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GA_HBYLKM R_OALK 4

@B IBZB@E^^BGBKY IR_AO@B

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Zlzlbk Gelkay

Vev `a ilrbfylek i ^rej+ D+'O+ _aflkb

By `bs~brylvb ib D+'^+ A``agaki

vbgbvyrb iclzbr ?>>=

Ggelrb ib Gavybr Lkvylyy ib Memra~clb JMVB

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Yey fb ql bvy vlg~`b bvy jas

yey fb ql bvy feg~`lq bvy lkyl`lvao`b

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_BVRGB 4

Bk ?>>: `a Zl``b ib @avakkb iflib ilkyreilrb kb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm

roalk oavb vr qayrb ~l`lbrv 4 `b v~ery by `E`|g~lvgb `a f`yrb `a

jergaylek by `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b+ @eodby ib fb yrazal` bvy ib

vlkybrrembr vr `a za`lily i izb`e~~bgbky irao`b feggb armgbky ib

~regeylek+ ^er | r~ekirb l` a ja`` fekvyrlrb ~arylr ib `a `lyyrayrb kb

igarfcb erlmlka`b ~brgbyyaky iza`br `a za`lily ik armgbky ib

~regeylek+ Fbyyb igarfcb fegolkaky ibv `gbkyv ib rj`bslek vr `ejjrb

by vr `a ibgakib lkvlvyb vr `b jaly qb `armgbky ib ~regeylek iely yrb

~rvbky iakv `ejjrb ib `a zl``b by ql` iely bslvybr kb zlvlek feggkb ~argl

`bv ayerlyv+ Ib ~`v l` iely yrb ~br feggb k fekvylyaky bvvbkylb` ib

`ejjrb ~ar `a ~e~`aylek by va ~regeylek iely yrb fekjergb va ijlklylek

ycerlqb+ L` iely ~ar al``brv r~ekirb k ~eybkylb` ib ibgakib 8 `lgamb

ib `armgbky yb``b qb``b bvy ~brb ~ar `b ~o`lf'flo`b iely ferrbv~ekirb

`lgamb glvb+ Jlka`bgbky l` iely bslvybr ibv afylekv e ibv ayyrloyv jery

~eybkylb` ib rb~rvbkyaylzly vr `bvqb`v `a ~regeylek ~by va~~|br ~er

fekvyrlrb kb lgamb ib garqb jeryb klqb by iljjrbkflayrlfb+ Vl `ek a

r~eki ~ar `ajjlrgaylzb `bkvbgo`b ib fbv qbvylekv a`erv `armgbky bvy

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ybrglkbky `b yrazal` alkvl qb ibv ~lvybv jyrbv ~er `a rbfcbrfcb+

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GEYV F@BV 4

Garhbylkm roalk izb`e~~bgbky irao`b armgbky ib ~regeylek

igarfcb ib zrljlfaylek caolyakyv bkyrb~rlvbv yerlvybv ~o`lf'flo`b

garfc ib klfcb lgamb ib garqb ~brfb~ylek rb~rvbkyaylek @avakkb+

_BGB_FLBGBKYV 4

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qb``bv bk velbky lfl rbgbrflbv 4

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D+'^+ A``agaki 4 ~er vek bs~brylvb vbv fekvbl`v azlvv by vbv fekyafyvieky l` ga jaly okjlflbr+

M+ Oekkari F+ Eyy by K+ Gbvvlbs 4 ~er `br aglfa`b rb`bfyrb+ @bv ~brvekkbv lkybrrembv ~er `br ilv~eklol`ly by `lkyry qb``bv eky

gekyr ~er fb yrazal`+

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@LVYB IBV AO_BZLAYLEKV

II 4 Izb`e~~bgbky irao`b

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RV^ Vyraymlb garhbylkm fekvlvyaky za`erlvbr k ayyrloy

qb `b ~reily bvy `b vb` ~re~evbr

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vbkmamb gbyyrb bk ~`afb ~er erlbkybr vek

izb`e~~bgbky ib jaek ~`v irao`b

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I+? @LGLYBV 11>

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I+6+? _BFEGGAKIAYLEKV ^ER_ @A _BFCB_FCB 11=

B+ AKKBSBV+ 1?1

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IBZB@E^^BGBKY IR_AO@B #II, 191

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1

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Lkyreifylek

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A+1 Lkyreifylek clvyerlqb 4

@eodbfylj ib fbyyb lkyreifylek bvy ib ~rvbkybr k orbj clvyerlqb i

garhbylkm roalk ~lv `b fcakmbgbky i `a gekila`lvaylek by vbv

fekvqbkfbv ~er `bv zl``bv+ Iakv fbv fekvqbkfbv vbreky gbkylekkbv `a

glvb bk ~`afb ib kezb``bv ~e`lylqbv ib garhbylkm roalk ieky fbryalkbv

veky lkbjjlfafbv+ @a vyraymlb `avakkelvb vbra ~rvbkyb `a jlk ib fbyyb

lkyreifylek+

@b garhbylkm roalk a ~rlv vek bvver as Byayv'Rklv #]ari 1

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rvba lggayrlb` ilkybri~bkiakfbv #^avvby 1

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

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~`v ib jalrb fekflibr ibgakib by ejjrb i~bkvbv by rbfbyyb galv iakv `b

fairb ik oimby ib `a zl``b ibzbk yre~ lkvjjlvaky by lkvyao`b ~ar ra~~ery

vek kezba r`b ib frbr ibv kezb``bv rlfcbvvbv e rbzbkv 8 fb ql

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garhbylkm roalk afyb` vbvy ~avvao`bgbky iljjrbkfl ib fbs ql `eky

~rfi+ L` vbry k kezb` eodbfylj 4 vb igarqbr ibv ayrbv flyv ~er

ayyblkirb kb ~`afb ~rmkakyb iakv `a glvb bk rvba gekila` ibv zl``bv i

SSLb vlf`b #]ari 1

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

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f`yrb ib v~ery byf, ~lv rbfekkayrb k eodby ql vbra vek RV^ by asbr va

vyraymlb ib ~regeylek vr fby RV^+ Kev rbgarqekv ial``brv qb ib

kegorbvbv gyre~e`bv `yl`lvbky azbf vffv+ Vb`bgbky iakv `a ra`ly l`

bslvyb avvl ibv zl``bv #bk ~arylf`lbr fb``bv ib ge|bkkb yal``b, ql kb ilv~evbky~av iayyrafylek gadbrb e ib RV^ by ql kb veky ~av ggb ib

fekfrrbkfbr `ejjrb ibv ~`v mrakibv+ Ib kegorbs aybrv #D+ Oelkey ?>>? 8

^+ Kelvbyyb 1

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gaslgg,+ Ga`cbrbvbgbky `a `lyyrayrb ~rflyb kev a~~rbki qb fbv

~e`lylqbv ib feggklfaylek mkra`lvakybv kb vjjlvbky ~av avvrbr fbv

zl``bv kb zrlyao`b iljjrbkflaylek by iekf k zral vffv #`b vffv vb yraily

~ar `a vaylvjafylek ibv ayybkybv ibv ~o`lfv flo`bv zlvlol`lvb ~ar bsbg~`b ~ar`affrelvvbgbky ib `a ~e~`aylek i kegorb ibkyrb~rlvbv by ib `br fcljjrb

iajjalrbv ib `a jrqbkyaylek ibv va``bv ib v~bfyaf`bv byf,+

Ib kegorbs aybrv rbfeggakibky a`erv fbv zl``bv ib fcelvlr k

#zbkyb``bgbky qb`qbv, iegalkb#v, yrv ~rflv iakv `bqb` vb v~fla`lvbr+

Iakv `a dkm`b ib `a feggklfaylek `b vb` bv~elr ib ragbkbr kb ob``b

~relb bvy iyrb v`bfylj ib vb fekfbkyrbr vr ibv flo`bv olbk i`lglybv ib

~raylqbr `a vbmgbkyaylek bk k gey ib ~raylqbr `b ~evlylekkbgbky #A+

_lbv by D+ Yrey lk ^+ Kelvbyyb by J+ Za``brme 1

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

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ibvylkaylek ib mre~bv veflas yb` qb `bv rbyralyv e `bv dbkbv `a zlrya`

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rb`lmlbvb feggb `a Gbfqb ~ar bsbg~`b+

Ek kb ve`lmkbra dagalv avvbt qb qb`qb vely `e~ylek rbybkb ~er `b RV^

e ~er `a klfcb v~fla`lvb l` bvy aove`gbky kfbvvalrb qb``b vely bk `lbk

ilrbfy azbf `bv obvelkv by `libkyly ib `a zl``b+ @a `lyyrayrb #@biry 1

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@a Zl``b ib @avakkb feggb klg~eryb qb``b zl``b efflibkya`b bvy

fekjrekyb a kezba fekybsyb ib fekfrrbkfb zeq fl'ibvvv+ Iakv fb

fairb b``b vbvy fcelvlb kb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk ~re~rb bk

aka`|vaky vek ejjrb by bk `a vbmgbkyaky bk qayrb mrakiv iegalkbv=

4

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Olbk qb `b fcels by `b kegorb ib fbv iegalkbv vely ilvfyao`b #ek keybra

~ar bsbg~`b qb `clvyelrb by `b ~ayrlgelkb k| a~~aralvvbky ~av ib jaek

bs~`lflyb, l` jay bk yey fav vb j`lflybr qb `a zl``b aly ra`lv `lg~eryakfb

ikb v`bfylek+ @bv ibs ~rbglbrv veky ikb erlmlka`ly rb`aylzb by vbgo`bky

bk feg~aralvek azbf iayrbv zl``bv kb ~av yrb ibv armgbkyv iybrglkakyv+

@e`|g~lvgb ~ar fekyrb bvy k zrlyao`b RV^ ~lvqb @avakkb bvy `a vb`b

zl``b a gekib azelr `b irely ib vb ~ref`agbr fa~lya`b e`|g~lqb+ Qaky

`a ~brylkbkfb i fcels i izb`e~~bgbky irao`b zel` dvybgbky `b fr

ib keyrb yrazal`+

Ib~lv ib kegorbvbv akkbv @avakkb fcbrfcb ag`lerbr vek bg~rblkyb

fe`emlqb by iraol`lvbr vek izb`e~~bgbky roalk+ Vl olbk qb `a zl``b bvy

ibzbkb ib kegorbs mariv k bsbg~`b bk Bre~b+ L` bvy zlibky qb `b

izb`e~~bgbky irao`b #II, kb iely ~av yrb ~ervlzl iakv kb e~ylqb

gbrfakyl`b 8 fb~bkiaky l` vbraly ieggamb kb jelv `a ~e`lylqb glvb vr ~lbi

ib kb ~av bk ~rejlybr vl b``b bvy rb~rvbkyaly k ~evvlo`b azakyamb

fekfrrbkylb`+

Galv `b II kbvy ~av vb`bgbky kb ~evvlo`b klfcb r~ekiaky as bslmbkfbv

ik garfc m`eoa`lv galv iely yrb ma`bgbky z feggb kb r~ekvb

= @ARVAKKB #?>>:,+ ^razlv K ?>>:%21 4 Lkyreifylek ikb ~e`lylqb ib

garhbylkm roalk by ik ~redby ib fly| gakambgbky bk Zl``b ib @avakkb+

@avakkb+

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

kezb``bv rb`aylekv bkyrb `bv~afb `a vefly by vek fekeglb qb kev

fekkalvvekv+

Alkvl vl ikb ~ary `a glvvlek ib `roaklvyb'memra~cb bvy ib vyrfyrbr`bv~afb roalk feggb bv~afb ib vlmkljlfaylek by ib veflaol`ly #@agltby

?>>? 4 1?

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

11

A+? ^reo`gaylqb 4

A+?+1'Qbvylekv ~evbv

Fbyyb vbfylek rbfbkvb `bv qbvylekv qb vb ~evb `b yrazal` by asqb``bv l`

vecalyb a~~erybr kb r~ekvb+

Qbvy'fb qb `b garhbylkm roalk 5 Qb``bv veky vbv glvvlekv 5 Qb` bvy `b

r`b by `a jekfylek ik ejjlfb ib garhbylkm roalk 5 Qb`v veky `bv vbrzlfbv

qk yb` ejjlfb iely ~re~evbr 5

Rkb rbzb ib `a `lyyrayrb ~brgbyyra ib r~ekirb fb ~rbglbr mre~b ib

qbvylekv+ @b ~rbglbr eodbfylj ib fb yrazal` bvy iekf ib ravvbgo`br iljjrbkyv

a~~eryv ycerlqbv ~rezbkaky ~er `bvvbkylb` i garhbylkm ibv vbrzlfbv ~er

jerklr kb oavb ycerlqb ve`lib ~er `a fraylek ik ejjlfb ib garhbylkm

roalk+

Iakv `b fairb ikb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk `b Izb`e~~bgbky

Irao`b #II, ~by'l` yrb yl`lv feggb armgbky ib ~regeylek 5 Bvy'l`

bjjlfafb ~er ~regezelr kb zl``b 5

BY VL ERL 4 Feggbky @avakkb ~by'b``b ~regezelr vek II 5 Qb``b bvy `a

igarfcb vlzrb ~er `a glvb bk ~`afb ikb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk

ik II 5

Qb``bv ~bzbky yrb `bv armgbkyv ik Garhbylkm Rroalk oav vr k

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`l``vyrbr 5 Qb``b lgamb ib garqb fekvyrlrb ~er kb fly irao`b 5

^ar `b olalv ik qbvylekkalrb kev vecalyekv a~~erybr ibv `gbkyv ib

r~ekvbv fb vbfeki mre~b ib qbvylekv+ Galv `a yal``b `lglyb ib fb yrazal`

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

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kb ~brgby bk afk fav ib frelrb ql` vbra ~evvlo`b iekkbr ibv r~ekvbv

