InformaticsStPPTCh1

8/7/2019 InformaticsStPPTCh1

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Chapter 1

Nursing Science and the Foundation

of Knowledge


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Objectives

Define nursing science and its relationship tovarious nursing roles and nursing informatics.

Introduce the Foundation of KnowledgeModel 2007 as the organizing conceptualframework for the book.

Explain the relationship between knowledge

acquisition, knowledge processing, knowledgegeneration, knowledge dissemination andwisdom.


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Key Terms Defined

Borrowed theory - Theories borrowed or madeuse of from other disciplines; as nursing began toevolve, theories from other disciplines such aspsychology, sociology, etc., were adopted to tryto empirically describe , explain or predict nursingphenomena. As nursing theories continue to bedeveloped, nurses are now questioning whetheror not these borrowed theories were sufficient or

satisfactory in their relation to the nursingphenomena they were used to describe, explainor predict.


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Key Terms Defined

Building blocks - Basic element or part ofnursing informatics such as informationscience, computer science, cognitive science

and nursing science. Clinical Databases - A collection of related

patient records stored in a computer system

using software that permits a person orprogram to query the data in order to extractneeded patient information.


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Key Terms Defined

Clinical practice guidelines - Informal or

formal rules or guiding principles that a

healthcare provider uses when determining

diagnostic tests and treatment strategies for

individual patients, in the EHR they are

included in a variety of ways such as prompts,

pop ups and text messages.


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Key Terms Defined

Conceptual framework - Used in research tochart feasible courses of action or to present adesired approach to a study or analysis;

framework built from a set of concepts, theseconcepts are related to a proposed or existingsystem of methods, behaviors, functions,relationships and objects; a relational model;

formal way of thinking or conceptualizingabout a phenomenon, process, or systemunder study.


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Key Terms Defined

Data - Raw fact; lacks meaning.

Data mining - Software that sorts thorough

data in order to discover patterns andascertain or establish relationships; software

that discovers or uncovers previously

unidentified relationships among the data in a

database; program that conducts exploratory

analysis looking for hidden patterns in data.


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Key Terms Defined

Evidence - Artifacts, productions, attestations or

other examples that demonstrate what an

individuals knowledge, skills or valued attributes.

Feedback - Input in the form of opinions about or

reactions to something such as shared

knowledge; in an ISs, feedback refers to

information from the system that is used to makemodifications in the input, processing actions or

outputs .


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Key Terms Defined

Foundation of Knowledge Model 2007 - This modelrepresents that humans are organic informationsystems constantly acquiring, processing andgenerating information or knowledge both in our

professional and personal lives. It is our high degree ofknowledge that characterizes us as extremelyintelligent organic machines. Individuals have theability to manage knowledge. This ability is learned andhoned from birth. We make our way through life

interacting with our environment and being inundatedwith information and knowledge. We experience ourenvironment and learn by acquiring, processing,generating and disseminating knowledge.


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Key Terms Defined

Foundation of Knowledge Model 2007 (contd) As weinteract in our environment, we acquire knowledge that wemust process. This processing effort causes us to redefineand restructure our knowledge base and generate new

knowledge. We then share (disseminate) this newknowledge, and receive feedback from others. Thedissemination and feedback initiates this cycle ofknowledge all over again since we acquire, process,generate and disseminate the knowledge gained fromsharing and re-exploring our own knowledge base. As

others respond to our knowledge dissemination and weacquire new knowledge, we are engaged to re-think aboutand reflect on our knowledge, processing, generating andthen disseminating anew.


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Key Terms Defined

Information - Data that are interpreted,

organized, or structured; data that is

processed using knowledge or data made

functional through the application of

knowledge.


