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International Federation of Infection Control
Copyright © Nizam Damani, 2018
Information Resources in
Infection Prevention
and Control
9th edition
International Federation of Infection Control
Nizam Damani
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 1 | P a g e
Copyright © Nizam Damani, 2018
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 2 | P a g e
ABBREVIATIONS
ACDP Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, UK
https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/advisory-committee-on-dangerous-pathogens APIC Association for Professionals in Infection Control & Epidemiology http://www.apic.org BSAC British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy www.bsac.org.uk CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, USA http://www.cdc.gov DH Department of Health and Social Care, UK
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health-and-social-care HICPAC Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, USA https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/index.html HIS Healthcare Infection Society www.his.org.uk HSE Health and Safety Executive, UK
www.hse.gov.uk IDSA Infectious Diseases Society of America
http://www.idsociety.org IFH International Scientific Forum for Home Hygiene
www.ifh-homehygiene.org IFIC International Federation of Infection Control
www.theific.org IHI Institute of Health Improvement
http://www.ihi.org IPS Infection Prevention Society, UK
http://www.ips.uk.net JCR Joint Commission Resource, USA http://www.jcrinc.com/ MHRA Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency http://www.mhra.gov.uk HSPC Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Ireland
www.hpsc.ie NHSN National Healthcare Safety Network
https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/ NICE National Institute for Clinical Excellence, UK
www.nice.org.uk PHA Public Health Agency, England
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/public-health-england PHAC Public Health Agency of Health Canada
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html PIDAC Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, Canada
https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/BrowseByTopic/InfectiousDiseases/PIDAC/Pages/PIDAC.aspx
RCN Royal College of Nursing https://www.rcn.org.uk
SARI Strategy for the control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland http://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/strategyforthecontrolofantimicrobialresistanceinirelandsari/
SHEA Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America http://www.shea-online.org
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 3 | P a g e
WEBSITE ADDRESSES
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
http://www.acoem.org
American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
http://www.asm.org
Association of peri-Operative Registered Nurses (AORN) www.aorn.org
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC)
www.apic.org
Australian Infection Control Association (AICA)
http://www.aica.org.au
Baltic Network Infection Control
http://www.balticcare.org
British Global and Travel Health Association
www.bgtha.org
Centre for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)
www.cdc.gov
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
http://www.ecdc.europa.eu
European Operating Room Nurses Association (EORNA)
http://www.eorna.eu
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID)
www.escmid.org
Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology (GIDEON)
www.gideononline.com
Health Canada
www.hc-sc.gc.ca
Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
http://www.hse.gov.uk
Healthcare infection Society (HIS)
www.his.org.uk
Health Foundation
http://www.health.org.uk
Health Protection Scotland (HPS)
http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk
Infection Prevention Society (IPS)
www.ips.uk.net
Infection Prevention and Control Canada
https://ipac-canada.org
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 4 | P a g e
International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)
http://www.inicc.org
Infectious Diseases Research Network (IDRN)
http://www.idrn.org
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
http://www.idsociety.org
Institute of Health Improvement (IHI)
http://www.ihi.org
International Federation of Infection Control (IFIC)
www.theific.org
International Scientific Forum for Home Hygiene (IFH)
http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org
International Sharps Injury Prevention Society
http://www.isips.org
International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID)
www.isid.org
International Society of Travel Medicine
www.istm.org
Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HSPC)
http://www.hpsc.ie
National electronic Library of Infection(NeLI)
http://www.neli.org.uk
National Foundation for Infectious Diseases
www.nfid.org
National Prion Clinic
www.nationalprionclinic.org
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
www.osha.gov
Public Health Agency of Canada
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html
Public Health England (PHE)
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/public-health-england
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)
www.shea-online.org
Webber Training
http://webbertraining.com
World Health Organization (WHO) www.who.int
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 5 | P a g e
CONTENT
KEY PUBLICATIONS, PAPERS and BOOKS
Administration and organization 7
Air travel 8
Ambulance services 8
Ambulatory care 9
Animals in healthcare settings 9
Antibiotic resistance 9
Antibiotic stewardship 11
Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery 12
Blood borne viral infections 13
Building design construction and renovation 14
Burden of Healthcare-associated infections 16
Care bundles & High Impact interventions bundles 16
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections 17
Central line-associated bloodstream infections 19
Clostridium difficile infections 21
Chickenpox and shingle 23
Child care and schools facilities 23
Competency of IPC practitioners 24
Core components of IPC programmes 25
Cost of healthcare-associated infections 25
Community infections 26
Cystic fibrosis 26
Definitions of healthcare associated infections 26
Decontamination and reprocessing of medical devices 27
Dentistry 28
Emergency and disaster planning 29
Endoscope decontamination 29
Environmental cleaning 30
Food safety 31
Gastrointestinal infections 32
Hand hygiene 32
Home hygiene 35
Hydrotherapy, spa & swimming pools 35
Immunocompromised and transplant patients 36
Injection safety and multi-dose vials 36
Influenza pandemic planning 37
Isolation precautions 37
Laboratory 38
Laundry 38
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 6 | P a g e
Last office 38
Legionnaires’ disease 39
Long-term facility 40
Manual and guidelines 40
Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) 41
Meningococcal disease 42
MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) 43
Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) 44
Multidrug -resistant Gram-negative organisms 44
Maternal and neonatal infections 47
Norovirus infection 47
Operating theatres 48
Outbreak investigation and control 49
Parvovirus infection 51
Pertussis (whooping cough) 51
Prisons and detention centre 51
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 51
Rabies 51
Prion disease (CJD) 51
Personal protective equipment (PPE) 52
Reporting of outbreaks & interventions studies 53
Respiratory tract infections 53
Renal dialysis 53
Risk management 54
Scabies and pediculosis 54
Sharp injuries 55
Staff health 56
Surgical site infections 57
Surveillance of Healthcare-associated infections 58
Sterile Supply Department (SSD) 59
Staph. aureus Infections (PVL) 59
Streptococcal infections (group A) 59
Tuberculosis 60
Uniform and workwear 61
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) 61
Ventilator-associated Pneumonias 62
Viral haemorrhagic fevers (Filovirus diseases) 62
Water and sanitation 63
Waste management 64
Zoonotic diseases 65
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 7 | P a g e
ADMINISTRATION & ORGANIZATION
• APIC. APIC Professional and Practice Standards. Am J Infect Control 2016: 44 (7); 745-
9.
• CFWI. Review of the infection prevention and control nurse workforce. London:
Centre for Workforce Intelligence; 2016. www.cfwi.org.uk
• DH. Board to Ward: how to embed a culture of HCAI prevention in acute trusts.
London: Dept. of Health, 2008.
• Dhar S, Cook E, Oden M, et al. Building a Successful Infection Prevention Program —
key components, processes, and economics. Infect Dis Clin N Am 30 :567–589.
• Infection Prevention and Control (IPAC) Canada. Infection Prevention and Control
(IPAC) Program Standard. Can J Infect Control. 2016 ;30 (Suppl):1-97.
• IPS & RCN. Infection prevention and control commissioning toolkit: Guidance and
information for nursing and commissioning staff in England. London Royal College of
Nursing, 2014.
• NICE Quality Standard. Healthcare-associated infections (QS 113). London: National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence: 2016.
• NICE. Behaviour Change: Individual Approaches (Guideline 49). London: National
Institute of Clinical Excellence, 2014.
• NICE. Infection Prevention and Control (Guideline 61). London: National Institute of
Clinical Excellence, 2014.
• RCN/IPS Infection Prevention and Control Commissioning Toolkit: Guidance and
information for nursing and commissioning staff in England. London: Royal College of
Nursing, 2016.
• RCN. The Role of the Link Nurse in Infection Prevention and Control (IPC): Developing
a Link Nurse Framework. London: Royal College of Nursing; London, 2012.
• SHEA white paper. Necessary Infrastructure of Infection Prevention and Healthcare
Epidemiology Programs: A Review. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol 2016, 37(4):371-80.
• Storr J, Wigglesworth N, Kilpatrick C. Integrating human factors with infection
prevention and control. London: The Health Foundation, 2013.
• WHO. International Health Regulations (2nd ed). Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2005.
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• Zingg W, Holmes A, Dettenkofer M, et al. Hospital organisation, management, and
structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and
expert consensus. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2015. 15: 212–24.
