sf lyof}+ t/ clwsf+z :6f]/L tL ;~rf/ dfWodn] cfk}+m tof/ u/]sf x'g\ . k|sflzt geOGh]n xfdLnfO{ pgLx¿n] tL ljifodf :6f]/L tof/ ub{}5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg . xfd|f] h:tf] ;fgf] t/ /fli6«o ;~rf/ dfWodsf nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . xfdLnfO{ !@% j6f zx/df s] x'Fb}5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'Fb}g . t/ xfd|f tYof+ssf] ;xof]u lnP/ :yfgLo txsf af/]df 1fg ePsf l/kf]6{/n] :6f]/L tof/ ug{' / To;sf] k|efj kg{' eg]sf] xfd|f] ld;g ;kmn x'g' xf] .

dnfO{ dg kg{]dWo]sf] Pp6f Go'h Pk nh PGh]n; 6fOD;sf] Doflkª Pn=P= -projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods_ xf] . nh PGh]n;sf w]/} 7fpFsf] gS;f agfpg cfd dflg;nfO{ ul/Psf] cg'/f]w -qmfp8;f]l;{ª_ af6 of] sfd ;'? ePsf] lyof] . of] Pk ;fj{hlgs gubf{;Dd PGh]n;df :jtGq, ;a}n] :jLsf/ ug{] vfnsf] l;dfgf lyPg . ;'?df qmfp8;f]l;{ª u/]kl5 nh PGh]n; 6fOD;n] o;df :yfgLo txsf w]/} ljifodf l/kf]6{ª ug{ ;Sg] eof] . h:t}, ljleGg 7fpFsf] ck/fw b/, :s"nsf] u'0f:t/ cflb . of] sfd ug{'eGbf klxn] o;f] ug{ ;Dej lyPg . of] Pk a[xt\ 5 / o;af6 vf; sfd klg x'G5 . o;sf ;fy}, of] ;a} ljifosf hfgsf/L lbg klg sfd nfU5 . o;dfk{mt cfd dflg;n] cfˆgf :6f]/L cfk}+m atfpg ;S5g\ .

Go'h Pk agfpgsf nflu s] s:tf ;|f]t;fwg rflxG5 egL o;} eGg ;ls+b}g lsgeg] yf]/} ;|f]t;fwgaf6 klg Go'h Pk agfpg ;lsG5 . s'g} Go'h Pkdf w]/} ;|f]t;fwg rflxg klg ;S5 . b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df Go'h Pk / OG6/PlS6e u|flkmS; agfpg] sfddf w]/} dflg; nfu]sf 5g\ . csf{lt/, 6lsª KjfOG6 d]df]n] sDKo'6/ ;fOG; gk9]sf b'O{ hgf :6fkm nufP/ /fhgLlts dt lng] pTs[i6 Pk -polltracker.talkingpointsmemo.com_ agfof] .

clwsf+z ;dfrf/ sIfsf sf]8/n] h:t} u/L PK; agfpgsf nflu xfdL klg kl/dflh{t l56f] ljlw pkof]u u5f{}+ . xfdL 8«fˆ6 rfF8} agfpF5f}+ / ;dfrf/ sIfsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ b]vfpF5f}+ . xfdL l/kf]6{/;Fu ldn]/ sfd u5f}{+ . pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf ;dfrf/sf d:of}bf x]5f}{+ . Psbd} k|f/lDes cj:yfs} eP klg x]5f{}+ . xfdL k/Dk/fut 8]enk/n] h;/L xf]Og l/kf]6{/n] h;/L sfd u5f{}+ . xfdL sf]8 agfpg] dfq xf]Og ;|f]tnfO{ kmf]g ug{], ;"rgf ;+sng ug{] / Ifdtf a9fpg] sfd klg u5f{}+ . cfk"mn] ga'e]msf ;fdu|L pkof]u u/]/ /fd|f] Go'h Pk agfpg Psbd} sl7g x'G5 .

;dfrf/ sIfn] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t Go'h Pk agfpg] sfddf lsg ?lr /fVg'k5{ < o;sf tLgj6f sf/0f 5g\M of] /fd|f] kqsfl/tf xf] . of] Psbd} w]/} nf]slk|o x'G5 . k|f]klAnsfsf ;a}eGbf a9L nf]slk|o ;fdu|Ldf Go'h PK; k5{g\ . xfdLn] o;f] u/]gf}+ eg] csf{]n] u5{ . o;f] u/]gf}+ eg] xfdLn] :s'k dfg{ kfpFb}gf}+ . ;a}eGbf h¿/L s'/f s] xf] eg] ;dfrf/ sIfn] of] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f a'e\mg'k5{ . em§ x]bf{ cK7\of/f] b]lvP klg of] sfd ;lhnf] 5 . — :s6 Sn]g, k|f]klAnsf

b[Zof+sg tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cfwf/ xf]

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg yfNg'eGbf klxn] l:y/ / cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsn] kqsfl/tfdf s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 eGg]af/]df Ps ldg]6 ;f]Rg';\ .

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l/kf]l6{ªsf r/0fdf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNbf • ljifo kQf nufpg / s'g s'g hfgsf/L vf]Hg'k5{ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] x'G5• tYof+saf6 /fd|f] :6f]/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 cyjf To;df uNtL e]6\g ;lsG5• ljz]if lsl;dsf pbfx/0f vf]Hg ;lhnf] x'G5• cfˆgf] l/kf]l6{ªdf ePsf sdhf]/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5

b[Zof+sg ubf{ :6f]/L k|sfzg ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5M • :6f]/L pNn]v ePsf s'/fnfO{ cem a9L ljZj;gLo 9+un] b]vfpg ;lsG5• lnlvt ;fdu|Ldf cgfjZos ¿kn] k|fljlws hfgsf/L /fVg' kb{}g• b[ZonfO{ cGt/lqmofTds / cGj]if0f ug{ ldNg] agfof] eg] l/kf]l6{ª k|lqmofsf af/]df kf7snfO{ ;a} s'/f

yfxf x'G5

o;sf] dtna s] xf] eg] b[Zof+sg ug{] sfd l/kf]l6{ªsf ;'?s} r/0fdf ug{'k5{ . o;nfO{ l/kf]l6{ªeGbf cnu sfd, cyjf :6f]/L tof/ ul/;s]kl5 ljrf/ u/] x'g] sfdsf ¿kdf lng'x'Fb}g . b[Zof+sgn] l/kf]l6{ªnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg'k5{ .

cfk"mn] e]nf u/]sf hfgsf/LnfO{ b[Zodf /fv]/ klg of] sfd yfNg ;lsG5 . lrq ^=@ nfO{ /fd|/L x]/f}+ . of] jfl;ª6g kf]:6df ;g\ @))^ df 5flkPsf] lyof] .

o;df ljut $% jif{df s[lifaf6 ePsf cfDbfgLdf cg'bfgsf] dfqf slt 5 / s[lifnfO{ cg'bfg lbg] ljifodf ePsf d'Vo 36gf s] s] x'g\ egL b]vfOPsf] 5 . nfdf] ;dosf Ps} vfnsf tYof+s kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o;df cfPsf ptf/r9fj ;DaGwL hfgsf/L vf]h]sf v08df ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ Pp6f sfd :6f]/L n]lv;Sg'eGbf klxNo} l;l4O;s]sf] x'G5 .

tYof+s vf]Hg yfNbf b[Zof+sgsf] s;/L pkof]u ug{] eGg]af/]df tn s]xL ;Nnfx lbOPsf 5g\ .

lrq =̂@M s[lifdf lbOPsf] cg'bfg -jfl;ª6g kf]:6_

;Nnfx !M ;fgf tYof+saf6 7"nf tYof+s vf]Hg'hh{ 8An' a'zsf] k|zf;gn] 7f]; cfwf/df xf]Og /fhgLlts cfwf/df u|fG6 lbg] u/]sf] egL xfdLn] kfPsf] ;'/fs ;xL xf] ls xf]Og egL hfFRg d}n] jfl;ª6g kf]:6df of] ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] lyPF . kGw| ;oj6f u|fG6 ljt/0f k|lqmof x]bf{ o;sf] lglZrt 9fFrf b]Vg ;lsG5 eg]/ xfdL Tof] 9fFrf x]g{ pT;'s lyof}+ .