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Key Terms Defined

Knowledge - The awareness and understanding of a set ofinformation and ways that information can be made usefulto support a specific task or arrive at a decision; aboundswith others thoughts and information; information that is

synthesized so that relationships are identified andformalized; understanding that comes through a process ofinteraction or experience with world around us ; info thathas judgment applied to it or meaning extracted from it;processed information that helps to clarify or explain someportion of our environment or world that we can use as a

basis for action or upon which we can act; internal processof thinking or cognition; external process of testing, senses,observation, interacting.


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Key Terms Defined

Knowledge acquisition - Act of acquiring or

getting knowledge.

Knowledge dissemination-

Distribution andsharing of knowledge.

Knowledge generation - Creating new

knowledge by changing and evolving

knowledge based on your experience,

education, and input from others.


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Key Terms Defined

Knowledge processing - The activity or

process of gathering or collecting, perceiving,

analyzing, synthesizing, saving or storing,

manipulating, conveying, and transmitting

knowledge.

Knowledge worker - Work with information

and generate information and knowledge as aproduct.


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Key Terms Defined

Nursing informatics - A specialty that integrates

nursing science, computer science, cognitive

science, and information science to manage and

communicate data, information, knowledge and

wisdom in nursing practice; Nursing informatics

facilitates the integration of data, information,

and knowledge to support patients, nurses, andother providers in their decision-making in all

roles and settings.


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Key Terms Defined

Nursing informatics - This support is accomplishedthrough the use of information structures, informationprocesses, and information technology; a specialtythat integrates nursing science, computer science, andinformation science to manage and communicate data,information, and knowledge (Staggers & Thompson,2002, p. 260); synthesis of nursing science, informationscience, computer science and cognitive science to

facilitate the management of healthcare data for theimprovement of patient care and advancement of thenursing profession.


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Key Terms Defined

Nursing science - The ethical application of

knowledge acquired through education,

research and practice to provide services and

interventions to patients in order to maintain,

enhance or restore their health; to advocate

for health, and to acquire, process, generate

and disseminate nursing knowledge toadvance the nursing profession.


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Key Terms Defined

Nursing theory - Concepts, propositions anddefinitions that represent a methodical viewpointand provide a framework for organizing and

standardizing nursing actions. Relational database - A collection of related

records stored in a computer system using tablesthat can be related to one another and the data

extracted in a variety of ways to gain neededinformation without having to reorganize thetables.


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Key Terms Defined

Transparent - Done without conscious thought.

Wisdom - Knowledge applied in a practical way ortranslated into actions; uses knowledge and

experience to heighten common sense andinsight to exercise sound judgment in practicalmatters; sometimes thought of as the highestform of common sense resulting fromaccumulated knowledge or erudition (deep

thorough learning) or enlightenment (educationthat results in understanding and thedissemination of knowledge);


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Key Terms Defined

Wisdom (contd) it is the ability to apply

valuable and viable knowledge, experience,

understanding and insight while being

prudent and sensible; is focused on our own

minds; the synthesis of our experience,

insight, understanding and knowledge; the

appropriate use of knowledge to solve humanproblems. It is knowing when and how to

apply knowledge.


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Nursing Science

One of the most frequently quoted and widelyaccepted definitions of nursing informatics is thatit is a combination of nursing science, information

science and computer science. In this chapter, we will focus on nursing science as

one of the building blocks of nursing informatics,although in this text we extend the traditional

definition of nursing informatics to includecognitive science as one of the building blocks.


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Use of Knowledge

Individuals have an amazing ability to manage

knowledge. This ability is learned and honed

from birth.

We experience our environment and learn by

acquiring, processing, generating and

disseminating knowledge.


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Foundation of Knowledge Model

2007

This book uses the Foundation of KnowledgeModel 2007 reflecting that knowledge is apowerful tool and for that reason, nurses focus

on information as a key building block ofknowledge.

We will also introduce the Foundation ofKnowledge Model 2007 as the organizing

conceptual framework of this text, and tie themodel to nursing science and the practice ofnursing informatics.


