Industry warms up to promises of Cold Spray™

Sandia helps eight-member consortium of US manufacturers explore frontiers of splat science

(Continued on page 8)

(Continued on page 3)

Vol. 53, No. 8 April 20, 2001

(Continued on page 4)

PARTICLE COP — Mark Smith (1833) uses what amounts to a laser version of a radar gun — a laser velocimetersystem — to measure the speed of tiny metal particles shooting toward the work surface during Cold Spraydeposition. (Photo by Randy Montoya)

Happy birthday! MTI satelliteis one year old

Paul Robinson paperconsiders nuclearweapons policy for anew century

Sandia Senior Scientist Jeff Brinker’s paper on nano-structures that report on their environment by changingcolor is being published this week in the journalNature. Above, colorless transparent nanostructurefilms change colors as conditions they are exposed tochange. See the story on page 5.

Do nuclear weapons still have a role to play inUS national security? Does the nation’s nuclearstockpile as it is now configured provide the rangeof deterrent options needed in the post-Cold Warera? For that matter, does US policy regardingnuclear weapons reflect the 21st century threat inall its many dimensions?

These questions — or variations of them — arepart of a policy debate that has been going on inthe highest levels of the nation’s national securityestablishment since the Manhattan Project. Afterseveral decades during which the answers seemedmostly settled and agreed upon, the questionshave taken on a new urgency. The dissolution ofthe Soviet Union, the proliferation of nuclearweapons among nations not necessarily friendly tothe US, the emergence of rogue states and sub-stategroups with the potential to threaten US interestswith weapons of mass destruction (chemical, bio-logical, radiological, and nuclear) — these develop-ments have added new levels of complexity thatmake the strategic calculations of the Cold War eraseem almost simple by comparison.

Now, Labs Director C. Paul Robinson hasweighed in publicly with a white paper offering hisvoice to the debate. The paper, “Pursuing a NewNuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century,” rep-

By Bill Murphy

New ALEGRA software code v. 4.0 released;models Z machine events, nuclear environments

Kevin Fleming’s stunning wood art will beshowcased at Smithsonian’s annual craft show

5

12

Extreme excitement: Celebrationmarks EUVL microchip milestoneCalifornia site hosts industry-labs-government dignitaries andmedia; event marks ‘huge step’ toward next-generation microchips

“It seems that EUV is winning out,” CraigBarrett, president and CEO of Intel Corp.,observed at a big celebration event at Sandia’sCalifornia site last week.

EUV, extreme ultraviolet lithography, isbeing developed through an industry-fundedconsortium by Sandia, Lawrence Livermore,and Lawrence Berkeley national laboratories asa way to create ever-finer features onmicrochips. (See April 6 Lab News for a four-page retrospective on the entire research pro-ject and partnership.)

When it was first made feasible in the 1990s,Barrett said at the April 11 event held in the Com-bustion Research Facility auditorium, EUV lithog-raphy “was perhaps one of the dark horses”among competing potential approaches underconsideration for next-generation chip-makinglithography. Now, he said, “it has become morethe leading horse in the race.”

A new approach is needed because the cur-

rent chip-printing technique, traditional opticallithography, is hitting a physical limit around2005 and won’t be able to continue increasingfunctionality by doubling the number of transis-tors that can be etched on a sliver of silicon every18 months or so — a pace the semiconductorindustry has enjoyed since the 1960s.

In the last four years, an industry consor-

By Nancy Garcia

Sandia is studying the science of splat.Working with a consortium of eight US

companies that includes automakers and air-craft engine manufacturers, researchers atSandia’s Thermal Spray Research Laboratory areusing experimental and computer-modelingcapabilities to improve the world’s fundamentalscientific understanding of an emergingmanufacturing technique called Cold Spray™(Lab News, Jan. 26, 2001).

Cold Spray involves injecting microscopicpowdered particles of metal or other solids into asupersonic jet of rapidly expanding gas andshooting them at a target surface. When these10- to 50-micron-wide particles hit the substrate,they splat so hard they stick — like a bug to awindshield.

Building a reputationConsortium members want to use new Cold

Spray processes refined at Sandia to create wear-resistant coatings on car- or aircraft-engine com-ponents, for instance, or to deposit layers of reac-tive metals such as aluminum or copper ontosubstrates for use as heat-tolerant circuits.

The Sandians ultimately want to employ suc-cessfully commercialized Cold Spray processes,which originated, ironically, at a Soviet-eraresearch lab in Siberia, to improve US nuclearweapons components. (See “The promise of Cold

By John German

The Multispectral Ther-mal Imager (MTI) satel-lite, developed by aSandia-led team, waslaunched last March.To celebrate theanniversary, the LabNews is pleased to pub-lish three of the satel-lite’s most memorableimages — in color. Seethem on pages 6-7.

Some 300 government officials and foreignaffairs experts representing the United Nations,NATO, and more than 40 countries will gather inAlbuquerque this weekend, April 20-22, to discussthe threat of chemical, biological, and nuclearweapons and the policies needed to control them.

The 11th Annual International Arms ControlConference, hosted by National Security ProgramsDiv. 5000, will feature panel discussions on:

• New Paradigms in Arms Control: Offenseversus Defense

• US-Russia Cooperative Efforts in ThreatReduction: Lessons Learned and Future Concerns

• The Century of Biology: Implications forGlobal Security and Arms Control

• Getting the Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea Out of the Proliferation Game

• Homeland Defense: Is It Real?Keynote addresses will be given by Gen.

Charles Boyd (ret.), Executive Director, U.S. Com-mission on National Security/21st Century; andAmb. Wolfgang Hoffmann, Executive Secretary,Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization.

Labs President Paul Robinson and VP-5000Roger Hagengruber also will speak.

“This conference brings together key leadersand policymakers in the arms control and nonpro-liferation communities to discuss issues that are ofconcern to nations around the world,” says confer-ence chair Jim Brown (5325). “Previous confer-ences have allowed for a creative exchange of ideasand have resulted in valuable relationships amongsome of the world’s top arms control and nonpro-liferation experts.”

Sandia to host 11thInternational ArmsControl Conference

New longevity leader — Technical staffer Merrill Jones (5743) nowhas the Sandia record for most years of service. Merrill has worked here52.7 years, breaking the old record of 52.2 established by Roy Crumley,who retired in late 1999.

Ten more Sandians have been at the Labs 43 years or more (withorganization numbers and years of service in parentheses, current as ofApril 5): Horace Poteet (5933, 49.4), Donald Robbins (2993, 48.5), GordonBoettcher (2616, 47.7), Donald Lewis (12332, 45.7), Ben Sedlack (2954,44.7), Alfred Foster (15413, 44.5), Robert Foster (2544, 43.8), HaroldSpahr (9115, 43.8), Diana Mares (3341, 43.3), and Mary James (10501, 43.1).

Thanks to Bonnie Vigil (3051) for providing this information.* * *

Husband/wife record? — Checking the list above reminded me that aSandia husband/wife team whose pictures were in the last issue will retirewith a whopping combined 77-plus years of service.

George Kolesar (5744), who officially retires in a few weeks, has39-plus years, and his wife Mary (retired April 6) had 37-plus. (It totalsmore than 77 when their extra months are added in.) Anyone know whetherany other husband/wife team here ever accumulated more total service?

* * *Big dealing at the CU — Someone does a good job training Sandia Lab

Federal Credit Union employees to stay friendly even under trying circum-stances, such as when typical Sandians count their change twice — carefully.

When I visit the CU, I sometimes assume the role of “Mr. TryingCircumstances” just to spice up the employees’ day, but I may haveoverdone it recently. When I asked to cash a $50 check at the CU a monthor so ago, a pleasant young teller asked how I wanted the money. I said,“Three twenties would be fine.” She smiled, saying, “I don’t think I cando that, sir.” So I told her I was just kidding and would like my $50 inshiny new dollar coins. She took a brief look at her cash drawer beforelooking up to see whether I was serious. I gave her a sheepish look andsaid, “OK, I’ll be serious now. Just give me a twenty, three tens, andtwo fives and I’ll get out of your hair.” She’d had enough, handing metwo twenties and a ten and said, “That’s the best deal you’re gettinghere today!” I’ve been back several times since, but haven’t seen heragain. I may have guided her into a new career.

* * *A “shining light” for pensioners — Speaking of money, if you read

our April 6 pension story, you know Sandia management will soon have anew pension plan improvement proposal ready to discuss with LockheedMartin and DOE. We hear from quite a few Sandians who are quickly tiringof pension improvement talk and eager for some action. We promise to keepyou posted about any new developments. In the meantime, keep in mind thatK-Mart has reinstated its blue-light specials, that day-old bread storeshave some fine deals if you get there early, and that if you look hardenough, you can find some “spiffy duds” at your local Goodwill store.

