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INFORMAL SECTOR. Clementina Ivan-Ungureanu Training: Essential SNA: Building the basics Addis Ababa, 13-16 February 2012. Characteristics of informal sector. Big diversity By countries, different regions within the same country, different parts of the same city.; - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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INFORMAL SECTOR
Clementina Ivan-UngureanuTraining: Essential SNA: Building the basics
Addis Ababa, 13-16 February 2012
Characteristics of informal sector
Big diversity- By countries, different regions within the same
country, different parts of the same city.;- Different activities, different types of enterprise, - Different reasons for participating.
Informal activities range- from street vending, shoe shining, food processing
and other minor activities requiring little or no capital and skills and with marginal output,
- to those involving a certain amount of investment in skills and capital and with higher productivity, such as manufacturing, tailoring, car repair and mechanized transport.
Reasons for participating in the informal sector :
- pure survival strategies undertaken by individuals facing a lack of (adequate) jobs,
- unemployment insurance or other forms of income maintenance,
- the desire for independence and flexible work arrangements
- the prospect of quite profitable income-earning opportunities,
- the continuation of traditional activities• Informal sector was treated as a rezidual due to
the insufficient absorptive capacity of the formal economy
Content of the presentation
• Definition• Measurement methods
Definition
The 2008 SNA definitionThe informal sector may be broadly characterized as consisting of units engaged in the production of goods or services with the primary objective of generating employment and incomes for the persons concerned. These units typically operate at a low level of organization, with little or no division between labour and capital as factors of production and on a small scale. Labour relations - where they exist - are based mostly on casual employment, kinship or personal and social relations rather than contractual arrangements with formal guarantees
The 2008 SNA definition- Production units have the characteristic of household
enterprises.- The fixed and other assets used do not belong to the
production units as such but to their owners; capital goods such as buildings or vehicles may be used for business and household purposes
- The units as such cannot engage in transactions or enter into contracts with other units
- The owners have to raise the necessary finance at their own risk and are personally liable, without limit, for any debts or obligations;
- Expenditure for production is often indistinguishable from household expenditure
Criteria to identify the informal sector
General essential criteria:
Legal organization Unincorporated enterprise
Ownership Household
Type of accounts No complete set of accounts
Product destination At least some production for sale or barter
Criteria to identify the informal sector ( cont)
Additional operational criteria:-size limit of the enterprise- non-registration of enterprise and/or of
employees in an enterprise within some arm of government;
– economic activity: non-agricultural activity including units mainly involved in agricultural sector and performing secondary non-agricultural activities;
– location of units: urban and rural areas.
Two categories of informal enterprises
Two subsets:a. Unincorporated enterprises without
employees. The ILO term for such units is “informal own-account enterprises”,
b. Unincorporated enterprises with employees. The ILO term for such units is “enterprises of informal employers”
Clarifying the use of familiar terminology
• Sector- “informal sector” does not have the same basis as the usual use of the word sector throughout the SNA.
• Enterprise- as used in the ILO description of the informal sector is, in the SNA sense, more like an establishment since it is only the productive activity that is considered and not the existence of a complete set of accounts.
• The SNA does not use the expression formal sector any unit that is not informal is formal
Informal sector and Informal economy
The informal economy is considered as comprising informal employment both inside and outside informal enterprises:
-Informal employment in informal enterprises (small unregistered or unincorporated enterprises;
-Informal employment outside informal enterprise including: domestic workers, casual or day workers, temporary or part-time workers industrial outworkers (including home-workers), and unregistered or undeclared workers.
Informal employmentILO defines -formal employment = employment under
terms that bring associated benefits such as paid leave and pension entitlement.
-informal employment = all other forms of employment not formal
Informal employmentDistinction between a job and an employee, one
employee being capable of holding several jobs. Categories of jobs considered by the ILO:a. own-account workers (the self-employed in SNA
terms),b. heads of unincorporated enterprises with employees,
treated as employers,c. family workers contributing labour to the
unincorporated enterprise,d. employeese. members of producers’ cooperatives
Informal employment (cont)Formal enterprises provide informal jobs
only as employees or contributing family workers.
Households (in the ILO sense) provide informal jobs as own-account workers and employees and no formal jobs.
Informal units may offer any of the five types of informal jobs
Definition of Informal Employment
• Informal employment could be:- In formal sector- In informal sector- Other part of the economy: in households
engaged in agriculture, production for own final use and production of services employing paid workers
Identification of units in informal sector
I. To identify those unincorporated enterprises within the whole of the SNA households sector that are candidates to be included.
Excluded:- Institutional households such as prisons, religious
orders and retirement homes;- Households with no production activity (that is do
not include an unincorporated enterprise);-Households whose only activity is the production of
services from owner-occupied dwellings, the production of services by employing domestic staff, or both.