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galk +

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^er fb yrazal` kev ~arylrekv ibv aslegbv ib oavb i garhbylkm roalk 4

fbvy''ilrb qb kev kb kev ybkirekv ~av iazakyamb vr `b kezba

fekybsyb aqb` veky veglvbv `bv zl``bv fekybsyb ib fekfrrbkfb iakv

`bqb` l` jay fcbrfcbr vb iljjrbkflbr+ Kev ~rbkirekv ma`bgbky ~eryao`l qb fbyyb iljjrbkflaylek kbvy ~av ayyblkyb ~er `bv zl``bv ib ge|bkkb

yal``b by vakv RV^ by qb``bv ielzbky bk fekvqbkfb fcbrfcbr ib kezbas

armgbkyv ib ~regeylek ~er vb iljjrbkflbr+ Kev kb rbgbyyrekv ~av kek

~`v bk favb `b olbk'jeki by `bjjlfafly i garhbylkm roalk+ Jlka`bgbky

iakv `b fairb ib fb garhbylkm roalk kev kb kev ayyaribrekv ~av vr `a

kfbvvly id ve`lmkb fl'ibvvv ib ~regezelr k eodby%vdby bk `lbk

azbf `libkyly ib `a zl``b 8 eodby ib ~regeylek iakv `bqb` l` bvy aove`gbky

bvvbkylb` qb `bv caolyakyv ~lvvbky vb rbfekkayrb+

Jafb as qbvylekv ve`bzbv iakv `a vbfylek ~rfibkyb #A+?+1, by jery ib

`bfyrbv by ib yrazas bs~`erayelrbv `bv c|~eycvbv ib yrazal` fl'ibvvev eky

y glvbv `erv ib `frlyrb ib `a ~reo`gaylqb #zbrvlek ib jzrlbr >=,+ A

ferv i yrazal` fbryalkbv eky y fekjlrgbv galv iayrbv a z ibv

rv`yayv ibv qbvylekkalrbv vb veky azrbv lkbsafybv by l` a y kfbvvalrb

ib `bv rbzelr+

Keyrb ~rbglrb c|~eycvb bvy qb `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b #II, ~by yrb

k armgbky ib garhbylkm roalk iakv `b vbkv ql` ~by fekyrlobr

ag`lerbr `lgamb ib garqb ib `a zl``b+ Kev v~~evekv ql` ~by yrb yl`lv

~er fekyrlobr `a ~regeylek ib `a zl``b ~arfb ql` ~by r~ekirb kb

zrlyao`b ibgakib+

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

16

^er zrljlbr fbyyb c|~eycvb `b II iely azelr `bv farafyrlvylqbv f`avvlqbv

rb`bz ~ar `a `lyyrayrb #Gbrfayer ?>>: 8 ^bkyafeg ?>>2 _evbgobrm ?>>>

Oaob| 1+ Va

~rbglrb ya~b bvy ib zrljlbr vl` bslvyb kb zlvlek ~aryamb ib `ejjrb II ~er

`a zl``b ib @avakkb bk ~rbkaky marib qb 4

'L` bslvyb a vblk ibv iflibrv kb zlvlek ~aryamb ib `ayyrloy+

'@lgamb ib `ayyrloy II glvb ~ar `a zl``b iely bsafybgbky rbj`ybr `ayyrloy+

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@erv ibv ayrbv ya~bv `a igarfcb iely jalrb lkybrzbklr `bv gfaklvgbv i

garfc ~er dmbr by kb rbybklr qb `bv ~eybkyla`lyv bjjlfafbv+ Bkjlk b``b iely

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afylekv ~regezaky `b IRI+

11 @b Oraki Gakambgbky bvy `a ilvfl~`lkb i garhbylkm ql veff~b ib `a qbvylek ib `ambvylek ib `a garqb+

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A+?+6'Erlmlka`ly i yrazal`

@a ~reo`gaylqb ib fb ggelrb bvy erlmlka`b by ezrb k kezba fcag~

ib rbfcbrfcb+ keyrb fekkalvvakfb l` k| a ~av b a~arazaky ib yrazas

lg~eryakyv vr `a ~regeylek i II feggb ~e`lylqb ~eybkylb``b ib garhbylkm

roalk+ Bk ~`v ib r~ekirb kb rb``b ibgakib fb fcels ib garhbylkm

roalk vb iljjrbkflb feggb gbkylekk ~`v cay ibv ayrbv ~e`lylqbv ~ar

`b jaly ql` ~brgby ib r~ekirb k ayrb obvelk 4 fb`l ik

izb`e~~bgbky cargeklbs by irao`b ib `a zl``b+ Kev bv~rekv iekf qb

`erlmlka`ly ib fb yrazal` rvlibra iakv `a ila`bfylqb ql ~erra ~by'yrbvlkvya``br bkyrb `b GRI by `b II okjlflaky fcafk ib fbv ~`bv+

Keyrb agolylek bvy ieo`b 4 ikb ~ary ib ~evbr `bv ~rbglrbv oavbv

ycerlqbv ~er `a fraylek ik ejjlfb ib garhbylkm roalk by iayrb ~ary

ib iekkbr kb oavb ib rj`bslek k zbkyb` ` #`avakkelv, lkyrbvv ~ar

`b GRI bk `l rz`aky `bv ~eybkyla`lyv rb``bv i II feggb armgbky ib

~regeylek+

A+6 Gyceie`emlb 4

A+6+1'Fairb ycerlqb iekk ~ar `a `lyyrayrb

^lvqb fb iegalkb ib rbfcbrfcb bvy kezba kb lg~eryakyb rbzb ib `a

`lyyrayrb #bk ~arylf`lbr fb``b fekfbrkaky `b garhbylkm roalk `a ~brfb~ylekib `a zl``b `b garhbylkm ibv vbrzlfbv `lgamb ib garqb,a y kfbvvalrb

~er ravvbgo`br ibv `gbkyv ib r~ekvb+

Kev a``ekv galkybkaky orlzbgbky ~avvbr bk rbzb qb`qbv ezrambv f`

ib fbyyb `lyyrayrb 4

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G+ _evbgobrm #1> ?>>6, iaoeri vlkyrbvvb a garhbylkm roalk ~ar

`b olalv ib `a keylek ib ~redby roalk by ib `a geol`lvaylek ibv afybrv ayer

ib fb ibrklbr+ B``b yilb bk ~arylf`lbr qb`qbv fav jrakalv #@l``b Kakybv

Aglbkv by Geky~b``lbr,+K+ Oaob| #12 ?>>:, qaky `l gby bk azaky iakv vbv

ilzbrv yrazas `lg~eryakfb ib `lkkezaylek by ib `a ~arylfl~aylek iakv `b

garhbylkm roalk #bk ~arylf`lbr iakv vbv yrazas a~~`lqv vr _bkbkv Vlbrrb

by Ib`geky, by izb`e~~b k gei`b ~er ~avvbr ikb fekeglb ibv

obvelkv kb fekeglb ibv ivlrv+

^+ Kelvbyyb by J+ Za``brme #1>6, jaly `a ~ary ob``b `yl`lvaylek ib `fekeglb by

yrakv~evb ~er `b garhbylkm roalk ibv eyl`v fekeglqbv ~rezv feggb

`azalbky ial``brv jaly M+ Yefqbr by G+ Tlkv #1

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1:

`agkambgbky i ybrrlyelrb #FBAY, bk ~arylf`lbr ~ar fb``bv ib D+ _bmm

#1>: 8 ^bkyafeg 4 ?>>2 8 Ha~jbrbr 4 ?>>:,+

@a~~ery fekfb~yb` ib `a memra~clb roalkb bvy rb~rvbky ~ar `bv frlyv

ib J+ Avfcbr #1>9,,+

Yev fbv aybrv geke~e`lvbky k fairb ycerlqb iljjrbky fcafk azbf

kb igarfcb by kb a~~refcb ~re~rbv+ Fbryalkv aoeribreky `a

~reo`gaylqb ib jaek ce`lvyb iayrbv ~av+ Fbryalkv lkvlvybky vr `bv

rm`arlyv ql a~~aralvvbky iakv `a ra`ly v~ayla`b by vr `a kfbvvly ib

jerg`br ibv `elv mkra`bv iayrbv vb veflbky azaky yey ibv ~arylf`arlyv

i `lb by aoeribky `bv vdbyv ~ar `brv iljjrbkfbv bk vaiekkaky k vy|`b

gekemra~clqb+ Jlka`bgbky fbryalkv jeky a~~b` `clvyelrb e `a

`lkmlvylqb a`erv qb iayrbv yl`lvbky `b garhbylkm e `fekeglb v~ayla`b+

Rkb yb``b ilzbrvly ~erraly vbgo`br ilvfyao`b by ~eryaky fbvy olbk vr fb

fer~v qb `b yrazal` vecalyb vb oavbr+ Bk bjjby `bv rbfcbrfcbv bs~`erayelrbv

eky ~brglv ib feg~rbkirb qb `eodby iyib jaly a~~b` kb mrakib

ilzbrvly ib fekfb~yv+ @bv a~~refcbv aie~ybv ~ar `bv aybrv kb veky iekf

~av bsf`vlzbv `bv kbv ibv ayrbv 8 a fekyralrb fcafkb ~aray dvyljlb vb`ek

fb qb``b vecalyb rbkirb lkyb``lmlo`b+

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A+6+?'Fairb ib za`lily

Fb yrazal` bvy lkvfrly `a jelv v~ayla`bgbky by ybg~erb``bgbky iakv k

fekybsyb olbk ijlkl+ Fbvy fb qb kev a~~b`ekv `b fairb ib za`lily+ Bk

bjjby kev vecalyekv ~evbr ibv c|~eycvbv iakv k fairb ql kbvy ~av

klzbrvb`+ Bk ibcerv ib fb fairb fb yrazal` kbvy za`lib by mkra`lvao`b qb

vev fbryalkbv fekilylekv+ V~ayla`bgbky `b fairb ib za`lily bvy `bkvbgo`b

ib zl``bv ib yal``b ge|bkkb #bkyrb 1>>->>> by k gl``lek icaolyakyv, bk Bre~b

efflibkya`b+ @bv ayrbv zl``bv kb veky ~av lkymrbv ~er ib g`yl~`bv ralvekv 8

`bv zl``bv ~`v ~bylybv kb ~evvibky ~av ib ge|bkv vjjlvakyv ~er jalrb i

garhbylkm roalk yakilv qb `bv mrakibv ~evvibky vezbky ibv RV^+ ^ar

al``brv iakv iayrbv f`yrbv `b fairb lkvylyylekkb` ~aray yre~ iljjrbky+ Ib

~`v `a ~regeylek roalkb vbgo`b kb ~reff~aylek ib zl``b rlfcb yakilv

qb ib kegorbvbv zl``bv #bk ~arylf`lbr fb``b i Ylbrv'Gekib, vekmbky azbf

ralvek rm`br bk ~rlerly `bv ~reo`gbv ~`v lkybr~b``aky #~azrby frlglka`ly

lkjravyrfyrbv byf+,+ Kev bsf`ekv ze`ekyalrbgbky `bv zl``bv iAgrlqb i

Keri+ Bk bjjby `b ilvferv vr `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b1? vbgo`b | yrb arrlz

gayrly by rb~rvbkyb galkybkaky k galk vyrbaglkm168 l` bvy ma`bgbky

affeg~amk ~ar `a rj`bslek vr `a vgary mre}yc `b yrakvly erlbkybi

ibzb`e~gbky #YEI, `b izb`e~~bgbky ~arylf`lbr ib fbryalkv ~arybkarlayv

~o`lf'~rlz+ Fb`a iely kev lkflybr ~bkvbr qb keyrb igarfcb ~briraly

kb ~arylb ib vek vbkv vl `ek fcbrfcaly `a yrakv~evbr a fekybsyb keri'

agrlfalk+ Qaky `a za`lily ybg~erb``b b``b bvy avvl `lglyb+ L` bvy ~reoao`b

qb ilfl qb`qbv ifbkklbv `b izb`e~~bgbky roalk irao`b vely ibzbk`a kergb iakv `bv zl``bv bre~bkkbv+ fb gegbky `a ~regeylek oavb vr `a

iljjrbkflaylek mrfb a II ~briraly kayrb``bgbky vek bjjlfafly+

1? Fb`a klg~`lqb zlibggbky ~av k ivlkyrbvvbgbky ib `a ~reo`gaylqb ib `a

iraol`ly roalkb ib `a ~ary ibv ayerlyv by ib `aiglklvyraylek galv `b ioay bvy ~ev iakv

iayrbv ybrgbv+16Fbvy''ilrb k feraky ib ~bkvb gaderlyalrb by egkl~rvbky

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A+6+6'Bfcb``b

_bvyb bkferb ijlklr `fcb``b `aqb``b ek za yrazal``br+ @a ijlklylek ikb

fcb``b fbvy fcbrfcbr rj`fclr qb` klzba `b ~ckegkb vbs~rlgb

klzba vr `bqb` vb oavbr ~er ~ezelr `b glbs lkj`bkfbr `bv gfaklvgbv

mkras #Kelvbyyb 1

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UUUA+ LkyreifylekUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

1>=,+ @b garhbylkm roalk kyl`lvb ~av ilrbfybgbky

`bv ibs ~rbglrbv fb``bv ib gl`lb memra~clqb by ibv~afb

memra~clqb galv ~rjrb `a keylek ib ybrrlyelrb bk `b ijlklvvaky feggb

k bv~afb a~~re~rl ~ar k mre~b vefla` azbf vbkylgbky e fekvflbkfb

ib vek a~~re~rlaylek+ Fbvy vezbky k bv~afb agkam by mr ~ar fb

mre~b alkvl qk bv~afb ilibkyly #Gambr ?>>= 4 :,+ Fbvy fbyyb keylek

ibv~afb ilibkyly ql bvy fbkyra`b ~er `b garhbylkm roalk+ Rkb zl``b

`ervqb``b jbra va ~regeylek za fcbrfcbr gbyyrb bk azaky kb lgamb ib

garqb ayyrafylzb oavb vr kb zlvlek feggkb by ~aryamb i ybrrlyelrb

fbvy dvybgbky fb jagbs bv~afb ilibkyly+ Fb`a lg~`lqb `a ~ekiraylek

vlzakyb iakv bv yrailylekkb``bv ya~bv iaka`|vb ybrrlyerla`b+

@a keylek ibvlyb iaoeri+ Yey garhbylkm roalk iely zlibggbky azaky ib

feggbkfbr va ~regeylek fcbrfcbr vazelr qb``b bvy vek ejjrb ~rlgalrb by

bk ~arylf`lbr qb``bv veky `bv feg~evakybv ~c|vlqbv ib vek ejjrb ~rlgalrb+

^er @avakkb l` jay rbfekkayrb ~ar bsbg~`b qb `a ~rvbkfb ik `af by

ik zbrvaky by `a fekj`bkfb ib rlzlrbv veky ibv farafyrlvylqbv ~c|vlqbvql ~bzbky azelr b kb lkj`bkfb ~c|vlqb by ~v|fclqb ilrbfybv vr `b