— Larry Perrine (845-8511, MS 0165, lgperri@sandia.gov)

Sandia National Laboratories

http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-0165Livermore, California 94550-0969Tonopah, Nevada ● Nevada Test Site ● Amarillo, Texas •Carlsbad, New Mexico • Washington, D.C.

Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operatedby Sandia Corporation, a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporationand a prime contractor to the US Department of Energy.

Ken Frazier, Editor .....................................505/844-6210Bill Murphy, Writer....................................505/845-0845Chris Burroughs, Writer............................505/844-0948Randy Montoya, Photographer.................505/844-5605Nancy Garcia, California site contact..........925/294-2932

Contributors: Janet Carpenter (844-7841), John German(844-5199), Neal Singer (845-7078), Larry Perrine (columnist,845-8511), Howard Kercheval (844-7842), Barry Schrader(925/294-2447), Iris Aboytes (Milepost photos, 844-2282),Rod Geer (844-6601), Sandy Smallwood (Ads, 284-3704).

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Published on alternate Fridays by Media Relations andCommunications Dept. 12640, MS 0165

Two dollars a gallon for gas, soaring homeheating bills, rolling blackouts in California —what’s next? Does anybody know where we’regoing in our energy future? What’s on the hori-zon — Wind? Solar? Clean coal? Nuclear?

These and many other questions about theenergy crisis we’re facing will be explored in afour-part, locally produced radio series titledRunning on Empty. The series will air on fourconsecutive Wednesdays, starting May 2, onAlbuquerque KUNM, public radio 89.9 FM, at

Sandians to participate in four-part radio seriesfocusing on the nation’s energy crisis

8:30 a.m. following NPR’s Morning Edition.Sandia Directors Margie Tatro (6200) and

Tom Blejwas (6400) and UNM Professor TimothyMoy, a Sandia consultant, are among the energyexperts featured in this in-depth examination ofAmerica’s energy landscape. The program is pro-duced by retired Sandian Howard Stephens, hiswife, writer Virginia Stephens, and local mediaproducer Jim Cochran. The program is a projectof Vision Trust, a New Mexico-based nonprofitorganization.

Meetings scheduled May 1-3 to discuss health careplan costs, potential changes

Human Resources Div. 3000 VP Don Blan-ton, Benefits and Health Services Center 3300Director Dr. Larry Clevenger, and BenefitsDept. 3341 Manager Becky Statler will discusshealth care plan cost projections and plandesign strategies at a series of employee meet-ings in California and New Mexico.

While any changes to Sandia’s health careplans and options available to employees willnot occur before next January, the Benefitsmanagement team is using the series of meet-ings as a way to brief employees on the currentstatus of its negotiations.

Here are the times, dates and locations forthe meetings:

• Tuesday, May 1, 12-2 p.m., Bldg. 904 Audi-torium for California Site managers

• Tuesday, May 1, 2:30-4 p.m., Bldg. 904Auditorium for California Site employees

• Wednesday, May 2, 1:30-3:30 p.m., SteveSchiff Auditorium for New Mexico managers

• Thursday, May 3, 1-2:30 p.m., and 3-4:30p.m., Steve Schiff Auditorium for New Mexicoemployees.

Labs employees, a written occupational healthprogram is available for your review. The need for areview by affected personnel is a regulatory require-ment stipulated by the Occcupational Health andSafety Administration. The Sandia/New MexicoConfined Space Program document may beaccessed at: http://www-irn.sandia.gov/ corpdata/esh-manuals/confined_space/index.htm.

Instructions for submitting review commentsare given on the web site. All comments must bereceived by Friday, April 27.

Occupational health concerns?Review document on web site

To Susan Boggs and Russ Jarek (1812), a son,Christopher, March 3.

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 3

tium that is funding research at thethree labs has grown to six mem-bers, and now includes Intel, AMD,Motorola, Micron Technology,Infineon, and IBM.

Huge step, leading choiceSunlin Chou, an Intel senior

vice president and manager of tech-nology and manufacturing — whoheads the industrial consortium, theEUV Limited Liability Company —called EUV lithography a promising“huge step” that won’t require theordinary, slow, and expensive devel-opment of new materials for eachsuccessive generation of microchipmanufacture.

Instead, he said, EUV wouldallow “many, many” generations ofmicrochip manufacture. He consid-ers it the leading choice for use inthe second half of this decade andbeyond, saying it will meet industry needs formore than a decade. In a process similar to photo-

graphic printing, it uses a wavelength an order ofmagnitude smaller than those in use today toinscribe features that could be as small as 20–25nanometers. This breakthrough required manydevelopments to achieve, so the light, invisible tothe eye, could be used to create smaller and fastercircuits for memory chips, microprocessors, andapplication-specific integrated circuits.

‘Wonderful, heart-warming’Barrett lauded the cooperation that has

made the pre-competitive collaboration possible,calling it “wonderful, heart-warming, and justphenomenal.” He said consortium members willultimately use the new technology to go on to“beat each other over the head in the market-place — which is as it should be.”

Representatives of semiconductor equip-

ment manufacturers attended.They will use the tool assembledat Sandia to craft their commercialproducts for industry. “We lookforward to getting one of thesemachines on the production floorin a couple of years,” Barrett said.

The initial prototype, calledthe Engineering Test Stand, is notjust a gleaming and complicatedresearch tool occupying a 10x10-foot floor space, Chou said. It alsorepresents “a history-makingachievement.”

Representing the threeDepartment of Energy labs, whichjoined efforts in the partnershipin a Virtual National Laboratory,John Gordon, Director of theNuclear National Security Admin-istration, said the tool’s ability toprint features that may one daymeasure as small as 20 to 40atoms across “probably wasn’teven a dream for today’s pioneersin the industry.”

At $250 million from 1997-2002, this largest industry-funded

CRADA ever undertaken by the DOE, he said,“really is a partnership that works in every direc-tion.” The challenge has kept researchers on thecutting edge of their fields as they apply theirexpertise — gained in national security projects— to this problem. He said their efforts advance astrategic industry considered critical to the UnitedStates and demonstrate that a public-private part-nership “can really work.”

‘We’ve done it’Hosting the speakers, 8000 VP Mim John

acknowledged the staff who are pushing theenvelope of technology to its practical, theoreticallimit for microchip patterning. Like the speakerswho followed, she remarked on the foresight ofthe partners who supported the effort despitewhat Chou called “really intimidating risks.”

“People four years ago said you can’t dothis,” Mim said, “and by God, we’ve done it.”

Chou pointed out that members of his com-pany have worked on smaller collaborations withthe DOE labs for “many, many years,” and werealways impressed. “It sometimes seemed literallymagical — things that it seemed couldn’t bedone were done.”

In her remarks as the only member of Con-gress with two national labs in her district, EllenTauscher (D-Calif.), savored her role “represent-ing the smartest people in the world.”

“We like people who are smart,” she said,“and we believe in the state of the art.” Shepraised the relatively new National Nuclear Secu-rity Administration for helping remove DefenseProgram laboratories “from the bureaucratickudzu,” saying she was proud to show the busi-ness community that government can be“smaller, smarter, and leaner — but not meaner.”

Tauscher closed by predicting the partner-ship will create quality jobs, urging her listeners,“Let’s get back to work.”

International EUVLparticipation

In early 1998, the EUVL teamattracted media criticism for consideringthe inclusion of a Japanese company as apossible licensee. “Why give foreignerstechnical information generated by UStax dollars?” the argument ran. For theirpart, the US companies believed theycould move ahead faster if they hadaccess to Japanese optics technology, butwhen members of Congress began to crit-icize the impending partnership, theJapanese withdrew.

But this didn’t put a stop to the idea ofinternational cooperation. In February1999, DOE announced an agreementwhereby Dutch-based ASML wouldbecome a licensee. “For EUV to gain mar-ket acceptance, it must be accepted inter-nationally,” said a DOE statement. “Col-laborative participation on a pre-competitive basis among these leadinglithography tool suppliers is the bestapproach for strengthening the overalltechnology and assuring its internationalacceptance.”

Jim Glaze, who was appointed VNL’sexecutive director in October 1998, spentmuch of his first six months maneuveringthe ASML agreement into reality. “We’rein the business of growing a new industryand — while I don’t particularly like theterm — managing a paradigm shift thatmust be accepted worldwide in order tobe accepted.

ASML is a producer of state-of-the-artlithographic machines and one of theworld’s three top suppliers to the lithogra-phy industry. And it was willing to meetthe stringent criteria that were set by theUS government.”