Identification of units (cont)
II. Split the production- market production according to the SNA
criterion whereby most or all output is sold,
- output for own final use where some is sold
- output exclusively for own final use.
UNITS
Non- financial
Financial Government
NPISH
HOUSEHOLDS
Institutional HH
Market production
Non-market production
HH registered or have a no. of employees
INFORMAL SECTOR
Goods for own FC
Services for own FC
Without employees ”informal own account enterprises”
With employees ”enterprises of informal employment”
Measurement methods
Objectives of the measurement
• Simply to monitor the evolution of the informal sector employment in term of number and characteristics;
• To obtain information about the demand of households for goods and services produced by informal sector
• Number and characteristics of enterprises from informal sector
• Value of the production, by type, contribution to GDP• Conditions and constraints under which informal
sector operate, its organization and relationship with formal sector
Measurement methodsDepend on the objectives and the capacity
( financial and human resources).
Bearing in mind that often in countries with a large informal sector resources are limited, national statistical offices should prioritize their strategic objectives for estimating theinformal sector
Measurement methods (cont)
• The choice for a method depend on :- Users needs- Organization of statistical system- Data sources - Resources available
Measurement methods (cont)
Are based on surveys or the results from tax audits:
- to conduct a special survey on the informal sector;
– to expand the coverage of the existing regular surveys, such as labour force or household surveys, with information pertaining to the informal sector;
– to carry out mixed household–enterprise surveys
Survey toolsDepending on their objectives, countries use
a variety of survey tools for measuring the informal sector:
- independent ad hoc surveys, - mixed household-enterprise surveys,- labour force or other household surveys,
enterprise/- establishment surveys and economic
censuses.
Main types of surveys1. Household surveys2. Enterprise surveys3. Mixed household-enterprise
surveys
1. Household surveys
Objective to monitor the evolution of informal sector
employment and informal employment in terms of the number and characteristics of the persons involved and the conditions of their employment and work.
Main surveys:1.1LFS1.2 HIES
1. 1 LFSMeasurement Objectives
– Monitor evolution of IS employment– Presents characteristics of employees,
employment conditions– Data on labour inputs can be used in
conjunction with informal sector surveys to extrapolate data on other characteristics, e.g. value-added
1.1 LFS (cont)• Methodological Considerations
– Additional questions or module to LFS– Ask all people employed during reference period– Ask in respect of both main and secondary jobs– Probing questions needed for often unreported
activities, e.g. unpaid work, women’s own-account/home-based activities, secondary activities of farmers, government officials, formal sector employees
1. 1 LFS (cont)
• Limitations/Concerns– Seasonality– Data about informal sector enterprises
versus informal sector entrepreneurs– Estimation of number and characteristics of
informal sector enterprises is not possible– Disaggregation by economic activity
depends on the sample size and design
1. 2 HIES• Measurement Objectives- HH demand for goods and services produced in
the informal sector• Methodological considerations- Data on each expenditure item • Limitations/Concerns-Provide household final consumption, not total
demand- Not separation between informal and formal
expenditures
2. Enterprise surveysObjective: to monitor the number and
characteristics of the informal sector units.Provide:-the number and characteristics of the businesses
involved; -their production activities, income generation,
and fixed capital;- the conditions and constraints under which they
operate;- their organizations and relationships with the
formal sector, etc
2. Enterprise surveys (cont)
Methodological considerations– Prerequisite: sampling frame – List frame often not available or do
not cover household enterprises– Establishment or economic censuses
can be used as list frame or sampling frame
2. Enterprise surveys (cont)
• Limitation- Do not cover households activities- Do not present the diversity and mobility of
informal sector activities- Depend on the BR quality - High costs, - Possible overlaps and /or failure to capture
enterprises such as in-home food processing, ambulant trade, construction
3. Mixed household and enterprise surveys
This approach includes:3.1 The modular approach: informal sector
attached to household survey (mixed HH and enterprise surveys)
3.2 The stand-alone approach: informal sector survey designed as an independent survey
3.3 Integrated approach: informal sector surveys as part of a survey system designed to meet several objectives
3.1 Modular approachObjective:To monitoring trends in the informal sector
over time, if the base survey (the household survey) is conducted regularly and an informal sector module is attached at sufficiently frequent intervals
3.1 Modular approach (cont)
• Methodological Considerations-ISS sample is a sub-sample of the HH survey
(LFS or HIES)- Conducted simultaneously or consecutively- Allows regular/sustainable IS data collection- Have a complete coverage and identification of
IS entrepreneurs in the sample of HH- Information on informal sector can be linked to
other data from the HH survey
3.1 Modular approach (cont)
Limitations:- Need for a suitable base survey (survey
operations and response burden)- Frequency/reference period of base
survey- Base survey samples are not selected
for informal sector purposes
3.2. The stand-alone approach: Independent IS survey
• ObjectiveProvide information concerning:- Production of informal sector by activities and
size- Employers/own-account workers in informal
sector classified by activity/type of work place- Concentration of small establishments; - Income/socio-economic data of informal
sector
3.2. The stand-alone approach: Independent IS survey (cont)
Methodological considerationsA multi-stage design• (i) selection of areas (census enumeration areas)
as primary sampling units;• (ii) listing or interviewing of all households in the
sample areas; • (iii) selection of sample households with owners
of informal sector enterprises (household unincorporated enterprises with some market production)
• (iv) interview of sample householders and enterprise owners
3.2. The stand-alone approach: Independent IS survey (cont)
Limitations- High cost of survey operations,- Quality of listing (type of activity, basic
characteristics data needed for stratification)
- Complex survey operations : sample design, sample weighting and estimation procedures estimation procedures, qualified survey staff , sound training of interviewers, etc.).