AIR TRAVEL
• ECDC Guidelines: Risk assessment guidelines for diseases transmitted on aircraft.
Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2010.
• ECDC Guidelines. Risk assessment guidelines for infectious diseases transmitted on
aircraft (RAGIDA)–Tuberculosis. Stockholm: ECDC; 2014.
• European concepts for the domestic transport of highly infectious patients. Clin
Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: 727–33.
• Mangili A, Gendreau MA. Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air
travel. Lancet 2005; 365:989-96.
• National Research Council. The airline cabin environment and the health of
passengers. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2002.
• Safety and Health Team. Aircraft disinfection requirements. Washington, DC: US
Department of Transportation, 2004.
• WHO. Guidelines for prevention and control: Tuberculosis and air travel. Geneva:
World Health Organization 2007.
• WHO: Recommendations on the disinfecting of aircraft. Weekly Epidemiology Record
1998; 73:109-11.
• WHO. Guide to hygiene and sanitation in aviation 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2009.
AMBULANCE SERVICES
• UK Dept. of Health. Self-assessment tool for Ambulance service. London: Dept. of
Health, 2006.
• UK Dept. of Health. Ambulance guidelines reducing infection through effective
practice in the pre-hospital environment. London: Dept. of Health, 2008.
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 9 | P a g e
AMBULATORY CARE
• APIC: Infection Prevention Manual for Ambulatory Surgery Centers. Washington DC:
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2011.
• CDC Guideline: Guide to infection prevention in outpatient settings: Minimum
Expectations for Safe Care. Atlanta: Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention,
2011.
• Cimolai N & Cimolai DJ. Practical Infection Control: A healthcare Professional &
Community Resource Guide. British Colombia: populous Production and Publication,
2012.
• ARI. Infection prevention and control for primary care in Ireland- A Guide for General
Practice. Dublin: Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland, 2013.
• Infection Control in the Physician’s Office. Toronto; College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Ontario. 2005.
ANIMALS IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS
• APIC Guidelines for animal-assisted interventions in health care facilities. American
Journal of Infection Control, 2008: 36; 78-85.
• SHEA: Animals in Healthcare Facilities: Recommendations to Minimize Potential
Risks. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2015; 36 (5):495-516.
• Queensland Government. The Animal contact guidelines – reducing the risk to
human health. Queensland Government, 2014.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
• Antibiotic Resistance 101: How antibiotic misuse on factory farms can make you sick.
San Francisco: Food & Water Watch, 2014.
• AMR Control 2015: Overcoming global antimicrobial resistance. World alliance
against antibiotic resistance. Suffolk; World Alliance against Antibiotic Resistance
2016.
• Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.
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• DH. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations.
The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. London: Her Majesty Government, 2014.
• DH. Five Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013 to 2018. London: Dept. of
Health, 2013.
• ECDC Technical Report. The bacterial challenge: time to react. Stockholm: European
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013.
• PHE. Antimicrobial Resistance Resource Handbook. London: Public Health England,
2017.
• PHE. AMR Local Indicators. Fingertips Profile User Guide. London: Public Health
England, 2016.
• RCN. Antimicrobial resistance: RCN position on the nursing contribution. London: The
Royal Collage of Nursing, 2016.
• Sosa AJ, et al (ed). Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries. New York.
Springer, 2010.
• UK Review of Antibiotic resistant. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the
health and wealth of nations. London: HM Government, 2014.
• WHO. Infections control programmes to control antimicrobial resistance. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2001.
• WHO: The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance - Options for action. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2012.
• WHO. Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2014.
• WHO. Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2015.
• WHO. Worldwide country situation analysis: response to antimicrobial resistance.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
• WHO. Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System: Manual for Early
Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
• WHO. Resource materials for in country development and implementation of
antimicrobial resistance national action plans. Geneva: World Health Organization,
2017.
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• WHO. Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: Early
implementation 2016-2017.Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018.
ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP
• APIC/SHEA/SIDP Antimicrobial Stewardship Position Paper. Antimicrobial
stewardship and infection prevention—leveraging the synergy: A position paper
update.2018; 46 (4):364–368.
• CDC. Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. Atlanta, GA: US
Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2014.
• Cosgrove SE, et al. Guidance for the Knowledge and Skills Required for Antimicrobial
Stewardship Leaders. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35(12):1444-
1451.
• Dryden M, et al. Using antibiotics responsibly: right drug, right time, right dose, right
duration. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66: 2244-443.
• DH. Antimicrobial prescribing- A summary of best practice. London: Dept. of Health,
2007.
• DH. Antimicrobial prescribing & Stewardship competencies. London: Public Health
England, 2013.
• Gould IM. Antibiotic Policies: Controlling Hospital Acquired Infection. New York:
Springer, 2011.
• IDSA. Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Guidelines by the Infectious
Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016;62(10):1197–202
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to promote stewardship in antimicrobial
prescribing (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with National Health
Service improvement, 2017
• McCorry A, Damani N, Rajendran R, et al. Reducing the use of ‘high-risk’ antibiotics
through implementation of an antibiotic stewardship programme. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 2010; 2:341–4.
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 12 | P a g e
• NICE. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial
medicine use (NG 15). London: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,
2015.
• PHE. Antimicrobial prescribing & Stewardship competencies. London: Public Health
England, 2013.
• PHE. Start Smart - Then Focus Antimicrobial Stewardship Toolkit for English Hospitals.
London: Public Health England, 2015.
• PHE. AMR Local Indicators. Fingertips Profile User Guide. London: Public Health
England, 2016.
• SARI. Guidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Hospitals in Ireland. Dublin:
Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland, 2009.
• SHEA White. Guidance for the Knowledge and Skills Required for Antimicrobial
Stewardship Leaders. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology 2014;35 (12):1444-
1451.
• Society of Chemotherapy Stewardship Working Group. ‘Ten Commandments’ for the
appropriate use of antibiotics by the practicing in an outpatient setting. Frontiers in
Microbiology 2011: 2; doi.10.3389/fmicb. 2011.00230. www.frontiersin.org
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN SURGERY
• ASHP Report. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Surgical Infection Society (SIS), and
the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clinical practice
guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. American Journal of Health-
System Pharmacy 2013; 70:195-283.
• ECDC Technical Report. Systematic review and evidence-based guidance on
perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease
Prevention and Control, 2013.
• Heuer A, et al. Update on Guidelines for Perioperative Antibiotic Selection and
Administration from the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) and American
Society of Health-System Pharmacists. AANA Journal 2017; 85 (4): 293-299.
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 13 | P a g e
• Scottish Guidelines. Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery (SIGN guidelines no. 104).
Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines
Network, 2014.
BLOOD BORNE VIRAL INFECTIONS
• DH. Health clearance for tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV: New
healthcare workers. London: Dept. of Health, 2007.
• European Study Group: Occupational Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Study Group:
Towards a standard HIV post-exposure prophylaxis for healthcare workers in Europe.
Euro surveillance 2004; 9: 40–3.
• HIS and SISG. Risks to surgeons and patients from HIV and hepatitis: guidelines on
precautions and management of exposure to blood or body fluids. Joint Working
Party of the Hospital Infection Society and the Surgical Infection Study Group. BMJ
1992; 305: 1337–43.
• Irish Guideline. The prevention of transmission of Blood-borne diseases in the health-
care Setting. Dublin: Dept. of Health and Children, 2005.
• NICE. Diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B in children, young people
and adults. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013.
• SHEA. Guideline for management of healthcare workers who are infected with
Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, and/or Human immunodeficiency virus. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31 (3): 203– 232.
• Tarantola A, et al. Infection risks following accidental exposure to blood or body
fluids in health care workers: a review of pathogens transmitted in published cases.
Am J Infect Control 2006; 34:367–75.
• RCGP. Guidance for the prevention, testing, treatment and management of Hepatitis
C in primary care. London: The Royal College of General Practitioner, 2007.
• WHO. Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with hepatitis
infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.
• WHO. Prevention & Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: Framework for Global Action.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 14 | P a g e
• WHO. Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis. Manila (Western Pacific
Region); World Health Organization, 2006.
BUILDING DESIGN CONSTRUCTION and RENOVATION
• APIC. Infection Prevention Manual for Construction & Renovation. Washington, DC:
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2015.
• Bannister B, Puro V, Fusco FM, et al. Framework for the design and operation of
high-level isolation units: consensus of the European Network of Infectious Diseases
(EUNID Working Group). Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9: 45–56.