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d}n] x/]s sfo{qmdsf] u|fkm agfPF . /fi6«kltsf] r'gfj ePsf jif{nfO{ /ftf yf]Knfn] b]vfOPsf] 5 clg xl/of yf]Knfn] s+u|]; rNg] jif{ egL b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ w]/}j6f u|fG6 /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgeGbf ^ dlxgf cufl8 dfq lbOPsf] kfOof] .

lrq =̂#M o:tf] nfOgn] :6f]/L kQf nufpg ;lhnf] agfof] -jfl;ª6g kf]:6_

o:tf] s'/f x]g{ 6]andf eGbf w]/}j6f u|fkmdf w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5 . cGt/lqmofTds ePsfn] o;df u|fG6sf k|sf/, If]q / ;+:yf nufotsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;lsG5 . l:y/ gS;fdfk{mt ;do / 7fpFsf] hfgsf/L /fVg / t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . slxn]sfxL+ o;f] ubf{ cGt/lqmofTds gS;fdf x]bf{ eGbf ;lhnf] x'G5 .

of] pbfx/0f lkPrkLdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5f]6f] k|f]u|fddf agfOPsf] lyof] . clxn] PS;]n @))& / @)!) sf] :kfs{nfOgsf] pkof]u u/]/ of] sfd w]/} ;lhnf];Fu ug{ ;lsG5 . oL æuxg, ;/n / zAb h:tf nfUg] u|flkmS;Æ sf] cfljisf/ b[Zof+sg ljz]if1 P8ju{ 6ˆ6]n] u/]sf x'g\ . o;f] ubf{ 7"nf]

181

8]6fl;6df /x]sf hfgsf/L em§ x]g{] lalQs} a'e\mg ;lsG5 . cfhef]ln :6s dfs{]6sf] ptf/r9fj cyjf v]ns'bdf lhtxf/ b]vfpg] h:tf sfddf htftt} o;sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 .

;Nnfx @M tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{]:6f]/L cyjf tYof+s a'e\mg vf]Hbf To;nfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ a]kmfObf x'Fb}g . ck/fw ;DaGwL tYof+ssf] cWoog ubf{ ljleGGg b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ ;lsPnf . h:t}, lx+;fTds ck/fw ;DaGwL rf6{ agfP/ x]g{ ;lsPnf cyjf ck/fw slt k|ltztn] 36]a9]sf 5g\ egL x]g{ ;lsPnf cyjf cfˆgf zx/sf] ck/fw b/ / c¿ zx/sf ck/fw b/sf aLrdf t'ngf u/]/ x]g{ ;lsPnf cyjf nfdf] ;dosf] ck/fw b/ x]g{ ;lsPnf . o;sf nflu ck/fw ;+Vof, k|ltzt / ;"rs cflbsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljleGg b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{] qmddf ha gofF s'/f yfxf x'g 5f8\of] ta o;/L x]g{ 5fl8lbP x'G5 .

;Nnfx #M cg'dfg gug{';\tYof+snfO{ y/Ly/Lsf sf]0faf6 x]l/;s]kl5 tkfO{+nfO{ /]s8{ 7Ls geP h:tf] nfUg ;S5, tYof+sn] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eGg] a'e\mg jf ga'e\mg ;lsG5 cyjf c¿ s'g} lsl;dn] cndlng ;lsG5 .

hfgsf/L ;+sngsf] k|f/lDes r/0fd} s]xL ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/xfNg dg nfu]sf] 5 eg] o:tf] cndn x6fpg'k5{ . ltgaf6 /f]rs :6f]/L eGg ;lsG5 ls ltgdf uNtL kfOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof{}n ug{'k5{ .

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf tYof+sdf uNtL e]l6g' cgf}7f] xf]Og . ;/sf/n] 8]6fl;6df /fv]sf hfu{gn] xfdLnfO{ ;lhn};Fu cNdNofpg ;S5 .

o:tf] cndn x6fpgsf nflu cfk"mn] kfPsf] 8s'd]G6 r]s ug{'k5{ . o:tf] uNtL d"n tYof+sd} ePsf] /x]5 ls egL kQf nufpg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] u/]sf ;a} lx;fa ;xL /x]5g\ eg] tYof+sdf lsg u8a8L ePsf] xf] egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . oxL ljifodf :6f]/L agfpg] xf] eg] ;xL tYof+s k]mnf kfg{'k5{ .

;a} vfnsf uNtL uDeL/ uNtL x'Fb}gg\ . ;fgfltgf uNtLn] ;du| :6f]/Ldf vf;} c;/ kfb{}gg\ To:tf uNtLnfO{ TolQs} 5fl8lbP klg x'G5 . tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{'eGbf klxn] of] k|Zg cfk"mn] cfk}+mnfO{ ;f]Wg'k5{M d}n] of] tYof+s pkof]u ubf{ tYof+sn] h] eGg vf]h]sf] xf] Tof] s'/f kf7sn] a'e\mnfg\ ls ga'e\mnfg\ <

;Nnfx $M Psbd} b'?:t x'g] k|of; gug{';\tkfO{+n] pkof]u u/]sf] u|flkmS; ;fdfGotof ;xL x'g'k5{ . o; lgodnfO{ TofUg' x'Fb}g t/ tkfO{+n] pkof]u u/]sf k|ltztsf cfFs8f hf]8\bf 7\ofSs} ztk|ltzt k'u]g eg] klg lrGtf lng'kb{}g . aL; jif{sf] cj:yf b]vfpg tYof+s vf]Hbf aLrsf Ps jf b'O{ jif{sf tYof+s kfOPg eg] klg :6f]/L k"/f ePg eg]/ cflQg'kb{}g . Ps–b'O{ jif{sf tYof+s gx'Fbf klg tkfO{+sf] :6f]/Ln] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/fdf cfsfzkftfnsf] cGt/ x'Fb}g eg] tL tYof+s kfOPgg\ eg]/ lrGtf ug{'kb{}g . tkfO{+n] b]vfpg vf]h]sf ljifosf nueu b'?:t tl:a/ b]vfpg k'Ug] tYof+s vf]lh;lsPsf] 5 eg] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ x'G5 .

;Nnfx %M s]; / 36gfsf] ;doqmd ldnfpg';hl6n :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ ;'?df d'Vo 36gf cyjf s];nfO{ ;doqmddf /fVg';\ . o;sf nflu

182

PS;]n, j8{ 8s'd]G6 h:tf ;fdfGo k|f]u|fd pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 cyjf 6fOdˆnf] h:tf ljz]if 6'n pkof]u u/] klg x'G5 . slxn] kqkqdf tYof+s /fVg klg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ cfˆgf] :6f]/Lsf nflu s'g} hfgsf/L ck'u 5 ls egL x]g{ ;lsG5 .

;Nnfx ^M u|flkmS; ljefu;Fu ;'?d} 5nkmn ug{], nuftf/ 5nkmn ug{';:6f]/Lsf nflu s:tf] u|flkmS; agfpg ;lsPnf egL ;dfrf/ sIfsf l8hfOg/ / snfsf/;Fu 5nkmn ug{';\ . pgLx¿n] tYof+s x]g{] /fd|f tl/sf atfOlbg ;S5g\, o;nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds agfpFbf s:tf] x'G5 egL atfpg ;S5g\ cyjf tYof+s / :6f]/LnfO{ s;/L hf]8\g] eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . cfk"mn] :6f]/Lsf nflu s] s:tf hfgsf/L e]nf ug{'k5{ eg] s'/f ;'?d} yfxf ePsf v08df l/kf]l6{ª ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

k|sfzgsf nflu ;Nnfxhfgsf/L ;+sng s]xL lbgd} jf s]xL 306fd} u/] klg :6f]/L tof/ ug{ w]/} ;do nfUg ;S5 . :6f]/L k|sfzgsf a]nfdf b'O{j6f s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{] qmddf Ps jif{sf] tYof+s 5'6]sf] lyof] . o; s'/fsf] tkfO{+nfO{ ;Demgf 5 t/ clxn] Tof] hfgsf/L ljgf :6f]/L x'Fb}g h:tf] nfUof] . l/kf]l6{ªsf a]nfdf tYof+s /fd|f];Fu lnOPg eg] :6f]/L n]Vg ;ls+b}g . of] s'/fn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;w}+el/ t;f{O/xG5 lsgeg] tYof+s v/fa /x]5g\ eg] :6f]/L aGb}g . u|flkmssf b[li6n] ls t ;a} hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ ls s]xL klg /fVg'x'Fb}g . clncln eP k'U5 eGg kfOFb}g .

tYof+s ;+sng / cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmscGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsdf s]xL klg s'/f n'sfpg ;ls+b}g . cfk"mn] :6f]/L agfpgsf nflu pkof]u u/]sf] tYof+s kf7snfO{ pgLx¿n] rfx] h:tf] u/L x]g{ lbg] xf] eg] :6f]/Ln] h] eg]sf] 5, tYof+sn] klg To;} eGg'k5{ . l/kf]6{/n] uNtL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o'h/n] h'g;'s} a]nf klg o:tf] uNtL kQf nufpg ;S5 . o:tf] uNtL ePdf kl5;Dd k5'tfpg'k5{ . c¿sf tYof+ssf cfwf/df cfˆg} 8]6fa]; agfpg] eg] 8]6fl;6sf] k|'km /fd|f];Fu x]g{'k5{, tYof+s ?h" ug{'k5{ / To;sf] ;Dkfbg ug{'k5{ . ;/sf/L tYof+s pkof]u ug{] xf] eg] o;df uNtL 5 ls egL slt 7fpFdf r]s ug{] / tYof+s uNtL /x]5 eg] s] ug{] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug{'k5{ .

b'O{ vfnsf kf7ssf nflu l8hfOg ug{]u|flkms -cfk"m PSn}n] :6f]/L eGg ;Sg] cGt/lqmofTds u|flkms xf];\ jf :6f]/Lsf ;fydf /flvg] l:yt u|flkms h] eP klg_ n] b'O{ lsl;dsf kf7ssf cfjZostf k"/f ug{'k5{ . of] em§ x]g{] lalQs} a'lemg] x'g'k5{ t/ yk s'/f hfGg rfxg] kf7snfO{ o;n] s]xL /f]rs s'/f eg]sf] x'g'k5{ . cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsn kf7snfO{ ;+Vof / gfd afx]s c¿ hfgsf/L klg lbg'k5{ .