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?>

izb`e~~bgbky clvyerlqb by fekeglqb ib `a zl``b+ Fbyyb keylek ~by alibr

za`br `bv jerfbv by `bv jalo`bvvbv #bk yey fav fb``bv ql eky k avfbkiaky

~c|vlqb, ib `a zl``b+ Iakv fb yrazal` `aka`|vb ib fbyyb ejjrb ~rlgalrb bvy

ra`lvb ~ar `bv r~ekiakyv a ferv ik qbvylekkalrb+@a keylek ibvlyaylek bvy bkvlyb yl`b iakv `b garhbylkm roalk ~er rbvlybr

ib jaek rb`aylzb `a zl``b iakv vek bkzlrekkbgbky #a vbkv iermaklvaylek

v~ayla`b,+ Fb`a ~brgby ~ar bsbg~`b ib jalrb a~~arayrb qb``bv veky `bv zl``bv

fekfrrbkybv+ Bk iayrbv ybrgbv by ~er feg~`ybr `aka`|vb V]EY `a keylek

ibvlyaylek bvy fbryalkbgbky yl`b ~er gbyyrb bk zlibkfb `bv e~~eryklyv

by `bv gbkafbv asqb``bv `a zl``b bvy fekjrekyb+

@aka`|vb ib `a vlyaylek bvy ma`bgbky fekvyrlyb vr `bv vazelrv ibv afybrv

#lvvv ib `brv ~brfb~ylekv, rfe`yv `erv i qbvylekkalrb+

Olbk qb `br yl`lvaylek vb javvb vezbky ib jaek lg~`lflyb by kek rbfekkb

fbv ibs ~rbglrbv ya~bv veky ~er `b garhbylkm roalk ibs eyl`v

~brylkbkyv by fbryalkbgbky kfbvvalrbv+ Galv l` jay rbfekkayrb qb fbvy `b

yrelvlgb ze`by i yrl~y|qb fb`l ib `lg~eryakfb afferib `a f`yrb

`clvyelrb by ~`v ~arylf`lrbgbky `a keylek ib rb~rvbkyaylekv ql bvy

zlya`b ~er `b garhbylkm roalk+ Fbyyb ilvfl~`lkb ~by bk bjjby vlkvfrlrb iakv `a

memra~clb f`yrb``b by ~`v ~rflvgbky `a memra~clb ib `a ~brfb~ylek+ _+

@biry #1

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?1

A+6+2 Igarfcb vflbkyljlqb

@b malk #rbv~bfylzbgbky `a ~bryb, ikb zl``b bk ybrgbv ib rbzbkv

fekeglqbv veflas by f`yrb`v vbs~`lqbky bk ~arylb by vr `b `ekm ybrgb

~ar vek malk #rbv~bfylzbgbky va ~bryb, iayyrafylzly+ Fbyyb j`fyaylek

iayyrafylzly ~ckegkb mkra` bvy fbryalkbgbky jekfylek ib ~aragyrbv

fekdekfyrb`v g`ylvfa`alrbv #rb~rlvb fekeglqb ivyaol`lvaylek

me~e`lylqb byf, galv iely avvl yrb z feggb `a veggb ib

feg~erybgbkyv lkilzlib`v ~b ~b ivlkyrbvvv ~ar `lgamb ib garqb

ib `a zl``b keyaggbky favb ib `a r~yrb e ib `aovbkfb i `lbk

ia~~arybkakfb zeq fl'ibvvv+ Alkvl `ervqb `ek fcbrfcb ryao`lr

`ayyrafylzly bk qbvylek bk yrazal``aky vr `lgamb ib garqb l` jay kek

vb`bgbky vlkyrbvvbr as mrakiv ~ckegkbv fekeglqbv galv avvl by

vryey `bv lkybr~rybr feggb veggb iafylekv ib fre|akfbv lkilzlib``bv+

Ek yefcb lfl `lkilzlia`lvgb gyceie`emlqb ib Oeiek+ Fbvy iekf `a

rb`aylek ib `lkilzli `a zl``b ql iely avvl yrb yilb+ Ek v~~evb qb

`lkilzli vaia~ybra as fekilylekv fcakmbakybv #aia~yaylek iakv `b fairb

ib vyrfyrbv vefle'v~ayla`bv v~fljlqbv, by ramlra ~evlylzbgbky fbryalkv

vylg`l+ Fbvy ~rflvgbky fbv vylg`l ql` jay ifezrlr by gbyyrb bk azaky

`erv ib `a ijlklylek ikb vyraymlb ib ~regeylek+ Kev ~bkvekv qb `ervqb

`b vdby lkilzlib` #by vek feg~erybgbky, ibzlbky `a ~reff~aylek fbkyra`b

`a igarfcb lkybr~ryaylzb ~rbki yey vek vbkv+ @b vdby #avvl olbk `b

~regeybr qb `b vdby ql vairbvvb `a ~regeylek, vb fekvyrly kb

lkybr~ryaylek i gekib%~ckegkb by vbv afylekv #e i gelkv vbv

lkybkylekv, veky `a yraifylek ib fbyyb lkybr~ryaylek+ Mkra`lv `fcb``bib `a ~e~`aylek fb vazelr feggk ggb vl` bvy vodbfylj kbk a ~av gelkv

ibv fekvqbkfbv eodbfylzbv+

Iayrb ~ary `lkybr~ryaylek ib `a zl``b kb vb jaly ~av klqbgbky ~ar `bv

r~ekiakyv+ Bk bjjby `b fcbrfcbr `l'ggb ~evvib keyaggbky vb`ek va

vlyaylek veflef`yrb``b ~e`lylqb by fekeglqb va ~re~rb igarfcb

lkybr~ryaylzb+ Keyrb lkybr~ryaylek by feg~rcbkvlek bvy vecalyb ~ezelr

a~~erybr ~ar `a vlyb kb fekyrloylek ~raylqb ql geiljlbraly `a ra`ly+ L`

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??

bslvyb iekf ~er keyrb vdby iyib kb ieo`b cbrgkbylqb a vbkv ib

Vfcyt e Mliibkv+12

^lvqb kev zel` azbrylv ib fbyyb ieo`b cbrgkbylqb l` jay vbibgakibr qb``bv bk veky `bv fekvqbkfbv ~er `b garhbylkm roalk by

~er keyrb yrazal` ~`v ~rflvgbky+

@a fekvqbkfb ~rlkfl~a`b bvy ql` jay ~reoao`bgbky aoakiekkbr yey

lia` ieodbfylzly vflbkyljlqb `erv ib `lkybr~ryaylek ib `lgamb ib zl``b by ib

`a rj`bslek ayer ib `a fraylek ikb lgamb ib garqb ~er kb fly

irao`b 8 far `eodbfylzly kbvy ~av bkzlvambao`b ib jaek vaylvjalvakyb+

Lg~`lflybgbky fb`a vlmkljlb ql` jay fcbrfcbr vb ilvyakflbr i y|~bbg~lrlfe'jergb`+ Vbv frlyrbv ib za`liaylek #fekjlrgaylek rjyaylek, kb veky

~av yl`lvao`bv ~er gbyyrb bk ~`afb by dmbr kb igarfcb ib garhbylkm

roalk+ Fb`a klg~`lqb ~av `aoakiek ikb igarfcb c|~eycylfe'

iifylzb+ A fekyralrb `b yrazal` vb oavb vr k fekvyay ib `a ra`ly

#izb`e~~ iakv `lkyreifylek, iqb` ek ylrb k gei`b qek za`lib e

`lglkb ~ar k rbyer by kb fekjrekyaylek fbyyb ggb ra`ly+

L` kbslvyb ~av ilkybr~ryaylek eodbfylzb #klqbgbky vodbfylzb, ib `a

rb`aylek ceggb'zl``b vr `aqb``b b``b fekvyrlyb e ~`yy ibzraly yrb

fekvyrlyb #far fb kbvy ga`cbrbvbgbky ~av yederv `b fav !, kb ~e`lylqb

ib garhbylkm roalk+ Galv l` bvy zlibky qb `bv fekvqbkfbv ib fbyyb

lkybr~ryaylek veky ~er `br ~ary eodbfylzao`bv+ Fbvy''ilrb qb `b vffv

e `fcbf ikb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk bvy bjjbfylzbgbky gbvrao`b

ib jaek eodbfylzb #`a vaylvjafylek ibv ayybkybv ibv ~o`lfv flo`bv ~by vb

yrailrb bk amgbkyaylek i kegorb ibkyrb~rlvbv ib `br fcljjrb iajjalrbv

i kegorb icaolyakyv ib `a jrqbkyaylek iafylzlyv yerlvylqbv by

12 @a ijlklylek ib `a ieo`b cbrgkbylqb vb`ek Mliibkv4 @b vazelr vefle`emlqb vb

izb`e~~b bk ~aravlyaky `bv fekfb~yv ibv ambkyv ~rejakbv 8 `bv keylekv jermbv iakv `bv

gya`akmambv ibv vflbkfbv vefla`bv veky v|vygaylqbgbky rlkdbfybv iakv `klzbrv ibv

~ckegkbv qb``bv yalbky lklyla`bgbky fcarmbv ib ifrlrb e ibs~`lqbr #Mliibkv1

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?6

f`yrb``bv byf,+ ^er keyrb ~ary kev frlyrbv ~er dmbr `a qa`ly ib `a

igarfcb #~rvbkyb bk F+>, by ~ar fekvqbky ib vbv afylekv bk

ife`aky veky `a vayraylek+ Vl `ervqb yeybv `bv ~lfbv i ~tt`b i

garhbylkm roalk veky glvbv bk ~`afb fbvy''ilrb `ervqb yev `bv afybrvveky ravvbgo`v a ferv ik ~refbvvv fecrbky qb ijlklra keyrb gei`b

by qk Vbkv a~~aray a`erv `b gei`b kev vbgo`bra za`lib+ @b Vbkv

a~~arayrb bvy vb`ek kev `a rvvlyb ib `a ~e`lylqb ~re~evb+ Vl a fekyralrb

`erv ibv qbvylekkalrbv l` kbvy ~av ~evvlo`b ib gbyyrb bk `glrb `bslvybkfb

ikb zlvlek ~aryamb by fekjergb i II by iekf ql` kbvy ~av ~evvlo`b ib

fekylkbr ~`v bk azaky `a glvb bk ~`afb ikb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk

oav vr k II a`erv kev ibzrekv dmbr qb `a vayraylek kbvy ~av ayyblkyb

by qb `b II kbvy ~av k armgbky za`lib ~er `b garhbylkm roalk

`avakkelv ~lvql` kbvy ~av fa~ao`b ib vlzrb ib r~ekirb ~ar `ajjlrgaylzb

as lkybrremaylekv ib `a igarfcb #fj+ vbfylek F+>,+

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?9

^A_YLB O 4

Ycerlb

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

?2

O+ YCBE_LB

@bv g`yl~`bv c|~eycvbv izb`e~~bv a ~elky A+?+? bkmambky k v|vygbfekfb~yb` ql` jay ijlklr iv `b ioy ~er ~ezelr fekvyrlrb ibvvv keyrb

gei`b+ @b fairb ycerlqb yb` qb ijlkl fl'ibvvev kbvy ~av bscavylj+ A

fekyralrb ibv `gbkyv vb mrbjjbreky ibvvv a ferv i yrazal` bk ~arylf`lbr

`erv ib `a ~arylb I+ Fb~bkiaky `a vyrfyrb ib keyrb fairb ycerlqb # fb

vyaib, bvy jergb ~ar iljjrbkyv fekfb~yv qb `ek ~by eriekkbr ib `a jaek

vlzakyb 4

O+1 Zl``b 8 Afybrv 4 rb`aylekv by vlmkljlfaylekv

O+? Izb`e~~bgbky Irao`b by Izb`e~~bgbky Rroalk Irao`b

O+6 Garhbylkm roalk by garhbylkm roalk irao`b

O+9 Garhbylkm roalk irao`b 4 ra`ly zv ~brfb~ylek 8 lie`emlb+

@bv ibs ~rbglbrv fekfb~yv veky ibv ra~~b`v by kb veky ` qb ~er ~brgbyyrb

ib fekvyrlrb `b yrelvlgb ql fekvylyb `b fr i ~re~ev ycerlqb+

L` bvy ial``brv if`lk bk yrelv vev'vbfylekv #6+1 by 6+?,+ @a ~rbglrb a ~er

eodbfyljv ib ijlklr `b garhbylkm roalk vbv glvvlekv 8 `a vbfekib v-ayyafcb

`a ibvfrl~ylek ib fb qb ~erraly yrb k ejjlfb ib garhbylkm roalk by ibv

vbrzlfbv ql` ~re~evb+ @a yrelvlgb vev'vbfylek vlkyrbvvb a garhbylkm

roalk oav vr k II e GRI+ @b qayrlgb fekfb~y #O+9, vbry ib glvb bk

marib e ib ~rflvlek ~er `b ~rfibky+

Kev a``ekv galkybkaky ijlklr fb qb kev bkybkiekv ~ar fbv fekfb~yv+ Bk

afk fav `bv ijlklylekv ~rvbkybv lfl vb ~rybkibky bscavylzbv by kb veky

bsf`vlzbv ib ijlklylekv iekkbv al``brv+ @br vb`b ralvek iyrb bvy ialibr

`bv `bfybrv feg~rbkirb `a igarfcb ql bvy oavb ibvvv by izlybr ibv

ga`bkybkiv qb ~brgbyyralbky iayrbv ijlklylekv+

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?:

O+1 Zl``b ~a|vamb roalk 8 Afybrv 4 rb`aylekv by vlmkljlfaylekv

^er keyrb yrazal` l` kb kev vbgo`b ~av a~~re~rl ib ijlklr `a zl``b feggb

kb dsya~evlylek ib iljjrbkybv jergbv iakv `bv~afb #fbkyrb oak`lbb vo'

by ~rlroalkb, e feggb kb fekfbkyraylek ib jekfylekv ib olbkv by ib

vbrzlfbv+ Ggb vl fbvy kb ijlklylek ze`ekylbrv iekkb bk Izb`e~~bgbky

Rroalk Irao`b #Fkca ?>>2, kev kb fekvlirekv ~av `a zl``b feggb k

v|vygb feggb kb gafclkb yrakvjergbr ibv lk~yv #a`lgbkyaylek

kbrmlb ba, bk ey~yv #ifcbyv kbrmlb ilvvl~b bas vbv, iakv

kb a~~refcb jekfylekka`lvyb ql zbrraly k ravvbgo`bgbky ib iljjrbkybvjekfylekv #caolyay yrazal` `elvlrv flrf`aylek,+ E i gelkv vakv rbdbybr

yeya`bgbky fbyyb ijlklylek kev bvylgekv qb``b bvy lkaia~yb ~er `b

garhbylkm roalk ~lvqb``b kb ~brgby ~av ib jalrb rbvverylr `b db ibv

afybrv fekkbslekv feg~`bsbv ql vyrfyrbky `bv~afb bk k rvba

rb`aylekkb`+ Obrkari @agltby ~rflvb 4

@a zl``b kb varaly yrb qk rvba e k feg~`bsb ib rvba bk fb

qb``b kbslvyb qb iakv `a glvb bk rb`aylek iafybrv by ib jekfylekv

vefla`bv ieky `a feg~`gbkyarly ~erraly yrb bs~rlgb ~ar `b fekfb~y ib

zelvlkamb+ @a zl``b fb veky ibv flye|bkv ql ~aryambky `a ggb libkyly by `bv

ggbv ~raylqbv f`yrb``bv ib `a gilaylek by ib `a veflaol`ly+ Fbvy fb

zelvlkamb mkra`lv ql vb if`lkb iakv `bv~afb roalk iakv `bv ~raylqbv

by `bv geibv by `bv geibv ib zlb ibv caolyakyv iakv `a glvb bk zrb ibv

lkvylyylekv by ibv ~raylqbv v|goe`lqbv #@agltby ?>>? 4 2

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

?=

zbkyb``bgbky `a fraylek, ik ilvferv ib ~regeylek ib `libkyly ikb

fly irao`b+

^er yrb yl`lvao`b bk garhbylkm roalk `a ijlklylek ib `a zl``b iely gbyyrb bk

azaky `lg~eryakfb i db ibv afybrv+ Frbzelvlbr rbfekkay q Afybrv byybrrlyelrb veky yrelybgbky `lv+ L` k| a ~av ib ybrrlyelrb vakv afybrv +#, Iakv