• Bartley JM, Olmsted RN et al. Current views of health care design and construction:
Practical implications for safer, cleaner environment. American Journal of Infection
Control 2010; 38 (5) (Supplement 1): S1-S12.
• Boss MJ and Day DW (eds). Biological Risk Engineering Handbook: Infection Control
and decontamination. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 2003.
• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 03-01. Specialised ventilation for healthcare
premises. Part A: Design and validation. Part B: Operational management and
performance verification. Leeds: Dept. of Health/Estates and Facilities Division, 2007.
• DH. Health Building Note 00-01. General design guidance for healthcare buildings.
London. Dept. of Health, 2014.
• DH. Health Building Note 00-09: Infection control in the built environment. London:
Dept. of Health, 2013.
• DH. Health Building Note 04-01. Supplement 1. Isolation facilities for infectious
patients in acute settings. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.
• DH. Health Building Note 09-03. Neonatal units. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.
• DH. Health Building Note 07-07: Sustainable health and social care buildings:
Planning, design, construction and refurbishment. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.
• UK Health Building Note 09-03. Neonatal units. London: Department of Health, 2013.
• ENID. Framework for the design and operation of high-level isolation units:
consensus of the European Network of Infectious Diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:
45–56.
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• FGI. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Hospitals. Dallas: Facility Guidelines
Institute, 2018.
• FGI. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Outpatient Facilities. Dallas: Facility
Guidelines Institute, 2018.
• FGI. Guidelines for Design and Construction of Residential Health, Care, and Support
Facilities. Dallas: Facility Guidelines Institute, 2018.
• Hignetta S, et al. Space to care and treat safely in acute hospitals: Recommendations
from 1866 to 2008.Applied Ergonomics 2010; 41 (5): 666-73.
• HPSC. Infection Prevention and Control Building Guidelines for Acute Hospitals in
Ireland. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2008.
• HPSC. National Guidelines for the Prevention of Nosocomial Aspergillosis. A Report of
the Aspergillosis Subcommittee of the Health Protection Surveillance Centre Scientific
Advisory Committee. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2018.
• JCR. Infection Prevention and Control Issues in the Environment of Care. (2nd ed.)
Illinois: Joint Commission Resources, 2011.
• Kowalski W. Hospital Airborne Infection Control. Florida: CRC Press, 2012.
• Kowalski WJ. Aerobiological Engineering Handbook. Airborne diseases and control
technologies McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2006.
• Martin JB, Dennis WD, Roger FJ. (eds). Biological Risk Engineering Handbook:
Infection Control and Decontamination. Lewis Publishers, 2002.
• SHF. Healthcare Associated Infection System for Controlling Risk in the Built
Environment. Edinburgh: Health Facilities, Scotland, 2007.
• Stockley JM and Constantine CE. Association of Medical Microbiologists’ New
Hospital Development Project Group. Building New Hospitals: a UK perspective.
Journal of Hospital Infection 2006; 62; 285-299.
• Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Guidelines: Infection
Control Guidelines for the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: Society Guidelines
Revisited. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 2006; 67:78-86.
• Stiller, A, et al. Relationship between hospital ward design and healthcare-associated
infection rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect
Control 2016; 5: 51.
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• WHO. Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health Care Settings. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2009.
BURDEN of HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
• ECDC. Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections and prevention indicators in
European intensive care units. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention
and Control; 2017.
• ECDC. Point prevalence survey of healthcare associated infections and antimicrobial
use in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease
Prevention and Control; 2013.
• ECDC. Point Prevalence Survey of Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial
Use in European Long-term Care Facilities (April–May 2013.) Stockholm: European
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2014.
• Magill SS, Edwards JR, Stat M, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health
care-associated infections. N Engl J Med 2014, 370:1198–1208.
• Stone PW. Economic burden of healthcare-associated infections: an American
perspective. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 9 (5): 417-422.
• Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Doshi JA, et al. Estimating the proportion of healthcare-
associated infections that are reasonably preventable and the related mortality and
costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32 (2): 101-14.
• WHO. Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-associated Infection Worldwide.
Geneva; World Health Organization, 2011.
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CARE BUNDLE and HIGH IMPACT INTERVENTIONS BUNDLE
INSTITUTE FOR HEALTHCARE IMPROVEMENT CARE BUNDLE
• How-to Guide: Prevent Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection. Cambridge,
MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2012.
• How-to Guide: Surgical Site Infections. Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare
Improvement; 2012.
• How-to Guide: Prevent Surgical Site Infection for Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.
Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2012.
• How-to Guide: Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Cambridge, MA:
Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2011.
• How-to Guide: Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Cambridge, MA: Institute
for Healthcare Improvement; 2012.
• Taylor MJ, et al. Systematic review of the application of the plan–do–study–act
method to improve quality in healthcare. BMJ Qual Saf 2014; 23:290–298.
HIGH IMPACT INTERVENTIONS CARE BUNDLE
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with
peripheral vascular access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in
association with NHS Improvement, 2017.
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia (4th
ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS Improvement, 2017
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with central
venous access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS
Improvement, 2017.
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent surgical site infection (4th ed):
Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS Improvement,2017.
• IPS/NHS. High Impact Interventions to prevent catheter associated urinary tract
infection (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS
Improvement, 2017.
Information Resources in Infection Prevention and Control 9h edition 1st April 2018 Nizam Damani 18 | P a g e
• IPS/NHS. High Impact Interventions to prevent infection in chronic wounds (4th ed):
Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS Improvement, 2017.
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to promote stewardship in antimicrobial
prescribing (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS
Improvement, 2017.
CATHETER-ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (CAUTI)
• APIC. Guide to Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Washington:
Washington, DC: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,
2014.
• CDC/HICPAC. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections
2009. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010.
• CDC/NHSN. Urinary Tract Infection (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
[CAUTI] and Non-Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection [UTI]) and Other
Urinary System Infection [USI]) Events. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2018.
• Damani N N. Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections. In: Friedman
C & Newsom SWB (eds), IFIC Basic Concepts of Infection Control, 3rd ed. International
Federation of Infection Control, 2016. http://theific.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/04/18-UTI_2016.pdf, accessed 1 Nov 2017)
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• EAUN Guidelines. Evidence-based Guidelines for Best Practice in Urological
Health Care Catheterisation Indwelling catheters in adults Urethral and
Suprapubic. Arnhem; European Association of Urology Nurses, 2012.
• European and Asian guidelines on management and prevention of catheter-
associated urinary tract infections. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
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• European Association of Urology. Guideline on urological infections. European
Association of Urology, 2009.
• Evidence-based Guidelines for Best Practice in Urological Health Care Catheterisation
Indwelling catheters in adults Urethral and Suprapubic. Arnhem; European
Association of Urology Nurses, 2012.
• HPSC. Guidelines for the Prevention of Catheter associated Urinary Tract Infection.
Dublin; Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2011.
• IDSA. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract
infection in adults; 2009 international clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious
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• IPS/NHS. High Impact Interventions to prevent catheter associated urinary tract
infection (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS
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• IHI. How to Guide: Prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Cambridge,
MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2011.
• International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of
America. Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract
Infection in Adults: 2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50:625–663.
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Tract Infections. Illinois: Joint Commission, 2011.
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• SHEA/IDSA. Strategies to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in
Acute Care Hospitals: 2014. Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (5): 465-
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• RCN. Catheter care. RCN guidance for nurses. London: Royal Collage of Nursing,
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CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS (CLABSI)
• APIC. Guide to Preventing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections.
Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,
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• APSIC guide for prevention of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections
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bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:2014–20.
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Infection and non-central line-associated Bloodstream Infection). Atlanta: Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018.
• CDC/HICPAC. Committee. Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-
Related Infections, 2011. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.
• epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated
Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infection 2014; 86S1: S1–
S70.
• GAIN Guidelines. Guidelines for Insertion and Maintenance of Central venous Access
devices in Children and Young people. Belfast: Guidelines and Implementation
Network (GAIN), 2012.
• HSE. A Guiding Framework for Education, Training and Competence Validation in
Venepuncture and Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation for Nurses and Midwives.
Dublin: Health Service Executive, 2010.
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• IDSA Guidelines: Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of
intravascular catheter-related infections: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases
Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009; 49:1-45.
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with peripheral
vascular access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS
Improvement, 2017.
• IPS/NHS. High impact interventions to prevent infection associated with central
venous access devices (4th ed): Infection Prevention Society in association with NHS
Improvement, 2017.