“The reason is market share,” explainsRick. “If you look at worldwide sale of step-pers, SVGL has 7-8 per cent of the totalmarket, Ultratech Stepper has 2 per cent.So, at a maximum, US companies holdonly 10 percent. That meant we neededparticipation of a company with a muchlarger market share, along with the abilityto deliver lots of tool.” — Nigel Hey

The EUVL announcement attracted signif-icant media interest, with major nationalnews organizations reporting in depth on theSandia/California event and the EUVL tech-nology. Reporters from the Associated Press,CNN, trade publications, and other nationalmedia groups attended, as well as reportersfrom Bay Area publications and broadcast out-lets. The Wall Street Journal acknowledged theevent with a story at the top of its Technologypage.

Perhaps most visible and defining was thetreatment by ABC World News Tonight withPeter Jennings the evening of April 11. Intro-ducing the regular “Cutting Edge” high-tech-nology feature, Jennings noted that Moore’s

Law — which derives from Intel founderGordon Moore and states that computer powerdoubles every 18 months — has just won anindefinite extension. Then reporter John Yangexplained the EUVL R&D effort, highlightingthe collaboration among three national labora-tories and the industry consortium.

Yang’s report featured comments fromSandians Rick Stulen (8700) and Bill Replogle(8421) — the only researchers featured on-camera. Bill’s comment, especially, shouldhelp the average citizen understand the tech-nology. He said, “It’s analogous to writing —the finer the tip of your pen, the smaller thefeatures you can write. Smaller wavelength,smaller features: more powerful chip.”

EUVL event attracts major media coverage

LUMINARIES — Appearing on stage at the EUVL Milestone Celebration were, from left,Div. 8000 VP Mim John, NNSA Director John Gordon, Intel CEO Craig Barrett (at podium),Rep. Ellen Tauscher, and Sunlin Chou, an Intel VP and chair of EUV LLC management board.

NEWSWORTHY — Div. 8000 VP Mim John talks with amember of the media covering the event.

EUVL (Continued from page 1)

resents Paul’s long years of thinking about thismost serious matter. (Paul has for decades lived andbreathed this issue, but usually in a less visible role.)

The 6,000-word white paper is available in itsentirety on Sandia’s web site at http://www.sandia.gov/media/whitepaper/2001-04-Robinson.htm. Athousand-word except was published last week inthe Albuquerque Tribune. In the paper, Paul arguesthat though the Cold War face-off between twosuperpowers is a thing of the past, nuclear weaponswill continue to be of paramount importance tothe nation’s security. He writes that nuclearweapons “must have an abiding place in the inter-national scene for the foreseeable future.” Heemphasizes that nuclear weapons should “neverbe thought of as war fighting tools.” Rather, thenation should view them as “war prevention” or“war termination” tools — when termination can-not be achieved by other means.

Paul proposes that the 21st-century US nucleararsenal, which evolved to address and counter —almost to the exclusion of any other considera-tions — the potential of the Soviet Union to liter-ally destroy the nation, needs to be reconfigured toaddress new threats.

Capability One and Capability TwoThat configuration, he writes, should have two

components: Capability One and Capability Two.Capability One represents what Paul calls “centraldeterrence”: an on-going ability to maintain aviable deterrent to Russia’s still very substantialnuclear arsenal. (Other nations may someday posea risk of the same scale as Russia; today only Russiahas the capability to utterly destroy American soci-ety.) Capability two, Paul writes, should bethought of as the “non-Russian force,” a forcescaled and deployed to deter threats from rogue

states and sub-national movements.In an interview, Paul told the Lab News the

timing was right for him to offer public commentson the issue. He said a new century, a new admin-istration, and new, more complex threats to thenation’s security demand a new round of hardthinking about nuclear weapons. “What you’reseeing in that paper,” Paul says, “ is my attempt toput down on paper some suggestions for theupcoming strategic review.”

Need for new policy obvious to many“I would say it has been fairly obvious to a

number of people for the past few years that wereally needed to start thinking much more broadlythan just US-Russian deterrence and that policy.Now, the strategic review, which is held usually atthe start of each new administration, seemed to bethe best opportunity to influence thinking and getpeople thinking in new ways.”

Paul noted that while he has served for eightyears as chair of the US Strategic Command Strate-gic Advisory Group policy subcommittee, and haslearned much from his STRATCOM experience,the thoughts in the white paper are his own.

“I don’t claim that this is a consensus opinionof anybody. . . . It really is my own food for thoughtthat I’m contributing to help the discussion along.”

Paul recognizes that there will be skeptics whoconsider his involvement in the discussion asmotivated by a desire to stimulate jobs at thenational labs. One local newspaper account, forexample, characterized Paul’s public advocacy ofhis policy views as “seeking ways for the nation’snuclear weapons complex to remain relevant inthe post-Cold War world.”

“What was most wrong with that characteriza-tion,” Paul says, “is that there is not a first- or evensecond-order connection between the numbers ofweapons in the stockpile and the amount of designwork which Sandia does. It [the motivation forwriting the white paper] really was, the world haschanged enough that we were running out of pol-icy. That, and the fact that I’ve been exposed to

this [the policy debate over America’s nuclearweapons posture] for so many years decided Iought to set my hand at trying to make some con-tributions. What value these ideas will have in thenuclear posture review, I don’t know. This is inputin that process and it comes from the unique back-ground I’ve had.”

Paul is convinced that the nation’s deterrentpolicy for the 21st century needs to incorporatenuclear weapons and not rely (as some even in themilitary have advocated) solely on advanced con-ventional arms. He comes to this perspective notfrom his role as a laboratory director but from per-sonal experience and observation during his tenureas an arms control negotiator in Geneva.

Monuments to failed deterrence“I’ve never believed that we could rely on

conventional weapons alone for deterrence.When I’d get a chance to take a ride throughEurope, which was a battleground twice last cen-tury, I used to point out to people that in everylittle town, there’d be a monument to the follyof conventional deterrence — with lots of nameson it, just like the Vietnam wall. And so I foundmyself when I set out to write this paper saying,‘I need to make some of those thoughts known— that nuclear weapons really did changethings, and their purpose has not been well-understood between war-fighting and deter-rence. If you look at the mission statement ofthe military services, they’ve all had statementsthat have incorporated the words ‘To fight andwin the nation’s wars.’ Deterrence is not that.Deterrence is to prevent the war from everoccurring.” And nuclear weapons, even in apost-Cold War world, are the most potent toolfor deterrence the world has yet found. Or, asPaul wrote in his paper, citing MargaretThatcher’s quotation of a warning from WinstonChurchill: “Be careful above all things not to letgo of the atomic weapon until you are sure, andmore sure than sure, that other means of pre-serving the peace are in your hands.”

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 4

Note: The following excerpts are taken from SandiaLabs President C. Paul Robinson’s white paper. Theseselected excerpts are not intended to provide a contextu-ally complete synopsis of Paul’s views, but rather aflavor of his language and his thinking on the issuesaddressed. To understand and appreciate the argumentsPaul is putting forward here, download the entire paperfrom Sandia’s web site — http://www.sandia.gov/media/whitepaper/2001-04-Robinson.htm.

It is abundantly clear (to me) that formulat-ing a new nuclear weapons policy for the start ofthe 21st Century will be a most difficult under-taking. While the often over-simplified pictureof deterrence during the Cold War—two behe-moths armed to the teeth, staring each otherdown—has thankfully retreated into history,there are nevertheless huge arsenals of nuclearweapons and delivery systems, all in quite usablestates, that could be brought back quickly totheir Cold War postures. Additionally, through-out the Cold War and ever since, there has beena steady proliferation of nuclear weapons andother weapons of mass destruction by othernations around the globe. The vast majority ofthese newly armed states are not U.S. allies, andsome already are exhibiting hostile behaviors,while others have the potential to becomeaggressors toward the U.S., our allies, and ourinternational interests.

* * *It seems inescapable that the U.S. must care-

fully think through how we should be preparing todeal with new threats from other corners of theworld, including the role that nuclear weaponsmight serve in deterring these threats from everreaching actual aggressions.

* * *I personally see the abolition of nuclear

weapons as an impractical dream in any foresee-able future. I came to this view from several direc-tions. The first is the impossibility of ever “unin-

venting” or erasing from the human mind theknowledge of how to build such weapons. Whilethe sudden appearance of a few tens of nuclearweapons causes only a small stir in a world whereseveral thousands of such weapons already exist,their appearance in a world without nuclearweapons would produce huge effects. (The impactof the first two weapons in ending World War IIshould be a sufficient example.)

* * *It seemed to me that it was time for someone

to step forward and articulate the other side ofthese issues for the public: first, that nuclearweapons remain of vital importance to the securityof the U.S. and to our allies and friends (today andfor the near future); and second, that nuclearweapons will likely have an enduring role in pre-serving the peace and preventing world wars forthe foreseeable future. These are my purposes inwriting this paper.

