Inequalities Benefits Barriers

Global annual economic return from investing in sanitation and water is estimated at $170 billion per year (GLAAS, 2012)

Achievements MDG for Water International Year of Sanitation Sanitation and Water for All Sanitation Drive to 2015 Human Right to Water Successful community-based initiatives

Sanitation and Water for All Ministers from 40 countries, including many off-track

countries, collectively agreed to increase improved sanitation access by 7% and safe drinking water access by 5% over the next two years.

SWA: Country Commitments Country Inc Pop Served (mill)

Sanitation In Pop Served (mill) Water

Year

Aghanistan 3.9 2014

Burkino Faso 3 4.5 2015

Ethiopia 49 44 2015

Kenya 20 16 2015

Nepal 14.6 1.8 2015

Uganda 4.8 2.2 2015

Total (34 countries) 306.7 224

SWA: Open Defecation

Country %OD reduction

Millions people

Year

Afghanistan 17 22 2020

Burkina Faso 59 6.7 2015

Ethiopia 28 23.2 2015

Kenya 13 2013

Nepal 49 14.7 2017

The Gambia 0.05 2015

Zambia 1000 ODF wards

2014

Zimbabwe 20 2.5 2014

SWA: Donor Commitments Country Commitment Period

Australia USD 870 m 07/2011-06/2015

AfdB USD 1 bn/yr 2012-15

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

USD 400 m 2010-15

EU EUR 2.75 bn 2007-11

Germany USD 825 m/yr 2008-10

France USD 775 m 2010-12

Netherlands Serve 10 m people 2012-15

Switzerland USD 200 m/yr 2010-15

UK Double previously committed-to results (serving 30m people) to serve 60 million

2012-17

Human Rights: Potential Benefits Financial resource prioritization – internationally and

nationally

Water resource prioritization – against competing uses

Empowering citizens and communities to be engaged in decision-making

Providing potential remedies for those who are denied the right

Increasing accountability of public and private sector

Preventing discrimination against groups and communities Adapted from: David Boyd, 2012

Human Rights: Implementation Challenges Realities on the ground do not change by declaring water as a

human right Water scarcity is a major issue Water demand could potentially increase Does not provide more financial and human resources

Rational pricing of water/sanitation service-provisioning becomes more difficult

Resolutions do not offer enforceable guarantees

Root causes are not directly addressed: pollution, depletion, corruption, financing, monopoly, conflict of

interest and mismanagement Source: Bruce Pardy, 2012

Small investments....

... big changes

Opportunities Data, evidence, monitoring Sustainable solutions

(Universal) Access Financing; Targeting

Water, Food and Energy Security Capacity for change

Communities Institutions

Defining New Global Targets Universal coverage water and sanitation by 2030

Intermediate targets set by countries New monitoring regime (run by UN-Water)

Commitment to building a resource efficient economy: more crop, nutrition and kilowatts per drop

Intervening targets for 2020: 20% increase in food supply-chain efficiency; reduce waste from field to fork 20% increase in water efficiency in agriculture 20% increase in water use efficiency in energy production 20% increase in the quantity of water reused 20% decrease in water pollution

Ref: Stockholm Statement, 2011

Financing: GLAAS 2012 WSS is a key priority, but not one of the top priorities Up to 2008, development aid increasing; WSS

decreasing Post 2008, WSS development aid has increased by 3 %

Health Education DW&S

Minimum 1.1 3.2 0.2

Maximum 8.4 15.0 3.5

Mean 2.3 5.5 0.7

Government Expenditure (% GDP)

Poor Targeting to Low-Income Countries

• Only 42% of aid targeted to LICs • Top 12 priority recipients receive 50% of WASH aid

Only 50 % of aid directed to regions with 70 % of underserved

On average, 34% of primary schools and 25% of rural health-care centres lack improved sanitation facilities

Basic Systems are not Targeted

• Aid flows for basic water and sanitation remain about US$ 1.1 bn • ODA for basic services declined from 27% to 16% over the last five years • Aid flows for large systems increased from US$ 2.6 to US$ 4.3 bn from 2000 to 2008

Unbalanced Investments

Capacity (GLAAS) Lack of information

on actual human resources

Need to better understand and measure financial flows

Harmonisation and co-ordination required

Community Perceptions When is water clean?

Free of dirt Clear Free of visible insects

What makes your children sick? Insects / parasites /

bacteria Cold/wet weather Water

How can you be healthier? Access to health

education Increased access to water

treatment strategies Increased latrine

access Increased access to

municipal water Schools

Diseases are a must. Human beings must get sick: A Rural Community’s Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Water, Sanitation and Health (Levison et al, 2012)

Water Supply, Sanitation and the MDGs Prevalence of underweight children <5 is

related to water access (p = 0.028) Ratio girls:boys in primary education is related

to water access (p = 0.006) Water and sanitation access decrease <5 and

infant mortality (1.17 and 1.66 per 1,000) (p<0.001)

Maternal mortality ratio decreases with access to water (p = 0.008) and sanitation (p = 0.009)

Not significant for school enrollment

Cheng et al http://www.inweh.unu.edu/Health/index.htm

Systems Approach Interlinkages

Health Environment Food and energy

Source to consumer Protecting watersheds for health Trans-sectoral Transdisciplinary