• IHI. How-to Guide: Prevent Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection.
Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2012.
• JC. Preventing Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections: A Global Challenge, a
Global Perspective. Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission Resources, May 2012.
• Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-
related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2725–32.
• RCPI. Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infection in Ireland. Dublin: Royal
Collage of Physician Ireland, 2014.
• Pronovost P, et al. Sustaining reductions in catheter related bloodstream infections
in Michigan intensive care units: observational study. BMJ 2010; 340 doi:
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• Sexton DJ, Chen LF, Moehring R, et al. Casablanca redux: we are shocked that public
reporting of rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections are inaccurate.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33 (9): 932–5.
• SHEA/IDSA. Strategies to Prevent Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in
Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (7): 753-
771.
Clostridium difficile INFECTIONS
• APIC Implementation Guide. Guide to Preventing Clostridium difficile infections.
Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,
2013.
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• Boyce JM, et al. Lack of association between the increased incidence of Clostridium
difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27 (5): 479–83.
• Boyce JM, et al. Role of Hand Hygiene in Clostridium difficile Control. In: A Handbook
for Medical Professionals, pp. 373-377. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017.
• Caroff DA, et al. Faecal transplantation for patients with Clostridium difficile - The
Bristol Stool Scale and Its Relationship to Clostridium difficile Infection. J Clin Microb
2014; 52 (9): 3437–3439.
• CDC. Multidrug-Resistant Organism & Clostridium difficile Infection (MDRO/CDI)
Module. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.
• DH. High Impact Intervention No 7. Care bundle to reduce the risk from Clostridium
difficile. London: Dept. of Health, 2007.
• DH. Clostridium difficile infection: How to deal with the problem. London: Dept. of
Health, 2009.
• DH. Updated guidance on the diagnosis and reporting of Clostridium difficile. London:
Dept. of Health, 2012.
• ESCMID. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: Update
of the Treatment Guidance Document for Clostridium difficile Infection. Clin
Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 (Suppl. 2): 1–26.
• European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the
diagnostic guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Microbiol Infect.
2016; 22 Suppl 4: S63-81.
• HPS. Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Trigger Tool. Glasgow: Health Protection
Scotland; 2014.
• IDSA Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and
Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clinical Infectious Diseases
2018; 66 (4): 1–48.
• Kaier K, et al. Two time-series analyses of the impact of antibiotic consumption and
alcohol-based hand disinfection on the incidences of nosocomial methicillin-resistant
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Staphylococcus aureus infection and Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30 (4): 346–53.
• Landelle C, et al. Contamination of healthcare workers’ hands with Clostridium
difficile spores after caring for patients with C. difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol 2014; 35 (1): 10–5.
• NCEC. Surveillance, Diagnosis and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection in
Ireland. Dublin: National Clinical Effectiveness Committee, 2014.
• PHE. Updated guidance on the management and treatment of Clostridium difficile
infection. London: Public Health England, 2013.
• PIDAC. Testing, Surveillance and Management of Clostridium difficile. Provincial
Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, 2013.
• SHEA/IDSA: Strategies to Prevent Clostridium difficile Infections in Acute Care
Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (6): 626-645.
• SHEA. Clostridium difficile Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: Systematic Best Practices
for Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 38:476–482.
• SHEA, APIC, IDSA. A Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated
Infections in Acute Care Hospitals. Rationale for Hand Hygiene Recommendations
after Caring for a Patient with Clostridium difficile Infection. 2012.
CHICKENPOX and SHINGLE
• PHE. Guidance on Infection Control for Chickenpox and Shingles in Prisons,
Immigration Removal Centres and other Prescribed Places of Detention. London;
Public Health England, 2017.
CHILD CARE and SCHOOLS FACILITIES
• HPSC Guideline. Management of Infectious Disease in Childcare Facilities and Other
Childcare Settings. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2013.
• HSE. Management of Infectious Disease in Schools. Dublin: Health Service Executive,
2013.
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• PHE. Interim guidelines for the public health management of scarlet fever outbreaks
in schools, nurseries and other childcare settings. London: Public Health England,
2014.
COMPETENCY of IPC PRACTITIONERS
• APIC: Infection Prevention Competency Review Guide. Washington DC: Association
for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2011.
• APIC. Self-assessment to Advance IP Competency. Washington: Association for
Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2013.
• ECDC. Core Competencies for Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene Professionals in
the European Union. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control, 2013.
• IPAC. Infection Prevention and Control Core Competencies for Health Care Workers: A
Consensus Document. Ontario: Infection Prevention Control Canada, 2016.
• IPAC: Infection Prevention and Control Core Competencies for Healthcare Workers: An
Update. Ontario: Infection Prevention Control Canada, 2016.
• IPAC: Core Competencies for Infection Control Professionals. Ontario: Infection
Prevention Control Canada, 2016.
• IPS. Outcome of Competences for Practitioners in Infection Prevention and Control. J
Infect Prev 2011; 12 (2): 67-90.
• Murphy DM et al. Competency in infection prevention: A conceptual approach to
guide current and future practice. American Journal of Infection Control 2012; 40 (4):
296-303.
• SHEA White paper. Guidance for Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology
Programs: Healthcare Epidemiologist Skills and Competencies. Infection Control &
Hospital Epidemiology 2015;36 (4):369-380.
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CORE COMPONENTS OF IPC PROGRAMMES
• WHO. Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes
at the national and acute health care facility level. Geneva: World Health organization,
2016.
• WHO. Interim practical manual supporting national implementation of the WHO
guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
COST OF HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
• APIC. Dispelling the Myths: The True Cost of Healthcare-Associated infections.
Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC),
2007.
• CDC. The Direct Medical Costs of Healthcare-Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals and
the Benefits of Prevention. Atlanta: Centre for Diseases control and prevention, 2009.
• ECDC. Economic evaluations of interventions to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2017.
• Graves N, Jarvis WR, Halton K (eds). Economics and Preventing Healthcare –Associated
Infection. New York: Springer, 2009.
• Perencevich N, et al. Raising Standards While Watching the Bottom Line: Making a
Business Case for Infection Control. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2007;
28 (10): 1121-1133.
• Roberts JA. The Economics of Infectious Diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
• Stone PW et al. The economic impact of infection control: Making the business cases or
increased resources. American Journal of Infection Control 2005; 33:542-7.
• Zimlichman E, et al. Health Care–Associated Infections. A Meta-analysis of Costs and
Financial Impact on the US Health Care System, JAMA 2013; 173 (22):2039-46.
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COMMUNITY INFECTIONS
• NICE clinical guideline 139. Infection Prevention and control of healthcare-associated
infections in primary and community care. London: National Institute of health and
Clinical Excellence; 2012.
• PHE. Management of infection guidance for primary care for consultation and local
adaptation. London; Public Health England, 2014.
• UK Dept. of Health and HPA. Prevention and control of infection in care homes-Summary
for staff. London: Dept. of Health, 2013.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Infection Prevention and Control Guideline for Cystic
Fibrosis: 2013 Update. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35 (S1):S1-S67.
• NICE. Cystic fibrosis: diagnosis and management (N78). London: National Institute for
Clinical Excellence 2017.
DEFINITIONS of HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
• CDC/NHSN. Surveillance Definitions for Specific Types of Infections. January 2018.
https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/17pscnosinfdef_current.pdf
• ECDC. Point prevalence survey of healthcare associated infections and antimicrobial use
in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention
and Control; 2016.
https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/PPS-HAI-
antimicrobial-use-EU-acute-care-hospitals-V5-3.pdf
• ECDC. Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections and prevention indicators in
European intensive care units. HAI-Net ICU protocol. Stockholm: European Centre for
Disease Prevention and Control, 2017.
• ECDC. Point Prevalence Survey of Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial
Use in European Long-term Care Facilities (April–May 2013.) Stockholm: European
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2014.
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DECONTAMINATION and REPROCESSING of MEDICAL DEVICES
• ASEAN. ASEAN guidelines for disinfection and sterilisation of instruments in healthcare
facilities. Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control, 2010.
• Australian/New Zealand Guidelines. Disinfection & Sterilization Infection control. Centre
Healthcare Related Infection Surveillance and Prevention (CHRISP), 2006.
www.helath.qld.gov.au/chrisp/
• BC Health Authorities. Guidance document for reprocessing audit tool. British Colombia
Ministry of Health, 2012.