`bv ~redbyv ib garhbylkm ybrrlyerla` `bv av~bfyv lkybr~brvekkb`v bkyrb ibv

lkilzlia`lyv zeky ial``brv vezbky debr k r`b ~r~ekiraky #Frbzelvlbr

1

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

?3

rv`yay avvl ib `a fa~afly ib `a zl``b b``b'ggb jafl`lybr `bv ~reifylekv by

`bv fcakmbv #Kelvbyyb 1

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

?2,+ Fb`a vb yraily vezbky ~ar `a glvb bk ~`afb ik Ambkia ?1

`efa`1:+ @eodbfylj kbvy ~av lfl ib ijlklr fb qbvy `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b

vek clvyelrb e vbv g`yl~`bv a~~refcbv ~lvqb ib kegorbs aybrv `eky

id jaly #zelr bk ~arylf`lbr `bsfb``bky yrazal` ib v|kycvb ib F+ Bgb`lakejj

?>>2,+

_a~~b`ekv orlzbgbky `a ijlklylek ycerlqb i II+ @b `bfybr yrezbra ibv

lkjergaylekv ~`v iyal``bv ~ar bsbg~`b iakv `a ijlklylek ib A+ Fkca

#?>>2,+

Jlm+ L 4 @bv yrelv ~l`lbrv i Izb`e~~bgbky Irao`bVerfb 4 Z+ Gelkay ?>>= ia~rv Orkiy`aki 1

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

6>

@b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b rb~evb vr yrelv v~crbv e yrelv ~l`lbrv #vefly

bkzlrekkbgbky by fekeglb,+ @a ycerlb ve`lmkb `lg~eryakfb ib ~rbkirb

bk feg~yb ib gaklrb ma`b fcafkb ib fbv yrelv v~crbv vakv jazerlvbr `bv

afylekv e rj`bslekv ib `kb as iyrlgbkyv ibv ibs ayrbv+ L` ~by yrbijlkl feggb k izb`e~~bgbky ql r~eki as obvelkv ~rvbkyv vakv

~er ayaky feg~regbyyrb fb``b ib mkraylekv jyrbv r~ekirb as `brv+

Ibs fekfb~yv veky lkcrbkyv fbyyb keylek 4 `b fekfb~y ib / obvelkv / by

~`v ~arylf`lrbgbky ibv obvelkv bvvbkylb`v ibv ~`v igklv ql l`

fekzlbky iafferibr `a ~`v mrakib ~rlerly by `lib ibv `lglyaylekv qb

`yay ib kev ybfcklqbv by ib keyrb ermaklvaylek vefla`b lg~evb vr `a

fa~afly ib `bkzlrekkbgbky r~ekirb as obvelkv afyb`v by zbklr+

#_a~~ery Orkiy`aki 1

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61

Fekfrybgbky `roaklvgb irao`b ~by vb yrailrb ~ar `bv ~rlkfl~bv vlzakyv4

' @a `yyb fekyrb `ya`bgbky roalk ~ar kb frelvvakfb ql`lorb bkyrb zl``bv

by fag~amkbv+ Rk ql`lorb bkyrb `bv fekvyrfylekv kezb``bv bk ~rl~crlb by`b rbkezb``bgbky ibv qarylbrv bslvyakyv iakv kb ze`eky izlybr `b glyamb

ibv ~a|vambv by ifekeglvbr `bv bv~afbv kayrb`v by amrlfe`bv+

' Rk rql`loramb ibv yrakv~eryv lkilzlib`v ibv olbkv by ibv garfcakilvbv

~ar zclf`bv ayegeol`bv a ~rejly ibv yrakv~eryv bk feggk i jrby

jbrrezlalrb by vr zelbv iba ajlk ib ilglkbr `a ~e``ylek aygev~crlqb

mkrayrlfb ib `bjjby ib vbrrb+ @b izb`e~~bgbky ibv flrf`aylekv iefbv

#z`ev ~lyekv,+

' Ibv jergbv icaolyay ibv geibv ib fekvyrfylek fekegbv bk kbrmlb by

`bg~`el ib gayrlas rbf|f`ao`bv+

' @a ~rvbrzaylek iakv `bv amm`egraylekv ibv bv~afbv kayrb`v by amrlfe`bv

ibv fcag~v f`ylzv by ibv darilkv ezrlbrv+ @b izb`e~~bgbky ibv ~arfv by

darilkv ~o`lfv by ~rlzv+ @b zbrilvvbgbky ibv ferv ilggbo`bv+

'@a `yyb fekyrb `a ~e``ylek i ve` by ib `ba iakv `bv rlzlrbv by `bv ka~~bv

~craylqbv keyaggbky bk `lglyaky `lg~brgaol`lvaylek ibv ve`v by bk

yralyaky `bv bas ib rlvvb``bgbky+ Ibv gbvrbv feg~bkvayelrbv ~er `yybr

fekyrb `bv bjjbyv ibv mat ifca~~bgbky+

'@b galkylbk ib `a ilzbrvly ibv jekfylekv roalkbv by ib `a glsly vefla`b iakv

`bv qarylbrv+ @a `yyb fekyrb `bsf`vlek ibv ~`v igklv ~er zlybr ql`v kb

velbky rbdbyv bk mrakib ~rl~crlb e iakv `bv tekbv icaolyay imraibv+

'@a ~arylfl~aylek ibv flyailkv `a ijlklylek ib `br bkzlrekkbgbky+ @br

affv `lkjergaylek vr `bv ~redbyv roalkv `ageky ibv ~refbvvv ib

iflvlekv #Dafqaki ?>>2 4 133,+

^by'yrb jay'l` ~rflvbr qb `a ibkvljlfaylek ql ~brgby ib `lglybr

`ya`bgbky roalk iely vb jalrb ib jaek `lglyb by r~ekirb ibv frlyrbv

`bzv ib qa`ly+ L` bvy zlibky qb fb kbvy qbk ~re~evaky kb qa`ly ib

zlb v~rlbrb fb``b ikb oak`lbb ~rl'roaklvb ql` vbra ~evvlo`b ib

maribr #zelrb ib jalrb rbzbklr, ibv caolyakyv a fbkyrb+ Ek veylbkira `aibkvljlfaylek qa`ljlb fb ql klg~`lqb ~av `a zl``b feg~afyb+ A+ Fkca

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

6?

fb ~re~ev kev rbki ayybkyljv `lg~eryakfb ib `a feerilkaylek ibv

~e`lylqbv ib yrakv~eryv azbf `a ~`akljlfaylek v~ayla`b #Fkca ?>>2,+ @a

jergb ib `a zl``b rbybkb bvy fb``b ikb zl``b ~e`|fbkyrlqb ieky ek

fcbrfcbraly ambkfbr lkyb``lmbggbky by ibvvbrzlr vjjlvaggbky `bvfbkyra`lyv vbfekialrbv+ M`eoa`bgbky A+ Fkca #?>>2 4 1=3, rb~rbki `bv

ggbv ycgbv qb ~re~evv fl'ibvvv by kev bvqlvvb `bv ~rlkfl~bv

vyraymlqbv ~er k roaklvgb irao`b 4

' Ibkvljlbr' Za`erlvbr `bv bv~afbv ~o`lfv' Ambkfbr `bv fbkyra`lyv jazerlvbr `a glsly' Izb`e~~br ql~bgbkyv by vbrzlfbv ~o`lfv' Lkymrbr ~e`lylqb ibv yrakv~eryv by ~`akljlfaylek v~ayla`b' Bfembvylek ibv rbvverfbv' Gayrlvbr `ya`bgbky

L` bslvyb ~`vlbrv zl``bv bk Vlvvb ql eky aie~y kb igarfcb ib

izb`e~~bgbky roalk irao`b keyaggbky ~ar `a glvb bk ~`afb iAmbkia

?1+ L` kev vbgo`b k ~b ~rgayr ib vb ~rekekfbr vr `b vffv e kek ib

fbv ~e`lylqbv+ @a ilzbrvly ibv bs~rlbkfbv by `a irb rb`aylzbgbky `lglyb kb

~brgby ~av bkferb `lkvya``aylek ik v|vygb ilkilfaybrv jlao`b by `ekm

ybrgb+ @b fav iyib rbybk ~er fb ggelrb `a zl``b ib @avakkb a glv bk

~`afb ib~lv 1

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^er ybrglkbr `a ijlklylek ib fb fekfb~y ib izb`e~~bgbky roalk irao`b

l` kb jay ~av eo`lbr ib gbkylekkbr vbv `lglybv+ L` bvy iaoeri zlibky qb `bv

keylekv ivambv by ibrbvverfbv veky agolmv feggb kev `b ra~~b``b J+

Gakfboe #?>>:, by qb `a za`lily ik ilvferv ib iraol`ly oav vr b``bvi~bkira ib `a rb~rvbkyaylek ib fcafk+ Bkvlyb Daqaki ~brgby ib vb

ibgakibr vl `b izb`e~~bgbky roalk irao`b kbvy ~av k `sb ~er `bv

~a|v rlfcbv jalo`b frelvvakfb igemra~clqb by okjlflaky ik fekybsyb

igefraylqb jazerao`b #Daqaki ?>>2 4 ?>6,+ Ek ~by ggb a``br ~`v `elk

by vlkybrrembr vl a vblk ib fbv ~a|v `a frlylqb kbvy ~av ma`bgbky za`ao`b+

^ar bsbg~`b l` vbgo`b bjjbfylzbgbky ~`v vlg~`b ~er kb zl``b'fbkyrb rlfcb

ib izb`e~~br ib yb`v ~remraggbv qb ~er kb oak`lbb ezrlrb+ Ek iely

ma`bgbky yrb ayybkylj as ~evvlo`bv ~reo`gbv qb ~by bkmbkirbr `b

ifa`amb id zeq bkyrb `bv ybrrlyelrbv lkvylyylekkb` by jekfylekkb`+

Fekfrybgbky fb`a vlmkljlb qb @avakkb kb ibzraly ~av gbyyrb bk ~`afb

kb ~e`lylqb ib IRI by ~`v jeryb ralvek kb ~e`lylqb ib GRI vakv

fekv`ybr vbv feggkbv bkzlrekkakybv by ql jergbky vek amm`egraylek+

Bkjlk l` vamly ib kb ~av eo`lbr `a ra`ly i garfc by ib fekvyaybr qb

ggb vl ib ob``bv ~e`lylqbv iagkambgbky i ybrrlyelrb veky ~rzbv `br

glvb bk a~~`lfaylek i~bki azaky yey i jekflbr by ql` bvy ~evvlo`b

feggb fbvy `b fav ~er `b VIE@1

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O+6 Garhbylkm roalk by garhbylkm roalk irao`b

@b yrelvlgb ~l`lbr ib keyrb vyrfyrb fekfb~yb``b bvy feg~ev ibv keylekv

ib garhbylkm roalk by ib garhbylkm roalk irao`b+ @a ijlklylek ib fbv

ibs ybrgbv bvy `eodby ibv vbfylekv vlzakybv+

O+6+1 Garhbylkm roalk

O+6+1+1 Iljjrbkfb bkyrb `b garhbylkm roalk by `b gakambgbky

roalk

L` jay iv `b i~ary olbk iljjrbkflbr `a keylek ib garhbylkm roalk ib fb``b

ib gakambgbky roalk+ @b garhbylkm roalk bvy `k ibv eyl`v i

gakambgbky roalk+ L` bvy iekf vl `ek ~by ilrb kb vev'ilvfl~`lkb i

gakambgbky roalk+ Fb qb kev bkybkiekv ~ar gakambgbky roalk bvy

kb kezb``b jaek ib mrbr `a zl``b+ L` vamly ib `a yrakv~evlylek `a zl``b ik

kezba y|~b ib mbvylek ~o`lqb #Bgbr| 1

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O+6+1+? Ijlklylek i garhbylkm roalk

Cavariekv'kev kb ~rbglrb ijlklylek i garhbylkm roalk #ieky

`qlza`bky bk akm`alv bvy `b Fly| garhbylkm, 4 L` vamly ib `bkvbgo`b ibv

ybfcklqbv ge|bkv db iafybrv e ~refbvvv zlvaky ~regezelr `a zl``b

#]ari 1

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6:

O+6+1+6 Glvvlekv i garhbylkm roalk

Bk rvg ek rbfekkay mkra`bgbky a garhbylkm roalk `a rbv~ekvaol`ly

ib yrelv eodbfyljv a~~b`v glvvlekv avveflv yrelv ~o`lfv rbv~bfyljv 4

@a glvvlek igemra~clqb

L` vamly ib mrbr `b kegorb icaolyakyv ikb ~ary bk fekvbrzaky `bv

caolyakyv afyb`v bk vaylvjalvaky `brv ibgakibv iayrb ~ary bk ayylraky ibv

kezbas caolyakyv vl ~evvlo`b lkyrbvvakyv i ~elky ib zb ib `a zl``b #a~~ery

f`yrb` jlkakflbr ib vazelr ybfcklqb lkyb``bfyb`,+ @bv caolyakyv zeky fcelvlr

`br `lb ib rvlibkfb bk jekfylek ib fbryalkv frlyrbv #yrazal` `embgbky

feggeilyv `elvlrv, zbkyb``bgbky `b qlyybr vl`v fekvlirbky qb fbv

frlyrbv kb veky ~`v vaylvjalyv+

@a glvvlek fekeglqb

@bv bkyrb~rlvbv e `bv lkzbvylvvbrv ~evvibky `brv ~re~rbv frlyrbv #galk

izrb gaylrbv ~rbglrbv ybfcke`emlbv ilv~eklo`bv fekeglbv

ifcb``bv , by vb `efa`lvbky bk jekfylek #fj+ `bv gei`bv ib ]bobr `b

yrlakm`b ib Zarlmkek `b gei`b GFL @elv ib Cjj ib Ceyb``lkm byf+ #@ayer

?>>>,+ Fbv fcels ib `efa`lvaylek ibv bkyrb~rlvbv ~bzbky vb yrailrb ~ar kb

ivlkivyrla`lvaylek gavvlzb ieky ]ari ily qb``b a y k ~ckegkb

klzbrvb` iakv `bv ~a|v fa~lya`lvybv `erv ibv ibs ibrklrbv ifbkklb #]ari

1

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6=

@a glvvlek yerlvylqb

@b yerlvyb bvy avvl a gegbky ib fcelvlr va ibvylkaylek fekjreky k `armb

~akb` ib zl``bv by aie~ybra fb``b ql r~ekira `b ~`v vbv ayybkybv+ @a

glvvlek yerlvylqb bvy iekf ib vaylvjalrb `a ibgakib yerlvylqb bk za`erlvaky`bv lkjravyrfyrbv by ~eybkyla`lyv id ~rvbkybv galv avvl vl fb`a bvy

kfbvvalrb ib rbkjerfbr ejjrb+

L` bslvyb kb qayrlgb glvvlek e ~o`lf+ L` vamly ib `Byay+ Bk bjjby `erv i

fcels ibg~`afbgbkyv iql~bgbkyv ib rakm v~rlbrv #c~lya` ejjlfb

jira` are~ery, e ~er `a``efaylek ibv ibklbrv ~o`lfv #fekvyrfylek i

G?, `a zl``b vb rbyrezb kezba bk feg~ylylek azbf vbv zelvlkbv by iely

iekf kb jelv ib ~`v fcbrfcbr vb igarqbr+ Fb~bkiaky fby av~bfy kb

vbra ~b e ~av aoeri iakv fb yrazal` far l` iljjrb yre~ ibv yrelv ~rbglrbv

glvvlekv iakv `bv eyl`v geol`lvv+

@a jerfb ib `a~~refcb i garhbylkm roalk #~ar ra~~ery as a~~refcbv

vbfyerlb``bv qb gkbky yrailylekkb``bgbky `a ~regeylek fekeglqb by

`ejjlfb i yerlvgb, bvy ib fekvyrlrb kb ~e`lylqb ~o`lqb ql lkymrb fbv

~o`lfv'flo`bv iakv kb ggb by vb`b igarfcb bk rbfekkalvvaky ql`

bslvyb ibv eyl`v feggkv by qkb ggb zlvlek iely ~rvlibr `a

~regeylek ib `a zl``b ~er qb fb``b'fl vely fecrbkyb+

O+6+1+9 Rk garhbylkm rb`aylekkb` iyl`ly ~o`lqb by veflya`

Ik ~elky ib zb ycerlqb by gyceie`emlqb `b garhbylkm roalk bvy

bvvbkylb``bgbky rbibzao`b a garhbylkm+ @bv eyl`v yrailylekkb`v #garhbylkm

gls aka`|vb V]EY frlyrbv ib ~evlylekkbgbky ib vbmgbkyaylek , veky

`armbgbky yl`lvv by l`v kb vbreky ~av izb`e~~v lfl ~ar vefl ib ~`afb+ Ek

keybra qb `b garhbylkm roalk bvy azaky yey k garhbylkm rb`aylekkb` iakv

`b vbkv ql` ~`afb `b ~o`lf'flo`b #caolyakyv bkyrb~rlvbv yerlvybv,

zrlyao`bgbky a fbkyrb ib vbv ~reff~aylekv+ #, @eodbfylj yaky ib

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mkrbr ibv rv`yayv `ekm ybrgb yrazbrv `yao`lvvbgbky ib rb`aylekv

irao`bv azbf bs #Orevvari 1

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6

garhbylkm roalk ib rbferlr ibv vfcgav ib y|~b `emlmraggb #@ezb`efh

16 4 ?6:, jazerlvaky kb gbl``brb zlvlol`ly

i ~refbvvv+ @a rb~rvbkyaylek fl'ibvvev vfcgaylvb bk `emlmraggb k

bsbg~`b ib vbrzlfb ib garhbylkm roalk fb`l ib `lg~`akyaylek ikbbkyrb~rlvb+

Jlm+ LL 4 @emlmraggb ~er kb lg~`akyaylek ibkyrb~rlvbVerfb 4 Z+Gelkay #?>>=, geiljl ia~rv C+ Orevvari #1

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feg~erybgbky+ @b fekveggaybr bvy iekf fe'~reifybr i vbrzlfb+

Feggb `b garhbylkm roalk ~by yrb fekvlir feggb k vbrzlfb #m`eoa`,

l` jay a`erv yrakv~evbr fb ~rlkfl~b by ma`bgbky `bv vyraymlbv ~er

amgbkybr `a ~reifylzly `a qa`ly by `a vaylvjafylek i fekveggaybr#~er ~`v ib iyal`v fj Tblycag` Olykbr ?>>6 4 6:9 by vlzakybv,

@ezb`efh ~re~evb ib frbr k ra~~ery ib za`br #@ezb`efh 1

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

9?

EJJ_B

_bfcbrfcb by libkyljlfayleki-ayyrafylekv ~brvekka`lvb

Bkzel i-lkjergaylekv

FEKVBL@^_EGEYLEK

Mlfcby klqbazbf `bv ayerlyv

Mlfcby klqb

azbf `bv ~arybkalrbvyerlvylqbv

#cyb`v ycyrbv+++,

_vbrzaylekJafyraylekv

Vbrzlfbv

~evy'lkzbvylvvbgbky

Bfeyb ibv ~`alkybv rbgarqbvza`aylekv

Glvb ilv~evlylek

ib IO

Glvb bk fekyafyvazbf i-ayrbv ~arybkalrbv

~rl~crlqbv qb vb jbra `a feg~ylylek by ql ~brgbyyreky fcaqb zl``b ib

vb iljjrbkflbr+

L` bvy ~evvlo`b ib rb~rvbkybr `a ~rbvyaylek feg~`yb ik ejjlfb ib garhbylkmvb`ek `a rb~rvbkyaylek yrailylekkb``b bk j`br ib vbrzlfbv #fj Jlm+ LLL fl'

ibvvev,+

Jlm+ LLL 4 J`br ib vbrzlfbv i garhbylkm roalkVerfb 4 Z+ Gelkay #?>>=,

Ek ~by rbfekkayrb feggb ~rbglbr vbrzlfb ib oavb `b vbrzlfb ib~regeylek+ ^ar `a feggklfaylek `b oy ib fb vbrzlfb bvy iamgbkybr `b

klzba ib fekkalvvakfb i ~o`lf'flo`b a vdby ib `ejjrb ib `a zl``b+ ^er k

kezb` caolyaky l` vamly ~ar bsbg~`b ib `b rbkvblmkbr vr ibv lkjergaylekv ib

oavb #lg~yv v|vygb ifaylj frfcbv ~arfv gamavlkv ayrbv jafl`lyv,+

^er k yerlvyb `b oy bvy ib `b rbkvblmkbr vr `ejjrb ~rlgalrb by irlzb ib `a

zl``b bk gaylrb yerlvylqb #gvbv zkbgbkyv cyb`v rbvyarakyv,+ ^er

kb bkyrb~rlvb ~`yy qb iamgbkybr `b klzba ib fekkalvvakfb l` vamly

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

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ib rilrb `b klzba ilkfbrylyib #Orevvari 1

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

99

~`vlbrv afybrv #yerlvylqbv ~e`lylqbv aiglklvyrayljv , lg~`lfaylek jeryb

by ze`aky iakv `b ybg~v #Orevvari 1

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O+6+6 Garhbylkm roalk irao`b #GRI,

@b fcels ~ar `a zl``b ib @avakkb ie~ybr ~er `b Izb`e~~bgbky Rroalk

Irao`b glv ma` azbf `bv yrelv ayrbv mrakiv asbv #f`yrb jergaylek

e`|g~lvgb, ib vek garhbylkm roalk bvy lkyrbvvaky+ Ek aoerib id azbf `a

vb`b ijlklylek i fekfb~y ib garhbylkm roalk irao`b `a zrljlfaylek ib

keyrb ~rbglrb c|~eycvb ib yrazal` fb``b ib `bslvybkfb ib fb ~eybkylb` ib

~regeylek ik roaklvgb irao`b+ @b ralvekkbgbky bvy rb`aylzbgbky vlg~`b+

Vl `b IRI a k ~eybkylb` fbvy ~arfb ql` ~brgby r~ekirb ibv obvelkv+

Ayrbgbky ily l` bvy kb ejjrb+ L` vjjly a`erv ql` | aly kb ibgakib frelvbrazbf fbyyb ejjrb ~er frbr k garfc+ @bslvybkfb ib fbyyb ibgakib

v~~evb #Iamkai 1>2 8 Gakfboe ?>>: 8 Fca`av ?>>2, by `afya`ly rbmermbky ibsbg~`bv #

~re~ev ib `ya`bgbky roalk ib `a ibvyrfylek ifev|vygbv bk gl`lb

roalk ibv rbvverfbv `lglybv by ib `a jeryb bg~rblkyb fe`emlqb ibv zl``bv

ib ~reo`gbv veflas ib jraml`lvaylek i gl`lb fekeglqb by ib `br ilzbrv

bjjbyv vr `a imraiaylekv ibv fekilylekv ib zlb ib `ceggb by ib vek

bkzlrekkbgbky roalk, ql ybkiralbky ~rezbr `bslvybkfb ib fbyyb

akylycvb ~raylqb by iekf ib `bslvybkfb ib `a ibgakib+

^ar fekyrb fb ql kbvy ~av rve` fbvy ib vazelr vl k GRI iely r~ekirb

klqbgbky fbyyb f`avvb ibgakiakyb e vl a fekyralrb l` iely vairbvvbr

`bkvbgo`b ib `a ~e~`aylek+ Bk iayrb ybrgbv fb`a rbzlbky vlkybrrembr vl

`b IRI bk yaky qb ~reily%vbrzlfb iely fcbrfcbr r~ekirb kb ibgakib

bk v| aia~yaky e vl a fekyralrb kb jelv ql` bvy glv bk ~`afb l` iely

fcbrfcbr `bv afybrv vr `b garfc ql ~bzbky yrb lkyrbvvv ~ar vek ejjrb+

@b fcels ib `a ~rbglrb e ib `a vbfekib e~ylek ~erraly lg~`lqbr kb

vyraymlb ib vbmgbkyaylek i garfc avvbt jlkb ql gbyyraly ib fy ~arglkev ~o`lfv'flo`bv ib kegorbvbv f`avvbv e mre~bv ka|aky ~av `bv ge|bkv

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

9:

ibvejjrlrk roaklvgb irao`b+ Fb`a vlmkljlbraly'l` a`erv qk GRI kbvy ~av

irao`b bk vel ~lvqb ~av ezbry yev ib jaek qlyao`b 5 Kev kazekv

~av `a ~rybkylek ib r~ekirb fbyyb qbvylek by `alvvbrekv kev bkyrbylbkv

kev iekkbr ibv ~rbglbrv `gbkyv ib rj`bslek+Zel` ql fekjlrgb keyrb ~rbglrb c|~eycvb vr `bslvybkfb ik vbmgbky ib

`a ibgakib aqb` `b II ~erraly vairbvvbr+ @a vbfekib ~arylb ib fbyyb

c|~eycvb vyl~`b qb `ayyrloy ~er yrb za`lib #fekilylek kfbvvalrb galv

kek vjjlvakyb,?1 iely zlibggbky bslvybr iakv `ejjrb+ Ek ~by ibgo`b

r~ekirb fbyyb lkqlyib ~lvqb @avakkb ~evvib kb yrv `armb

maggb iafylekv iakv `b iegalkb i II #fj `a `lvyb ibv afylekv vb yrezb

iakv `bv akkbsbv,+ Bkferb jay'l` qb fbv afylekv albky kb oekkb zlvlol`ly by

kb oekkb rb~rvbkyaol`ly i II ~er qb``bv ~lvvbky veybklr

bjjlfafbgbky kb ~e`lylqb ib GRI+ Jlka`bgbky `b II iely yrb fekvlir ~ar

`bv caolyakyv feggb fekvylyaky bvvbkylb` ib `ejjrb `avakkelvb #vlkek l`v kb

feg~rbkiralbky ~av qkb ~e`lylqb ib ~regeylek vb oavb ibvvv,+ ^er fbv

ibs ibrklbrv ~elkyv #bjjlfafly ibv afylekv II by affb~yaylek i II feggb

~arylb lkymrakyb zelrb feggb fekvylyaky bvvbkylb` ib `ejjrb, l` jaira

ayybkirb `bv rv`yayv i qbvylekkalrb ~er vb ~rekekfbr+

?1 @bv fekilylekv ql afczbky fbyyb vjjlvakfb veky ~rvbkybv ~ar `c|~eycvb K ? vazelr`bslvybkfb ikb zlvlek ~aryamb by fekjergb i II+

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9=

O+9 Garhbylkm roalk irao`b 4 ra`ly zv ~brfb~ylek 8

lie`emlb

Bkjlk ~er afcbzbr `a vyrfyrb fekfb~yb``b ayer ib `a keylek ib

garhbylkm roalk irao`b l` bvy aove`gbky fa~lya` qb fcafk feg~rbkkb

qb `eodby ~reg ~ar k garhbylkm roalk irao`b kbvy ~av `b

izb`e~~bgbky irao`b bk vel galv `a ~brfb~ylek qb ~by bk azelr `b

fekveggaybr+ Vl fbvy `a ~regeylek ib `a zl``b qb `ek vecalyb eoybklr ~ar

`a glvb bk ~`afb ikb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk irao`b a`erv ek kb

iely ~av fcbrfcbr ~regezelr `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b bk vel #vl fb kbvy

~er ibv qbvylekv yclqbv, galv ek iely fcbrfcbr ~regezelr `lgamb ib

fb izb`e~~bgbky irao`b+ L` bslvyb kb mrakib iljjrbkfb bkyrb `a

~regeylek ib `eodby by `a ~regeylek ib vek lgamb ! L` jay vrjbr vr vbv

za`brv ~rl~crlqbv feggb `b olbk'yrb `a qa`ly ib zlb `b rbv~bfy ib

`bkzlrekkbgbky ib `ma`ly vefla`b bk ggb ybg~v qb `a frelvvakfb

fekeglqb+ A yb` ~elky ql` ~by arrlzbr qb `bv za`brv ~regbv kb velbky

~`v bk `lbk ilrbfy azbf `b IRI rb` galv klqbgbky bk `lbk azbf `a

~brfb~ylek lib``b qb `ek ~by bk azelr+ Fb`a ~by vbgo`br f|klqb galv l`

bk bvy alkvl ~er yev `bv olbkv geylekkb`v #by `a zl``b bk bvy k iakv `b fairb

i garhbylkm roalk,+ Fb qb `ek rlvqb a jlka` fbvy ib ~regezelr

`lgamb ikb fly zbryb by kek ikb fly irao`b+ Fbvy''ilrb ib ~brirb k

~b ib fbyyb ma`ly ib ~ekiraylek ql ~rvlialy kev yrelv veggbyv i

yrlakm`b irao`b a ~rejly i veggby bkzlrekkbgbky + Bk bjjby ~er `a

~e~`aylek `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b #by iekf va yrakvfrl~ylek roalkb, bvy

azaky yey kb ajjalrb fe`emlqb+ @bv rv`yayv i qbvylekkalrb feggb ek

`b zbrra ~`v yari kev rbkvblmkbky `armbgbky ial``brv vr fb`a+

Fbyyb ibrklrb rj`bslek kev ~brgby ia``br ~`v `elk ~lvqb``b kev ~brgby

ib feg~rbkirb qb `a keylek ib II bvy k fekfb~y vefla`bgbky fekvyrly+

Ib jaek mkra`b yey ilvferv vr `a zl``b bvy k fekvyrly vefla` by rv`ybikb fbryalkb lie`emlb roalkb+ Fbvy ilrb qb `erv ib `aka`|vb #by