3.3. Integrated approach: informal sector surveys
Objectives:- data collection for the informal sector,- labour force characteristics,- household income and expenditure, etc. This approach is especially useful for
countries that do not have a regular household survey to which an informal sector survey can be attached
Integrated “1-2”surveyObjective:• To measure both informal sector and informal
sector employment
• It consists of two phases:- The first phase is a household survey and - The second phase is an enterprise survey.
The first phase survey is also crucial for constructing the sampling frame for the enterprise survey.
Integrated “1-2”survey (cont)Data is collected in two phases: • I phase: Labour Force Survey- Collect data on employment, adding questions
on informal employment- Integrate questions in LFS to identify Household
Unincorporated Enterprises for Market (HUEM)• II phase; HUEM Survey- Use first phase data to construct sampling
frame for HUEMs- Collect data on HUEM
Integrated “1-2”survey (cont)• In a ‘1-2’ survey, the sample areas are selected on the basis
of the sample design for phase 1. Within the sample areas, HUEMs may be associated with:
- households within the sample areas,- households outside the sample area, and- small units in the business register. Thus, ideally, the sampling frame of HUEMs in a ‘1-2’ survey
can be constructed by compiling the small units in the business register, identifying the HUEMs ‘belonging’ to households within the sample areas and a listing operation which would identify the HUEMs belonging to households outside the sample area. Or, alternatively, this frame can be constructed through a complete listing of all HUEMs in sample areas
Integrated “1-2”survey-concepts
• Informal units typically operate at a low level of organisation, with little or no division between labour and capital as factors of production and on a small scale. Expenditure for production is often indistinguishable from household expenditure.
• Activities are not necessarily performed with the deliberate intention of evading the payment of taxes or social security contributions, or infringing labour or other legislations or administrative provisions.
Integrated “1-2”survey-concepts (cont)
• Labour relations are based mostly on casual employment, kinship or personal and social relations rather than contractual arrangements with formal guarantees
• The informal sector is a sub-sector of the household institutional sector in the system of national accounts
Integrated “1-2”survey-concepts (cont)
• To be excluded: all incorporated enterprises, government institutions.
• At least some production must be marketed, which excludes production of goods and services exclusively carried out for own final use
• Own-accounts workers / informal employers
Integrated “1-2”survey-concepts (cont)HUEM= Household Unincorporated Enterprises for
Market Legal organisationProduction units that are not constituted as
separate legal entities independently of their owners
Accounting practicesProduction units that do not keep a complete set of
accounts (no separation between private life and business)
Product destinationProduction units with at least some market output
(not for own final consumption) for sold / bartered
Integrated “1-2”survey- scheme
Households enterprises
Producing at least some goods and services for market (HUEMs)
Formal sector Informal sector
Producing goods and services only for own final use
Non agricultural activities
Agricultural activities
Non agricultural
activities
Agri-cultural
activities
Non agricultural
activities
Agricultural activities
Number of surveys on the informal sector across countries and methods of data collection Region Type of survey
Africa Asia& Pacific Latin America
Economies in transition
Total
Mixed survey 15 2 4 1 22 Labour Force Survey 8 6 14 5 33 Households survey 11 - 5 2 18 Establishment censuses and survey
11 4 - - 15 Total 45 12 23 8 88 Source: Informal sector: Statistical definition and Measurement issues, P. Gennari, paper presented to the OECD/UNESCAP/ADB workshop, 2004, Bangkok
Estimation strategyThe building of the informal sector estimation
strategy may be based on the following issues:- Defining the meaning of the informal sector and
identifying its components;- Deciding the best applicable criteria for defining
the informal sector;- Assessing the data sources and developing the
own method;- Improving the sources and the estimations
Concluding remarks• The informal sector represents an important
part of developing economies, and governments and international organizations
• Attention on understanding what proportion it represents,
• Why it exists • How it operates soMeasuring it is an important challenge for
developing countries