• BC Health Authorities. Best Practice Guidelines for Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization
of Critical and Semi-critical Medical Devices. British Colombia Ministry of Health, 2012.
• CDC. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities (2008). Atlanta:
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 (updated Feb 2017).
• Canadian Guideline: Best Practice Guidelines for Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization
of Critical and Semi-critical Medical Devices. British Colombia: Ministry of Health, 2011.
• MDA. Device bulletin: The purchase, operation and maintenance of benchtop steam
sterilizers. (MDA DB 9605). London: Medical Devices Agency, 1996.
• MDA. Device bulletin: The validation and periodic testing of benchtop vacuum steam
sterilizers. (MDA DB 9804). London: Medical Devices Agency, 1998.
• Health Technical Memorandum 01-01: Management and decontamination of surgical
instruments (medical devices) used in acute care. Part A: Management and provision.
Part B: Common elements. Part C: Steam sterilization. Part D: Washer-disinfectors. Part
E: Alternatives to steam for the sterilization of reusable medical devices. London: Dept.
of Health, 2016.
• HIS. Society. Decontamination of breast pump milk collection kits and related items at
home and in hospital: guidance from a Joint Working Group of the Healthcare Infection
Society and Infection Prevention Society. J Hosp Infect 2016; 92:213-21.
• PIDAC. Best Practices for Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization of Medical
Equipment/Devices in All Health Care Settings. Ontario: Provincial Infectious Diseases
Advisory Committee, 2010.
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• Rutala WA, et al. How to assess risk of disease transmission to patients when there is a
failure to follow recommended disinfection and sterilization guidelines. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28 (2): 146–55.
• SHEA. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization of prion-contaminated medical
instruments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:107-15.
• Spaulding EH. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In: Lawrence CA,
Block SS, eds. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger,
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• WHO. Decontamination and reprocessing manual for healthcare facilities. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2016.
DENTISTRY
• ADA. Guidelines for Infection Control (2nd ed.). St Leonards: Australian Dental
Association, 2012.
• BDA. Infection Control. Stirling: British Dental Association, Scotland, 2013.
• CDC: Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for
Safe Care. Atlanta: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016
• Dental Audit Tool 2013. User Guide. V2 Released June 2013.
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/17068
9/HTM_01-05_2013.pdf
• DH. Decontamination Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 01-05: Decontamination in
primary care dental practices: Leeds: Dept. of Health, 2013.
• Health Technical Memorandum 01-05: Decontamination in primary care dental
practices. Leeds: Department of Health, 2013.
• IPS Dental Audit Tool 2013 User Guide. Available at:
https://app.box.com/s/8cfwhj17p24f06clauf9bq02fqupg22r
• Miller CH & Palenik CJ. Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for
the Dental Team, 5th ed. Mosby; 2013.
• SDCEP. Sterilization of Dental Instruments Dental Clinical Guidance. Dundee: Scottish
Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme, 2011.
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• SDCEP. Cleaning of Dental Instruments Dental Clinical Guidance. Dundee: Scottish Dental
Clinical Effectiveness Programme, 2007.
EMERGENCY and DISASTER PLANNING
• APIC Elimination Guide. Infection Prevention for Ambulatory Care Centers during
Disasters. Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and
Epidemiology, 2013.
• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to Infection Prevention in Emergency Medical Services.
Washington: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2013.
• APIC. Infection Prevention and Control for shelters during disasters. Washington DC:
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2008.
• APIC State-of-the-art Report: The role of the infection preventionist in emergency
management. American Journal of Infection Control 2009; 37(4):271-281.
• APIC Update on infection prevention in disaster planning: New resources and policies.
American Journal of Infection Control 2009; 37(4):250-5.
• MSF. Refugee Health: An approach to emergency situations. Medecins Sans Frontieres,
1997.
• WHO. Communicable disease control manual in emergencies: a field manual. Geneva:
World Health organization, 2005.
ENDOSCOPE DECONTAMINATION
• ASGE –SHEA Guidelines. Multisociety Guidelines on Reprocessing Flexible GI
endoscopes: 2011. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2011; 32 (6):527-537.
• American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines for safety in the
gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2014; 79(3):363-72.
• BSG. Guidance for Decontamination of Equipment for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The
Report of a Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy
Committee. London: 2016.
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• Health Technical Memorandum 01-06. Decontamination of flexible endoscopes: Part A:
Policy and management. Part B: Design and installation. Part C: Operational
management. Part D: Validation and verification (including storage/drying cabinets)
Validation and verification. Part E: Testing methods. London: Dept. of Health, 2016.
• PHAC. Infection prevention and control guideline for Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
and Flexible Bronchoscopy. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010.
• HIS. Decontamination of minimally invasive surgical endoscopes and accessories.
Journal of Hospital Infection 2000; 45: 263-277.
• HIS. Rinse water for heat labile endoscopy equipment. Journal of Hospital Infection
2002; 51: 7-16.
• Irish Guideline. Standards and Recommended Practices for Endoscope Reprocessing
Unit. Dublin: Ireland Health Service Executive, 2011.
• Kovaleva J, Peters FT, Mei HC, at el. Transmission of infection by flexible gastrointestinal
endoscopy and bronchoscopy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013;26: 231-54.
• Willis C. Bacteria-free endoscopy rinse water–a realistic aim? Epidemiology and
infection 2005; 134 (2): 279 – 84 .
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANING
• APSIC. APSIC guidelines for environmental cleaning and decontamination. Asia Pacific
Society of Infection Control, 2011.
• BSI. Specification for the planning, application, measurement and review of cleanliness
services in hospitals. The British Standards Institution 2014.
• CDC and HICPAC Guidelines. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health
Care Facilities. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 2003; 52 (RR10):1-42. ‘Errata:
Vol. 52 (No. RR-10)’ (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Vol. 52 [42]: 1025-6) on
October 24, 2003 and as a “Notice to Readers” scheduled to appear in December 2003.
• CDC Environmental Checklist for Monitoring Terminal Cleaning.
http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/toolkits/Environmental-Cleaning-Checklist-10-6-2010.pdf
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• Dancer SJ. Controlling Hospital-Acquired Infection: Focus on the Role of the Environment
and New Technologies for Decontamination. Clinical Microbiology Review 2014; 27 (4):
665-690.
• PIDAC. Best Practices for Environmental Cleaning for Prevention and Control of
Infections in All Health Care Settings (2nd edition). Provincial Infectious Diseases
Advisory Committee. Ontario: Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee, 2012.
• RCN: Creating a safe environment for care defining the relationship between cleaning
and nursing staff. London: The Royal College of Nursing, 2013.
• JC. Infection Control Issues in the environment care. Illinois, Joint Commission, 2005.
• WHO. Essential environmental health Standards in Health Care. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2009.
• Working Group of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cleaning
and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: Toward an integrated framework
for infection and occupational illness prevention. American Journal of Infection Control
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FOOD SAFETY
• DH. Food handlers: fitness to work. Guidance for businesses, enforcement officers and
health professionals. London: Dept. of Health, 1995.
• HPA. Examining food, water and environmental samples from healthcare environments.
London: UK Health Protection Agency, 2010
• HSPC. Preventing Food borne Diseases. A Focus on the infected food handlers. Dublin :
Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2004.
• NHS/RCP. Infected food handlers. Occupational aspects of management- A national
guideline. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 2008.
• NHS/RCP. Infected food handlers. Occupational aspects of management. Evidence-
based guidance for healthcare professionals. London: Royal College of Physicians of
London, 2008.
• WHO. Foodborne Disease: A focus for Health Education. Geneva: WHO, 2000.
• WHO. Basic Food safety for Health Workers. Geneva: World Health organization, 1999.
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• WHO. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Evaluation. A guide to identifying hazards
and assessing risks associated with food preparation and storage. Geneva: World Health
Organisation, 1992.
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
• HPA. Norovirus Outbreak Preparedness, Control Measures & Practical Considerations for
Optimal Patient Safety and Service Continuation in Hospitals. Glasgow: Health
Protection Agency Scotland, 2011.
• PHE. Managing suspected infectious diarrhoea Quick reference guidance for primary
care. London: Public Health England, 2015.
• PHLS. Preventing person to person spread following gastrointestinal infection: guidance
to public health physician and environmental offices. Communicable Disease and Public
Health 2004; 7(4): 362-38.