* * *Let me first stress that nuclear arms must

never be thought of as a single “cure-all” for secu-rity concerns. . . . Nuclear weapons must never beconsidered as war fighting tools. Rather we shouldrely on the catastrophic nature of nuclear weaponsto achieve war prevention, to prevent a conflictfrom escalating . . . or to help achieve war termina-tion when it cannot be achieved by other means,

e.g., if the enemy has already escalated the conflictthrough the use of weapons of mass destruction.Conventional armaments and forces will remainthe backbone of U.S. defense forces, but the inher-ent threat to escalate to nuclear use can help toprevent conflicts from ever starting, can preventtheir escalation, as well as bring these conflicts to aswift and certain end.

* * *Noting that the U.S. has always considered

nuclear weapons as “weapons of last resort,” weneed to give constant attention to improvingconventional munitions in order to raise thethreshold for which we would ever considernuclear use.

* * *If high effectiveness defenses can be achieved,

they will enhance deterrence by eliminating anaggressor’s confidence in attacking the U.S. home-land with long-range missiles, and thus make ouruse of nuclear weapons more credible (if the con-flict could not be terminated otherwise). Whereas,nuclear weapons should always remain weapons oflast resort, defensive systems would likely be ourweapons of first resort.

* * *[Based on years of experience in sophisti-

cated war games] It also seemed abundantly clearthat any use of nuclear weapons is, and alwayswill be, strategic. Thus, I would propose we banthe term “nonstrategic nuclear weapons” as anon sequitur.

* * *Let me then state my most important conclu-

sion directly: I believe nuclear weapons must havean abiding place in the international scene for theforeseeable future. I believe that the world, in fact,would become more dangerous, not less danger-ous, were U.S. nuclear weapons to be absent. Themost important role for our nuclear weapons is to

‘Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century’:Excerpts from Paul Robinson’s white paper

White paper(Continued from page 1)

(Continued on page 9)

“It seemed to me that it wastime for someone to step for-ward and articulate the otherside of these issues for thepublic. . .”

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 5

Intelligent nanostructures report on their environment

Intelligent nanostructures that report on theirenvironment by changing color from blue to fluo-rescent red under mechanical, chemical, or ther-mal stress have been created by researchers atSandia and the University of New Mexico.

Most immediately, the durable, self-assem-bling nanostructures may lower costs by reducingthe need for manufactured devices like stress detec-tors, chemical analyzers, and thermometers.

“The material can distinguish between differ-ent solvents,” says Sandia senior scientist and UNMprofessor Jeff Brinker (1841). “There’s a high corre-lation of color with the polarity of the solvent.”

The material is also able to report changes inmechanical stress and temperature. When theenvironmental disturbance is removed, the struc-tures change back to their original color in somecases, making them potentially reusable.

The elegantly simple method is published thisweek in the April 19 Nature.

Robust housing for fragile moleculesPerhaps more important, the method is a

generic, efficient solution to a problem that haspuzzled modern materials science: how to effi-ciently distribute conjugated polymers — inexpen-sive organic molecules that carry electric current —within a hard, protective structure.

In seconds, the new Sandia-UNM methodevenly pre-distributes materials for polymerswithin a silica matrix through self-assembly. Poly-merization results in polydiacetylene/silicananocomposites that are mechanically robust andoptically transparent and that produce telltalechanges of color under changing environmentalconditions.

Discovery of conjugated polymers themselvesis considered important enough that the NobelPrize was awarded last October to Alan Heeger,Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa for ini-tially developing the field. In 1977, they oxidized

polyacetylene (a solid polymer prepared from theflammable gas acetylene) with iodine to yield amaterial many times more electrically conductivethan the untreated, semiconducting polyacetylene.

A still-open question is how best to fashion aworking structure for these potentially useful butfragile extended molecules. Inexpensive conju-gated organic polymers could substitute for metalsor semiconductors when electrical or opticalpotentials are needed.

Sandia researchers Alan Burns and Darryl Sasaki(both 1140) had characterized the responsiveness oftwo-dimensional films of these polymers to localstresses and temperature changes. However, theirwork, published last year in the American ChemicalSociety journal Langmuir, showed the organic mate-rials to be “soft” and lacking the robustnessrequired in harsh environments.

Conjugated polymers while you wait While this problem could be solved by

incorporating the polymers in “hard” silica scaf-folds, previous research groups at other institu-tions had found implanting conjugatedpolymers into pre-existing silica structures to bea time-consuming, inaccurate, and relativelyexpensive process.

A significant step was performed by Darryl,who was able to synthesize the diacetylene precur-sor monomer of the polymer. His synthesized two-sided (detergent) molecule served as both the struc-ture-directing agent for self-assembly and as themonomer of the electrically conducting, conju-gated polymer polydiacetylene. UNM postdoc YiYang and former Sandia postdoc and UNM gradu-ate student Yunfeng Lu discovered how to self-assemble the detergent molecule with silica toform a nanocomposite.

The self-assembly method is based on the scien-tifically well-known tendency of two-sided deter-gent molecules, composed of hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-hating) portions, tospontaneously form spherical molecular assemblies

and periodic three-dimensional nanostructures insolutions of water. These assemblies organize inor-ganic molecules around their hydrophilic exteriorwhile the precise alignment of the hydrophobic por-tions position the monomers (built into thehydrophobic portion) so they can be polymerized.

In the Sandia-UNM process, evaporationaccompanying dip- or spin-coating drives self-assembly of an initially homogeneous solution.Exposure to ultraviolet light followed by a low-temperature heat treatment or exposure to acatalyst polymerizes the organic polymer withinnanostructured compartments of silicon dioxide.

This process was used originally by theBrinker group to fabricate a structure composedof alternating silica/polyalkylmethacrylate layersto mimic the layered hard-soft construction ofseashells.

In the current work, it is the polymers them-selves — already evenly distributed through self-assembly — that are of interest.

The Laboratory-Directed Research and Devel-opment (LDRD) program, DOE’s Office of Science,the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, andNASA co-funded this work.

The achievement is the Sandia-UNM group’slatest in making use of self-assembling two-sidedmolecules. The earliest, simplest version of themethod was first reported in Nature in September1997. In that paper the group described howdetergent molecules, alcohol, silica, and watercould be used to self-assemble a thin film withprecisely defined pores for membranes, sensors,and low k dielectrics.

Since then, this inexpensive process has beenused in increasingly complex procedures, allreported in Nature and in Science. The process hasproduced a seashell-like layering at once verystrong and nonbrittle, nanoscopic spheres that canhold medicine, intelligent ink that assembles dur-ing ink-jet printing, and self-assembled nanostruc-tures with pore sizes alterable by light to a finenessof 0.2 angstroms.

Sandia-UNM group’s conjugated polymers easily implanted in rigid structure

By Neal Singer

Sandia releases latest version of ALEGRA this month

The latest version of ALEGRA, a computercode used by departments Labs-wide to modelZ-machine implosions and hostile nuclearweapons environments, was released earlier thismonth.

“This release is significant because the newversion turns ALEGRA into a true code frame-work,” says Dan Carroll (9231), ALEGRA teamleader. “It now can be much more easily used fora wider array of applications.”

Besides departments at Sandia, some Depart-ment of Defense customers also employ ALEGRAto model non-nuclear weapons effects.

ALEGRA (the name stands for ArbitraryLagrangian Eulerian General Research Application)is one of two code frameworks being developed byDOE’s Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative(ASCI) program. The idea behind these frameworksis to develop certain common capabilities neededby many application codes only once and let theother codes use these capabilities.

Dan says that ALEGRA has been “morphing”into a framework over the last year.

“Since ALEGRA was already a successfulfinite element code supporting many key appli-cation areas, the decision was made to moveALEGRA in the direction of becoming a frame-work to better support the codes in these appli-cation areas.”

The culmination of this effort is the recentrelease of Version 4.0.

Sandia researchers initially developed ALEGRAin 1991 as a shock wave physics code used tomodel high-speed impact and penetrationphenomena involving a variety of materials. Ascomputer hardware evolved, the code wasrewritten to accommodate the newly developing

massively parallel computational engines,like Sandia’s Teraflop computer, ASCIRed.

In 1995 ALEGRA was expanded tomodel electromechanical properties —piezoelectric materials — givingresearchers a new tool to simulate theshock-activated power supply in the neu-tron generator, for example.

Three years later ALEGRA integratedanother advanced physics model with thecapability to model magnetohydrody-namic (MHD) phenomena — the interac-tion between magnetic fields and electri-cally conducting materials.

For researchers working with the Zaccelerator, this aspect opens new hori-zons. ALEGRA provides the ability tounderstand the complexity of the for-mation and compression of hot plasmasto generate the extreme X-ray environ-ment needed to simulate a nuclear explosion.

“ALEGRA is critical to the future success ofthe high-energy-density physics research per-formed in the Pulsed Power Center,” says TomMehlhorn, Manager of Target and Z-PinchTheory Dept. 1674. “It is already being used tounderstand and design experiments on the Zaccelerator. As the capability matures, it will pro-vide simulations that will lay the foundation foran upgrade to Z machine and to design andbuild future z-pinch machines.”

