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Infant and Young Child Feeding. DR ANMOL K GUPTA MBBS,MD,PGDMCH,FIMSA WHO FELLOW KKU-THYLAND ASSOCIATE PROF COMMUNITY MEDICINE IGMC SHIMLA. INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING. LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Enumerate components of Optimal Feeding - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Infant and Young Child Feeding
DR ANMOL K GUPTAMBBS,MD,PGDMCH,FIMSA
WHO FELLOW KKU-THYLANDASSOCIATE PROF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
IGMC SHIMLA
INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES• Enumerate components of Optimal
Feeding
• Define Exclusive BF/Predominantly BF/ Replacement Feed/Mixed Feeding
• Describe process of Breast Feeding
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES• List advantages of breast milk and
breast feeding
• Enumerate dangers of artificial feeding
2
Infant feeding
• Feeding the fetus – Feeding the pregnant mother • Feeding the infant 0-6 months-
Exclusive breast feeding • Feeding beyond 6 months- Complementary feeding +BF
3
What is Optimal Infant and What is Optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding?Young Child Feeding?
• Optimal feeding is defined as exclusive breastfeeding from birth to six months of age and there after continued breastfeeding for 2 years or beyond
with adequate and safe complementary feeds to meet nutritional needs of a young child
4
Definitions for Infant FeedingDefinitions for Infant FeedingExclusive breastfed
Predominantly breastfed
Only breastmilk is given . No other food or drink,Not even water is given
The main source of nutrition is breastmilk but the child is also receiving other fluids (non-nutritive) or water
5
Definitions for Infant FeedingDefinitions for Infant Feeding• Mixed feeding – the child receives animal
milk, formula or cereal based foods in addition to breast milk
• Replacement feeding Is the process of feeding a child who is not
receiving any breast milk – with a diet that provides all the nutrients the child
needs until the child is fully fed on family foods
6
Breast Anatomy - StructureBreast Anatomy - Structure
fat 7
How Milk is Produced• First few days after delivery- the breast
feel soft and empty- only small amount of yellowish first milk (colostrum) is secreted
• After few days (may vary from 2 days to one week)-the breast begins to feel full , and sometimes hard- Milk has “come in”
8
Prolactin ReflexProlactin ReflexSecretion continues AFTER feed to produce NEXT feed
Frequent Suckling Increases Milk Production 9
Oxytocin ReflexOxytocin Reflex
For milk ejection 10
For milk ejection 11
Helping and Hindering the Oxytocin Reflex
Inhibitor in BreastmilkInhibitor in Breastmilk
Frequent emptying of breast maintains lactation 12
Feeding ReflexesFeeding ReflexesRooting reflex
When somethingtouches lips,baby opens mouthputs tongue downand forward
Sucking reflex
When something touches palate baby sucks
Swallowing reflex
When mouth fills with milk,baby swallows
SkillMother learns to position babyBaby learns to take breast
Gag reflex
When something touches anterior part of the tongue, baby pushes it out.
13
Formation of Teat
• For effective suckling the baby does not take just the nipple but a mouthful of the areola and the breast tissue beneath, which contains the lactiferous sinuses
14
Mechanism of Mechanism of ‘Suckling Cycle’‘Suckling Cycle’
15
Remember
o Baby needs mother’s help initially to take the breast into his mouth
o Keeping baby and mother together makes breastfeeding successful
o More suckling makes more milko For sustained milk secretion, it is
essential to breastfeed frequently
16
Advantages of BreastfeedingAdvantages of Breastfeeding to infant to infant
Breastmilk Perfect nutrients Easily digestible Ready to serve Protects against
infection Protects against
adult onset diseases
Breastfeeding Helps bonding and
development Helps in adequate
growth and development
Enhances brain & visual development
Prevents hypothermia
17
Nutrients in Human & Animal MilkNutrients in Human & Animal MilkWhat are the differences between these milks?