• WHO. Preventing Diarrhoea through Better Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Exposures
and impacts in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization,
2014.
HAND HYGIENE
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Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. 2015.
• Ahmed QA, et al. Muslim healthcare workers and alcohol-based handrubs. Lancet 2006;
367: 1025-7.
• Allegranzi B, et al. Religion and culture: potential undercurrents influencing hand
hygiene promotion in healthcare. Am J Infect Control 2009; 37: 28- 34.
• Allegranzi B, Gayet-Ageron A, Damani N, et al. Global implementation of WHO’s
multimodal strategy for improvement of hand hygiene: a quasi-experimental study.
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• Bauer-Savage J, Pittet D, Kim E, et al. Local production of WHO-recommended alcohol-
based handrubs: feasibility, advantages, barriers and costs. Bulletin World Health
Organization 2013;91: 963-69.
• Best EL, Parnell, P, Wilcox MH. Microbiological comparison of hand-drying methods: the
potential for contamination of the environment, user, and bystander. J Hosp Infect
2014; 88 (4): 199-206.
• Bloomfield, SF et al. The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures including
handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers in reducing the risks of infections in
home and community settings. American Journal of Infection Control 2007; 35(Suppl. 1):
S1-64.
• Boyce JM, Ligi C, Kohan C, et al. Lack of association between the increased incidence of
Clostridium difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand
rubs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27 (5): 479–83.
• Canadian Guideline. Hand hygiene practices in healthcare settings. Ottawa: Public
Health Agency of Canada, 2012.
• HPS. Standard Infection Control Precautions Literature Review: Hand Hygiene: Use of
Alcohol Based Hand Rub. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland, 2016.
• Kampf G, L, Loffler H. Dermatological aspects of a successful introduction and
continuation of ABHR for hygienic hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect, 2003, 55:1-7.
• Landelle C, Verachten M, Legrand P, et al. Contamination of healthcare workers’ hands
with Clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with C. difficile infection. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35 (1): 10–5.
• Luangasanatip N, Hongsuwan M, Limmathurotsakul D. Comparative efficacy of
interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network
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• Pires D, et al. Revisiting the WHO “How to Handrub” Hand Hygiene Technique:
Fingertips First? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 38:230–233.
• Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H, et al. Evidence-based model for hand transmission during
patient care and the role or improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 641-52.
• Pittet D, Boyce JM, Allegranzi B (eds). Hand Hygiene - A Handbook for Medical
Professionals. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017.
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• Price PB: The bacteriology of normal skin: A new quantitative test applied to a study of
the bacterial flora and the disinfectant action of mechanical cleansing. J Infect Dis 1938;
63: 301–318.
• Salmon S, Pittet D, Sax H, et al. The ‘My five moments for hand hygiene’ concept for the
overcrowded setting in resource-limited healthcare systems. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91 (2);
95–99.
• Sax H, Allegranzi B, Uckay I, et al. ‘My five moments for hand hygiene’: a user-centered
design approach to understand, train, monitor and report hand hygiene. J Hosp Infect
2007: 67 (7); 9-21.
• SHEA and IDSA Practice recommendations: Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated
Infections through Hand Hygiene. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35 (8): 937-960.
• SHEA, APIC, IDSA. A Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated
Infections in Acute Care Hospitals. Rationale for Hand Hygiene Recommendations after
Caring for a Patient with Clostridium difficile Infection. 2012.
• WHO. Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare. Geneva: World Health Organization,
2009.
• WHO. A Guide to the Implementation of the WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene
Improvement Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
• WHO. Hand Hygiene in Outpatient and Home-based Care and Long-term Care Facilities.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
• WHO. Hand hygiene in outpatient and home-based care and long-term care facilities: a
guide to the application of the WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy
and the “My Five Moments for Hand Hygiene” approach. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2012.
• World Bank. The Handwashing Handbook. A guide for developing hand hygiene
promotion program to increase handwashing with soap and water. Washington: The
World Bank, 2006.
• Zingg W, Haidegger T, Pittet D. Hand coverage by alcohol-based handrub varies: Volume
and hand size matter. Am J Infect Control 2016 1;44(12):1689-1691.
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HOME HYGIENE
• IFH. The chain of infection transmission in the home and everyday life settings, and the
role of hygiene in reducing the risk of infection. Somerset: International Scientific Forum
on Home Hygiene, 2012.
• IFH. Home hygiene - prevention of infection at home: a training resource for carers and
their trainers. Somerset: International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, 2003.
• IFH. Home hygiene in developing countries: prevention of infection in the home and peri-
domestic settings: a Training Resource. Somerset: International Scientific Forum on
Home Hygiene, 2006.
• IFH. The infection risks associated with clothing and household linens in home and
everyday life settings, and the role of laundry. Somerset: International Scientific Forum
on Home Hygiene, 2011.
• IFH. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficile and ESBL-
producing Escherichia coli in the home and community: assessing the problem,
controlling the spread. Somerset: International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, 2006.
• WHO. Hand hygiene in Outpatient and home-based care and long-term facilities.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
HYDROTHERAPY SPA and SWIMMING POOLS
• WHO: WHO Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2: Swimming
pools and similar environments. Geneva; World Health Organization, 2006.
• HPA. Management of Spa Pools: Controlling the Risk of Infection (part 1). London: Health
Protection Agency, 2006.
• HPA. Guidance on the control of infectious agents in spa pools (part 2). London: Health
Protection Agency, 2006.
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED and TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
• CDC. Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplant Recipients Recommendations of CDC, the Infectious Disease Society of
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America, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2000
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Reports; 49(RR10):1-128.
INJECTION SAFETY and MULTI-DOSE VIALS
• WHO Safe Injection Global Network. Revised injection safety Assessment tool. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2008.
• APIC Position paper: Safe Injection, infusion, and medication vial practices in health care.
American Journal of Infection Control 2010; 38(3): 167-172.
• CDC. Acute hepatitis C virus infections attributed to unsafe injection practices at an
endoscopy clinic--Nevada, 2007. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 16;57 (19):513-7
• WHO Safe Injection Global Network. Standard Precautions for Injection Safety. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2007.
• WHO. Best practices for injections and related procedures toolkit. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2010.
• WHO Safe Injection Global Network (SIGH). WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best
practices in phlebotomy 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
• WHO. Making all injections safe. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
• WHO. Multi-dose Vial Policy (MDVP). Handling of multi-dose vaccine vials after opening.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.
• WHO.WHO guideline on the use of safety-engineered syringes for intramuscular,
intradermal and subcutaneous injections in health-care settings. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2015.
• WHO. Guideline on the use of safety-engineered syringes for intramuscular, intradermal
and subcutaneous injections in health care settings. Geneva: World Health Organization,
2016.
INFLUENZA PANDEMIC PLANNING
• RCP. Preparations for Pandemic Influenza Guidance for hospital medical specialties on
management during a pandemic influenza outbreak. London: Royal College of
Physicians, 2009.
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• PHE. Guidelines on the management of outbreaks of influenza-like illness (ILI) in care
homes. London: Public Health England, 2017.
• Vanhems P, et al. Nosocomial influenza- encouraging insight and future challenges.
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016; 29:366-372.
• WHO. A Guide for Conducting Table-top exercises for National Influenza Pandemic
Preparedness. Delhi; World Health Organization, 2006.
• WHO. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response. Geneva; World Health
Organization, 2009.
• WHO. Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute
respiratory infections in health care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.
ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
• CDC/HICPAC. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of
Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 2007. Am J Infect Control, 2007: 35 (10); S65-
S165.
• CDC. Guide to Infection Prevention for Outpatient Settings: Minimum Expectations for
Safe Care. Atlanta: Canter for Disease Prevention and Control, 2016.
• Canadian Guideline. Routine practices and additional precautions for preventing the
transmission of infection in healthcare settings. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of
Canada, 2012.
• DH. Isolating patients with healthcare-associated infection: A summary of best practice.
London: Dept. of Health, 2007.
• SHEA Expert Guidance. Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings.
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2018, 39 (2):127-124.
LABORATORY
• APIC & AMM. The Infection Preventionist’s Guide to the Lab. Washington, DC:
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2012.
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• Health & Safety Executive. Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP):
Biological agents: Managing risks in laboratories and healthcare premises. Norwich: The
Stationary Office, 2005.
