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Influence of Personality Types on Sustainable
Hospice Volunteer Work
Hyun Jung, Doo1, Mihye, Kim2
Department of Nursing, JinJu Helalth College, 51 Uibyeong-ro, Jinju-si,
Gyeongsangnam-do, 52655, Republic of Korea, [email protected]
Department of Nursing, Cheongam College, Green 1641
Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, 540-743, Republic of Korea, [email protected]
Abstract. The purpose of this study is to identify and categorize the types and
differences of long-term hospice volunteer workers’ personalities. The Q-methodology
was used for the study. 37 hospice volunteers participated. As a result, the cards
containing 45 Q-statements were each placed in 9-point scale sorting table. The data that
was gathered through coding was analyzed by PC QUANL program. Four types of
personalities were identified for long-term hospice volunteers. They were
Compassionate, Enjoying, Sincere, and Empowerment types. The results of this study
can serve as the basic data for developing hospice volunteer organization and
management programs that consider the characteristics of hospice volunteers.
Keywords: Personality, Hospice, Q-Methodology, Volunteer
1 Introduction
With the recent directional refinement of Korea’s policies on hospice palliative care,
there is an increasing interest in the role and management of hospice volunteers [1].
The members of hospice teams include people from a variety of professions such as
medical care, clergy, social worker, nutritionist, therapist, and counselor, where
volunteer workers account for the largest proportion [3]. It is important for volunteers
to provide continuous and long-term volunteer activities because short term activity or
frequent change in hospice volunteer workers not only has a direct impact on the
management and operation of hospice teams, but it is also a negative influence on
maintaining the family structure of the patients and their families.
However, there are currently not enough studies on hospice volunteer groups or
studies on the sustainability of volunteer activity provided by volunteers. Therefore, it
is necessary to identify what types of characteristics are associated with current
volunteer workers who have been providing continuous volunteer activities for a long
time. The reason for focusing on the personalities of the volunteers in this study is
1* Corresponding Author : HyunJung,Doo
E-mail.: [email protected],
Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.128 (Healthcare and Nursing 2016), pp.98-103
http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2016.128.20
ISSN: 2287-1233 ASTL Copyright © 2016 SERSC
because personalities are the psychological attributes such as attitude, emotion,
thinking, perception, and methods that describe human tendencies. In others words,
the understanding of personalities is the systematic identification of diverse
psychological phenomenon that generally appear when people adapt to different
environments, which enables correct understanding of human behavior [4].
Up to now, there have been previous studies related to the importance of activities,
degree of implementation, and activity analysis perceived by hospice volunteers [5,
6], but study by Kim [7] is the only study related to which hospice volunteers provide
continuous volunteer activity. Concerning studies on the volunteer activities other
than hospice volunteer activities, there only have been studies on the factors that
influence sustainability [8, 9].
The identification of personality traits of volunteers who perform long-term
volunteer service should be conducted prior to the development of supportive nursing
intervention in terms of nursing management for hospice volunteers. The results can
serve as a basic data for developing intervention on organization and management of
long-term hospice volunteers.
2 Method
This study is an exploratory study that applies Q-methodology in order to identify the
personality types and characteristics of long-term hospice volunteers.
1) Configuration of Q-population and Q-sample
In-depth interview and open questionnaire were used to extract Q-population using
documents in order to identify the personality types of long-term hospice volunteers.
The contents of the questions included questions such as “What type of personality do
you have” and “What is your personality trait that allows you to perform long-term
volunteer service?”
2) P-sample
In order to organize the Q-population, the subjects of in-depth interviews were
hospice volunteers who have been providing service for more than __ years. The
study was conducted on 50 long-term hospice volunteers from April __ to __ 30,
2013.
Statements that had fundamentally the same meaning within the gathered
personality types were combined into one category, and 45 statements that had the
highest distinction ability and were different from statements on personality were
derived as the Q-sample <Table 2>. The purpose and procedures of this study were
explained to the study subjects prior to gathering data and consent was obtained
orally. Also, anonymity and use of interview contents only for the purpose of the
study were guaranteed.