He says the ALEGRA framework includesphysics modules that allow his engineers andresearchers to simulate most of the major activi-ties in the high-energy-density physics program— z-pinches, shock physics, radiation-hydro-dynamics, and electron-photon transport.

Dan says the Z machine work is only half

SOME ALEGRA TEAM MEMBERS are, from left, Dan Carroll,Allen Robinson, Kent Budge, and Sue Carroll (all 9231).

Computer framework models Z-machine implosions and hostile environmentsBy Chris Burroughs

the story of how ALEGRA is used. The other halffalls in the area of modeling hostile environ-ments — the effects of exploding nuclearweapons on another nuclear weapon. One useris Mark Kiefer, Manager of Electromagnetics andPlasma Physics Analysis Dept. 1642.

“Basically, our efforts to use the ALEGRAframework are going very well,” Mark says. “Weare making progress much faster than weexpected would be possible. Our efforts tomigrate our simulation methods to the ALEGRAframework were dictated by our realization thatwe are at the limit of the complexity for our cur-rent simulation codes. We really cannot takethese older codes any farther without a prohibi-tive amount of work.

“All of our observations can be summed up(Continued on next page)

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 6

MTI satellite team celebrates satellite’s first year in orbit

ALEGRA(Continued from preceding page)

ALEGRA SIMULATION of a kinked wire validation experi-ment performed at the Army Research Laboratory.

A FULL three-dimensional simulation of a Z-machineexperiment.

ALEGRA SIMULATION of the operation of a contactfuze in the W-76.

with the conclusion that we cannot succeed inour nuclear weapon or pulsed power applica-tions without taking advantage of the ALEGRAframework. One of the big advantages of theframework that we are looking forward toexploiting is the ability to test new models andalgorithms on a short time scale. This will allowmy staff of engineers and scientists more time todo science and engineering.”

His area uses ALEGRA to implement full-wave electromagnetic techniques for certifyingthe W76-1 to normal environments, for designand performance of the W76-1 radar fuze, tocouple those techniques with charged particle-in-cell techniques for certifying to hostile envi-ronments, and for modeling power flow inpulsed power accelerators.

Among those working with the frame-work is Scott Wunsch (8351) fromSandia/California, who attends the ALEGRAmeetings via a teleconference connection.

Other code development teams workingin Area 4 from Center 1600 are preparing tobegin work in the ALEGRA framework.

The framework development teamincludes: Allen Robinson, Kent Budge, MikeWong, Rich Drake, Kevin Brown, Randy Sum-mers, Sharon Petney, Mark Christon, Chris

Garasi, Josh Robbins, Dan Carroll, Sue Carroll,Ed Boucheron (all 9231), and Tom Haill (1674).

Others who have participated in develop-ing ALEGRA or who are using the ALEGRAframework for further simulation develop-ment include David Turner, David Seidel,Mike Pasik, Rebecca Coats, Kelley Shaw (all1642); Kyle Cochrane, Tom Brunner (both1674); Scott Wunsch (8351); RandyWeatherby, James Peery (both 9142);Rebecca Brannon, and Ray Bell (both 9232).

ALEGRA effort spread across the Labs

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 7

by holding a symposium attended by 200 data usersMembers of the Multispectral

Thermal Imager (MTI) satellite teamin March celebrated the satellite’s firstyear in orbit by holding a symposiumattended by 200 users of the databeing gathered by MTI. The MTI satel-lite, developed by a Sandia-led gov-ernment and industry team, waslaunched from Vandenberg Air ForceBase, Calif., on March 12, 2000.

The satellite carries an advancedground-imaging system that veryaccurately measures the “brightness”of ground features in 15 visible andinfrared spectral bands.

During its three-year researchmission, the MTI is collecting imagesof volunteer sites located throughoutthe US that have been instrumentedto collect simultaneous “groundtruth” data.

Researchers compare the satellitedata with the ground truth data todevelop engineering, processing, andanalytic techniques that could beemployed in future satellite systemsto address a host of national needs,ranging from military and treaty-monitoring applications to haz-ardous waste site characterizationand climate research.

The imaging instrument wasassembled and tested at Sandia andcalibrated at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory.

Researchers at DOE’s Sandia, LosAlamos, and Savannah River Tech-nology Center are focusing on treatymonitoring applications, whileresearchers at 50 other nationaldefense and civilian organizationsinvolved in the project are address-ing applications of interest to theirrespective agencies.

THE VIEW FROM UP HERE — A few ofthe interesting images taken by the MTIsatellite include: 1) Left page, an infraredimage of the Los Alamos area taken afterthe Cerro Grande fire. Vegetation showsup red. The large gray swath from lowerleft to upper right is the devastation leftby the fire. The Los Alamos town site andlab are visible in the lower right. The skihill is visible to the left. 2) Right, a view ofthe Albuquerque area, imaged in Novem-ber 2000 while the MTI was over El Paso,Texas. The true-color image shows partsof Kirtland Air Force Base to the south andRio Rancho and Bernalillo to the north. Aportion of the Sandia Mountains is visibleat upper right, and the Rio Grande flowsthrough the valley. 3) Below, an infraredview of the San Rafael Bridge in the SanFrancisco Bay area.

About the images

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 8

Cold Spray(Continued from page 1)

Spray™ processes” below right.)“Cold Spray has some significant advantages

as a coating and fabrication tool,” says MarkSmith, Manager of Joining and Coating Dept.1833. “We think the best way to legitimize ColdSpray for use in the nuclear weapons program isto have its use proven in US industry, and to sup-port the development of a commercial supplierbase.”

Members of the consortium — Alcoa,DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Co., The JacobsChuck Manufacturing Co., Ktech Corp., Pratt &Whitney, Praxair, and Siemens/Westinghouse —met at Sandia recently to discuss progress they’vemade toward readying the Cold Spray processesfor widespread commercial use.

Cold Spray 101Cold Spray more appropriately might be

called “room-temperature spray.”Conventional “thermal spray” processes

require preheating the sprayed materials so theparticles are in a semi-molten state when theyreach the substrate, allowing them to splash acrossthe surface. But as the “splats” cool, they contractslightly, creating residual (stored) stresses or flawsat the interface that can cause defects later.

Cold-sprayed materials typically remain at ornear room temperature until impact, slamminginto the substrate so hard (travelling at 500 to1,500 meters per second) that a tight bond isformed without the undesirable chemistrychanges and stresses associated with conventionalprocesses.

Although the science behind this bondingprocess is not yet well understood, the researchersthink the high-velocity impact disrupts thinmetal-oxide films on the particle and substratesurfaces, pressing their atomic structures into inti-mate contact with one another under momentar-ily high interfacial pressures and temperatures.

Understanding splatUnlike thermal-sprayed materials, cold-

sprayed particles experience little to no defect-causing oxidation during flight and exhibitremarkably high densities and conductivitiesonce fabricated, the researchers have found. Inaddition, deposition rates comparable to tradi-tional thermal spray processes can be achievedwith Cold Spray.

“This is the logical conclusion of researchthrusts in thermal spray technology during thelast two decades toward faster-and-faster andcooler-and-cooler methods,” says Richard Neiser(1833).

To advance the state of fundamental under-standing and improve the usefulness of Cold

Spray, the Sandians are combining modelingexpertise in Engineering Sciences Center 9100with experimentation in Materials and ProcessSciences Center 1800.

The team has examined gas dynamics,aerosol physics, and plastic deformation duringsplat-to-substrate impact. Current efforts focus onavoiding fouling of nozzles with powder residue;experimenting with varying materials, particlesizes, and impact velocities; and characterizingsplat patterns and Cold Spray-fabricated bulkmaterials.

The researchers also want to design betteraerodynamic lenses that focus or spread out thespray pattern like a thumb held over the end of agarden hose.

A variety of metals have been deposited,including copper and aluminum, as well as sev-eral types of steel and nickel-based alloys. Even afew metal-ceramic composites have been success-fully cold sprayed.

Revolutionary changesThe Cold Spray consortium supplies

$400,000 a year for three years toward Sandia’sR&D efforts, plus in-kind contributions by eachmember. Sandia also is collaborating with severalindividual member companies on proprietaryCold Spray R&D.

Cold Spray technology came to the US in1994, ten years after its Russian inventors first rec-

ognized its potential significance while conduct-ing high-velocity wind tunnel tests at the Insti-tute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of theRussian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk.

One of its discoverers, Prof. Anatolii Papyrin,who holds the US patent for Cold Spray, nowworks for Ktech in Albuquerque, which hopes tosupply fabrication equipment to a broadenedCold Spray market.

Sandia is among just a few R&D institutionsin the world successfully turning improvedunderstanding of Cold Spray science into mar-ketable technology, says Mark.

