INFANCYBy:

Shawnte CruzMichelle IndemneDarlene SanchezColeman Meyar

PHYSICAL, SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN

INFANCY Physical Changesa) The Brain & Nervous Systemb) Reflexes & Behavioral Systemc) Growth Motor Skills & Developing Body

Systemsd) Health & Wellnesse) Infant Mortality Sensory Skillsa) Visionb) Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, & Touch/Motion Perceptual Skillsa) Studying Perceptual Developmentb) Lookingc) Listening

PHYSICAL CHANGES1. Changes in the nervous system

are extremely rapid within the first 2 years. a. Development of dendrites and

synapsesb. Myelinization of nerve fibers

2. Adaptive reflexes: reflexes that help newborns survive (*sucking*)

3. Primitive reflexes: reflexes controlled by the “primitive” part of the brain, that disappear after the first year of life.

DURING INFANCY…a. Bones increase in number &

densitya. Muscle fibers become largerb. Motor skills improve rapidly

Breastfeedinga. Macronutrient malnutrition: too few caloriesb. Micronutrient malnutrition: a diet that has sufficient

calories but lacks specific nutrients, vitamins and minerals.

Sudden Infant death syndrome (SIDS) a. African American, Hawaiian American, and Native

American children are more likely to die within the first year rather than those in other U.S. racial groups.

b. Poverty may be a cause but the relationship is complex.

SENSORY SKILLS1. Color vision is present at

birtha. Visual acuity and tracking

skills are poor but develop rapidly within the first few months.

2. Basic auditory skills are present at birtha. Acuity is good, a new born

can also locate the direction of a sound.

b. Smelling, tasting and the sense of touch and motion are also well developed during birth.

PERCEPTUAL SKILLS1. Depth perception is present by 3

monthsa. Babies initially use kinetic cues (your

motion or the motion of some object), then binocular cues (involving using both eyes). And finally monocular cues (requires input from only one eye) by 5 to 7 months

b. Babies can distinct theirs mothers voice from someone else and also the mothers face from someone else almost immediately after birth.

2. Babies appear to attend to and discriminate between speech.a. 1 year, infant makes discrimination

between speech sounds of the language he/she is hearing.

b. 6 months, babies attend to and discriminate between different patters of sound

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN

INFANCYPiaget’s Sensorimotor

Substages

1. (0-1) Reflexes2. (1-4) Primary circular

reactions3. (4-8) Secondary circular reactions4. (8-12) Coordination of secondary schemes5. (12-18) Tertiary circular reactions6. (18-24) Beginning of mental representation

LEARNING, CATEGORIZING, & REMEMBERING

Babies learn through…

classical conditioning operant conditioning observing models- Infants use categories to

organize information. ↑ after the first 2 yrs.- 3-4 month old infants

show signs of remembering over periods of a few days to a week.

THE BEGINNING OF LANGUAGE

Theories of language development… behaviorists: learn through parental

reinforcement nativists: innate language processor helps them

learn language rules constructavists: language development is a

process of cognitive development

*both cognitive and internal variables affect language development

BABIES… Start of by crying 2 months - cooing 6 months - babbling 9 months - use meaningful gestures and

understanding of small vocabulary The rate of language development varies

from one child to another.

MEASURING INTELLIGENCE IN INFANCY

It is difficult to measure intelligence in infants.

- Bayley Scales of Infant Development

- necessary to help health care professionals identify infants who require special interventions.

Psychoanalytic and Ethological Perspectives

Freud suggested that individual differences in personality originated in the nursing and weaning practices of infants’ mothers.

Erikson emphasized the roles of both mother and father as well as other people in the infants environment, a sense of trust.

The ethological approach to social and personality development proposes that infants form emotional bonds with their caregiver.

ATTACHMENT An attachment is an

emotional bond in which a person’s sense of security is bond up in the relationship.

Fathers and mothers develop strong attachments with their infant through development of synchrony.

BOWLBY’S 4 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

1. Nonfocused orienting and signaling (Birth – 3 months)

2. Focus on one or more figures (3 – 6 months)

3. Secure base behavior (6 – 24 months)

4. Internal model (24 months and beyond)

Secure and Insecure Attachment in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

Secure attachment Insecure/avoidant

attachment Insecure/ambivalent

attachment Insecure/ disorganized

attachment

PERSONALITY, TEMPERAMENT, & SELF-CONCEPT

Dimension of Temperament- activity level - negative emotionality- approach/positive emotionality - effortful control/ task persistence - inhibition Origins and Stability of Temperament Heredity Long-Term Stability Neurological processes Environment Self-Concept Subjective Self Objective Self Emotional Self

EFFECTS OF NON-PARENTAL CARE

Difficulties in Studying Non-parental Care Effects on Cognitive Development Effects on Social Development Interpreting Research on Non-parental Care