Pp6f dfq ljifo atfP/ To;nfO{ ;/n agfpg';\:6]/Ldf s'g} Pp6f d"n ljifo dfq} b]vfOG5 eGg] s'/f olsg ug{';\ . kf7ssf] dgdf ;du|df s] d'Vo ;Gb]z lbg] eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . To; ;Gb]z;Fu c;DalGwt c¿ ;a} s'/f x6fpg'k5{ .

183

o;sf] cy{ xf] OG6/g]6df w]/} hfgsf/L /fVg ;lsg] eP klg d'Vo ;Gb]z;Fu c;DalGwt ePsf s'g} klg hfgsf/L glbg] . :6f]/Lsf nflu vf]lhPsf clwsf+z hfgsf/L cfd dflg;nfO{ sfd nfUb}gg\ . tL Pp6} p2]Zosf nflu dfq sfd nfU5g\M :6f]/L tof/ ug{] k|lqmof kf7snfO{ atfpg . l:y/ u|flkmsdf o:tf hfgsf/L /fVbf ltgn] kf7snfO{ t;f{pF5g\ . cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsdf oL s'/f /fVbf ltgn] kf7snfO{ af]/ nufpF5g\ . — ;f/f sf]x]g, 8\o"s o'lgel;{6L

:6f]/L eGg b[Zosf] k|of]utYof+snfO{ b[Zodf kl/0ft ubf{ w]/} kmfObf x'G5g\ . oL Psbd /fd|f x'G5g\, logn] dflg;sf] Wofg tfG5g\, b[Zon] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf s'/f atfpg / tL s'/flt/ cfslif{t ug{ of]ubfg lbG5 egL 7flgG5 . b[Zo pkof]u ug{'sf] oL afx]s csf{] sf/0f klg 5 . Tof] xf]M dflg;sf] lbdfusf] cfwf efu b[Zodf b]vfOPsf hfgsf/L k|zf]wg ug{sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . u|flkmsdfk{mt ;"rgf lb+bf pgLx¿sf] lbdfudf ;a}eGbf a9L AofG8ljydf hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 . tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu l8hfOg u/L b[Zodf abNbf l/8/dfly tTsfn 7"nf] k|efj k5{ . ;"rgf kfpg p;n] hl6n :6f]/L k9\g' kb{}g .

lrq ^=$M a]/f]huf/L b/ -Go' of]s{ 6fOD;_

t/ of] kmf]6f]u|fkmL / lel8of] h:tf b[Zo dfWodeGbf km/s 5 lsgeg] o;df gfKg ;lsg] tYof+s /flvPsf x'G5g\ . ;'Gb/tfsf b[li6n] t oL bz{snfO{ ;dfO/fVg] vfnsf x'G5g\ t/ logn] kf7ssf] dgdf efjgf pTkGg u/fpg] sfd rflx+ sd u5{g\ . vf; b[li6sf]0f ePsf dflg;nfO{ :6f]/L eGg] rng cfPsf] o; ;dodf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpg] ljlw -/ ;du| tYof+s kqsfl/tf_ tYo cyjf sNkgfdf cfwfl/t eP/ :6f]/L eGg] ljlweGbf w]/} k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

zAbdf n]v]/ ul/g] kqsfl/tf h:t} tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abn]/ ul/g] kqsfl/tf ;dfrf/ a|]s ug{ -36gf:yn jf d/]sf dflg;sf] ;+Vof gS;fdf b]vfpg_ cyjf ljifosf] ulx/fOdf k'u]/ gofF b[li6sf]0f lbO{, kf7sn] yfxf kfO;s]sf hfgsf/L klg laNs'n} gofF kf/fn] k|:t't ug{] lkmr/ :6f]/L b'j}df k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

184

b]v]s} s'/f gofF 9+un] b]vfOlbg';tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] tl/sfn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] k/Dk/fut ;f]rfOnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;S5 . ;+;f/JofkL cfly{s ;+s6 ;'? ePsf] Ps jif{kl5 ;g\ @))( sf] cGTodf b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] 5fk]sf] Pp6f cGt/lqmofTds gS;f (http://nyti.ms/employment-lines) o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«o a]/f]huf/L b/ gf} k|ltzt lyof] . t/ s]xL vfnsf dflg;df of] b/ Psbd} a9L lyof] eg] s]xLdf sd . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf] of] gS;fdf o'h/n] s'g vfnsf dflg;sf] a]/f]huf/L b/ slt 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ . pRr lzIff lnPsf dWod ju{sf dlxnfdWo] rf/ k|ltzt dfq a]/f]huf/ lyP eg] xfO{:s"n kf; gu/]sf sfnf o'jfdWo] emG8} cfwf a]/f]huf/ lyP . of] s'/f laNs'n gofF eg] xf]Og .

tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu b[Zof+sg ul/Psf] 5 eg] bz{sn] Psl5g x]/]/ To;kl5 x]g{ 5f8]sf v08df klg of] b[Zo / o;df b]vfOPsf ;"rgf p;sf] lbdfudf kl5;Dd al;/xG5g\ . ;'gfdL cg';Gwfgstf{n] ljt/0f u/]sf] Plgd];g -http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/indo_1204.html_ slt hgf dflg;n] x]/]sf 5g\ < o;df ;g\ @))$ sf] l8;]Da/df OG8f]g]l;odf e'OFrfnf] uPkl5 cfPsf] ;'gfdL s;/L k}mlnof] -h;n] blIf0f Pl;of / k"jL{ clk|msfdf ;d'b| lsgf/df a:g] nfvf}+ dflg;nfO{ c;/ kf/]sf] lyof]_ egL b]vfOPsf] 5 .

b[Zo tYo s'/f atfpg] zlQmzfnL dfWod klg xf] . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf] ;g\ @))^ sf] gS;f -nyti.ms/diaspora-graphic_ o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . o;df Go' cf]lnG;af6 p2f/ ul/Psf dflg; sxfF sxfF a;fOPsf 5g\ egL b]vfpg 7"nf ;fgf yf]Knfsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .

xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpFbf slt k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg]af/]df 5nkmn u¥of}+ . ca k|Zg ;f]Wg] a]nf cfPsf] 5M o;sf] pkof]u slt a]nf ug{] < o;sf] hjfkm kfpgsf nflu kf7snfO{ cfˆgf] :6f]/L eGg] sfddf tYof+s atfOPsf b[Zo pkof]uL ePsf s]xL pbfx/0f x]/f}+ .

185

lglZrt ;dodf ePsf] kl/jt{g b]vfpg

klxn] / clxn]sf aLrdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g b]vfpg] b[Zof+sg cfd ¿kdf pkof]u ePsf] b[Zof+sg xf] . ;g\ !(^) otf a9]sf] rLgsf] hg;+Vof cyjf ;g\ @))* df cfPsf] cfly{s ;+s6 otfsf] a]/f]huf/L b/ b]vfpg] b[Zo -bit.ly/google-china-population_ o;sf /fd|f pbfx/0f x'g\ . ljleGg ;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ c¿ tl/sfn] klg b[Zof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . kf]r{'unsf cg';Gwfgstf{ k]b|f] Pd= q'mhn] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;'? b]lv ePsf] klZrd o'/f]k]nL ;fd|fHosf] ktgnfO{ /f]rs 9+un] b]vfpg Plgd]6]8 ;s{n rf6{sf] -pmcruz.com/visual-experiments/visualizing-empires_ pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . o;df la|6]g, k|mfG;, :k]g kf]r{'unsf] cfsf/ s'g a]nf slt dfqfdf 36\of] egL b]vfOPsf] 5 . tL b]zx¿sf] cfsf/ ltgsf] hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df agfOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] ;fd|fHo ePsf 7fpF :jtGq b]z aGb} hfFbf ltgsf] cfsf/ klg 36]sf] 5 .