“We think Cold Spray provides capabilitiesnot previously possible,” he says. “It’s a newenough technology that we don’t yet know allthe possible applications, but it has the potentialto make truly revolutionary changes in the waysome products are manufactured.”

GETTING A LOOK at Sandia’s Cold Spray system recently were industrial partners (left to right) Neville Whittle ofthe Alcoa Technical Center, Gregg Wagner of Siemens/Westinghouse Power Corporation, and Jeff Smith ofHowmet Corporation. Mark Smith (1833, far right) shows them stripes of metal deposited using the system.

(Photo by Randy Montoya)

The promise of ColdSpray™ processes

Cold Spray™ processes show uniquepromise for creating wear-resistant coatings,fabricating durable small piece parts layer bylayer, and joining chemically dissimilar mate-rials with bonds that gradually transitionfrom one material composition to another.

Coatings could be applied to materialsthat can’t tolerate the higher temperatures ofthermal sprays, or allow large parts to bemade from lighter-weight materials withouta net loss of strength — on composite auto-mobile engine blocks, for instance.

Lower-defect crystalline materials couldbe consolidated without heat treatment forbetter-performing corrosion-resistant coat-ings. High-density copper lines could beused as electrical leads for heat-tolerantunder-hood automobile electronics. Forweapons applications, Sandia might usethem to create vacuum-tight seals in metalsor high-quality metal-to-ceramic bonds with-out heat treatment, and perhaps as a low-temperature alternative to welding.

Already Cold Sprayed materials are beingevaluated as wear-resistant coatings for light-weight aluminum automobile engines. Sandiahas used Cold Spray processes to reclaim anexpensive “out of tolerance” satellite part,which is now destined for space rather thanthe scrap heap, says Mark. New industryinquiries about design and manufacturing pos-sibilities are arriving at a steady pace, he says.

“The killer application is probably theone no one has thought of yet,” he adds.

Q: I noted that in discussions concerning equityof our retirement plans, our protagonists invariablycite the “wonderful 401K plan” as a primary factorin achieving equity with our sister labs. For thosewhose salaries here are much below our industrialcontemporaries and live hand-to-mouth, this 401Kplan is a cruel joke. Participation is not possible.Drop this self-serving pretense of magnanimity anddo what is right. Make our retirement plan gen-uinely equitable.

A: Regarding the 401(k) plan, a study wasconducted of the employees at Sandia who are inyour same job classification. Those results showedthat more than 90 percent of these workers par-ticipate in the 401(k) with a contribution of morethan 8 percent of their salary, which is of coursematched by the company at 66-2/3 percent of thefirst 6 percent. Even in a down market, the aver-age balance of current employees in this group isgreater than $100,000. The final analysis showed

that within your same job classification there ishigh interest in participating in the 401(k) andreceiving the company match as part of a long-term strategy to save for retirement.

Sandia’s pension plans were never designedto fully replace pre-retirement income. The pen-sion benefit was intended to be supplemented bySocial Security and personal savings — the otherlegs in the three-legged stool of retirement secu-rity — to provide income in retirement. Giventhe extremely high levels of participation inSandia’s savings plans over time, we believe it isappropriate to include the value of the companymatching contribution when comparing Sandia’sretirement benefit to those at other nationallaboratories. — Ralph Bonner (10300)

Sandia’s 401(k) program: Is it wonderful foreverybody, or a ‘cruel joke’ for some?

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 9

Ed Cole (1739), the Sandia researcher who inthe mid-1990s co-invented the R&D 100 awardwinners CIVA and LIVA, has now developedTIVA/SEI, an optical beam failure analysis tech-nique that detects integrated circuit defects fromboth the front and back of the device.

The TIVA (thermally-induced voltage alter-ation)/SEI (Seebeck Effect Imaging) techniquefinds failures in an integrated circuit quickly — asfast or faster than any of its predecessors.

The beam from an infrared laser, operating atwavelengths for which silicon is transparent, isfocused on the device, heating only a small partof the integrated circuit at a time. The localizedheating produces a voltage change on the inte-grated circuit which is biased with a constant cur-rent source.

An image of the circuit’s response is gener-ated by rastering the laser spot over the circuitwith a laser-scanning microscope while recordingchanges in the power requirements. The laser-scanning optics also generate a reflected lightimage, which when registered with the TIVA

image, allows for rapidlocalization of the fail-ure in the circuit.

Faults and failureswithin the circuit reactdifferently to the heatstimulation than oper-ational components.In an unflawed device,the effects produced bythe heat don’t changethe circuit’s operation.However, if the powerdemands of the chipchange due to the localheating, it is an indica-tion of flaws. The SEImode detects if a con-ductor is open, whileTIVA locates a shortcircuit.

“TIVA is extremelysensitive and allows usto see flaws we eithercouldn’t detect beforeor could locate only with significant time andeffort,” Ed says.

One of the significant aspects of TIVA is thatit allows for scanning of the integrated circuitfrom both the front and back.

“This is important because the current state-of-the-art chips employ up to seven layers ofmetal interconnections, preventing direct obser-vation of deeper structures from the front of thedevice,” Ed says. “Additionally, flip-chip or upsidedown packaging denies direct access to the frontsurface. TIVA gives us the ability to evaluate theintegrated circuit from both sides.”

TIVA operates similarly to its older cousinsCIVA (charge-induced voltage alteration) andLIVA (light-induced voltage alteration). CIVA wasthe first “induced voltage alteration” failureanalysis technique developed at Sandia. It local-ized open conductors using a scanned electronbeam. LIVA uses photocurrents produced withrelatively short wavelength light, instead of heatas in TIVA.

TIVA has recently been successfully applied

serve as a “sobering force,” one that can cap thelevel of destruction of military conflicts and thusforce all sides to come to their senses.

* * *Russia today is the only nation that we can

conceive of with the potential to threaten theU.S. national existence. It would be exceedinglyfoolish to allow our deterrent forces against Russiato weaken as long as that potential remains inplace. . . . The strategy and policy for continuingto deter Russia follows closely that which wedeveloped during the Cold War. . . . I will desig-nate that portion of our strategic force capabilitythat continues to be devoted to deterrence of Rus-sia as Capability One.

* * *I believe that nuclear weapons do have a place

and purpose today in other than a Russian context.Rather than inflame debates prematurely as to whois or may become America’s enemies or adversaries,I would call the second force capability simply the“Non-Russian Force” or Capability Two. In my earlythinking on this subject, I even referred to this sec-ond force as the “To Whom It May Concern” Force.

* * *The whole question of, “Against whom would

we really contemplate the use of nuclearweapons?” is an important political and interna-tional issue. A direct response might well be “Anynation or (targetable) sub-national entity which, ifnot otherwise deterred, might be tempted toemploy nuclear weapons (or other weapons of

mass destruction) against the United States, ourforces, or our allies.”

* * *Among the fundamentals of a policy, the U.S.

should reemphasize the principle it has embracedfor most of the Cold War, namely that we willnever directly or systematically target civilians.This principle has been a foundation of our Russ-ian deterrence policy as well, although far too feware even aware of it.

The fact that civilians in these nations have novoice in developing the policies of their govern-ment would make their slaughter abhorrent toAmericans, as it would be to any well-meaningpeoples of the world. Targeting the leadership,along with military forces and military capabilities— the very tools of aggression — as was doneagainst the Soviet Union; these are the appropriateprimary targets that should be held at risk underany U.S. deterrent policy.

* * *While we should remain ambiguous about the

details of what our specific responses to their actsof aggression would be, we must make abundantlyclear that our actions would have terrible conse-quences for them. Finally, the most importantfoundation for our policies and actions, and themost important part of our communications to theother side in an impending crisis must be that wehave the national will, as well as the full means, tocarry out our intended actions.

* * *I believe it will be important to make a part of

our declaratory policy that the United States ulti-

mate intent, should it ever have to unleash anuclear attack against any aggressor, would be tothreaten the survival of the regime leading thatstate. Here, I do not mean that the aggressor statewould cease to exist as a nation, but that gover-nance under the existing national governmentcould no longer be tolerated.

* * *In a somewhat obvious way, aside from the

still perplexing issues of how to hold at risk hard-ened or deeply buried underground targets, Ibelieve that we would desire primarily low-yieldweapons with highly accurate delivery systems fordeterrence in the non-Russian world.

Here, I’m not talking about sub-kilotonweapons (i.e., “mini-nukes”) as some have advo-cated, but devices in the low-kiloton regime, inorder to contemplate the destruction of someburied or hidden targets, while being mindful ofthe need to minimize collateral damage.

I believe we can achieve the low-yield levelsthat are likely to be most appropriate for deterringwider threats, particularly if we are unable todesign and test new weapons under a nuclear test-ing moratorium, by depending on the featuresinherent in many designs in the current U.S.stockpile.