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zbkyb``bgbky ib `a fekvyrfylek, ik yb` ilvferv l` vamly iyrb yrv

ayybkylj by ib vlkybrrembr qb``b bvy fbyyb lie`emlb va `emlqb lkybrkb ~ar

ql bvy'b``b ~eryb feggbky by ~er ql 5

@lie`emlb roaklvylqb?? afyb``b ~by vb feg~rbkirb vb`ek ibs v|vygbv

bk e~~evlylek ~arylb``b #@biry 1

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UUUO+ YcerlbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

9 `a rbfcbrfcb ikb igarfcb

@eodby ib fb ggelrb bvy ib rj`fclr as fekilylekv ib rvvlyb ikb

~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk oav vr `b II+ Fbyyb rvvlyb ~avvb iaoeri

~ar kb fekilylek ~ra`ao`b 4 `a glvb bk ~`afb ik ejjlfb ib garhbylkm

roalk+ Kev bv~rekv azelr iekk vjjlvaggbky i`gbkyv ib rj`bslek fb

~re~ev `erv ib `a ~arylb ycerlqb O+6+ @a qbvylek `aqb``b l` jay vayyb`br

galkybkaky bvy 4 @b II bvy'l` k armgbky za`lib ~er `a ~regeylek ib@avakkb 5 e ~`v ~rflvgbky 4 Qbvy'fb ql rbki `b II k armgbky

za`lib e a fekyralrb lkbjjlfafb ~er `a ~regeylek ib @avakkb 5 +

Ib jaek rb`aylzbgbky vr~rbkakyb `a `lyyrayrb aoerib ~b fb ~elky by l`

kbslvyb ~av ib igarfcb v|vygaylvb ql javvb `kaklgly+ Fbryalkv

aybrv #Kelvbyyb by Za``brme 1

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UUUF+ Igarfcb by fekvyrfylek i gei`bUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

22

^er keyrb ~ary kev vecalyekv ~re~evbr kb igarfcb erlmlka`b ql

rb~rbki by eriekkb fbv iljjrbkyv `gbkyv ib rj`bslek+ Fbyyb igarfcb iely

~brgbyyrb ibv iekkbr ibv `gbkyv ib rj`bslek vr `a za`lily by `bjjlfafly

ik armgbky+ ^er ~brgbyyrb ieriekkbr `bv ilzbrv `gbkyv by ermaklvbrkb fecrbkfb `e~ylqb ql a y vecalyb iv `b ioy bvy fb``b ikb

yl`ly ~er `bv ayerlyv feggb ~er `a rbfcbrfcb+ @a igarfcb vbjjerfb bk

fekvqbkfb iyrb `a ~`v `lvlo`b by `a ~`v f`alrb ~evvlo`b+

Jlm+ LZ 4 Igarfcb ~er dmbr bjjlfafly ik armgbky ib ~regeylekKeyb by Verfb 4 Fbyyb igarfcb vbjjerfb ib ~rbkirb bk feg~yb ib kegorbs yrazaskeyaggbky fbs ib Oaob| #1

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UUUF+ Igarfcb by fekvyrfylek i gei`bUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

2:

@a igarfcb #fj jlm+ LZ, ~by yrb zlva`lvb feggb k ieo`b ~refbvvv ib

zrljlfaylek `k fekfbrkb `ejjrb by `ayrb `a ibgakib+

~re~ev ib `ejjrb `a ~rbglrb ya~b #A, bvy `a zrljlfaylek qb `armgbky

fcelvl ~er `a ~regeylek vely ~rvbky iakv`ejjrb fbvy''ilrb `armgbky bvy'l`oav vr ibv afylekv rb``bgbky ~rvbkybv iakv `a zl``b 5 Vl `a r~ekvb bvy el

a`erv l` bvy ~evvlo`b ib fekylkbr `a zrljlfaylek+ Vl `a r~ekvb bvy kek kb

~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk oav vr fby armgbky bvy ~reoao`bgbky

zeb `fcbf+ Iakv `b fav ib @avakkb `a zrljlfaylek vbvy jalyb bk

bsaglkaky `Ambkia ?1 ib @avakkb by `a `lvyb ibv afylekv?9 bkyrb~rlvbv ~ar `a

zl``b+

@a vbfekib ya~b #O, bvy `a zrljlfaylek ib `bslvybkfb ikb zlvlek ~aryambib `armgbky a vblk ibv ayerlyv by ib `a ~e~`aylek fbvy''ilrb bvy'fb

qb yey `b gekib ~ar`b olbk ib `a ggb fcevb by bvy'fb qb `bv caolyakyv

~brelzbky `armgbky ib ~regeylek feggb k fekvylyaky bvvbkylb` ib

`ejjrb ib `br zl``b 5 Vl `a r~ekvb bvy el a`erv l` bvy ~evvlo`b ib fekylkbr `a

zrljlfaylek+ Vl `a r~ekvb bvy kek kb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk oav vr

fby armgbky bvy ~reoao`bgbky zeb `fcbf+ Iakv `b fav ib @avakkb

fb veky `bv qbvylekv A+1 A+= by O+1 by O+? i qbvylekkalrb ql yralybky ib

fby av~bfy+

@a yrelvlgb ya~b #F, bvy `a zrljlfaylek ib `a fekjergly ib `a zlvlek ib

`armgbky va ijlklylek ycerlqb fbvy''ilrb ql` kb vjjly ~av ib

ravvbgo`br kb zlvlek ~aryamb ib `armgbky ib ~regeylek galv l` jay qb

fbyyb zlvlek vely fekjergb by ferrbv~ekib bsafybgbky `a ijlklylek

ycerlqb ib `armgbky+ Vl `a r~ekvb bvy ~evlylzb a`erv l` bvy ~evvlo`b ib

fekylkbr `a zrljlfaylek+ Vl `a r~ekvb bvy kmaylzb kb ~e`lylqb ib

garhbylkm roalk oav vr fby armgbky bvy ~reoao`bgbky zeb `fcbf+

Iakv `b fav ib @avakkb `bv qbvylekv A+1 A+= ~brgbyyreky ibsaglkbr fby

av~bfy+

?9 fj bk akkbsb @avakkb 4 Eodbfyljv Qa`ly ib zlb+

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2=

@a ~rbglrb ya~b #I, i ~refbvvv ib `a ibgakib bvy `a zrljlfaylek ik

~eybkylb` ib ibgakib+ L` jay ikb ~ary ql` bslvyb k vbmgbky ib garfc

iakv `bqb` `armgbky ib ~regeylek ~lvvb vlkvfrlrb by qb fb vbmgbky kb

vely ~av id vayr ~ar `a fekfrrbkfb #fbvy''ilrb k garfc ib klfcb, byqb iayrb ~ary `bv ~re~evlylekv ib `armgbky ib ~regeylek rbdelmkb

bjjbfylzbgbky `bv ~reff~aylekv ibv ~o`lfv'flo`bv #caolyakyv bkyrb~rlvbv

yerlvybv,+ Vl `a r~ekvb bvy ~evlylzb a`erv l` bvy ~evvlo`b ib fekylkbr `a

zrljlfaylek ib `a ibgakib+ Vl `a r~ekvb bvy kmaylzb kb ~e`lylqb ib

garhbylkm roalk oav vr fby armgbky bvy ~reoao`bgbky zeb `fcbf+

^er `b fav iyib fb veky `bv qbvylekv O+6 O+9 by O+2 ql ~brgbyybky

iza`br fb ~eybkylb`+

@a vbfekib ya~b #B, i ~refbvvv ib zrljlfaylek ib `a ibgakib bvy ib

zrljlbr k ~elky fekvlir feggb frfla` bk feggklfaylek garhbylkm

#^bkyafeg ?>>2, vazelr `ma`ly bkyrb `lgamb glvb ~ar `ejjrb by fb``b

~brb ~ar `a ibgakib+ Ayrbgbky ily `a ~brfb~ylek ~ar `bv ~o`lfv'flo`bv

i gbvvamb ~regeylekkb` ib `a zl``b iely yrb bsafybgbky `a ggb qb `b

gbvvamb `l'ggb+ L` bvy yrv lg~eryaky qb `ayyrloy kb ~evvib afkb

agolmy ajlk ib ~brgbyyrb fbyyb ma`ly+ Iakv `b fav fekyralrb `b ~o`lf'

flo`b rlvqb ib ga` lkybr~rybr `b gbvvamb ~regeylekkb` by fb`a ~erraly azelr

ibv fekvqbkfbv jfcbvbv+ Vl `a r~ekvb fbyyb qbvylek bvy ~evlylzb a`erv

l` bvy ~evvlo`b ib fekylkbr `a zrljlfaylek ib `a ibgakib+ Vl `a r~ekvb bvy

kmaylzb kb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk oav vr fby armgbky bvy

~reoao`bgbky zeb `fcbf+ ^er @avakkb l` bvy yrv iljjlfl`b ib

r~ekirb fbyyb qbvylek far l` jairaly ravvbgo`br k fcakyl``ek

rb~rvbkyaylj ibv ~o`lfv'flo`bv 8 ib ~`v `a zl``b ka|aky ~av bkferb

zrlyao`bgbky lklyl kb ~regeylek oavb vr k II l` bvy lg~evvlo`b ib

zrljlbr va ~brfb~ylek+

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23

Vl `bv r~ekvbv ibv flkq qbvylekv ~rfibkybv eky y ~evlylzbv a`erv `b

~refbvvv ib zrljlfaylek ib `ejjrb rbdelky fb`l ib `a ibgakib by ek ~by

frlrb kb qair~`b ma`ly rb~rvbkyb ~ar `b vfcga fl'ibvvev+

Jlm+ Z 4 Qair~`b ma`ly ~er k armgbky za`lib by bjjlfafb

Verfb 4 Z+ Gelkay ?>>=

Ek ~by `lrb 4 ~er qk armgbky vely za`lib by bjjlfafb l` jay ql` vely

~br ib jaek libkylqb ~ar yev qb fbyyb ~brfb~ylek `b rbj`yb

bsafybgbky qb `a ~regeylek ~ar `a zl``b ib fby armgbky vely fekjergb

`armgbky by qb jlka`bgbky `a ~brfb~ylek ib `a ~regeylek vely ma`b `a

jelv `a ~regeylek by `a jelv `a zlvlek ~aryamb+

Fbyyb qair~`b ma`ly bvy kb fekilylek kfbvvalrb galv kek vjjlvakyb~er avvrbr `b vffv ib `a ~regeylek+ Bk bjjby l` jay bkferb r~ekirb

ibs qbvylekv v~~`gbkyalrbv+

@a ~rbglrb #J, bvy `a zrljlfaylek ib `a ~rvbkfb iafylekv jery ~ezelr

rb~rvbkyaylj ib `armgbky+ Bk iayrbv ybrgbv l` kb vjjly ~av qb `armgbky

vely ~rvbky iakv `ejjrb ~ar fbryalkbv afylekv #e ayyrloyv, galv l` jay avvl

qb fbv armgbkyv velbky vjjlvaggbky ayyrafyljv ~er yrb yl`lv ~er k

gbvvamb ~regeylekkb`+ Iakv `b qbvylekkalrb fb veky `bv qbvylekv O+= by O+3

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B`gbkyv ib zrljlfaylek #fj jlm+ Z, 4

#A,' @b FLE%v~ery bvy k armgbky bjjbfylzbgbky ~rvbky iakv `ejjrb

`avakkelv mrfb a vlmb i FLE a Gvb E`|g~lqb `a ~rvbkfb ib

mrakibv gakljbvyaylekv by as vlmbv ib kegorbvbv jiraylekv v~erylzbv+

#O,' Ek ~by lgamlkbr vakv ~reo`gb qb `b FLE%v~ery ~evvib kb zlvlek

~aryamb a vblk ibv ayerlyv by fekvylyb k `gbky garqaky ib `ejjrb

`avakkelvb iakv `a ~brfb~ylek ib `a ~e~`aylek+

#F,' @a zlvlek ib `armgbky FLE%v~ery a vblk ibv ayerlyv by ib `a

~e~`aylek bvy fekjergb `a ra`ly v~erylzb `a fcaryb ib `E`|g~lvgb byf+

#I,' L` bslvyb k ~eybkylb` ib ibgakib lg~eryaky #~er ~rbzb `bv kegorbs

fekmrv gbbylkmv by jiraylekv v~erylzbv ql ~rbkkbky ~`afb iakv `a

rmlek,+ @ejjrb fekfrrbkyb bvy yrv rilyb far @avakkb okjlflb ik irely

ibsf`vlzly qaky a `aob` e`|g~lqb+

#B,' @b gvb e`|g~lqb by `a ra`ly ~c|vlqb i vlmb i FLE Zli| alkvl

qb ib kegorbvbv gakljbvyaylekv v~erylzbv #Ayc`ylvvlga ?> hg ib

@avakkb Yrlayc`ek by Garaycek ib @avakkb Fcag~lekkay bre~bk ib

Jeeyoam ~ar bsbg~`b, ~brgbyybky ib zlvlol`lvbr by ib rb~rvbkybr `armgbky

ib jaek ayyrafylzb+

#J,' Mrfb as `gbkyv ~rfibkyv ek ~by ajjlrgbr qb `armgbky

FLE%v~ery ~brgby ib frbr kb lgamb jeryb klqb by iljjrbkflayrlfb ql

~eybkylb``bgbky ayylrbra ibv kezbas fekveggaybrv ~argl `bv ~o`lfv'