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ANA Definition of Nursing

The American Nurses Association (2003) defines

nursing in this way: Nursing is the

protection, promotion, and optimization of

health and abilities, prevention of illness and

injury, alleviation of suffering through the

diagnosis and treatment of human response,

and advocacy in the care of individuals,families, communities, and populations.


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Nursing

Thus the focus of nursing is on the humanresponses to actual or potential health problems,and advocacy for various clients.

Nurses must possess the technical skills tomanage equipment and perform procedures,interpersonal skills to interact appropriately withpeople, and cognitive skills to observe, recognize

and collect data, analyze and interpret data andreach a reasonable conclusion that forms thebasis of a decision.


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Nursing

Nursing is an information intensive profession.

The steps of utilizing information, applying

knowledge to a problem, and acting withwisdom form the basis of nursing practice

science.

We acquire data and information in bits and

pieces and then transform the information

into knowledge.


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Nursing and Knowlege

Nurses are knowledge workers, working withinformation and generating information andknowledge as a product.

We are knowledge acquirers, providingconvenient and efficient means of capturing andstoring knowledge.

We are knowledge users, individuals or groupswho benefit from valuable, viable knowledge.

Nurses are knowledge engineers, designing,developing, implementing and maintainingknowledge.


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Nursing and Knowledge

We are knowledge managers, capturing and

processing collective expertise and

distributing it where it can create the largest

benefit.

We are knowledge developers or generators,

changing and evolving knowledge based on

the tasks at hand and information available.


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Use of Knowledge

Knowledge must also be viable.

Knowledge viability refers to applications

(most technology based) that offer easilyaccessible, accurate and timely information

obtained from a variety of resources and

methods and presented in a manner as to

provide us with the necessary elements togenerate new knowledge.


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Use of Knowledge

All nurses have the opportunity to be involved

in the formal dissemination of knowledge via

their participation in professional conferences

either as presenters or attendees.

All nurses regardless of the practice arena

must use informatics and technology to

inform and support that practice.


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Use of Wisdom

Wisdom is the application of knowledge to anappropriate situation.

In the practice of nursing science, we expect

action and/or actions directed by wisdom.

Wisdom uses knowledge and experience toheighten common sense and insight to

exercise sound judgment in practical matters.It is developed through knowledge,experience, insight and reflection.


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Beyond Nursing Practice

In order for nurse educators to be effective,

they must be in the habit of constantly

building and rebuilding their foundation of

knowledge about nursing science.

Nurse researchers must acquire and process

new knowledge as they design and conduct

their research studies.


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Nursing in the Future

The future of nursing science and nursinginformatics is intimately associated with thenursing education and nursing research

arenas. Skiba (2007) suggests that we need techno-

saavy and well-informed faculty who candemonstrate the appropriate use oftechnologies to enhance the delivery ofnursing care.


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Informatics and the use of technology in thepractice of nursing are equally important inthe nursing research arena.

Participants in the development of TheNational Nursing Research Agenda (NNRA)identified these two technology relatedpriorities (among other research priorities) for

nursing research: Nursing Informatics: Enhancing Patient Care

Technology Dependency across the Life-span


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Goosen (2002) believes that the focus on nursinginformatics research should be on the structuringand processing of patient information and how

these inform nursing decision making in clinicalpractice.

It is clear that the increasing use of technology toenhance nursing practice, nursing education, and

nursing research will open new avenues foracquiring, processing, generating, anddisseminating knowledge.


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Thought Provoking Question

Imagine you are in a social situation and

someone asks you, What does a nurse do?

Think about how you will capture and convey

the richness that is nursing science in your

answer.


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Thought Provoking Question

Choose a clinical scenario from your recent

experience and analyze it using the

Foundation of Knowledge Model.

How did you acquire knowledge?

How did you process knowledge?

How you generate knowledge?

How did you disseminate knowledge?

How did you use feedback and what was the effect of

feedback on the foundation of your knowledge?

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InformaticsStPPTCh1