An obvious and also very effective approachto obtain low-yield devices would be to usedummy secondaries as a way of quickly achievingsingle-stage yields (primary-only yields) withouthaving to modify the devices, or to repeat flighttests for the delivery systems, or to conduct addi-tional nuclear testing.

Excerpts from Paul Robinson’s nuclear policy white paper(Continued from page 4)

OptoMetrix licenseSandia has granted OptoMetrix, Inc. an

optical instrumentation company specializ-ing in failure analysis techniques for inte-grated circuits, a license to use the Labs-developed technologies Light-InducedVoltage Alteration (LIVA) and Thermally-Induced Voltage Alteration/Seebeck EffectImaging (TIVA/SEI).

The license allows the company, locatedin Seattle, to market equipment using thetechnologies. The equipment could then besold to integrated circuit manufacturers forfailure detection.

While a few semiconductor manufactur-ers have directly licensed these technologiesin the past, this agreement is the first time anequipment manufacturer has licensed thesetechnologies for sale.

Sandia develops TIVA, a new integrated circuit failure analysis technique

ED COLE, left, and Jeremy Walraven examine a failed device with TIVA.

By Chris Burroughs

Team effort on ‘IVA’s’Developing the “IVA’s” has been a team

effort, Ed Cole (1739) says.The original CIVA development team

included Ed, Richard Anderson, Jerry Soden,Chris Henderson (all 1739), and Bruce Dodd(no longer with Sandia).

He co-invented LIVA with Jerry Soden(1739). Others on the team included ChrisHenderson, Dan Barton (all 1739), and JamesRife (ret.)

Working on the TIVA effort with Edwere Paiboon Tangyunyong, Dan Barton (all1739), and David Benson (ret.).

TIVA applications to MEMS were devel-oped by Ed and Jeremy Walraven (1739).

beyond the world of integrated circuits in thediagnosis of various failures in MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) devices.

John Jewell35 1741

Dahwey Chu25 1745

Rod Geer25 12640

Chris Morgan25 7002

James Muntz25 9329

Rita Pitts25 7852

David Samuel25 2992

Louetta Tidwell25 7123

David Hebron20 1677

Jennifer Simmons20 2995

Bradley Smith15 1746

Judith Case15 9000

David Cocain15 12336

Leann Adams Miller15 5902

James Gollnick15 8411

Rosalie Lopez-Spinello15 14405

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 10

Consuelo Martinez20 10205

Margaret Jacobs20 5907

New Mexico photos by Iris AboytesCalifornia photos by Lynda Hadley

John Ayala41 10262

John Campbell 27 10263

Martin Armijo26 10627

Stan Benavides23 10267

In contrast to what you may have been ledto believe by our publishing his photo in theMarch 23 Lab Newsunder “Recent Retirees,”Robert “Bob” Fisher ofMaterials and ProcessSciences Center 1800 isstill very much here atSandia, not retired atall. In fact, he tells ushe’s not planning onany immediate retire-ment or retirementdate. We should havepublished his picture onthe Milepost page ratherthan in the RecentRetirees section.

The problem all started when Bob came infor his 35-year Milepost photo a year after his35th service anniversary. We got the photomarked 36 years and in the format of retireephotos, so assumed. . . . But we’re happy to nowcorrect the record. — Editor

Retirement report a bitpremature (wrong)

BOB FISHER

Schneeberger, Gallegos recognized for work withsmall, minority, and women-owned businesses

Cynthia Schneeberger, Manager of SupplierRelations Dept. 10205, has won two awards fromthe US Small Business Administration, and CorinaGallegos (10205) will receive an award from theNational Association of Purchasing Managementfor their work with small businesses.

Cynthia will receive the national SmallBusiness Administration (SBA) Frances PerkinsVanguard Award during ceremonies in May at theNational SBA Small Business Week celebration inWashington, D.C. This award honors governmentand industry for excellence in the use of women-owned small businesses as prime contractors andsubcontractors. The evaluated areas include leader-ship, advocacy, innovation, and implementation.Frances Perkins served as secretary of labor from

1933 to 1945 under President Franklin D.Roosevelt. The first woman to hold a cabinet-levelposition, Perkins was a social reformer whobrought to her post a commitment to women’sissues.

Cynthia was also selected as the 2001 NewMexico Minority Small Business Advocate of theYear by the SBA. She will receive the award May 1 atthe New Mexico Small Business Week Celebration.

Corina Gallegos, also of the Supplier RelationsDepartment, has been selected to receive theNational Association of Purchasing Management’s2001 Charles J. McDonald Minority Business Advo-cate Award. Corina was selected as the sole recipi-ent of the award for her outstanding contributionsto small, minority, and women-owned business.The award will be presented formally at NAPM’s86th Annual International Purchasing Conferencein Orlando, Fla., April 30.

Founded in 1915, the National Association ofPurchasing Management, Inc. (NAPM) is a commu-nication link with more than 47,000 purchasingand supply management professionals. NAPM pro-vides national and international leadership in pur-chasing and materials management, particularly inthe areas of education, research, and standards ofexcellence. It is a not-for-profit association.

Perry Robertson (1751) and Edward Witzke(9336): General Purpose Programmable Accelera-tor Board.

Marcelino Essien, Henry Peebles, PhilipSackinger (9141), and M. Erick Schlienger (1843):Apparatus for Jet Application of Molten MetalDroplets for Manufacture of Metal Parts.

Sandia is hosting an open house in honor ofretiree Lola Stude (7112) in the Thunderbird Caféon Wednesday, May 2, 10-11 a.m. Friends andacquaintances are invited.

Retirement open house

MISCELLANEOUS

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CUSTOM THREE-PIECE SECTIONAL,Krause, SW design, 12 pillow backs,muted mauves, grays, & browns,like new. Harrison, 821-9099.

DOG DOOR, patio insert, flap for largedog, $40; molded 2-pc. dog house,medium, $15. Manginell, 298-6188.

REEL-TO-REEL TAPE RECORDER,Norelco collector’s item, from the50’s, excellent condition, $55.Bridges, 298-6188.

“JEWEL” TEA DISHES, over 200, & serv-ing pieces, will sell single or multiplepieces; pot belly stove, Rex model771, $700 OBO. Owens, 877-0901.

SADDLE, double rigged western, goodcondition, includes saddlerack/stand, moving must sell, $175OBO. Schaub, 865-8807.

BMX BIKE, Giant Mosh, polished alu-minum, teenager paid $350, view atKAFB Thrift Shop, $200 OBO.Dubicka, 296-6557.

WATERBED, super-single, $100;Nordictrack, $100. Hott, 865-1859.

QUEEN-SIZE MATTRESS, box spring,2-1/2 yrs. old, very good condition,$200. Williams, 831-6427.

TWO BOSE 501 STEREO SPEAKERS,$60 for pair; bicycle, girl’s, 18-in.,$20; IBM Quietwriter printer, $50.Bickel, 822-0951.

BED, full-size, includes frame, wickerheadboard & sets of sheets.Harrison, 821-9099.

CRAFTMATIC ADJUSTABLE BED, cost$3,500, asking $1,800; above-ground pool, 4’ x 24’, w/high-endequipment, deck. Campbell,294-6000.

SURROUND RECEIVER, Sony STR-D1011 Dolby Pro Logic, $120; Trek930 mountain bike, w/Avocet cyclecomputer, $250. Schoch, 822-8479.

SURGICAL LIGHTS, from operatingroom, great for precision work area,fully adjustable, including 9-ft. track.Sena, 873-1665.

MOVING SALE, 6236 Rio Hondo NE,April 20 & 21, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.,sofa, La-Z Boy, tables, kitchenware,clothing, etc. Benham, 856-2739.

HEAT-N-GLOW GAS FIREPLACE,w/exhaust pipes & artificial logs,$100. Fuentes, 821-3324.

TWO ROUND TRIP AIRLINE TICKETS, toeither the Bahamas or Hawaii, $300,requires stay at specific hotels.Schroen, 286-1428.

WOOD SHAPER, Craftsman verticalspindle, solid cast iron table, w/2cutters, $90.Bentz, 857-0728.

LP BBQ GRILL, $30; 100% wool rug, 8’x 9’, $99 OBO; 55 sets Legos, $300OBO; complete homebrewingsetup, $55 OBO. Mooney, 294-5161.

DINING ROOM SET, 8-piece, lightblonde, very good condition.Yanalavage , 884-1292.

WHIRLPOOL GAS STOVE, white, goodcondition, reasonable. Sedillo,298-2527, evenings.

KING-SIZE WATERBED, 4-post frame,w/six-drawer pedestal, $250.Chavez, 836-6061.

TWO CUSTOM WOOD BOOKCASES,7’ x 32”, $75 each; 2 tower speak-ers, $40 each; 2 colonial stylelamps, 36-in., $50 each. Record,243-5103.