jfn l:6«6 hg{nn] agfPsf] Pp6f u|fkm -on.wsj.com/tech-empire_ df ;oj6f pBdnfO{ cfˆgf] cfDbfgL %) nfv 8n/ k'¥ofpg slt ;do nfUof] eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5 . 6\ofAn' klAns gfdsf], lgMz'Ns kfOg] 6'n pkof]u u/]/ agfOPsf] o; rf6{df ljleGg sDkgLsf aLrdf t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 . rf6{df ljleGg sDkgLnfO{ Kn]g hldgaf6 p8] h:tf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . s'g} l9nf] p8]sf 5g\, s'g} l56f] .

o:t} csf{] Pp6f u|fkmdf cd]l/sfsf ljleGg ljdfg sDkgLsf] lat]sf w]/} jif{sf] ahf/sf] lx:;f -nyti.ms/airline-merger_ b]vfOPsf] 5 .

t'ngf ug{'

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf ptfbf{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L km/s s'/fsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, O/fg / ckmuflg:tfgsf n8fOFdf dfl/Psf ;}lgssf] ;+Vof aLrsf] t'ngf -cyjf leotgfd / bf];|f] o'4df dfl/Psf ;}lgssf] ;+Vof t'ngf ug{ klg ;lsPnf . lala;Ln] Plgd]6]8 :nfO8 zf]df -bbc.in/animated-slideshow_ b]vfP e}+m_ ug{ ;lsG5 . cyjf Gof;gn lhof]u|flkmsn] ljleGg sf/0fn] dflg; dg{ ;Sg] b/ — d'6'sf] /f]un] -kfFr hgfdf Ps hgf_, :6«f]sn] -@$ hgfdf Ps hgf_, ljdfg b'3{6gfdf -%)%! hgfdf Ps hgf_ cyjf dfx'/Ln] 6f]s]/ -%^,&*( hgfdf Ps hgf_ b]vfP e}+m -bit.ly/ngm-hearts_ b]vfpg ;lsG5 .

lrq ^=^M n8fOFdf dfl/Psf dfG5] -lala;L_

186

lala;Ln] a|]u l8hfOg gfds Ph]G;L;Fu ldn]/ 8fOd]G;g gfd j]a;fO6 -bit.ly/ngm-hearts_ agfPsf] 5 . o;df ljZjsf k|d'v 36gfsf] ljj/0f yKg ;lsG5 .

;DaGw / k|jfx b]vfpg'

k|mfG;n] ;g\ !(*! df tLj| ultsf] /]n rnfof] . t/ o;n] ubf{ k|mfG;sf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf k'Ug klxn] h:tf] w]/} ;do nfu]g -cyf{t\ k|mfG; ;fgf] eof]_ eGg] ;Gb]z uPg . t/ a'l4 k'¥ofP/ agfPsf] Pp6f b[Zon] k'/fgf] vfnsf] /]ndf r9\bfeGbf tLj| ultsf] /]ndf r9\bf ljleGg 7fpFdf k'Ug slt sd ;do nfUof] eGg] s'/f b]vfOlbof] . o;df klxn] ofqf ug{ nfUg] ;do / clxn] ofqf ug{ nfUg] ;do b]vfOPsf] 5 . clxn] klg tLj| ultsf] /]n ;]jf ePsf 7fpFdf nfUg] ;do sd ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . k'/fgf /]naf6 ofqf ug{'kg{] 7fpFdf clxn] klg w]/} ;do nfUg] tYo o;df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

b[Zof+sgn] csf{] s'/f klg k|:6 kf5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, v]nf8Lx¿sf] tna / pgLx¿sf] v]naLrsf] ;DaGw -benfry.com/salaryper_ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . b]a|] sf]nddf ljleGg l6dnfO{ pgLx¿n] /fv]sf]/]s8{ adf]lhd /flvPsf] 5 eg] bflxg] sf]nddf l6dsf v]nf8Ln] kfPsf tna . /ftf] /]vfn] tnasf 5 eg] gLnf]n] tnasf t'ngfdf a9L /fd|f] v]Ng] eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;n] s'g l6dn] dxFuf v]nf8L /fv]sf]df k5'tfpg' k/]sf] eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 .

lrq ^=&M tna / v]n -a]g k|mfO{_

187

tYof+s l8hfOg

ˆnf] 8fOu|fdn] klg ;"rgfnfO{ /]vfdf ablnlbG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] o'/f]hf]g ;+s6df k/]sf] / o;sf w]/} ;b:o /fi6«x¿ C0fdf k/]sf] af/] :6f]/L u/]sf] lyof] . To;df o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf ;b:on] cfˆgf Jofkfl/s ;fe]mbf/af6 lnPsf] C0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L -nyti.ms/eurozone-crisis_ lbPsf] lyof] . b[Zosf] Ps æ:6]6Æ df /]vfsf] df]6fOn] Pp6f b]z;Fu csf{] b]zn] lnPsf] C0fsf] dfqf b]vfPsf] 5 eg] kx]+nf]af6 ;'Gtn] aGb} uPsf] ¥ofDkn] of] slQsf] lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] -of] C0f ltl/g] ;Defjgf 5}g_ eGg] s'/f atfPsf] 5 .

Gof;gn lhof]u|flkms Dofulhgn] cd]l/sfsf Go' of]s{, l;sfuf] / nh PGh]n; zx/ / jfOg agfpg] d'Vo 7fpFsf aLrsf] ;DaGw :yflkt u/]/ ;fdfGo rf6{ -bit.ly/sankey-wine_ agfof] . o;f] ubf{ jfOg agfpg] 7fpFaf6 tL zx/df jfOg 9'jfgL ug{] tl/sf km/s x'Fbf pT;h{g x'g] sfa{g slt dfqfdf km/s x'G5 eGg] b]vfof] . Go' of]s{sf dflg;n] Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] jfOg lsGg'eGbf a|f]8]S;sf] jfOg lsGg' jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] pko'Qm x'g] s'/f klg o;n] b]vfof] .

Pdcf6L lalhg]; :s"ndf yflnPsf] æ;f];{DofkÆ gfds k|f]h]S6n] ;+;f/sf sf/vfgfdf pTkflbt ;fdfg, ltgsf cjoj / sRrf kbfy{sf] vl/b ;DaGwdf ;"Id cWoog u¥of] . o; uxg cWoogn] ubf{ clxn] o'h/n] Osf] a|fG8sf h'Qf -sourcemap.com/view/1760_ b]lv lnP/ c/]Gh h';;Ddsf ;fdfgsf -sourcemap.com/view/1011_ af/]df o;cl3 pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf gePsf s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n] Tof] ;dfg ;+;f/sf] s'g s'gfaf6 cfk"msxfF cfOk'u]sf] xf] / Tof] ;fdfg oxfF;Dd NofOk'¥ofpFbf slt sfa{g lg:Sof] eGg] s'/f klg o'h/n] yfxf kfpF5g\ .

tx b]vfpg]

;g\ !((! df cg';Gwfgstf{ a]g :gfO8/Dofgn] æl6«DofkÆ gfds ;"rgfnfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpg] tl/sfsf] cfljisf/ u/] . o;df Pp6f afs;leq c¿ afs; /flvPsf x'G5g\ . afs;sf] cfsf/n] o;sf] dfqf b]vfPsf] x'G5 . ljleGg lgsfo / To; dftxftsf zfvfsf] ah]6 b]vfpg -openspending.org_ cyjf ljleGg If]q / sDkgLsf z]o/ ahf/ b]vfpg o;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} If]q / To;leqsf pkIf]qsf lx:;f b]vfpg] of] 7f]; / pko'Qm OG6/k]m; xf] . 8]G8«f]u|fd csf{] /fd|f] kmDof{6 xf] h'g ;f+u7lgs rf6{ h:tf] b]lvG5 h;leq v08 v08 x'G5g\ .

7"nf] dfqfdf 8]6fl;6 a|fph ug{'

slxn]sfxL+ cfk"mn] yfxf kfO/fv]sf hfgsf/L b[Zodf kl/0ft x'Fbf k|efjsf/L b]lvG5g\ . ltgn] gofF s'/fdf k|sfz kfg{ ;S5g\ . t/ laNs'n} gofF tYof+s k]mnf k/] / tL tYof+s dflg;n] vf]tNg rfxG5g\ eg] s] ug{] < clxn] w]/}eGbf w]/} o:tf hfgsf/L pknAw x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ .

ha o'h/n] 8]6fl;6 vf]tn]/ cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf e]6\g ;S5g ta dfq} oL 8]6fl;6 k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ .

;g\ @)!) sf] ;'?df g]6lkmS;n] s'g If]qsf dflg;n] s'g d'eL a9L vf]H5g\ eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L Go' of]s{ 6fOD;nfO{ lbof] . o:tf] hfgsf/L ;fdfGotof uf]Ko /fVg] ul/G5 . g]6l˚S;n] s'g d'eL

188

slt hgfn] ef8fdf lnP eGg] hfgsf/L rflx+ uf]Ko} /fv]sf] lyof] . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] cGt/lqmofTds 8]6fa]; -nyti.ms/interactive-database_ tof/ u¥of] h;df ljleGg 7fpFsf dflg;n] ;a}eGbf a9L ef8fdf lng] !)) j6f d'eLsf] ;"rL o'h/n] x]g{ ;Sg] eP . o;df o'h/n] lglZrt d'eL ;a}eGbf a9L nf]slk|o d'eL xf] ls xf]Og egL yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ .

;f]xL jif{sf] cGTolt/ cd]l/sfsf] hgu0fgfsf] kl/0ffd -nyti.ms/census-explorer_ ;fj{hlgs ePsf] s]xL 306fd} Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] o;nfO{ k|sflzt u¥of] . P8f]aL ˆNof;df agfOPsf] o; OG6/k]m;df b[Zof+sg ug{] ljleGg pkfo /flvPsf lyP . o;n] ubf{ o'h/n] hgu0fgfsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfO -hDdf *@ nfv PsfO lyP_ dWo] Pssf dflg;sf] gZn, cfo / lzIff ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng ;Sg] eP . tL tYof+ssf] l/hf]n';g o:tf] /fd|f] lyof] ls k|sfzg x'g] lalQs} tL 8]6fl;6 x]bf{ oL 8]6fa]; x]g{] klxnf] dfG5] d} kf] x'F ls h:tf] nfUYof] .

lala;Ln] oftfoft;Fu ;DalGwt d[To'sf af/]df u/]sf] vf]hsf kl/0ffdnfO{ klg b[Zodf abn]/ -bbc.in/road-deaths_ Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] h:t} /fd|f];Fu /fv]sf] 5 .

^% xhf/

ljlslnS;n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ckmuflg:tfg o'4;Fu ;DalGwt clt w]/} tYof+s k]mnf kfg{] lalQs} tL tYof+s k|zf]wgdf nfu]sf] l6d olt w]/} ;}lgs /]s8{ kfPsf]df v';Ln] kfun eof] .

t'?Gt}, o; l6ddf /x]sf, dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n ;DaGwL hfgsf/ dflg;n] c¿nfO{ ;ts{ u/fP . PS;]nn] ^%,%#^ j6f nx/ -/f]_ tYof+s dfq ODkf]6{ u¥of] . afFsL @%,))) nx/ -/f]_ sf tYof+s ODkf]6{ ePgg\ .

lrq ^=*M OpenSpending.org (cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_

189

lrq ^=(M u|]6 la|6]gdf uf8L b'3{6gfdf ePsf d[To' ;g\ !(((–@)!) -lala;L_

eO/x]sf] eGbf km/s agfpg ;lsG5 ls <

Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df cdG8f sf]S;n] Pp6f rf6{ -nyti.ms/porcupine-graph_ agfP . o;df pgn] Ps bzs;Dd n8fOF n8]kl5 / s/ 5'6 lbPkl5 cd]l/sfsf] ah]6 3f6f slt sd x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] / jf:tjdf slt sd eof] eGg] tYof+snfO{ /]vfn] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; b[Zon] ah]6 3f6f hlt sd x'G5 egL cfzf ul/Psf] lyof] Tolt sd gePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;af6 s] k|:6 x'G5 eg] slxn]sfxL+ s] eof] eGg] s'/f eGbf klg s] ePg eGg] s'/f a9L ?lrs/ x'G5 .

nfdf] ;do;Dd PKkn OG6/k]m; l8hfOg u/]sf a|]6 leS6/n] l/PlS6e 8s'd]G6sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f agfP . o;df pgn] s] b]vfP eg] cd]l/sfdf dfG5] gePsf sf]7fdf aQL gafNg] xf] eg] @ b]lv $) j6f sf]Onf e§Laf6 pTkfbg eP hlt lah'nL hf]luG5 .

b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf DofYo' Ol/S;gn] -bit.ly/ericson-links_ tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abn]sf yk pbfx/0f / ;Nnfx e]nf ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ltgaf6 o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L kfOG5 .

o; syfsf] kf7 s] xf] eg] ^%,))) eGbf a9L nx/ -/f]_ df tYof+s h;n] /fV5 p;k|lt z+sf ug{'k5{ -o:tf] 7"nf] sfdsf nflu PS;]n pkof]u ug{ vf]Hg' x'Fb}g eGg] csf{] kf7 t 5Fb}5_ .— cfnf:6]o/ 8fGt, b ufl8{og

190

lrq ^=!)M ah]6 3f6fM cg'dfg / jf:tljstf -Go' of]s{ 6fOD;_

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf gabNg'

;"rgf /fd|f, ;kmf, ;xL / ;fy{s 5g\ eg] dfq} tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNbf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . egfO, tYo / j0f{g hlt /fd|f x'G5g\ :6f]/L Tolt g} /fd|f x'G5g\ . b[Zodf elgg] :6f]/Lsf xsdf klg oxL s'/f nfu" x'G5 . cyf{t\ tYof+s hlt /fd|f x'G5g\ b[Zo klg TolQs} /fd|f x'G5g\ . tnsf cj:yfdf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf gabNbf a]; x'G5 .

zAb / dlN6ldl8ofdfk{mt :6f]/L eGbf /fd|f] x'g] cj:yfdfslxn]sfxL+ tYof+sn] dfq} /fd|f];Fu :6f]/L eGg ;Sb}g . rf6{n] s'g} ljifosf] k|j[lQ b]vfpg ;Snf cyjf ;+If]kdf tYof+s b]vfpg ;Snf t/ kf7snfO{ tTsfn ePsf] s'g} 36gfaf6 cfk"mnfO{ s] s:tf] k|efj k5{ eGg] s'/f hfGg a9L ?lr x'g ;S5 . o:tf a]nfdf zAbdf JofVof ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

tYof+s yf]/} ePsf a]nfelgG5, æ;+Vof dfq}sf] s]xL klg cy{ x'Fb}g .Æ …kmnfgf ;fdfg bz ?k}ofF dxFuf] eof]Ú eg]/ l/kf]6{/n] ;dfrf/ n]v]sf] /x]5 eg] ;Dkfbsn] …s]sf t'ngfdf -csf{] sDkgLsf] To:t} ;fdfgsf t'ngfdf ls < b'O{ jif{cl3 ToxL sDkgLsf] ToxL ;dfgsf t'ngfdf <_ <Ú egL ;f]W5 . t]nsf] efp olt eof] egL b]vfpg tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] ljrf/ 5 eg] s]xL jif{ otfsf t]nsf] efpsf] tYof+s x'g' h¿/L 5 . To;sf cfwf/df dfq b[Zon] t]nsf] efp a9\b} /x]5 ls 36\b} /x]5 egL b]vfpg ;S5 . o:tf tYof+s 5}gg\ eg] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg]lt/ nfUg' x'Fb}g .

191

tYof+s :ki6 5}g eg]slxn]sfxL+ cfk"mn] e]nf u/]sf tYof+s PS;]n jf o:t} Pkdf /fVbf s]xL s'/f yfxf gkfOg ;S5 . s'g} s'/f clncln dfq 36a9 ePsf] /x]5 h;n] ubf{ lrqdf of] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 b]vfpg ;ls+b}g eg] o:tf] a]nfdf tYof+snfO{ b[Zo agfpg vf]Hg' x'Fb}g .

hlt a]nf gS;f gS;f h:tf] b]lv+b}gslxn]sfxL+ ef}uf]lns gS;fn] s]xL cy{ lb+b}g cyjf Tof] cfsif{s x'Fb}g cyjf To;n] dxTjk"0f{ cfFs8fnfO{ cf]e]mndf kf5{ . o:tf] a]nfdf gS;f agfpg' x'Fb}g .

6]ann] sfd rNg] ePdfyf]/} dfq tYof+s 5g\ t/ tL pkof]uL 5g\ h:tf] nfU5 eg] ltgnfO{ 6]an agfP/ /fVg klg ;lsG5 . o;df c¿ hfgsf/L x'Fb}gg\, kf7snfO{ a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 . kf7snfO{ To;df x'Fb} gePsf] æ:6f]/LÆ vf]Hg] emGem6 kb{}g . yf]/} hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu 6]an /fd|f] pkfo xf] . — h]km Dof3L, :6\ofGkmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L

km/s km/s rf6{n] km/s km/s :6f]/L eG5g\

cfhsf] l8lh6n o'udf xfdL s] la;{G5f}+ eg] nfdf] ;do;Dd dflg;n] sfuhdf xftn] n]v]/ sfd rnfPsf lyP . clxn] xfdL l:y/ b[ZonfO{ e2f / bf];|f] bhf{sf] 7fGg] u5f{}+ . t/ n]Vg / 5fKg yfn] otfsf ;of}+ jif{df xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ k]hdf ptfg{] ax'd"No 1fg ;l~rt u/]sf 5f}+ . To;sf nflu ljleGg cEof; u/]sf 5f}+ . cGt/lqmofTds rf6{, tYof+s b[Zof+sg / OGkmf]u|flkmS; /fd|f eP klg ltgn] xfdLn] o;cl3 pkof]u ul/cfPsf w]/} /fd|f cEof; la;f{OlbG5g\ . xfdLn] /fd|f rf6{ / u|fkmsf] Oltxf; x]¥of}+ eg] dfq} xfdL xfd|f] o:tf] 1fgsf af/]df a'e\mg ;S5f}+ / To;nfO{ gofF dfWoddf abNg ;S5f}+ .