3) Q-sorting and data analysis method
Concerning Q-sorting, the 45 statements of the study subjects that were selected as
the Q-sample were categorized by 9-point scale by selecting questions according to
the degree of each person’s opinion from strong agreement (agree) to strong
disagreement (disagree). Here, forced-normal distribution was used according to the
Q-methodology in order to keep the opinions close to normal distribution. The
Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.128 (Healthcare and Nursing 2016)
Copyright © 2016 SERSC 99
subjects were asked to write the reasons for selecting 9 statements (+4, -4) that are at
the end of each extreme.
4 Results
The total variable of perceived type of hospice volunteers’ personalities was 57.79%,
where type 1 was 10.57%, type 2 was 5.40%, type 3 was 4.85%, and type 4 was
4.53%.
There was a total of 15 subjects who belonged to type 1. They were warmhearted
people who liked to spend time with the patients’ families and volunteer members,
and they believed they always have to be true to themselves and others. The
statements that showed the highest agreement by type 1 subjects were found to be in
the order of “I enjoy creating warm atmosphere where people can help each other,”
“Sincerity is very important to me,” etc.
The respondent number 32 (factor weight 2.4307) who represent type 1 and people
belonging to type 1 categorized through interviews emphasized sincerity and
consideration of others. In addition, it was found that they were happy and enjoyed
themselves when they provided care to patients. Type 1 was named as the
“Compassionate Type” from the fact that they value consideration, love, and care for
others.
Type 2 is people who have strong passion and enjoy their lives. The statements that
showed the highest agreement by type 2 subjects were in the order of “I like myself,”
“I think I enjoy my life,” and “I think I am a passionate person,” etc.
The respondent number 4 (factor weight 1.6998) who represent type 2 and people
belonging to type 2 categorized through interview results said they would not be able
to continue volunteer work if they did not enjoy it and they believed volunteers must
apply the areas that they enjoy in life to volunteer activities. Type 2 was named as
the “Enjoying Type” because they feel enjoyment from volunteer activities and
perceive the enjoyment as the source of sustainable volunteer activities.
Type 3 is people who value honesty and sincerity in life and they can play the role
of a third party mediator well. The statements that showed the highest agreement by
Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.128 (Healthcare and Nursing 2016)
Copyright © 2016 SERSC 101
type 3 subjects were in the order of “I believe I have to be true to myself,” “When I
see something wrong, I believe I have to fix the problem,” etc. The respondent
number 7 (factor weight 1.5195) who represent type 3 and people belonging to type 3
categorized through interview results were found to keep the promises they had made
with their patients such as appointment dates at all costs. In addition, they don’t miss
any meetings or events with volunteers and continuously conduct volunteer activities.
Type 3 was named as the “Sincere Type” because they made efforts with the belief
that sincerity is a necessity for hospice volunteers.
Type 4 is people who perceive themselves as the main subjects of activities and
feel responsible for the operation and management of volunteer activities. The
statements that showed the highest agreement by type 4 subjects were in the order of
“What others think of me is important to me,” “People view me as a competitive
person,” etc. The respondent number 24 (factor weight 2.8213) who represent type 4
and people belonging to type 4 categorized through interview results were found to be
able to manage performances and results of volunteer activities well. They believe the
gathering and evaluation of results from the number of registered patients and
families to various events at hospice centers are important, and they participate in
relevant tasks with interest. Type 4 was named as the “Empowerment Type” because
they actively participate in the operation of volunteer organizations and attempt to
operate and manage the results as the main subjects of volunteer organizations.
5 Conclusions
The results of study in significant in that it is not a quantitative measurement of long-
term hospice volunteers’ personalities, but a study on how they objectively perceived
themselves. Based on the results of the study, the following can be proposed. As this
was a study that identified the personality types of long-term hospice volunteers, there
should be further studies on the management of volunteers that reflect the
characteristics of each type and type of support requested. It is necessary to develop
strategies to improve the adaptation of long-term hospice volunteers.
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Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.128 (Healthcare and Nursing 2016)
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