flo`bv i vbmgbky zlv+ Bk fekvqbkfb kb ~e`lylqb ib garhbylkm roalk

oav vr `armgbky FLE%v~ery ~evvib k mraki kegorb ib fcakfbv ib

vffv+ Fb ql a y orlzbgbky jaly lfl vr `armgbky FLE%v~ery kev

~redbyekv galkybkaky ib `b jalrb vr `armgbky Izb`e~~bgbky Irao`b

mrfb kev bkyrbylbkv+

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F+1 ^arylb bg~lrlqb 4

^er ra`lvbr `a zrljlfaylek i II feggb armgbky za`lib kb zlkmyalkb

iafybrv eky y lkybrremv `alib ibkyrbylbkv vbgl'ilrbfyljv+ Fbv afybrv

veky ibv rb~rvbkyakyv e `v ~e`lylqbv ibv rbv~ekvao`bv ib

`aiglklvyraylek ibv fcbjv ibkyrb~rlvbv ibv rb~rvbkyakyv ib feggbrakyv

ibv ~rejbvvlekkb`v ib `roaklvgb by ibv ~rejbvvbrv klzbrvlyalrbv?2+ @lib bvy

ib zrljlbr bk ~rbglbr `lb `bslvybkfb ib fbyyb zlvlek ~aryamb by fekjergb

i II+

@bv rv`yayv ib fbv qbvylekkalrbv jergaky `b gayrlb` ~rbglbr ~er `a

igarfcb l` jay r~ekirb azaky ib ifrlrb by iaka`|vbr `bv rv`yayv kb

vrlb ib qbvylekv e ib rbgarqbv 4

Afybrv 4

@b fcels ibv fbv afybrv bvy'l` dvyljl 5 @b ravvbgo`bgbky ib `brv e~lklekv

ayerlvb'y'l` `a fekvyrfylek ib `a igarfcb vecalyb 5

Ek yefcb lfl kb frlylqb gadbrb qb `ek ~by airbvvbr `a igarfcb+ @bv

afybrv lkybrremv kb veky ~av rb~rvbkyayljv ibv ~o`lfv'flo`bv+ Bk bjjby bk

lkybrrembaky fbv ~brvekkbv db kb zalv ~av lkybrrembr `bv ~brvekkbv ql `a

~regeylek vairbvvbra+ Ek kb ~erra iekf ~av mkra`lvbr `b qbvylekkalrb

bk v~~evaky qb `bv jyrv fekveggaybrv albky `a ggb ayylyib `bv

ggbv libv by `b ggb feg~erybgbky qb `bv afybrv lkybrremv+ Fbyyb

frlylqb ql ~by vbgo`br mrazb vbs~`lqb bk jaly avvbt vlg~`bgbky 8 l` kbvy

~av ~evvlo`b azbf `bv ge|bkv ceralrbv by jlkakflbrv ilkybrrembr ~er k

yrazal` ib ggelrb k yb` fcakyl``ek+

?2K+O+ 4 `a `lvyb ibv ~brvekkbv lkybrrembv alkvl qb `bv qbvylekkalrbv veky bk akkbsb galv~er ibv qbvylekv ib fekjlibkyla`ly `bv r~ekvbv lkilzlib``bv k| jlmrbky ~av+

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:?

Ib ~`v l` kbvy ~av kek ~`v ~c|vlqbgbky ra`lvao`b ilkybrrembr `bv jyrv

fekveggaybrv #caolyakyv yerlvybv by bkyrb~rlvbv, ~lvql`v kb veky

vlg~`bgbky ~av bkferb ` ! L` kbvy ~av ~evvlo`b ~ar bsbg~`b ia``br fcelvlr k

~avvaky a cavari iakv kb ayrb zl``b regakib by ib `lkybrrembr bkbv~raky qb l` javvb ~ar cavari ~arylb ibv jyrv caolyakyv ib @avakkb+ @b

ggb ralvekkbgbky bvy za`ao`b ~er `bv yerlvybv e `bv lkzbvylvvbrv+ By

~lvql` kbslvyb ~av ib iekkbv ilv~eklo`bv fb vdby `b qbvylekkalrb as

`baibrv ie~lklekv by rb~rvbkyakyv `efas a y rbybk feggb `a gbl``brb

ve`ylek+

Fbyyb ve`ylek ejjrb yey ib ggb k azakyamb+ Iakv `b fav ib `bslvybkfb

ikb zlvlek ~aryamb by fekjergb by iekf ib `a ~evvlo`b glvb bk garfcb

ib `a igarfcb `a gyceib yl`lvb ~brgbyyra iazelr b k fekyafy

~ra`ao`b azbf `a gaderly ibv afybrv ql lkybrzlbkireky ib ~rv e ib `elk

~er `a ijlklylek ik GRI kek vb`bgbky ~er `b vyrlfy klzba feggka`

galv avvl azbf ibv lkybrzbkakyv ibv feggkbv bkzlrekkakybv+

Ek ~by ma`bgbky vlkybrrembr vr `a jlaol`ly ibv r~ekiakyv by ze`elr

rbjalrb `b qbvylekkalrb qb`qbv gelv ilkybrza``b ~er zrljlbr `a vyaol`ly

ibv r~ekvbv+ ^eryaky ~er `bv ggbv ralvekv ceralrbv by ib ~`afb fb yrazal`

ib ggelrb kbjjbfybra ~av fbyyb igarfcb ib zrljlfaylek+ Ib ~`v `bv

~brvekkbv lkybrrembv eff~bky vezbky ibv ~evybv rbv~ekvaol`lyv by kb

ilv~evbky qb ik ybg~v `lgly fekvafrbr fb mbkrb iyib+

L` bvy avvl ~evvlo`b ib rb~refcbr `aovbkfb iakv `a `lvyb ibv ~brvekkbv

lkybrrembv ~er `br vb`b qa`ly icaolyaky+ Bk jaly fbvy ~arfb qb `a

~`~ary caolybky amm`egraylek by qb brv e~lklekv icaolyaky vbs~rlgbky

vezbky `br lkv ql` ka ~av y dm kfbvvalrb iamgbkybr

`fcakyl``ek+

Jlka`bgbky fbyyb qbvylek iafybrv ~brgby ib gbyyrb `b ielmy vr k

ilvylkme bvvbkylb` jalrb fb`l bkyrb `a igarfcb ib fb yrazal` by fb``b ib@avakkb+ @fcakyl``ek ibv ~brvekkbv lkybrrembv kb vbry q `a igarfcb

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ib fbyyb yib by kek fb``b ib @avakkb+ ^er fb yrazal` `eodbfylj bvy

klqbgbky zrljlbr `bslvybkfb ib fbyyb zlvlek ~aryamb by fekjergb by `b

fav fcaky ib ~re~evbr ibv `gbkyv ib rj`bslek vr `a igarfcb jlka`b

vlzrb ~er `a glvb bk ~`afb ik GRI+ @aiglklvyraylek ~ar fekyrb `ervqb``bvlzra zbkyb``bgbky fbyyb igarfcb ibzra bk ycerlb vb veflbr ik

fcakyl``ek obafe~ ~`v `armb ~er ~ezelr mkra`lvbr `b ~re~ev

`bkvbgo`b ib `a ~e~`aylek+

Qbvylekv 4

@bv qbvylekv ~evbv as afybrv ~brgbyybky'b``bv zralgbky ib gbvrbr `a

zarlao`b vecalyb 5 Ayrbgbky ily qb``b bvy `a za`lily by `bjjlflbkfb i

qbvylekkalrb 5

@a zarlao`b qb `ek vecalyb za`br bvy `a ~rvbkfb e kek ib fbyyb zlvlek

~aryamb by fekjergb i IRI by ~aryaky `bv zbkyb``bv afylekv yl`lvbr

~er va ~regeylek+ @b `bfybr ~erraly eodbfybr qb `a jaek ieky bvy

fekvyrlyb `b qbvylekkalrb `alvvbraly ~bkvbr qb `bslvybkfb ib fbyyb zlvlek

~aryamb bvy fekvlir feggb afqlvb+ ^eryaky fb vbraly jalrb kb brrbr

far `bv qbvylekv ib `a ~arylb A alkvl qb `a ibrklrb qbvylek ib `a ~arylb I

fcbrfcbky rj`fclr vakv a ~rlerl vr `bslvybkfb ib fbyyb feggkay ib

vbkv by `a za`lily i II feggb eyl` ~regeylekkb`+ Yakilv qb `bv qbvylekv

vlzakybv #~arylb O by F, vr `bv ge|bkv ~eybkylb``bgbky geol`lvbr

~brgbyybky dvybgbky ib ilrb vl by feggbky i ~elky ib zb ibv afybrv `b

II bvy yl`lvao`b+ Fb ql yrakvfrlra jlka`bgbky `a ggb fcevb qb `bv ~arylbv

~rfibkybv+

Vafcaky qb @avakkb ~evvib id `armgbky II iakv vek ejjrb #fbvy''

ilrb qb `b ~elky ib `a igarfcb #A, bvy zrljl, ibs lvvbv veky ~evvlo`bv a

ybrgb i qbvylekkalrb 4

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Lvvb 1 4

@bkvbgo`b ibv qbvylekv rbfbl``b kb r~ekvb ajjlrgaylzb #bsfb~y `a

qbvylek #B, ql kbvy ~av zrlyao`bgbky ybvyb iakv `b qbvylekkalrb,+ Iakv

fb fav ek v~~evbra qb `b II bvy k armgbky za`lib+

Lvvb ? 4

Rkb e ~`vlbrv r~ekvbv veky kmaylzbv+ @b ~refbvvv bvy arry by

`armgbky II kbvy ~av za`lib bk `yay #L,+ Iakv k yb` fav ilzbrv vfkarll

veky ~re~evv #D,+

Ek bk iily qb `a jaek iaka`|vbr `bv rv`yayv ibv qbvylekkalrbv bvy yrv

vbkvlo`b+ L` jay yl`lvbr k jl`yrb iaka`|vb ql vely vjjlvaggbky bslmbaky ~er

yrb ~brylkbky galv ql kb olalvb ~av ~ar al``brv `bv rv`yayv+ ^er fb jalrb ek

yl`lvbra ikb ~ary ibv yao`bas by mra~clqbv bk fcbrfcaky gbyyrb bk

zlibkfb ibv za`brv #by ibv afylekv, ql rfe`ybky ibv vferbv

vlmkljlfaylzbgbky ~`v lg~eryakyv+ Iayrb ~ary ek iflibra ~er `bv

qbvylekv ezbrybv ib `bslvybkfb ib `a zlvlek ~aryamb by fekjergb vb`ek

`eovbrzaylek by `b fa`f` ib `a rfrrbkfb ib fbryalkbv keylekv e fcag~v

`bslfas ib za`brv by ~`v mkra`bgbky vr `a `bfyrb ibv lkybr~ryaylekv ibv

afybrv 8 fbyyb jaek ib jalrb kb marakyly ~av bk vel `eodbfylzly `a

vlmkljlfaylzly by `a rb~rvbkyaylzly ikb igarfcb vflbkyljlqb f`avvlqb

galv verlbkyb ~`yy zbrv kb igarfcb ib y|~b ieo`b cbrgkbylqb #fj+

vbfylek A+6+2,+

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:2

F+1+1 ^rbglrb ~arylb

F+1+1+1 Ibvfrl~ylek

@b oy ib `a ~rbglrb ~arylb i qbvylekkalrb bvy ilkybrrembr ~ar iljjrbkybv

gyceibv `a rb~rvbkyaylek i II qb vb jeky `bv ~brvekkbv lkybrrembv ~er

aka`|vbr ikb ~ary vl` bslvyb kb zlvlek ~aryamb ql vb imamb ibv e~lklekv

~brvekkb``bv by iayrb ~ary ~er yilbr vl fbyyb ggb zlvlek ~aryamb

rbj`yb ferrbfybgbky `b II fbvy''ilrb vl `bv mbkv avveflbky `b ~arailmgb i

izb`e~~bgbky irao`b fb ql` bvy zralgbky+

Qbvylek A+1

@b oy ib `a ~rbglrb qbvylek bvy iyilbr qb``b bvy `a fekfb~ylek

v~ekyakb i II ibv ~brvekkbv lkybrrembv+ @a qbvylek `aqb``b l`v ielzbky

r~ekirb bvy 4

Iekkbt qayrb e flkq geyv qb zev avveflbt `a keylek ib II+ ^erqelfb fcels 5

Ek v~~evb qb `erirb ikekflaylek ibv geyv'ayyrloyv e ibvfrl~ybrv za

azelr kb vlmkljlfaylek fb`l ql rbzy `b ~`v ilg~eryakfb as |bs i vdby

verylra bk ~rbglbr ~lv bk erirb ifrelvvaky vb`ek `lg~eryakfb+ Alkvl ek

~by ~er `b ~rbglbr ybrgb ibvfrl~ylj ~lv ~er `b vbfeki by bkjlk ~er `bv

vlzakyv yao`lr fcaqb jelv qb``bv veky `bv ~reff~aylekv ibv lkybrremv+

Ek ~by avvl veggbr `bv iljjrbkyv ybrgbv bk `bv ~ekiraky ~ar `erirb ibverylb+ ^ar bsbg~`b `b ~rbglbr ybrgb vbra ~ekir ~ar k jafybr 6 `b

vbfeki ~ar k jafybr ? by `bv vlzakyv ~ar k jafybr 1+ L` jay rbfekkayrb

qb fbyyb jaek ib jalrb ~by yrb frlylqao`b fb~bkiaky b``b a `azakyamb

ib ~brgbyyrb ib irbvvbr k ol`ak ib `a jerfb ib `avveflaylek ya~b ~ar

ya~b ~lv ib jaek m`eoa`b+

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::

@a jerg`aylek ibv geyv ibvfrl~ybrv zarlb ik vdby `ayrb fb~bkiaky ek

rbyrezb jrqbggbky `bv ggbv libv+ Fbvy ~erqel l`v eky y amrmv

bk 1> mre~bv iayyrloyv 4

' Azbklrrbmre~b bv ibvfrl~ybrv `ekm ybrgb ib `azbklr byf+ 8' Qa`ly ib zlb Bkbrmlb by Bfekeglb jergbky ibv mre~bv ~ary

bkylrb+

' A`lol bvy `b keg i mre~b ql ravvbgo`b yev `bv ibvfrl~ybrv i II qljeky lbk va ~evvlo`b lkvyrgbkya`lvaylek e rf~raylek ~e`lylqb+

' Geol`ly ravvbgo`b `bv ibvfrl~ybrv a|aky `lbk `a geol`ly qb``bqb``b vely #ayegeol`b ~lyekv byf+,+

' Bkzlrekkbgbky ravvbgo`b `bv ibvfrl~ybrv bkzlrekkbgbky fe`emlbrbvverfbv kayrb``bv f`lgay+

' Vefla` ravvbgo`b yev `bv ibvfrl~ybrv ql ve`lmkbky k av~bfy vefla` iII 4vefla` ma`ly qly dvylfb vefla`b+

