INFLUENTIAL RESEARCHERS OF PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIORAL B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 American Behaviorist...
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INFLUENTIAL RESEARCHERS OF PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIORAL B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 American Behaviorist Inventor University Of Indiana/Harvard University Influenced
BEHAVIORAL B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 American Behaviorist Inventor
University Of Indiana/Harvard University Influenced by Pavlov and
Watson Known for his work on operant conditioning and schedules of
reinforcement Author of Walden Two novel Notably debated language
acquisition with Chomsky Named Most Influential Psychologist in
2002
Slide 4
SOCIAL/CULTURAL G. Stanley Hall 1844-1924 American Educational
and Developmental Psychologist President of Clark University
Studied under William James and earned 1 st Psychology PhD in the
United States First president of the American Psychological
Association Adolescent Storm and Stress Studied gender and racial
differences among people
Slide 5
FUNCTIONALISM William James 1842-1910 American Functionalist
and Philosopher Harvard University Wrote Principles of Psychology,
the first psychological textbook Contributor to James-Lange Theory
of Emotion (Experience of emotion follows physiological arousal)
Studied mysticism and psychology
Slide 6
Mary Calkins 1863-1930 American Researcher and
Educator/Philosopher/ Pioneer Wellesley University First Female
President of the APA Satisfied requirements for Psychology PhD from
Harvard but was denied the degree due to her gender. Explored
dreams and the self in her research
Slide 7
STRUCTURALISM Edward Titchener 1867-1927 British
Structuralist/Educator Cornell University Studied under Wilhelm
Wundt Established Structuralism and developed introspection to
explore structure of the mind Coined the term empathy Instructed
Margaret Floy Washburn, the first female to be granted a PhD in
Psychology
Slide 8
Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920 German Physician/Professor/
Psychologist/Researcher University of Leipzig Considered the father
of experimental psychology, Wundt established the first research
laboratory for psychology at the University of Leipzig Credited
with making psychology a science of its own Established the first
journal for psychological research
Slide 9
Margaret Floy Washburn 1871-1939 American Experimental
Psychologist/Pioneer Wells College/University of Cincinnati Was the
first female awarded the first PhD (Mary Calkins having been denied
due to gender) Wrote on comparative psychology and animal
psychology APA President 1921
Slide 10
PSYCHODYNAMIC Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Austrian
Physician/Therapist/ Pioneer Best known for work on the unconscious
mind, Freud developed psychoanalysis and the psychoanalytic
perspective Theorized personality as the Id, Ego, and Superego and
introduced defense mechanisms, free association, and psychosexual
development Perhaps the most recognized psychologist of all time
and the face of psychology to millions worldwide
Slide 11
Franz Gall 1758-1828 German Anatomist/Physician Developed
phrenology to explore personality and mental faculty through skull
shape Although empirically refuted, phrenology hinted at brain
structures with specific functions supported by modern neuroscience
Gall and phrenology were criticized by the Roman Catholic Church
and Napoleon
Slide 12
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Mary Ainsworth 1913-1999 American Developmental
Psychologist Johns Hopkins University/University of Virginia
Developed theories of attachment style in children 1985 Award for
Distinguished Contributions to Child Development APA Distinguished
Scientific Contribution Award 1989
Slide 13
PSYCHODYNAMIC Karen Horney 1885-1952 German Psychoanalyst
Institute For Psychoanalysis/ The New School (NY) Often labeled as
a Neo-Freudian, Horney did differ from him on the issue of
childhood sexuality and aggression Countered Freuds idea of female
penis envy with male womb envy Pioneer in female psychiatry
Slide 14
PSYCHODYNAMIC Anna Freud 1895-1982 Austrian Psychoanalyst
Daughter of Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud made a name for herself
exploring the unconscious mind Anna Freud is considered a founder
of psychoanalytic child psychology, emphasizing the role of the ego
in development
Slide 15
EVOLUTIONARY Sir Francis Galton 1822-1911 English
Psychometrician/ Statistician/Geneticist Coined the term eugenics
and was first to refer to nature versus nurture A cousin of Charles
Darwin, Galton was heavily influenced by his cousins work. He
studied genetic and environmental influence on human abilities
