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Infancy & Childhood
Chapter 10
Section 1: The Study of Development
Prenatal Care
• Must get enough to eat• Take folic acid• Best to be under age 40• No smoking, alcohol, or drugs
• STDs can be detrimental
Prenatal Development• Zygote
• Embryo
• Fetus
Infants
• APGAR Test (1-10 Score range)
Developmental Psychology
• Study of growth and change of people throughout the life span
• Longitudinal Studies vs. Cross-Sectional Studies
Nature vs. Nurture
• Nature –
– Maturation –
– Critical period – time when human / animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern
Nature vs. Nurture
• Nurture – environment– Tabula Rosa – John
Locke believed the mind of the infant is a blank slate
Stages vs. Continuity
• Does development occur in stages or as one continuous process?
• Both, depending on the situation– Sit / crawl / stand / walk in stages– Growth in weight and height from ages 2-11 is
continuous
Section 2: Physical Development
Height and Weight
• Slows down throughout rest of childhood
• Most dramatic gains in height and weight occur before infant is born
Motor Development
• Purposeful movement that usually occurs in stages
Reflexes
• Involuntary reaction or response (inborn)– Examples: breathing,
blinking, swallowing, sucking, etc.
– Rooting Reflex
– Moro Reflex
– Babinski Reflex
Perceptual Development
• Vision– At first, prefer pictures with complex patterns– Eventually prefer pictures of human faces
• Depth Perception – the visual cliff experiment
Perceptual Development (cont’d)
• Hearing– Respond more to high-pitched sounds &
mother’s voice
• Smell and Taste– Respond immediately to strong odors
Section 3: Social Development
Development of Attachment
• Attachment – emotional ties that form between people
• Stranger Anxiety –
• Separation Anxiety –
Contact Comfort
• Used to believe we became attached to those that fed us
• Harlow’s monkey experiments proved we have a basic need to touch and be touched by something soft (skin or fur)– Stronger than need for food
Imprinting
• Attachment can be instinctual• Some animals attach during a critical period
just after birth• First moving object is imprinted on young
animal
Secure vs. Insecure Attachment
• When parents are affectionate and reliable, infants become securely attached
• Unresponsive and unreliable parents cause insecure attachment
Styles of Parenting
•Permissive
• Cold• Warm
•Strict
DemandingPossessiveControllingDictatorial
Antagonistic
SupportiveProtective
AffectionateFlexibleCaring
LenientDemocraticInconsistent
Overindulgent
NeglectingIndifferent
CarelessNegligentDetached
Styles of Parenting
Warm Parents• Lots of affection• Enjoy kid’s company –show
it• Better off with warm
parents• Better adjusted• Develop a conscious
Cold Parents• More interested in escaping
punishment than doing the right thing
Styles of Parenting (continued)
Authoritative• Warmth and positive
strictness• Expect a lot, but explain
why and offer help
Authoritarian• Obedience for the sake of
obedience• Strict without questions• Cold and rejecting
Styles of Parenting (continued)
Uninvolved• Tend to leave their children
on their own• Make few demands, show
little warmth or encouragement
Permissive Parents• Easygoing• Less rules and let kids do
what they want• Warm and supportive, but
poor communicators
Childcare
• More than half of mothers work outside home• Effects of day-care– Quality important: learning resources,
individualized attention, many caregivers important
• Effects on parent-child attachment
• Can be positive and negative
Child Abuse and Neglect
• Abuse –
• Neglect – failure to give kid adequate food, shelter, emotional support, clothing, etc.– Usually causes more
problems
• Seriously underreported
• Effects:
Why does abuse happen?
1. Stress2. History of abuse3. Substance abuse4. Lack of attachment
Abuse runs in families
• Kids imitate behavior
• See it as normal• Pattern usually doesn’t continue
Self-Esteem
• Value or worth that people attach to themselves
• Unconditional positive regard– Accept kids for who they are, kids know they’re
not terrible people if they do something wrong • Conditional positive regard– Parents show love only when behaving in
accepted ways– Kids will seek approval from others as adults
Other factors that effect Self-Esteem
• Feeling competent about a skill / task
• Gender• Age
Section 4: Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor Stage
• Preoperational Stage
• Concrete Operational Stage
• Formal Operational Stage
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
• Pre-conventional Level (stages 1 & 2)– base judgments on consequences of behavior
• Conventional Level (stages 3-4)–
• Post-conventional Level (stages 5-6) – Reasoning based on a person’s own moral standards of goodness