' Zlvlek ~e`lylqb ravvbgo`b `bv ibvfrl~ybrv ql zelbky iakv `b II kbkezb``b zlvlek ~e`lylqb by kb kezb``b gaklrb iamlr 4 yclqb

rbv~ekvaol`ly fecrbkfb ib `afylek zlibkfb a~~refcb

yrakvzbrva`b bkdb byf+

' Bkjlk `bv ibvfrl~ybrv ql kb veky verylv qkb jelv eky y rbmre~viakv `ayyrloy ayrbv+ Ek | rbyrezb `roaklvgb `a vgary mre}yc `a

gekila`lvaylek `lkymraylek ibv vazelrv by ibv afybrv `a fraylzly by `a

keylek ib ybrrlyelrb+

Rkb jelv amrmv feggb ifrly fl'ibvvv l` bvy ~evvlo`b ibvqlvvbr `b II yb`

ql` bvy ~br ~ar kev r~ekiakyv+

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:=

Mra~clqb 1 4 Ayyrloyv ibvfrl~ybrv i II ~ar erirb ib verylb by m`eoa`bgbkyVerfb 4 Z+ Gelkay ?>>=+ Qbvylekkalrb

@bv ayyrloyv ql zlbkkbky `bv ~rbglbrv `bv~rly veky a~~b`v Ye~ ej Glki ?:+ Fb

ql` jay rb`bzbr fbyyb ~rbglrb ya~b fbvy `b vferb ra`lv ~ar `ayyrloy

Azbklr+ ^er ~`v ik qary #?=", ibv ~brvekkbv lkybrrembv `b II jaly a~~b`

azaky yey ibv qbvylekv iazbklr e ib `ekm ybrgb+ ^lv `bkzlrekkbgbky deb k r`b lg~eryaky azbf ??" ibv zeybv by bkjlk `b II feggb

kezba feg~erybgbky by ~erybr ikb zlvlek ~e`lylqb very ma`bgbky ib

jaek ilvylkfyb 1="+

@erv ib `kekflaylek i vbfeki ayyrloy yl`lv ~er ifrlrb `b II `b mre~b

Azbklr ~bri ib `lg~eryakfb #2", feggb vl fb`a azaly vjjl ib `b verylr bk

~rbglbr `lb+ @bkzlrekkbgbky fekvbrzb kb ~ary lg~eryakyb #?>", ib ggb~er `a zlvlek ~e`lylqb #12",+ Ibs kezbas ibvfrl~ybrv a~~aralvvbky

fcafk 1>" l` vamly ib `a geol`ly by i vefla`+

?: Olbk qb kev kb ve|ekv ~av jrlakiv iakm`lflvgb kev vecalyekv yl`lvbr Ye~ ej Glki~lvql` vamly ik ybrgb fekvafr ieky `yl`lvaylek bvy v|vygaylqb bk garhbylkm+

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:3

@erv ibv ayyrloyv vlzakyv `bkzlrekkbgbky fekvbrzb va ~ary fekjeryao`b

?:" ib ggb qb ~er `a zlvlek ~e`lylqb 1

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UUUF+ Igarfcb by fekvyrfylek i gei`bUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

:" ib kek by 9>" ib el+ Fb~bkiaky ek jbra ayybkylek ~lvqb

fbyyb iljjrbkfb kbslvyb ~av zrlyao`bgbky iakv `bv r~ekvbv+ Bk bjjby `bv

vdby ~bzbky azelr r~eki ~ar `ajjlrgaylzb e ~ar `a kmaylzb bk a|aky

~eryaky `a ggb ~bkvb+ ^ar bsbg~`b el fbv ibs keylekv veky yrv

vlgl`alrbv galv l` bslvyb qb`qbv iljjrbkfbv e lkzbrvbgbky kek fbv ibs

keylekv veky iljjrbkybv galv l` bslvyb ibv ~elkyv feggkv + Ib jaek

mkra`b `bv lkybrremv rbfekkalvvbky a II kb ilgbkvlek ~`v `ekmb

irb by ~`v fe``bfylzb qb ~er `a qa`ly ib zlb+ L` bvy ma`bgbky vezbky

rbvveryl qb `a qa`ly ib zlb bvy ra`lvao`b vakv k izb`e~~bgbky irao`b 8

~ar bsbg~`b `b geib ib fekveggaylek keri'agrlfalk afyb` a~~eryb kfbryalk klzba ib zlb galv kbvy ~av irao`b `ekm ybrgb+ ^ar fekyrb `a glvb

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=6

bk a~~`lfaylek i II a~~eryb `ekm ybrgb kb gbl``brb qa`ly ib zlb ~er

yev+

Clvyerlqbgbky l` bvy lkyrbvvaky ib ra~~b`br qb `b ~arailmgb ib `a qa`ly

ib zlb a ~rfi fb`l i Izb`e~~bgbky Irao`b+ Gal :3 `a frlvblvra`lbkkb zelrb `bv frlvbv ~yre`lrbv eky ~brglv `gbrmbkfb ik kezba

feraky ib ~bkvb 4 `bv za`brv bslvybkylb``bv ielzbky rb~rbkirb `b j`agoba

ibv za`brv jekfylekkb``bv+ Azbf `b ra~~ery Gbaie}v i F`o ib _egb by `b

ra~~ery Orkiy`aki a~~aray `a kfbvvly ib `a glvb bk ~`afb ik

izb`e~~bgbky ~`v irao`b+ Alkvl `b fekfb~y II a ~rlv `b rb`alv by lkilqb

kb zelb vlzrb ieky `a qa`ly ib zlb kb rbfe~b ~av yev `bv av~bfyv+ @a

qa`ly ib zlb bvy kb lib rb`aylzbgbky j`eb by vodbfylzb yakilv qb `b II

bvy k fekvyrly ycerlqb #Fkca ?>>2,+ @a qa`ly ib zlb vbraly k

fcakmbgbky ib ~rlerly yakilv qb `b II vbraly `a rbfekkalvvakfb ib `a

kfbvvly ik kezba ~refbvvv ib izb`e~~bgbky+

F+1+1+? Aka`|vb

Azaky iaka`|vbr vr `a oavb ibv rv`yayv ~rfibkyv qb``b bvy `lgamb

~brb i izb`e~~bgbky irao`b ~argl kev r~ekiakyv l` ~by yrb yl`b

ib ra~~b`br bkferb kb jelv `a ijlklylek ycerlqb i II+ @b `bfybr yrezbra

ibv lkjergaylekv ~`v iyal``bv ~ar bsbg~`b iakv `a ijlklylek ib A+ Fkca

#?>>2,+

Jlm+ ZL 4 @bv yrelv ~l`lbrv i Izb`e~~bgbky Irao`bVerfb 4 Z+ Gelkay ?>>= ia~rv Orkiy`aki 1

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UUUF+ Igarfcb by fekvyrfylek i gei`bUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

=9

@b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b rb~evb vr yrelv v~crbv e yrelv ~l`lbrv+ Fb qb

ve`lmkb `a ijlklylek i II bvy iekf azaky yey `ma`b lg~eryakfb ib vbv

yrelv ~l`lbrv `a fecrbkfb ql` jay azelr bk amlvvaky ib jaek vlg`yakb vr

ibs zelrb yrelv ~l`lbrv #fbvy fb qek a~~b``b kb afylek ieo`b e yrl~`bilzlibkib, by ~av vb`bgbky `a ~rlgerila`ly iekkb a ~l`lbr

bkzlrekkbgbkya` by jlka`bgbky `a rbzbkilfaylek i `ekm ybrgb ~er `afylek

feggb ~er `a rj`bslek+ @a ijlklylek bvy iekf bsyrgbgbky f`alrb vr fb ql

feg~evb `b II by fb ql kb `b feg~evb ~av+

Er `a `glrb ib fb ra~~b` kev kev rbkiekv feg~yb qb fb kbvy ~av

i yey fb qb jeky rbvverylr `bv qbvylekkalrbv+ @b II | bvy ifrly azaky yey

feggb kb kezb``b zlvlek bkzlrekkbgbkya`lvyb+ Fb`a bvy vakv ieyb i a

oayyamb gilaylqb rfbky vr `b ~reo`gb i fcakmbgbky f`lgaylqb+ @a

ilgbkvlek fe`emlqb ieglkb feg~`ybgbky by ib yrv `elk `a ilgbkvlek

vefla`b by ~`v jeryb ralvek bkferb `a ilgbkvlek fekeglqb+ @b fekfb~y

ib fecrbkfb rbvvery olbk galv c`av ~av iakv `b vbkv lklyla` #fbvy''ilrb `a

fecrbkfb iely vb yrezbr bkyrb `bv afylekv ' rj`bslekv ibv iljjrbkyv ~l`lbrv,+

^er kev r~ekiakyv `a fecrbkfb i II bvy feg~`ybgbky ayrb 8 b``b bvy

fcbrfcbr i fy ~e`lylqb fbvy''ilrb qb `b II bvy z feggb kb

kezb``b zlvlek ~e`lylqb `armbgbky yblkyb ib gera`lvgb fe`emlqb ~ar

al``brv+

@a fecrbkfb bvy iekf bk ra`ly kb kezb``b `mlylgly ~eybkylb``b qb

fbryalkv afybrv ~e`lylqbv eky olbk feg~rlv fb qb fbryalkv ib kev

r~ekiakyv ikekfbky ial``brv+

Bk iayrbv ybrgbv `a ~rbglrb aka`|vb qb `ek ~by ylrbr ib fbyyb ~arylb i

qbvylekkalrb bvy `a vlzakyb 4 @b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b yb` ql` bvy ~br

~ar kev r~ekiakyv kb ferrbv~eki bk afk fav a izb`e~~bgbky irao`b

yb` ql` bvy ijlkl ~ar `a `lyyrayrb+

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UUUF+ Igarfcb by fekvyrfylek i gei`bUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

=2

L` bvy ~evvlo`b ia``br ~`v `elk by ibk ylrbr kb vbfekib aka`|vb 4 bk ~`v ib kb

~av rbj`ybr ferrbfybgbky `b fekfb~y ycerlqb `a zlvlek qeky kev

r~ekiakyv bvy ~arylf`lrbgbky j`eb+ L`v veky lkfa~ao`bv ib vb gbyyrb

iafferi vr qb`qbv jekiagbkyas ql ifrlralbky vlmkljlfaylzbgbky `b II+@a qbvylek A+2 bvy rb`aylzbgbky `eqbkyb fb vdby ~lvqb ~rbvqb

klg~eryb qb``b mrakib lib oaka`b rbely jlka`bgbky k vferb

iavveflaylek v~rlbr `a ge|bkkb+ Libg ~er `a qbvylek A+1 e fbvy `b

gerfb``bgbky ibv r~ekvbv fbyyb jelv ql kev rbkvblmkb vr `b fekvyay

~rfly+

^by'yrb jay'l` gbyyrb bk `lbk fbyyb qbvylek azbf `a vlzakyb e kev

r~ekiakyv eky y kegorbs ~`olvflybr `av~bfy ~raylqb i II bk

ve`lmkaky avvbt qb `a ycerlb vb`b ka dagalv iekk ib rv`yayv+ Jay'l` bk

iilrb qb `b yrazal` ib z`marlvaylek vflbkyljlqb ka ~av y ra`lv

ferrbfybgbky ~ar `a feggkay klzbrvlyalrb ib jaek mkra`b ql

karaly ~av v bs~`lqbr bk iyal` `bv jlkbvvbv iljjlfl`bv iaffv i fekfb~y

ib izb`e~~bgbky irao`b 8 `b fcag~ araly a`erv y `alvv `lorb qb`qbv

avveflaylekv fe`emlvybv by ~e`lylflbkv ql `aralbky rf~r `br feg~yb 5

Iljjlfl`b ib r~ekirb ek vb raoayyra a`erv vr kb fekzlfylek 4

Vl `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b kb dely ikb lgamb kl bsafyb kl f`alrb a vblk

i kegorb rily ib kev r~ekiakyv fbkvv glbs `b fekkayrb a`erv l` bvy

~reoao`b qb `a ~e~`aylek `avakkelvb by ib jaek ~`v mkra`b

`bkvbgo`b ib kev ~o`lfv'flo`bv kb vbreky ~av ~`v a~ybv irbvvbr k ~eryraly

~rflv by bsafy ib fb qbvy `b rb``bgbky `b izb`e~~bgbky irao`b+

Kev | rbzlbkirekv ~ar `a vlyb galv l` bvy ibgo`b ~evvlo`b ib ilrb qbk

ybrgbv ib garhbylkm roalk `yl`lvaylek ik eodby e fekfb~y as ayyrloyv

zambv e ieky `a vlmkljlfaylek kbvy ~av feggkgbky ~aryamb kbvy ~av

vakv rlvqb+

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UUUF+ Igarfcb by fekvyrfylek i gei`bUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

=:

F+1+? Ibslgb ~arylb

F+1+?+1 Ibvfrl~ylek

@eodbfylj ib `a vbfekib ~arylb i qbvylekkalrb bvy ib ra`lvbr a~rv ib

ibv r~ekiakyv kb yib ib garfc ~r~arayelrb ajlk ilibkyljlbr qb``bv

veky `bv jerfbv `bv jalo`bvvbv `bv gbkafbv by `bv e~~eryklyv ql`v

rbfekkalvvbky ~er `a zl``b ib @avakkb #aka`|vb V]EY 4 Vyrbkmycv

]bahkbvvbv E~~eryklylbv Ycrbayv,+ L`v eky ma`bgbky y agbkv rj`fclr

as fekfrrbkyv as ~o`lfv'flo`bv by as ge|bkv ib ilvyrloylek ib

`lkjergaylek aie~ybr+ Jlka`bgbky kb ibrklrb `ekmb qbvylek `bv a

lkybrremv vr `bv armgbkyv ib ~regeylek+ Bk iayrbv ybrgbv l`v eky i

fcelvlr ~argl `a `lvyb iafylekv bkyrb~rlvbv ~ar `a feggkb ib @avakkb

#`armbgbky fekvylybv ibv afylekv ib `Ambkia ?1, qb``bv veky fb``bv ql

~bzbky vbrzlr ~er zclf`br `lgamb ib @avakkb feggb fly irao`b+

^er jalrb `b `lbk azbf ibv `gbkyv gyceie`emlqbv zeqv

~rfibggbky kev veggbv lfl iakv `a ~rbglrb ibv ibs lkybr~ryaylekvql jekibky keyrb ra~~ery `a ra`ly `a ieo`b cbrgkbylqb+ Bk bjjby `a

yal``b ib `fcakyl``ek `a ~evlylek vefla`b ib kev lkybrremv #l`v jeky yev ~arylb

ib `a f`avvb ieglkakyb vely vefla`bgbky vely ~ar `br `lbk azbf

`aiglklvyraylek vely ~e`lylqbgbky, by bkjlk `b `lbk ql`v ~evvibky azbf `bv

~e`lylqbv ~o`lqbv oavbv vr k II bg~fcbky ib jaek aove`b ib

~ezelr a~~`lqbr `bv frlyrbv f`avvlqbv ieodbfylzly ib `a igarfcb

vflbkyljlqb+ Fb qb fcbrfcb irbvvbr fbyyb vbfekib ~arylb fb kbvy ~avkb yib ib garfc oav vr k fcakyl``ek rb~rvbkyaylj galv fbvy ~`yy

ilkybrrembr `b