Galton either developed or promoted statistical concepts such as
correlation, regression to the mean, standard deviation, and the
normal curve
Slide 16
BIOLOGICAL Paul Broca 1824-1880 French Physician and Anatomist
University of Paris Medical School Influenced by Charles Darwin
Discovered brain regions responsible for speech production (Brocas
Area) while studying aphasia His work led to further exploration of
brain lateralization
Slide 17
BIOLOGICAL Carl Wernicke 1848-1905 German Physician/Anatomist
Identified area of temporal lobe, now known as Wernickes Area,
responsible for language comprehension. Impairment known as
Wernickes Aphasia Also contributed to understanding of brain damage
in an alcoholic (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome)
Slide 18
BIOLOGICAL Roger Sperry 1913-1994 American Neurobiologist/
Nobel Laureate University of Chicago/Caltech Further explored
effects of split-brain surgery in which the corpus callosum is
severed to treat epileptic seizures. Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
confirmed the lateralization of brain functioning Won the Nobel
Prize in Medicine in 1981 Died as a result of complications from
the neurodegenerative disorder Kuru, which he acquired through
frequent exposure to brains
Slide 19
BIOLOGICAL Robert Sapolsky 1957 American Biologist/Educator/
Neurologist Stanford University Sapolsky is known for his studies
on the effects of stress in primates. He has studied baboon troops
in Kenya for a quarter century His work has led to a better
understanding of stress and the physical damage humans can
experience as a result of psychological states Is working on gene
therapies to fight neurological damage due to stress
Slide 20
Ernst Weber 1795-1878 German Physician Author Leipzig
University Founder of experimental psychology Studied sensation
Developed Webers Law to explain the just-noticeable difference
Slide 21
BEHAVIORAL John Garcia 1917 American Behaviorist UCLA/Harvard
Medical School/ University of Utah/SUNY Stony Brook Identified the
Garcia Effect or conditioned taste aversion. These experiments
altered the prevailing view that for conditioning to work, the US
had to be presented immediately after the NS His work expanded
understanding of classical conditioning principles first identified
by Ivan Pavlov
Slide 22
HUMANISTIC Martin Seligman 1942 American Cognitive/Humanistic
Psychologist/Educator University of Pennsylvania Best known for
developing Positive Psychology movement, scientifically exploring
what can go right as opposed to what can go wrong Wrote positive
DSM (Character Strengths and Virtues) Developed theory of learned
helplessness APA President 1998
Slide 23
GESTALT Max Wertheimer 1880-1943 German Gestalt Psychologist
University of Berlin/The New School New York Considered one of the
founders of Gestalt Psychology along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang
Kohler Gestalt was used to explain human perception (figure-ground
relationships)
Slide 24
BEHAVIORAL Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian Physiologist and
Psychologist/Researcher While researching the salivary reflex in
dogs, Pavlov stumbled across principles of classical conditioning,
identifying conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, conditioned and
unconditioned response, neutral stimuli, generalization,
discrimination, and spontaneous recovery. This discovery led to the
founding of Behavioral Psychology Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology
in 1904
Slide 25
BEHAVIORAL Edward Thorndike 1874-1949 American Behaviorist
Teachers College/Columbia University Identified the Law of Effect
(a behavior that is reinforced is likely to recur) which inspired
the experiments of BF Skinner. Thorndikes experiments had cats
freeing themselves from a puzzle box to receive a reinforcer APA
President 1912 Created two early versions of the Armed Services
Vocational Aptitude Battery
Slide 26
BEHAVIORAL Albert Bandura 1925 Canadian Social-Cognitivist
Stanford University Conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment in
1961, emphasizing the roll of aggressive modeling on aggressive
behavior in children Expanded on social-cognitive theory, and
contributed the notion of reciprocal determinism which explained
human behavior in terms of an exchange between cognitive,
environmental, and behavioral factors APA President 1974
Slide 27
BEHAVIORAL John B. Watson 1878-1958 American Behaviorist/
Researcher Inspired by Pavlov, founded Behaviorist perspective in
psychology Best known for controversial Little Albert study in
which a child is conditioned with a fear After the Albert study,
Watson turned to advertising, using conditioning principles to sell
products like Maxwell House coffee
Slide 28
COGNITIVE Albert Ellis 1913-2007 American Therapist/ Pioneer