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201

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;dfrf/ eGg] lalQs} kf7snfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . lel8of], kmf]6f], zAb, u|fkm, tflnsf cyjf oL ;a} ePsf] ;fdu|L lbg' ;a}eGbf l56f] pkfo x'g;Snf . b[Zof+sgsf] p2]Zo klg pxL xf]M ;"rgf rfF8} lbg' . tYof+s ;DaGwL gofF 6'nn] kqsf/nfO{ klxn] k]mnf kfg{ g;lsPsf :6f]/L kQf nufpg / :6f]/LnfO{ gofF tl/sfn] k|:t't ug{ ;lhnf] agfOlbPsf 5g\ . oxfF xfdLn] gj{]sf] ;a}eGbf a9L kl9g] klqsf e]8{]G; Uofªdf tYof+s s;/L k|:t't u5f{}+ egL s]xL pbfx/0f b]vfPsf 5f}+ .

;+Vof

of] :6f]/L -bit.ly/vg-lotto_ gj{]nL tYof+s ljefu, s/bftf ;DaGwL tYof+s / nf]§f] df]gf]kf]ln:6sf] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; cGt/lqmofTds u|fkmdf kf7sn] gj{]sf ;a} ufpF cyjf gu/sf y/Ly/Lsf hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ . tflnsfn] rflx+ dflg;n] cfDbfgLsf] slt lx:;f v]ndf nufpF5g\ egL b]vfPsf] 5 . of] agfpg PS;];, PS;]n, dfOP;So'Pn / ˆNof; k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]6js{

xfdLn] gj{]sf ;a}eGbf wgL cfdfafa'sf !%& hgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] sf];Fu ;DaGw /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;fdflhs g]6js{ ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . o;af6 s] b]lvof] eg] gj{]sf ;a}eGbf wgL dflg;sf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿ pgLx¿sf cfdfafa's} g]6js{ pkof]u ubf{ /x]5g\ . pgLx¿sf @^,))) hlt sg]S;g lyP . of] ;DaGw b]vfpg] u|flkmS; kmf]6f];ksf] pkof]u u/]/ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . xfdLn] PS;];, PS;]n, gf]6Kof8 / ;fdflhs g]6js{ ljZn]if0f 6'n Ucinet klg pkof]u u/]sf lyof}+ .

lrq ^=@#M s/bftf / nf]§f] ;DaGwL tYof+

202

gS;f

o; Plgd]6]8 lx6Dofk / ;/n af/ rf6{df -bit.ly/vg-heatmap_ cf]:nf]sf] dWo zx/df 306f 306fdf x'g] ck/fwsf 36gf, ;KtfxGtsf 36gf b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;f]xL gS;fdf sfddf vl6Psf k|x/Lsf] ;+Vof klg b]vfOPsf] 5 . hlt a]nf ck/fw a9L ePsf] x'G5 Tolt a]nf ;a}eGbf sd k|x/L 8\o'6Ldf vl6Psf x'Fbf /x]5g\ . of] gS;f agfpg Arc View with Spatial Analyst k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

lrq ^=@$M wgLsf 5f]/f5f]/L wgLs} ;+ut u5{g\ -e]8{]G; Uofª_

lrq ^=@%M Plgd]6]8 lx6 Dofk -e]8{]G; Uofª_

203

zAb

o:tf] -bit.ly/vg-vis_ b[Zof+sgsf nflu xfdLn] gj{]sf ;ftj6f bnsf g]tfn] cfˆgf kf6L{sf] ;Dd]ngdf u/]sf efif0fsf] ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . oL ;a} efif0f ljZn]if0f ubf{ s]xL :6f]/Lsf nflu gofF P+un k]mnf k/] . x/]s :6f]/LnfO{ u|fkm;Fu ln+s ul/of] . o;n] kf7snfO{ efif0f k9]/ /fhgLlt1x¿sf] efiffsf] cWoog ug{ ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . of] agfpg PS;]n, PS;];, ˆNof; / ONo':6«]6/ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!@ df o:t} lrq agfpg'k/]sf] eP xfdL hfefl:qmK6df cGt/lqmofTds u|fkm agfpg] lyof}+ .

lgisif{

:6f]/LnfO{ s:tf a]nfdf b[Zof+sg ug{'k5{ < clwsf+z :6f]/LnfO{ b[Zof+sg ug{'kb{}g t/ slxn]sfxL+ kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ o;f] ug{'k5{ . w]/} tYof+s ePsf :6f]/LnfO{ k|foMh;f] b[Zof+sg ug{'k5{ . t/ s:tf] tYof+s kf7snfO{ lbg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{] a]nfdf xfdLn] lgs} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ xfdLnfO{ To; ljifosf af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf x'G5 t/ o;/L ;+sng ul/Psf hfgsf/L k|:t't ug{] a]nfdf o; :6f]/Ldf kf7snfO{ s] s'/f lbg] eGg] yfxf kfpg'k5{ . tflnsf dfq} kof{Kt x'Fb}g ls cyjf lglZrt jif{sf aLrdf ePsf ljsf; b]vfpg] ;/n u|fkm kf] rflxG5 ls < tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; ubf{ w]/} tYof+s k|:t't ug{}k5{ eGg] 5}g .

lrq ^=@^M /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfsf] efif0f -e]8{]G; ufª_

204

lat]sf b'O{–tLg jif{df cGt/lqmofTds gS;f / tflnsf agfP/ kf7snfO{ ljleGg ljifosf hfgsf/L cfk}+m vf]Hg lbg] rng rn]sf] 5 . /fd|f] b[Zof+sg /fd|f] lrq h:t} xf] . Ps} l5g x]g{] lalQs} of] s] xf] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{ . b[Zo hlt x]¥of] plt w]/} s'/f b]lvG5 . b[Zo x]bf{ bz{snfO{ sxfFaf6 ;'? ug{] clg sxfF cGTo ug{] eGg] s'/fdf cndn eof] eg] To:tf] b[ZonfO{ /fd|f] dflgb}g . w]/} hfgsf/L y'kfl/Psf] b[Zo klg /fd|f] x'Fb}g . b[Zo o:tf] x'g] eof] eg] t zAbdf :6f]/L n]Vbf /fd|f] x'G5 . — hg af]G;, -e]8{]G; Uofª_

;fj{hlgs tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ x'g\

tYof+s cd"No x'G5g\ . tYof+s kfpFbf To;;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf k|sfz kg{ ;S5 h;n] ubf{ To; ljifodf kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 . t/ tYof+snfO{ g/fd|/L k|:t't ul/of] eg] To;af6 s]xL klg ;~rf/ x'Fb}g . tYof+sn] 5nkmn a9fPg / ;fGble{s 1fg a9fPg eg] cfd dflg;nfO{ To;sf] s]xL cy{ x'Fb}g .

nfdf] ;dosf] ;}lgs zf;gkl5 gfOh]l/ofdf k|hftGq :yfkgf eof] . ;}lgs zf;gsf a]nfdf tYof+ssf k5fl8sf tYo vf]Hbf zf;s lrl9Gy], h'Gtf zf;gsf] nf]slk|otfdfly k|Zg p7fPsf] 7xl/GYof] . ;/sf/L uf]kgLotf P]gn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;/sf/L ;"rgf atfpg /f]s nufPsf] lyof] . k|hftGq :yfkgf ePsf] !# jif{kl5 klg ;fj{hlgs tYof+s kfpg sl7g 5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s clwsf+z dflg;n] a'e\mb}gg\ lsgeg] pgLx¿ ljQLo /]s8{ / hl6n c+sul0ft a'e\mb}gg\ .

df]afOn pks/0f / cgnfOg a9]sfn] xfd|f] k|f]h]S6 ahcfO6L ;fd' gfOh]l/ofsf] ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ b[Zof+sg u/L o;sf af/]df cfd dflg;nfO{ atfpg] / o; ;DaGwL 5nkmndf pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] 7"nf] cj;/ 5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ;a}lt/sf o'h/nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfk{mt cfd dflg;;Dd k'Ug'k5{ . o; k|f]h]S6n] ;fj{hlgs tYof+snfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ agfpg] / kl/jt{gsf/L zlQmsf] ljzfn g]6js{ agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .

o'h/nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;+nUg u/fpg xfdLn] pgLx¿sf rfxgf s] 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ . gfOh]l/ofsf gful/snfO{ s] s'/fsf] rf;f] 5 < pgLx¿n] s'g vfnsf ;"rgf kfPsf 5}gg\ < tYof+snfO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg;Fu s;/L ;fGble{s agfpg ;lsG5 < ahcfO6Lsf] tTsfnLg nIo gfOh]l/ofsf cf};t ;fIf/ dflg;nfO{ cgnfOg kmf]/d / ;f];n ldl8of;Fu hf]8\g' xf] . g]6df ljleGg vfnsf sfd ug{ -u]d v]Ng, k9\g, c¿ dflg;;Fu 3'nldn x'g_ afgL k/]sf o'h/nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ 5f]6f] / vFlbnf] lsl;dn] k|:t't ug{'k/]sf] 5 . tYof+ssf] ;fgf] emns 6\jL6 cyjf OGkmf]u|flkmssf ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]kl5 o'h/nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds ;fdu|Lsf dfWodn] o;df kl5;Dd ;+nUg u/fpg / o; ljifodf yk hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 .

tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNbf cfˆgf o'h/ tYof+s slt dfqfdf a'e\m5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' h¿/L 5 . hl6n 8fou|fd / cGt/lqmofTds PlKns];g x]bf{ hlt ;'Gb/ / /fd|f b]lvP klg o'h/nfO{ ltgn]| s]xL klg s'/f gatfpg ;S5g\ . o;cl3 tYof+ssf] JofVof ug{] sfd ubf{ xfdLn] o:tf] cg'ej u/]sf 5f}+ . tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu b[Zof+sg ul/of] eg] ltgnfO{ o'h/n] a'e\m5g\ . o:tf b[Zof+sgn] o'h/nfO{ pgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/L atfpF5g\ .

205

xfdLn] ah]6sf ljifodf !) xhf/ eGbf a9L gfOh]l/ognfO{ ;+nUg u/fof}+ . xfdLn] xfd|f o'h/ tLg k|sf/sf ePsf] kfPsf 5f}+ . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\M

slxn]sfxL+ cfpg] o'h/

o:tf o'h/n] ;/n 9+un] / t'?Gt} hfgsf/L vf]H5g\ . pgLx¿ tYof+ssf] lrq rfxG5g\, lj:t[t ljZn]if0f xf]Og . xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ 6\jL6 cyjf cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmS;dfk{mt hfgsf/L lbg ;S5f}+ .

;lqmo o'h/

oL o'h/n] 5nkmn cl3 a9fpF5g\, s'g} ljifosf] 1fg a9fpg tYof+ssf] pkof]u u5{g\ cyjf tYof+ssf dfGotfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5g\ . oL o'h/sf nflu xfdLn] k|ltlqmof lbg] / tYof+sn] p7fPsf ljifosf cGt/1fg ;fdflhs ;~hfndfk{mt cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu z]o/ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ .

tYof+s k|]dL

oL o'h/ ck|zf]lwt tYof+s rfxG5g\ h;nfO{ pgLx¿ cfˆg} kf/fn] b[Zof+sg / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu xfdL tYof+s pknAw u/fpF5f}+ .

rq ^=@&M ahcfO6Lsf] s6 Pk -ahcfO6L gfOh]l/of_

206

ahcfO6Ldf o'h/ lgDg lsl;dn] ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\M

;d;fdlos rngsf af/]df 5nkmn rnfpgahcfO6Ln] cgnfOg / ckmnfOgdf s:tf ljifodf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f a'e]m/ o:tf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s pknAw u/fpg] u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hgj/L @)!@ df OGwgsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ ePsf] x8tfndf lj/f]wstf{x¿n] OGwgdf cg'bfg lbg'kg{] / e8\lsnf / cgfjZos ;/sf/L vr{ s6f}tL x'g'kg{] dfu u/]sf lyP . xfdLn] #^ 306f Jo:t eP/ Pp6f Pk agfof}+ h;n] ubf{ gfOh]l/ofsf] ah]6 k|0ffnL k]mg{] sfddf gful/sn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;s] .

k|ltlqmof÷;Nnfx÷;'emfj lng] /fd|f] ;+oGqxfdLn] o'h/nfO{ 5nkmn / ;f];n ldl8ofdfk{mt OGu]h u/fof}+ . w]/} o'h/ tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/Lsf af/]df yk s'/f hfGg rfxGy], sltn] xfdLnfO{ lglZrt ljifodf xfd|f] ljrf/ s] 5 egL ;f]w]sf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ hjfkm lb+bf xfdL tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt tYosf] JofVof dfq u5f{}+, To;df xfd|f] JolQmut cyjf /fhgLlts ljrf/ ld;fpFb}gf}+ . xfdLn] o:tf] ;+oGqnfO{ v'nf /fVg'k5{, cfPsf k|ltlqmofsf] hjfkm lbg'k5{ / o'h/nfO{ /rgfTds tl/sfn] OGu]h u/fpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ tYof+sdfk{mt ag]sf] of] ;d'bfo nfdf] ;do;Dd l6S5 .

:yfgLos/0flglZrt ;d"xnfO{ nlIft ul/Psf 8]6fl;6sf nflu ahcfO6Ln] ljifoj:t' :yfgLo agfpg sf]l;; u5{ / lglZrt vfnsf cfjZostf / ?lr ePsf o'h/sf aLrdf 5nkmn a9fpg sf]l;; u5{ . xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] g} p7fO/x]sf ljifodf P;PdP;dfk{mt OGu]h ug{ rfxG5f}+ .

vr{ ;DaGwL cfFs8f xfd|f] j]a;fO6 yourbudgit.com df pknAw u/fPkl5 xfdL ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfk{mt gful/s;Dd k'U5f}+}}}} . xfdLn] ;xeflutfTds 9fFrf tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf 5f}+ h;n] ubf{ gful/s / ;/sf/L ;+:yf Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ ah]6df k|fyldstf kfpg'kg{] ljifo lgwf{/0f u5{g\ .

o; k|f]h]S6sf af/]df ;LkL–clk|msfb]lv lnP/ lala;L;Ddsf :yfgLo / ljb]zL ;~rf/dfWodn] ;dfrf/ agfP . PkLsf kqsf/sf nflu xfdLn] ;g\ @))@ b]lv @)!! ;Dd ;'/Iff If]qsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] ;dLIff u¥of}+ . clwsf+z ;~rf/ dfWodn] xfdL;Fu ck|zf]lwt tYof+s dfU5g\ h;nfO{ pgLx¿ l/kf]6f{hsf nflu pkof]u u5{g\ . cfufdL lbgdf xfdL kqsf/ / ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu yk ;xsfo{ ug{] ljrf/ ul//x]sf 5f}+ .— cf]lnl;pg clglUaG8]], ahcfO6L gfOh]l/of

tYof+sdf dflg;nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'cl8oG;af6 k|ltlqmof lng] sfd tYof+s k|sflzt ug{] sfd hlQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . xfdLn] uNtL u/]sf x'g ;S5f}+, s]xL s'/f 5'6fPsf x'g ;S5f}+ / unt cfOl8of lnPsf x'g ;S5f}+ . xfd|f cl8oG;n] tYo hfFr ug{ ;S5g\ / xfdLn] Vofn gu/]sf s'/f p7fpg ;S5g\ . o; cy{df cl8oG; xfd|f ;a}eGbf d"Nojfg\ ;DklQ x'g\ .

207

cl8oG;nfO{ OGu]h u/fpg] sfd cln hl6n 5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] o:tf dflg;;Fu Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ hf] jiff{}+b]lv ljleGg ;fO6 rxfg{ / 5'Rrf k|ltlqmof n]Vg afgL k/]sf 5g\ . xfdL / xfd|f o'h/sf aLrdf ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f agfpg h¿/L 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] s] lbG5f}+ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{, pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf af/]df k|ltlqmof, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj s;/L lbg] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{ / pgLx¿n] lbPsf k|ltlqmof, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj ;'lgG5g\ eGg] s'/f klg pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf lbg'k5{ .

;a}eGbf klxn] cfˆgf cl8oG; sf] x'g\ eg]/ yfxf kfpg'k5{ . of] s'/f yfxf ePkl5 s:tf tYof+sdf sfd ug{] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 cyjf xfdLn] s:tf tYof+s vf]H5f}+ To;n] xfd|f cl8oG; sf] x'g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . xfdLn] vf; If]qsf dflg;nfO{ nlIft u/]sf 5f}+ eg] ToxL If]qsf dflg;;Fu vf; ljifodf ;~rf/ ug{'k5{ . xfdL;Fu ePsf ;fdu|L / xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf :6f]/L cfd cl8oG;;Dd k'¥ofpg rfxg] s'g} lgsfo 5 h;nfO{ xfdL ;Dks{ ug{ ;S5f}+< s'g} ;fd'bflos j]a;fO6 cyjf kmf]/d 5 h;nfO{ xfdL ;Dks{ ug{ ;S5f}+ < s'g} vf; k|sfzg 5g\ h;df xfdL cfk"mn] tYof+sdf kfPsf :6f]/L k|sfzg ug{ rfxG5f}+ <

;f];n ldl8ofn] 7"nf] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 oBlk o:tf] ;xof]u xfdL s:tf tYof+sdf sfd ub{}5f}+ eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, l;lkª ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL tYof+sdf sfd ub{}5f}+ eg] k]m;a's cyjf 6\jL6/df o; ljifodf ?lr /fVg] vf; ;d"x ge]l6g ;S5 . csf{lt/, ;+;f/sf] e|i6frf/ cyjf :yfgLo txsf] ck/fw ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hb}5f}+ eg] xfd|f ljifodf cfd dflg;nfO{ ?lr x'g ;S5 .