7gm/100ml
1.1gm/dL3.5 gm/dL
3.5gms/dL
Lower protein content puts lower solute load on kidney18
Differences in the Quality of Differences in the Quality of the Proteins in Different Milksthe Proteins in Different Milks
Anti-Infective Proteins
35% Casein
19
Proteins in human milk
Higher proportion of lactalbumin and lactoglobulin in breast milk form finer curds and are easily digested
Human milk proteins have a suitable quality of anti-infective protein
Contains taurine and cysteine necessary for brain development
20
Differences in the FatsDifferences in the Fats
HUMAN COW`S
Essential Fatty Acids,
PUFA
Enzyme Lipase
No Essential Fatty Acids
No Enzyme Lipase
21
Fats in human milk • Higher content of PUFA promotes brain
growth and protects against atherosclrosis• Active lipase promotes fat digestion • Contains Omega 2 and omega 6 (VLCFA) • Facilitates absorption of calcium
22
Minerals • Ca/P (2:1) ratio promotes Ca absorption• High water content, Low Na+, low
osmolality → low solute load to kidneys • Adequate Zn
23
Vitamins in Different MilksVitamins in Different Milks
24
Breastmilk composition• Colostrum
• milk secreted during the first three days after delivery
• Yellow in color & thick• Rich in antibodies, vitamin A, D,E,K
• Transitional Milk• Milk secreted during the first two weeks • Immunoglobulin and protein contents
gradually decreases and the fat & sugar contents increases
25
Variations in the Composition Variations in the Composition of Breastmilkof Breastmilk
What differences do you notice here?
COLOSTRUMMature Milk 26
Advantages of ColostrumAdvantages of Colostrum
Property Antibody rich
Many white cells Purgative effect
Growth factors
Vitamin A rich
Importance protects against infection and
allergy protect against infection clears meconium helps to
prevent jaundice help intestine to mature
prevents allergy, intolerance reduces severity of infection
27
Composition of human milk isTailor made for infant’s
Nutritional requirements, maturity and rate of growth !
28
Advantages of Breastfeeding Advantages of Breastfeeding to motherto mother
Reduces post delivery bleeding and anemia Delays next pregnancy Protects breast and ovarian cancer Prevent obesity Convenient
29
Other Advantages
Society Eco-friendly Human resource
development
Family Low cost involved
Less illnesses Family bonding
30
Anti-infective properties secretory IgA, IgM, Lysozymes• Antistaphylococcal factor• Lactoferrin less saturated with iron and
prevents growth of enterobacteria Bifidus factor protects from infection with
E.coli PABA protects from malaria
31
Disadvantages of Artificial Disadvantages of Artificial FeedingFeeding
More diarrhoea, ARI and other infections
Requires preparation Not easy to digest Lacks balance of
nutrients More likely to die
from infection & malnutrition
Interferes with bonding More allergy and
milk intolerance Increased risk of some
chronic diseases Overweight babies
May become pregnant sooner
Increased risk of anemia, osteoporosis, ovarian and breast cancer
Mother
Baby
32
Risk of Death from Diarrhoea with Risk of Death from Diarrhoea with Different MilksDifferent Milks
Infants 8 days to 12 months
23
16.3
11.6
4.5
3.4
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Formula only (age less than 2 months)
Formula only
Cow's milk only
Breast & formula
Breast & cow's milk
Breast only
Relative risk of death
CG Victora et al, Brazil, Lancet 8/8/87 33
Relative Mortality Risk in Relative Mortality Risk in Absence of BreastfeedingAbsence of Breastfeeding
0123456
<2 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-11 12-13
The LANCET 2000; 355:451-5
Age in months
34
U-5 Child Deaths (%) Saved with U-5 Child Deaths (%) Saved with Preventive InterventionsPreventive Interventions
136
544
33
2222
11
- 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Percentages
*Br eastf eeding
Complementar y f eeding
Zinc
Hib vac
Clean del iver y
Water , sanitation, hygiene
Ante ster oids
Vit A
T T
NB temp contr ol
Nevir apine + no BF
Measles vac
Antibio f or P ROM
Breastfeeding is defined as exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months and continued breastfeeding during 6-11 months
Source: Jones et al. LANCET 2003; 632:65-7135
KEY MESSAGES• EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING is
complete food and fluids for the baby till 6 months of age
• It prevents malnutrition and infants death• Artificial feeding & bottle feeding are
harmful to the baby, family and society.
36