Credited with founding Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Developed
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Ranked 2 nd most
influential therapist, placing between Carl Rogers (1 st ) and
Sigmund Freud (3 rd ) Prolific writer on research into love,
sexuality, and religion in psychology
Slide 29
COGNITIVE Elizabeth Loftus 1944- American Researcher/ Educator
UC Irvine Known for research into the misinformation effect and
false memories Highest ranking female on a list of the 100 most
influential psychological researchers Former president of
Association for Psychological Science Often called as an expert in
trials in which eyewitness testimony is under question
Slide 30
COGNITIVE Noam Chomsky 1928 American Linguist/Educator/ Radical
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Developed idea of universal
grammar and a language acquisition device Publicly debated language
acquisition with BF Skinner Prolific author on subjects including
language, politics, and media
Slide 31
COGNITIVE Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850-1909 German Experimental
Psychologist University of Berlin/University of Breslau Best known
for the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve, confirming that memory is
strengthened through rehearsal Also identified the serial-position
effect, developed sentence completion tests to assess implicit
memory, and discovered an optical illusion known as the Ebbinghaus
Illusion
Slide 32
COGNITIVE Daniel Kahneman 1934 Israeli Cognitive Psychologist/
Nobel Laureate Princeton University/UC Berkeley/Hebrew University
of Jerusalem Along with Amos Tversky expanded on human cognitive
errors (heuristics and biases) Won Nobel Prize in Economics for
Prospect Theory (value of losses or gains) Also studies Hedonic
Psychology (exploring happiness and what makes us happy)
Slide 33
COGNITIVE Aaron Beck 1921 American Cognitive Therapist
University of Pennsylvania Considered the father of cognitive
therapy Developed self-assessments for depression and anxiety
Influenced Martin Seligman to work on learned helplessness
Slide 34
COGNITIVE Lev Vygotsky 1896-1934 Russian Developmental
Psychologist Developed theories on childhood internalization, play,
thought, and language Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky is considered a
continuum rather than stage theorist Created the theory of Zone of
Proximal Development in which children learn how to complete
increasingly complex tasks with assistance from a more experienced
individual
Slide 35
COGNITIVE Richard Atkinson 1929 American Educator/Administrator
Stanford University/UC San Diego Along with Richard Shiffrin,
Atkinson developed the theory of human memory/memory model with
sensory, short-term, and long-term memories being distinct parts of
memory at large 17 th President of the University of California and
former chancellor of UC San Diego. Atkinson urged the University of
California to drop the SAT-I as part of its admission assessments,
leading to significant changes in the new SAT
Slide 36
BIOLOGICAL Walter Cannon 1871-1945 American Physiologist and
Educator Harvard School of Medicine Former president of the
American Physiological Society Coined the term fight or flight
response and expanded understanding of homeostasis Co-developer of
the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion (physiological arousal and
experience of emotion are simultaneous)
Slide 37
COGNITIVE Alfred Binet 1857-1911 French Psychologist Along with
Theodore Simon, Binet developed a rating scale to help identify
Parisian school children, the first intelligence test Binet and
Simons rating scale was later adapted by Lewis Terman in the United
States into the Stanford-Binet test, yielding a comparative IQ
score
Slide 38
COGNITIVE Raymond Cattell 1905-1998 British Personality/Trait
Theorist Columbia University/Clark University/Harvard
University/University of Illinois Sought to study personality
scientifically, and expanded on factor analysis Developed 16PF
(Sixteen Personality Factor) Questionnaire Explored the existence
of both crystalized and fluid intelligence APA Gold Medal Winner
for Lifetime Achievement in Psychological Science
Slide 39
COGNITIVE L.L. Thurstone 1887-1955 American Psychometrician and
Researcher University of Chicago/University of North Carolina
Helped to develop factor analysis Studied intelligence and applied
standard deviation and the normal curve to intelligence testing
Believed in seven primary mental abilities rather than a singular
overall intelligence APA President 1932
Slide 40
David Wechsler 1896-1981 Romanian Psychometrician Bellevue
Psychiatric Hospital Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale (WAIS) and a number of variants The WAIS is the most widely
used psychological assessment used today
Slide 41
COGNITIVE Stanley Schachter 1922-1997 American Social