• WHO. Guidance on regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances 2015–2016.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
LAUNDRY
• IFH. The infection risks associated with clothing and household linens in home and
everyday life settings, and the role of laundry, London: International Scientific Forum on
Home Hygiene, 2011.
• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 01-04: Decontamination of linen for health and
social care. Management and provision. London : Dept. of Health, 2016.
• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 01-04: Decontamination of linen for health and
social care. Engineering, equipment and validation. London : Dept. of Health, 2016.
• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 01-04: Decontamination of linen for health and
social care: Social care. London : Dept. of Health, 2016.
• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 01-04: Decontamination of linen for health and
social care. Guidance for linen processors implementing BS EN 1406, London : Dept. of
Health, 2016.
LAST OFFICE
• Healing TD, Hoffman PN and Young SE. The infection hazards of human. Cadavers.
Communicable Diseases Reviews 1995;5 (5): R61–68. With corrections published in CDR
Review 5 (6): R92.
• HSE. Controlling the risks of infection at work from human remains. Merseyside: Health
and Safety Executive, 2005.
• DH. Pandemic Flu Guidance for Funeral directors. London: Dept. of Health, 2008.
• HSE. Safe working and the prevention of infection in the mortuary and post-mortem
room. Norwich: Health & Safety Executive, 2004.
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• HSE: Controlling the risks of infection at work from human remains A guide for those
involved in funeral services (including embalmers) and those involved in exhumation.
Health & Safety Executive, 2009. www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web01.pdf
LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE
• DH. Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 04-01: Guidance on design, installation,
commissioning, testing, monitoring and operation of water supply; Part A: Design,
installation and commissioning; Part B: Operational management; Part C: Pseudomonas
aeruginosa – advice for augmented care units; Supplement: Performance specification D
08: thermostatic mixing valves (healthcare premises). London: Dept. of Health, 2017.
• European Working Group. European guidelines for control and prevention of travel-
associated Legionnaires’ disease. London: European Working Group for Legionella
Infection, 2005.
• Fallon RJ. How to prevent an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease. J Hosp Infect 1994; 27:
247–56.
• HPSC. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection from Water Systems in
Healthcare Facilities. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2015.
• HSE. Legionnaires’ disease: The control of legionella bacteria in water systems. Approved
Code of Practice and guidance on regulations. Norwich: The Stationery Office
publications, 2013.
• Health and Safety Executive. Legionnaires’ disease Part 2: The control of legionella
bacteria in hot and cold-water systems. Norwich: The Stationery Office, 2014.
• Lin YE, et al. Controlling Legionella in hospital drinking water: an evidence-based review
of disinfection methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32 (2): 166–73.
• HFS. Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 04-01: The control of Legionella,
hygiene, ‘safe’ hot water, cold water and drinking water systems. Part F: Chloramination
of water supplies. Health Facilities Scotland, 2011.
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LONG-TERM FACILITIES
• APIC: Infection Prevention Manual for Home Health Care, 2nd ed. Washington DC:
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2012.
• ECDC Report. Point prevalence survey of healthcare associated infections and
antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities (April–May 2013.) Stockholm:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2014.
• HPA. Prevention and control of infection in care homes - an information resource.
London: Dept. of Health and Health Protection Agency, 2013.
• HPA. Prevention and control of infection in care homes – summary for staff. London:
Dept. of Health and Health Protection Agency, 2013.
• Kendell KJ. Practical Approaches to Infection Control in Residential Aged Care 2nd ed.
Victoria: Ausmed Publications, 2003.
• SHEA/APIC Guideline: Infection prevention and control in the long-term facility.
American Journal of Infection Control 2008; 36:504-35.
• SHEA Guideline. Infection Prevention and Control in Residential Facilities for Pediatric
Patients and Their Families. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2013; 34 (10):
1003-1041.
• SHEA Guideline. Infection Prevention and Control in Residential Facilities for Pediatric
Patients and Their Families. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2013; 34 (10):
1003-1041.
MANUALS and GUIDELINES
• APIC. APIC Text of Infection Control and Epidemiology (4th ed.). Washington DC:
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2014.
• APSIC. Ling ML, Ching T and Seto WH. A Handbook of Infection Control for the Asian
Healthcare Worker 3rd edn. Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC), 2011.
• Australian guidelines for the prevention and control of infection in healthcare. Australian
Commission for Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2010.
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• CEC. Infection prevention and control practice handbook.Sydney: Clinical Excellence
Commission, 2017.
http://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/383239/Infection-
Prevention-and-Control-Practice-Handbook-V2-Updated-1-Sep-2017.pdf
• epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated
Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infection 2014: 86
(Supplement 1): S1–S70.
• HPS. National Infection Prevention and Control Manual. Glasgow: Health Protection
Scotland, 2015. http://www.nipcm.hps.scot.nhs.uk/
• Sierra Leone National Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines. Freetown: Ministry
of Health and Sanitation,2016.
http://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-05/ipcguide.pdf
METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staph. aureus (MRSA)
• APIC. Guide to the Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Transmission in Hospital Settings, 2nd ed. Association for Professionals in Infection
Control and Epidemiology: Washington, DC, 2010.
• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to the Elimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) in the Long-Term Care Facility. APIC: Washington DC, 2009.
• Albrich WC, Harbarth S. Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA? Lancet
Infect Dis 2008; 8:289–301.
• BSAC Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. Journal
of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008: 61; 976-994.
• BSAC/HIS/ICNA working Party. Guidelines for the Control and prevention of methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthcare facilities by the joint BSAC/HIS/ICNA
working party on MRSA. Journal of Hospital Infection (supplement 1) 2006; 63: S1-S44.
• BSAC/HIS/ICNA working Party. Guidelines for the Prophylaxis and treatment of Control
and prevention of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United Kingdom.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2006; 57:587-606. Update Guidelines (2008)
published in Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2009; 63:849-861.
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• DH. Screening for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation. A
strategy for NHS trusts: a summary of best practice. London: Dept. of Health, 2007.
• Gilpin DF, Small S, Bakkshi S, at al. Efficacy of a standard meticillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus decolonisation. J Hops Infect 2010; 75 (2): 93–98.
• HPS. NHS Scotland MRSA Screening Pathfinder Programme. Final Report Executive
Summary. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland, 2011.
• Humphreys H, et al. Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: 120–24.
• IDSA: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the
Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Adults and
Children. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011; 1–38.
• NCEC. Prevention and Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Dublin; National Clinical Effectiveness Committee, 2013.
• PIDAC. Best Practices for Infection Prevention and Control of Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus and Enterococci in all healthcare settings, 2007. Ontario: Provincial Infectious
Diseases Advisory Committee, 2007.
• SHEA/IDSA. Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35 (7): 772-786.
• Walters M, et a. Investigation and Control of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus: A Guide for Health Departments and Infection Control Personnel. Atlanta, GA
2015.
MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASES
• Australia Guidelines. Guidelines for the early clinical and public health management of
meningococcal disease in Australia. Dept. of Health & Aging, 2007.
• ESCMID: Diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect
2016; 22: S37–S62.
• HPA. Guidance for public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK.
London: Health Protection Agency, 2012.
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• HPA. Guidance on the prevention and management of meningococcal meningitis and
septicaemia in higher education institutions. London: Health Protection Agency, 2016.
• McGill F, et al. UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management
of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect
2016; 72:405-438.
• PHE. Immunization against infectious diseases. Dept. of Health, 2013 (see website for
regular update) https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-
infectious-disease-the-green-book
• PIDAC. Best Practices for Infection Prevention and Control Programs in Ontario In All
Health Care Settings, 3rd ed. Ontario: Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee,
2012.
MERS-CoV
• CDNA. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). National Guidelines
for Public Health Unit. Communicable Diseases Network Australia, 2015.
• PHE. Risk assessment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
London: Public Health England, 2015.
• Suwantarat N, et al. Risk to healthcare workers with emerging diseases: lessons from
MERS-CoV, Ebol, SARS and avian flu. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28:349-361.
• WHO Interim guidance. Investigation of cases of human infection with Middle East
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Geneva; World Health Organization,
2015.
• WHO Interim guidance. Management of asymptomatic persons who are RT-PCR positive
for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Geneva; World Health
Organization, 2015.
• WHO Interim guidance. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is suspected.
Geneva; World Health Organization, 2015.
• WHO Interim guidance. Surveillance for human infection with Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Geneva; World Health Organization, 2015.
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• WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). WHO MERS-CoV
Global Summary and risk assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016.
MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT ORGANISMS (MDROs)
• CDC/HICPAC: Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings.
American Journal of Infection Control 2007; 35(10) supplement 2: S165-S193.
• CDC Module. Multidrug-Resistant Organism & Clostridium difficile Infection (MDRO/CDI)
Module. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.
• PIDAC: Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee. Best Practices for Infection fry
Prevention and Control of Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci in All Health
Care Settings, March 2007.
• RCPI. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Multi-drug resistant organisms
(MDRO) excluding MRSA in the healthcare setting. Dublin: Royal College of
Physicians/HSE, 2012.
• SHEA/HICPAC Position Paper. Recommendations for Metrics for Multidrug-Resistant
Organisms in Healthcare Settings. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2008; 29
(10): 901- 913.
• WHO. Evidence of hand hygiene to reduce transmission and infections by multidrug-
resistant organisms in health-care settings. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
• WHO. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health
care facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.
MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS
MULTI-DRUG-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE
• HIS. Prevention and control of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria:
recommendations from a Joint Working Party. Journal of Hospital infection 2015; 91:1-
44.
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• ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce
transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin
Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 (Suppl. 1): 1–55.
• Magiorakos et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant
bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired
resistance. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012; 18:
268–28.
• SHEA Guideline. Addressing the Emergence and Impact of multidrug-resistant Gram-
Negative Organisms: A Critical Focus for the Next Decade. Infection Control and Hospital
Epidemiology 2014; 35 (4): 333-335.
WHO. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health
care facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.
CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (CRE)
• AHRQ. Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Control and Prevention Toolkit.
Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, 2014.
• ACSQHC. Recommendations for the control of carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae (CPE): A guide for acute care health facilities Australian Commission
on Safety and Quality in Health Care. The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality
in Health Care. Infection, Disease & Health, 2017; 22(4):159-186.
• CDC. Guidance for Control of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE Tool kit).
Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
• ECDC. Infection prevention and control measures and tools for the prevention of entry
of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae into healthcare settings: guidance from
the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial Resistance and
Infection Control 2017; 6:1-17.
• ECDC. Systematic review of the effectiveness of infection control measures to prevent the
transmission of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae through cross-border
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transfer of patients. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control;
2014.
• Friedman DN, et al. Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Strategic Roadmap for
Infection Control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 38:580–94.
• HPS. Toolkit for the early detection, management and control of carbapenemase-
producing Enterobacteriaceae in Scottish acute settings. Health Protection Scotland,
2017.
• HPSC. Updated Guidelines on Screening for Carriage of Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in
Ireland. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2014.
• Israeli National Policy for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Screening, Carrier
Isolation and Discontinuation of Isolation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 39(1):85-
89.
• PHE. Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of
carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. London: Public Health England, 2013.
• PHE. Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of
carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Relevant literature and resources.
London: Public Health England, 2014.
• PHE. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: risk assessment matrix for infection
prevention and control. London: Public Health England, 2014.
• Schwaber MJ, et al. Containment of a Countrywide Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli Hospitals via a Nationally Implemented Intervention.
Clin. Infect Dis 2011; 52 (7): 848–855.
ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII
• APIC Elimination Guide: Guide to the Elimination of Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter
baumannii Transmission in Healthcare Settings. APIC: Washington DC, 2010.
• Karageorgopoulo DE, et al. Control and treatment of multi-resistant Acinetobacter
baumannii infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 751 – 62.
• WHO. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health
care facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.
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MATERNAL and NEONATAL INFECTIONS
• HPS. Guidance for neonatal units (NNUs) (levels 1, 2 & 3), adult and paediatric intensive
care units (ICUs) in Scotland to minimise the risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
from water. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland, 2014.
• PIDAC. Best Practices for Infection Prevention and Control in Perinatology. In All Health
Care Settings that Provide Obstetrical and Newborn Care. Ontario: Provincial Infectious
Diseases Advisory Committee, 2012.
• Spector JM et al. Improving Quality of Care for Maternal and Newborn Health:
Prospective Pilot Study of the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist Program. PLoS ONE 7(5):
e35151. doi:10.1371/.
• WHO. Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis. Manila (Western Pacific
Region); World Health Organization, 2006.
• WHO. Pocket books of hospital care for children guidelines for the management of
common childhood illnesses (2nd edn). Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2013.
• WHO. Recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum
infections. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
NOROVIRUS INFECTION
• HIPAC. Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Norovirus Gastroenteritis outbreaks
in healthcare setting. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2011; 32 (10):939-969.
• HPA. Guidance for the Management of Norovirus. Infection in Cruise Ships. London,
Health Protection Agency: 2007.
• HPA. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community
health and social care settings. London: UK Health Protection Agency, 2012.
• HPAS. Norovirus Outbreak Preparedness, Control Measures & Practical Considerations
for Optimal Patient Safety and Service Continuation in Hospitals. Health Protection
Agency Scotland, 2011.
• HPSC. Guidance on the Management of Outbreaks of Noroviral Infection in Tourist and
Leisure Industry Settings. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2007.
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• HPS. Guidance on the Management of Outbreaks of Noroviral Infection in Tourist and
Leisure Industry Settings. Dublin: Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2007.
• Sattar SA, et al. JA. In vivo comparison of two human norovirus surrogates for testing
ethanol-based handrubs: the mouse chasing the cat! PLoS One 2011; 6:e17340.
• Scottish Guideline: Norovirus Outbreak Preparedness, Control Measures & Practical
Considerations for Optimal Patient Safety and Service Continuation in Hospitals. Health
Protection Agency Scotland, 2011.
OPERATING THEATRE
• Al-Waked R. Effect of Ventilation Strategies on Infection Control inside Operating
Theatres. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 2010; 4:1, 1-16,
DOI: 10.1080/19942060.2010.11015295
• DH. Microbiological Air Sampling of Operating Rooms in Western Australian Healthcare
Facilities Policy. State of Western Australia: Dept. of Health, 2015.
• DH. Health Technical Memorandum 03-01. Specialised ventilation for healthcare
premises. Part A: design and validation. Part B: Operational management and
performance verification. Department of Health, Estates and Facilities Division. 2007.
London: The Stationery Office, 2007.
• HIS. Behaviours and rituals in the operating theatre. Journal of Hospital Infection 2002;
51:241-255.
• HIS. Microbiological commissioning and Monitoring of Operating theatre suites. Journal
of Hospital Infection 2002; 52:1-28.
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION AND CONTROL
• Anderson R. Outbreak: Cases in Real-World Microbiology. ASM Press, 2006.
• Arias KM. Outbreak Investigation, Prevention, and Control in Healthcare Settings:
Critical Issues in Patient Safety, 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: John Bartlett Publishers, 2009.
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• Curran ET. Pseudo outbreaks and no-infection outbreaks (Outbreak Column 1). J Infect
Prev 2013; 14 (2); 69-74: (Part 2) 14 (3); 108-113.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 2: Norovirus, our perennial infection control winter
challenge. J Infect Prev 2012; 13(2): 139-144.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 3: Outbreaks of Pseudomonas spp. from hospital water. J
Infect Prev 2012; 13: 125-127.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 4. An ‘infection control never event’ – nosocomial blood
borne virus outbreak. J Infect Prev 2012; 13: 170-172.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 5: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci) (GAS). J
Infect Prev 2012; 13: 206-210.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 6. Outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units J Infect Prev
2013; 14(1): 30-33.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 7. Pseudo outbreaks and no-infection outbreaks (Part 1).
Pseudo outbreaks and no-infection outbreaks (Prat 2). J Infect Prev 2013; 14 (2); 69-74
and 2013; 14 (3); 108-113.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 9. Endoscopy-related outbreaks. J Infect Prev 2013; 14(4):
97-98.
• Curran ET. Outbreak column 10. What causes outbreaks– questions of attribution? J
Infect Prev 2013;14(5):182-187
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REPORTING OF OUTBREAKS AND INTERVENTIONS STUDIES
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RENAL DIALYSIS
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SHARP INJURIES
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• CDC/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for the
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STAFF HEALTH
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SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS
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STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (Group A)
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TUBERCULOSIS
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UNIFORM AND WORKWEAR
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VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI (VRE)
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VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIAS (VAP)
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VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS (FILOVIRUS DISEASES)
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WATER and SANITATION
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
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ZOONOTIC DISEASES
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