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Infectious Disease and the Immune System
Ch. 39
What are Infectious Diseases?• Pathogen- bacteria, virus,
fungi, protozoa, etc…– Any organism that disrupts
homeostasis• Infectious Disease- change in
homeostasis by a pathogen– Foreign pathogen– Symbiotic pathogen that has
changed location– Body is too weak for symbiotic
relationship
Types of Diseases?• Infections diseases Pathogens• Genetic disease gene mutations– Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome)
• Environmental toxin exposure– Cirrhosis
• Malnutrition limited food supply– Scurvy
• Cancer Carcinogens– Lung Cancer– Brain tumor
• Diabetes Genetics/Malnutrition
Identifying a New Disease• Robert Koch; 1876
– Isolated anthrax from dead animals and injected into healthy ones
– Healthy animals died of disease– Isolate pathogen in new dead
animals and found it to be the same anthrax
• Koch’s Postulates:1) Same pathogen must be found in
the host in every case2) Pathogen must be grown on a
culture plate3) Once grown, the pathogen must
give a healthy organism the disease
4) Pathogen in the new host and the old host must be the same
Spreading Disease• 4 methods:1) Direct Contact
-colds, STDs, FluCarriers- transmit disease but are not effected by itIncubation period- time it takes after infection for symptoms to appear2) By Object
-food poisoning 3) Airborne transmission
-Strep throat 4) Vectors
-insects, birds, farm animals-Malaria; mosquitoes -Black Plague; fleas on rats
Disease Patterns• Endemic Disease:
always present in the population; cases fluctuate with seasons
ex. Cold, flus, food poisoning• Epidemic Disease:
small population see dramatic increase in a new or uncommon disease
ex. SARS• Pandemic Disease:
global spread of diseaseex. HIV/AIDS; H1N1
Pathogen Attack!• Pathogens damage host cells
through toxinsproteins/compounds that:
-inhibit cellular functions-destroy the plasma
membrane-produce fever-inhibit cell signaling
Botulin neurotoxin-most powerful discovered
so far; 75 ng can kill a human-prevents neurotransmitter release-causes muscle paralysis-used to make BOTOX
The Immune System• Immune system- various
methods of defending, isolating, and removing pathogens from the body
• Innate Immunity– Nonspecific defenses against
all pathogens• Acquired Immunity– Defense against specific
pathogens that is built over time
– Made from Antibody immunity and Cellular immunity
Innate Immunity• Levels of defense:1) Skin- protective barrier covering the body2) Secretions- mucus, oil, sweat, tears, and any other fluid used to wash away pathogens– Also contain lysozyme enzyme
3) Inflammation- increase blood flow and temperature of infected area to kill pathogens– Caused by Histamine, AA
hormone released by Basophils and Eosinophils (white blood cells)
Innate Immunity4) Phagocytes- white blood cells that kill pathogens with phagocytosis
– Endocytosis of bacteria
Types of Phagocytes:1) Macrophages- white blood cell
in tissue2) Neutrophil- second wave if
macrophages are not enough3) Monocytes- travel in the blood
to infection site and become macrophages
Over time infections produce pus (collection of living and dead macrophages)
Innate Immunity5) Interferons- protective proteins that cover cells so viruses cannot attach to host cells– Specific for different types
of host cells– Also produce antiviral
proteins to stop virus reproduction
Macrophages from the innate immune system are used to build the acquired immune system
Acquired Immunity• ID system through antigens
and antibodies• Antigens- proteins in the cell
membrane used in cellular communication– A-type Blood A-type antigens– Bacterial membrane antigens
signal attachment mechanism• Antibodies- proteins in the
blood produced to attach to specific antigens– If the antibody finds the antigen
is was made for; that organism attached to those antigens is destroyed
Lymphatic System• System for monitoring tissue fluid and
filter body fluids for infection• Lymph- tissue fluid inside lymph vessels
– Travels through capillaries and veins on the Lymph system
– Return tissue fluid to blood in the shoulders
• Lymph nodes- mass of tissue for filtering lymph with lymphocytes (white blood cells)
• Tonsils- filter out pathogens we breath in• Spleen/Thymus Gland- store lymphocytes• Lymphocytes react with pathogens to
build antibodies– Create Antibody and Cellular Immunity
Antibody Immunity1) Infection occurs and
macrophages eat pathogens2) Antigens from pathogens
are placed on the macrophage membrane
3) Lymphocytes (Helper-T cells and B cells) bind to antigens and create plasma cells
4) Plasma cells produce 2000 antibodies/sec to kill infection
5) Memory-B cells and antibodies stay in blood to stop infection quickly if it returns
Cellular Immunity1) Infection occurs and macrophage
eats pathogens2) Antigens from pathogens are
placed on the macrophage membrane
3) Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells activate and release perforin on to pathogens
4) Perforin eats through membranes, killing the pathogens
Over active reaction can lead to autoimmune disorders
-body tissue is attacked-transplanted organs are
attacked
Passive vs. Active ImmunityPassive:
Natural-Antibodies pasted down from
mother/breast milk
Artificial-Take antibodies from organism already immune from disease
Active:Vaccine-Inject person with weak or dead pathogen; body easily kills it and makes antibodies
Cowpox is a vaccine for Smallpox
Homework: HIV/AIDS paper• Write a 1 page essay on HIV:– How it spreads?– How does it effect the immune
system?– What is AIDS?– What are methods of
controlling the spread of HIV?– Are there ways to cure HIV?
A lot of content so be brief in your explanations