Psychologist/ Educator Columbia University Along with Jerome Singer
developed the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
(physiological arousal and cognitive labeling yields experience of
emotion
Slide 42
COGNITIVE Howard Gardner 1943 American Cognitive Psychologist
Harvard University Best known for theory of multiple intelligences,
which emphasizes human learning/processing as a range of different
possibilities Gardner originally identified 7, then 8,
intelligences including spatial, linguistic, logical, kinesthetic,
musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic Gardners
theory has been influential in education, leading to several
reforms
Slide 43
Lewis Terman 1877-1956 American Educational Psychologist
Stanford University Created the Stanford-Binet IQ test, once the
most widely used measure of intelligence Researched genetic links
to intelligence, even joining the eugenics movement Conducted
longitudinal studies of gifted children APA President 1923
Slide 44
Paul Ekman 1934 American Psychologist/ Educator UC San
Francisco Conducted studies on the universality of facial
expression of emotion Developed science of microexpressions, used
in lie detection Served as the science advisor to Lie To Me, which
depicted the science of microexpressions
Slide 45
COGNITIVE Jean Piaget 1896-1980 Swiss Developmental/ Cognitive
Psychologist Developed four stage theory of cognitive development
(Sensorimotor to Formal Operations) Developed theories of
assimilation, accommodation, conservation, and schemas Perhaps the
most influential developmental psychologist, Piagets theories have
shaped modern education
Slide 46
COGNITIVE Lawrence Kohlberg 1927-1987 American Cognitive/
Developmental Psychologist University of Chicago/Harvard University
Developed stage theory of Moral Development, dividing moral
decision-making into 3 levels (Preconventional, Conventional, Post
Conventional) or 6 more specific stages Once identified as the 30
th most eminent psychologist of the 20 th Century
Slide 47
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Harry Harlow 1905-1981 American Research
Psychologist University of Wisconsin-Madison Conducted infamous
experiments on attachment with rhesus monkeys in which babies were
taken from their mothers and raised by wire surrogates Experiments
support the need for contact comfort from a caregiver as being more
important than food supply. Results contrary to both behaviorist is
psychoanalytic belief May have been responsible for the formation
of the A.L.F.
Slide 48
PSYCHODYNAMIC Erik Erikson 1902-1994 German Developmental
Psychologist/Psychoanalyst Known for his theory of Psychosocial
Development (8 stages/challenges to specific age ranges) Coined the
term Identity Crisis Taught at Harvard, Yale, and Berkeley without
ever having earned a BA
Slide 49
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross 1926-2004 Swiss Psychiatrist University
of Chicago Known for the Kubler-Ross model or the five stages of
grief, in which she asserts people experience several distinct
stages in response to grief at the end of their lives or for other
losses experienced Supported the hospice care movement Inducted
into the American National Womens Hall of Fame in 2007
Slide 50
PSYCHOANALYTICAL Hermann Rorschach 1884-1922 Swiss Psychiatrist
Studied under Eugen Bleuler, who also taught Carl Jung Developed
the Rorschach Ink Blot projective test, used by psychologists to
assess personality
Slide 51
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Gordon Allport 1897-1967 American Social
Psychologist and Trait Theorist/Educator Harvard University
Developed early Trait theory of personality by identifying trait
descriptors from a dictionary Broke traits into three categories
(cardinal, central, and secondary traits) Known for arguing against
psychoanalytic theory, favoring the situation over unconscious
determinants
Slide 52
HUMANISTIC Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 American Humanist/Educator
Brandeis University/Columbia University An early Humanistic
psychologist, Maslow believed that people are driven to fulfill
their potential Known for his Hierarchy of Needs, which emphasizes
the quest to fulfill potential by satisfying lower order needs
before moving up toward self-actualization Saw humanists as
studying the healthier half of psychology
Slide 53
HUMANISTIC Carl Rogers 1902-1987 American Humanist/Therapist
University of Chicago/University of Wisconsin Rogers is considered
a founder of humanistic psychology, and applied several humanistic
principles to therapy Known for client-centered therapy and urged
therapists to practice unconditional positive regard Ranked 6 th
most eminent psychologist of the 20 th century, the 2 nd highest
therapist behind Sigmund Freud
Slide 54
Charles Spearman 1863-1945 English Psychometrician/