6\jL6/df xfO k|f]kmfOn dflg;;Fu ;Dks{ ug{' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo xf] . p;nfO{ cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g u/]/ To;sf] ln+s k7fOlbg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] sfd /fd|f] nfUof] eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf l/8/nfO{ l/6\jL6 ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fgf] k|of;df w]/} k|rf/ ug{] of] /fd|f] tl/sf xf] . t/ o;f] ul/b]pm eg]/ dflg;nfO{ hah{:tL ug{' rflx+ x'Fb}g .

xfd|f k]hdf cfpg] kf7sn] xfd|f] sfd;Fu s;/L cGt/lqmof ug{ kfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . pgLx¿n] xfd|f] :6f]/L k9\g ;Snfg\, OGkmf]u|flkmS; jf gS;f x]g{ ;Snfg\ . olQ dfq} kof{Kt x'Fb}g . kf7snfO{ k|ltlqmof lbg] ;'ljwf lbg' Psbd} h¿/L 5 . o:tf] k|ltlqmof, ;Nnfx÷;'emfjn] xfdLnfO{ cfk"mn] n]v]sf] :6f]/Lsf af/]df 7"nf] cGt/1fg lbG5, eljiodf s] s;/L sfd ug{] eGg] af6f] b]vfpF5 .

:6f]/Lsf ;fydf ck|zf]lwt tYof+s klg k|sflzt ug{'k5{ . o:tf] tYof+snfO{ :6f]/L;Fu} xf]:6 ug{ ;lsPnf cyjf u'un 8S; h:tf ;]jfdf xf]:6 ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ Pp6} tYof+s dfq k|sflzt x'G5 . kl5 tYof+sdf uNtL ePsf] kfOPdf Ps 7fpFdf ;RofpFbf k'U5, cBfjlws ug{'k¥of] eg] klg Ps 7fpFdf dfq} u/] k'U5 . :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ cfk"mn] pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s cfd dflg;n] ;lhn} pkof]u ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf lbg' h¿/L x'G5 .

To;kl5 cl8oG;n] xfdL;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{ ;Sg] c¿ s'g} pkfo 5 ls egL ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . xfd|f] tYof+slt/ s;n] Wofg lbPsf 5g eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ . h'g 7fpFaf6 ;a}eGbf w]/} 6«flkms xfd|f] :6f]/Ldf cfPsf 5g\ To; 7fpFsf dflg;n] ltdLn] of] s'/f 5'6fof} egL b]vfpg vf]h]sf x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfO;NofG8sf] ul/aLsf] tYof+s x]g{ xfdLn] 5'6fPsf] x'g ;S5 . cfˆgf] :6f]/L k9\g]dWo] cfO;NofG8sf dflg; klg 5g\ eg] To; ljifodf Wofg lbg'kg{] x'g ;S5 .

208

sd]G6 aS; afx]s cGoq klg sd]G6 ug{ ;lsG5 ls egL x]g{'k5{ . :k|]8l;6sf] lglZrt ;]ndf sd]G6 P6]r ug{] ;'ljwf kf7snfO{ lbg ;lsG5 ls < cyjf, OGkmf]u|flkmS;sf] lglZrt 7fpFdf kf] o;f] ug{] ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 ls < o;f] ubf{ x'g] kmfObfnfO{ sd cfFSg' x'Fb}g .

Ps hgfn] u/]sf] sd]G6 c¿n] klg x]g{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf, o:tf sd]G6 xfdLn] /fv]sf] tYof+s cyjf :6f]/L hlQ g} d"Nojfg\ x'G5g\ . sd]G6 cfk"mn] dfq} x]g{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf v08df kf7sn] o;af6 kmfObf lng kfpFb}gg\ .

cGTodf, s;}nfO{ xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf] tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ 5'§} :6f]/L jf OGkmf]u|flkmS; tof/ ug{ dg nfUnf . To:tf tYof+s cfˆgf :6f]/Ldf s;/L /fVg] eGg]af/]df ;f]Rg'k5{ . Xof;6\ofusf] pkof]u u/]/ x'G5 ls lˆns/ u|'kdfk{mt z]o/ ug{ kf] ;lsG5 ls egL x]g{'k5{ .

slxn]sfxL+ s;}nfO{ cfk"m;Fu ePsf hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf z]o/ ubf{ c;'/lIft eOG5 eGg] nfUg ;S5 cyjf To;f] ug{ pgLx¿ ;xh gdfGg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] o:tf hfgsf/L Od]ndfk{mt cyjf u'dgfd sd]G6 aS;dfk{mt z]o/ ug{ vf]Hnfg\ . o:tf a]nfdf uf]Ko tl/sfn] hfgsf/L z]o/ ug{ ;Sg] pkfo sfd nfU5g\ .

;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f cfˆgf] tYof+snfO{ hlt ;Sbf] w]/} / ;a}nfO{ z]o/ ug{' xf] . kf7sn] cfˆgf] sfd hfFr ug{ ;Sg], cfˆgf] sfddf ePsf uNtL kQf nufpg ;Sg] / cfk"mn] 5'6fPsf ljifo p7fpg ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ u/]sf v08df xfd|f] kqsfl/tf ;'w|G5 / kf7sn] klg ;'vb cg'ej lng kfpF5 .— 8+sg u]o/, Wired.co.uk

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;Dkfbssf af/]df

hf]gfyg u|] cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g (http://okfn.org) sf ;d'bfo / ;+:s[lt ljefusf k|d'v x'g\ . of] ljleGg If]qsf tYof+s / k7g ;fdu|L ;a}n] lgMz'Ns kfpg'kg{] jftfj/0f k|j4{g ug{ nfluk/]sf] Vofltk|fKt u}/gfkmfd'vL ;+:yf xf] . pgn] cf]s]PkmPgdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL w]/}j6f k|f]h]S6 rnfPsf 5g\ . OpenSpending.org o:t} Pp6f k|f]h]S6 xf] h;n] ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]z / o'/f]kn] pmhf{df u/]sf] ;/sf/L vr{sf] dfkg u/]sf] 5 . pgL bz{gzf:q / cfOl8ofsf] Oltxf; ljifodf nG8g ljZjljBfno, /f]on xf]nf]j]df cg'';Gwfg ub{}5g\ . pgsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L oxfF 5 jonathangray.org .

lnlnofgf af}g]u|' DataDrivenJournalism.net sL ;Dkfbs / o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/sf] (http://www.ejc.net/) tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL k|f]h]S6 d]g]h/ x'g\ . pgn] www.datajournalismawards.org sf] ;dGjo ug{'sf ;fy} tYof+s kqsfl/tf gfds k':tssf] ;x;Dkfbg u/]sL l5g\ . lnlnofgf ;dGjofTds cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf EMAPS (ElectronicMapstoAssistPublicScience) df klg cg';Gwfg ul5{g\ . pgL cfD:68{d ljZjljBfnosf] ldl8of cWoogdf :gftsf]Q/ txdf cg';GwfgsL ljBfyL{ klg x'g\ . pgsf] cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo ldl8of, ;+:s[lt / ;dfhdf k|ljlwsf] k|efj xf] . pgL lilianabounegru.org df Anu ul5{g\ .

n';L RofDa;{ cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gdf ;d'bfo ;+of]hs x'g\ . pgL cf]s]PkmPgsf] OpenSpending.org project and SpendingStories df sfd ul5{g\ . ToxfF pgL tYof+ssf] ;Gbe{ kQf nufpg / ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s hfFr ug{ kqsf/nfO{ d2t ul5{g\ . pgL cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gsf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL ultljlw / kqsf/ tflnd -h;df tYof+s kQf nufpg], ltgnfO{ a'e\mg] / k|:t't ug{] ;Lk l;sfOG5_ ;+of]hg klg ul5{g\ .

kl/of]hgf ;+of]hssf af/]df

o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/ (http://www.ejc.net/) n] o'/f]ksf] ;df;fdlos ljifodf x'g] se/]hsf] :t/ psf:g / o'/f]k]nL ldl8ofnfO{ /0fgLlts ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tflnd k|bfg ug{] u5{ .

cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g (http://okfn.org/) ;+;f/df lgoldt ¿kdf ;a}n] v'nf 1fg -cgnfOg / ckmnfOg_ kfpg] jftfj/0f tof/ xf];\ eGg] rfxG5 . o;n] v'nf 1fgnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ lsgeg] o;n] ;dfhnfO{ bL3{sfnLg kmfObf k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

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