Psychologist University College London Believed that intelligence
was a single general trait, g, and supported this with statistics
Involved in development of factor analysis, which looked at
patterns among variables in a study
Slide 55
PSYCHODYNAMIC Carl Jung 1875-1961 Swiss Psychiatrist Best known
for his concept of a collective unconscious, from which all humans
share a reservoir of unconscious past experience Developed idea of
archetypes as part of his creation of analytical psychology Studied
dreams and the occult, and sought to include religion in
psychoanalysis
Slide 56
BEHAVIORAL Joseph Wolpe 1915-1997 South African Therapist/
Educator University of Virginia/ Temple University Major figure in
behavioral therapy Developed systematic desensitization
Slide 57
David Rosenhan 1929-2012 American Psychologist Stanford
University/Princeton University/University of Pennsylvania
Conducted the Rosenhan Experiment in 1973, which sent confederates
into mental institutions with feigned symptoms to expose
inconsistency of psychiatric diagnosis and perils of labeling
Slide 58
Thomas Szasz 1920 Hungarian Psychiatrist State University of
New York Syracuse Has famously criticized psychiatry and society
for mistreating the mentally ill by labeling them, force medicating
individuals, and creating the stigma of mental illness Szasz argues
that mental illness is not a disease but rather a problem in living
and that what we call mental illness is a socially developed
construct differentiated from normal behavior. In different times
or circumstances, what we think of as ill could be perfectly
rational
Slide 59
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Solomon Asch 1907-1996 Polish Gestalt and
Social Psychologist Swarthmore College Best known for experiments
on conformity in which a participant was socially influenced to
give a wrong answer on the length of lines when in group scenarios
Conformity experiments later influenced the Milgram studies on
obedience. Asch served as Milgrams PhD supervisor at Harvard
Slide 60
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Mamie and Kenneth Clark 1917-1983/1914-2005
American Psychologists Northside Center for Child Development/City
College of New York Together, the Clarks conducted experiments on
the effects of internalized racism The studies had black children
choose between otherwise identical white and black dolls. The
children showed preference for the white doll Testified as
witnesses for Brown v. Board of Education
Slide 61
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Philip Zimbardo 1933 American Social
Psychologist/ Educator/Television Host Stanford University/Columbia
University/Yale University/NYU Conducted the Stanford Prison
Experiment, highlighting the power of the situation and role
playing Started the Shyness Clinic and the Hero Project APA
President 2002 Host of Discovering Psychology
Slide 62
COGNITIVE Robert Sternberg 1949 American Cognitive Psychologist
Oklahoma State University/ Tufts University/Yale University
Developed Triangular Theory of Love (intimacy, passion, and
commitment) and Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (analytical,
practical, and creative) While at Tufts, developed a method of
screening undergraduate admissions beyond SAT scores and other
traditional methods APA President 2003
Slide 63
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Leon Festinger 1919-1989 American Social
Psychologist Massachusetts Institute of Technology/University of
Michigan/Stanford University Developed the theory of cognitive
dissonance, the result of conflict between ones beliefs, behaviors,
goals, etc Developed theory of social comparison, explaining that
people come to understand themselves through comparison with others
(upwards and downwards)
Slide 64
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Stanley Milgram 1933-1984 American Social
Psychologist Yale University/City University of New York (CUNY)
Best known for his studies on obedience to authority at Yale in
which participants were led to believe they we administering
electric shocks to another individual. The study revealed how
willing people are to follow an authority, even if the demanded
actions go against conscience Conducted the small-world and lost
letter experiments
Slide 65
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Alfred Kinsey 1894-1956 American
Biologist/Educator Indiana University Conducted early experiments
into human sexuality and developed the Kinsey Scale Although his
methodology and even results were questioned, Kinsey is credited
with contributing to the sexual revolution years after his
death
Slide 66
SOCIAL/CULTURAL Daniel Gilbert 1957 American Social
Psychologist Harvard University Co-writer and host of This
Emotional Life (PBS) Conducted research into affective forecasting
and cognitive bias