KITCHEN TABLE, 40-in. round, expandsto 70-in. long, corner bench unit, 2chairs, $200 OBO. Peters, 293-6356.

SCHACHDT LOOM, convertible table &floor model, w/8 harnesses & manyaccessories, valued at $900, asking$500. Larsen, 292-7896.

SOLID OAK CAPTAIN’S BED, full-size,$350; large house speakers, $150for set. Sherwood, 342-1161.

SW AIRLINES ROUNDTRIP TICKET,expires 11/22/01, good anywhereSW flies, $310. Smith, 256-0562.

AIRLINE TICKET VOUCHER, anywhereSouthwest flies, expires on Nov. 30,2001, $300. Sikora, 296-1762.

ANTIQUE FAINTING COUCH, bur-gundy, w/walnut frame, good con-dition, $600. Young, 867-3794.

REFRIGERATOR-FREEZER, GE, 25.2 cu.ft., like new; lawnmower,Craftsman, 20- in., 4-hp, excellentcondition. Hanson, 298-2120.

QUEEN-SIZE WATERBED FRAME, w/6-drawer pedestal,$75; computerdesk,$50; custom end tables, $75;4-drawer dresser, $15. Suderman,265-1786.

SCOTT PUSH REEL LAWN MOWER,$50; man’s & woman’s golf clubs,w/bags, $45 each. Gluvna, 884-5251.

CONSOLE COLOR TV, Zenith 25-in.,$60; bassinet, w/liner, $50;“Country Bear” dishes, service for8,$50. Burstein, 899-8971.

YARD SALE, 3907-A Ivy Place, KAFB,Saturday, April 21, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30p.m., boy’s clothes, up to 2T - 4T,baby clothes, children’s toys & games,bedroom & dining room furniture.Roth, 856-2925.

GERMAN SHEPHERD, female, 4-5 mos.old loving, playful, needs big yardto play in. Kristek, 877-1254.

SECTIONAL COUCH, recliner/sleeper,matching chair, light peach & brownson cream, 4 yrs. old. Sandoval,866-6991.

EXTENSIVE WOOD DOLL HOUSE KIT,large, assembly required, free to interested modeler. Sinton, 828-9672.

COCKER SPANIEL, purebreed, 9-mo.-oldmale, current shots, housebroken,buff-colored, groomed, $150.Graham, 896-2231.

JOINTER, Craftsman, 6-in., excellentcondition, very precise, carbideknives, extra steel knives, 3/4-hp, onstand, $275. Bennett, 298-1142.

ANTIQUE CHANDELIER, excellent con-dition, 100 OBO; Lobo stadiumseats, $5; miscellaneous ceramicmolds. Rodacy, 293-2668.

GAS FIREPLACE, attractive design, 3-sides glass, zero clearance installation,very low price. Errett, 858-1013.

HEALTHRIDER, total-body aerobic/cardio-vascular fitness machine, like new,paid over $500, sell for $250. Bear,881-7128.

SCHWINN AIRDYNE EXERCISE BICYCLE,w/book rack, new $690, good asnew, $299 OBO. Von Loh, 323-7533.

CLOTHES DRYER, Maytag, heavy duty,electric, $150. Reilly, 857-9908.

MAYTAG LARGE-CAPACITY WASHER,Whirlpool large-capacity electricdryer, relatively new, great condi-tion, $550 OBO/set; woodmicrowave table, $75 OBO. Siegal,323-1992.

MOVING SALE: 4/21/01, 7:30 a.m.,good stuff, low prices, 1720Algodones, follow signs from IndianSchool/Juan Tabo. Lindsey, 291-5485.

CAMPER SHELL, highback, w/Yakimaupright bicycle racks, fits shortbedFord Ranger pickup trucks, $500OBO. Arquitola, 796-0430.

MINIATURE SCHNAUZERS, 2 for theprice of 1, male & female,w/papers, 14 mos. old, would liketo keep together, $375. Morales,249-8800.

FOUR NOVAN SOLAR COLLECTORS, 4’x 8’, water circulators, 4 pumps, con-trollers, McQuay circulating heaters,300 gal. water tank, supports, &126-ft.+ copper pipe, $1,500 OBO.Newman, 265-0274.

FLOWERED CHAIR/LOVESEAT, $125;single chair, green, high-back, $35;coffee table, six-sided, smoke glass,$100, all great condition. Ristorto,899-7125, ask for Joan or Nicole.

BBQ Grill, butane, $35; 6-1/2 ft. picnictable, $50; dunebuggy, $2,500, allexcellent condition. Gabaldon,831-9012.

ANIMAL KENNELS: medium size, 32”L x22”W x 23”H, $50; small size, 20”Lx 13”W x 12”H, $30; small, 16”L x11”W x 8”H, $25. Stang, 256-7793.

TRANSPORTATION

’90 CHEVY SUBURBAN, Silverado, 4WD,loaded, 160K highway miles, greatcondition, runs great, $7,750.Jackson, 281-8927.

’96 FORD TAURUS, 52K miles, mintcondition, clean in & out, $7,000OBO. Sanchez, 540-3529.

’93 MERCURY SABLE, teal, 89K miles,power everything, AM/FM/cassette,loaded, excellent condition, $5000OBO. Gilliland, 271-1767.

’98 CHEVY 4X4, original owner, 1/2-ton,extended cab, short bed, 5.7-liter, AT,Z-71, CD/cassette, locking rear differ-ential, towing package, 3-dr., bedliner,alumium cast rims, rear slider, tintedglass, white/pewter, matching whitecamper shell, 17,500 miles, looks likenew, $21,700. Dwyer, 271-1328.

’98 CHEVY SUBURBAN LT, 1/2-ton,4WD, leather, CD, like new,$27,000. Salazar, 275-9991.

’91 MERCURY CAPRI CONVERTIBLE, fun& sporty, 56K miles, clean, runsgreat, new top, $3,500. Whinery,271-1653.

’89 VOLVO 240DL, manual transmis-sion, dark gray, 170K miles, originalowner, great condition, $6,000.Moore, 344-1982.

’88 RANGER XLT, SC, new TA’s, Koss CD,5-spd., chrome wheels. Hanson,299-6421.

’84 FORD 4X4 F-150, LWB, extendedcab, w/ fiberglass shell, excellentcondition, $3,400 OBO. Schaub,865-8807.

’96 Ford Taurus, beautiful car, 52Kmiles, fully loaded, clean in & out.Sanchez, 315-8799.

’95 JEEP CHEROKEE, I/O, new tires,brakes, shocks, battery, hoses,tow package, show package, PL,PW, PD, AM/FM/cassette, tilt,cruise, bucket seats, red/graycolor, 79K miles, $12,500.Griego, 873-4480.

’72 CHEVROLET SUBURBAN, 1/2-ton,2WD, 400 engine, towing package,lots of new parts, must see, $1,999.Smith, 869-4318.

’89 HONDA ACCORD LX, 170K miles,runs well, loaded, alarm, 5-spd., oneowner, $2,000. Tharp, 792-0790.

’71 240Z ORIGINAL CLASSIC, bodyrestored, w/rebuilt suspensions &driveline, fast & nimble sportster,$7,200. Gwinn, 281-9897.

’92 DODGE SPIRIT LE, silver, powerwindows, seat, & mirrors, $1,800OBO. Rogers, 286-2143.

’98 GMC SONOMA, extended cab,2WD, 4.3-V6, 5-spd., all accessories,21K miles, like new, $13,500. Jones,471-3149.

’98 MITSUBUSHI MONTERO SPORT LS,white/tan, V6, 4WD, 60K miles, lotsof extras, $15,000 OBO. Lopez,831-0777.

’00 CHEVY Z71 TRUCK, 4x4, AT, AC, PS,PB, AM/FM/CD/cassette, leatherseats, beautiful white step-side cus-tom wheels, tires. Baca, 899-9063.

’93 FORD RANGER, styleside, blue, 120Kmiles, AC, new tires, well maintained,30-day guarantee, 5-spd., 24-mpg,$3,500. Pasco, 890-1434.

’99 MAZDA MIATA, 2-dr. convertible,approximately 21,384 miles, manu-al 5-spd., AC, red exterior, w/blackinterior, AM/FM/CD, 4-cyl., PW,bids accepted through 04/24/01,right to refuse bids, sold as is.Sandia Labs FCU,237-7254, -7384 or -7386.

’98 GRAND PRIX SE, low miles, fullyloaded, new tires, excellent condi-tion, must see, $10,995. Veres, 797-4714.

’96 DODGE GRAND CARAVAN, 50Kmiles, excellent condition, newtires, radio/tape, AC, tinted win-dows, $13,000. Visor, 265-7288.

’95 MAZDA MIATA, 1.8-liter, AC,AM/FM/cassette, only 13,700 miles,show room condition, $11,500. Lanes,856-7738 or 888-605-7968 pgr.

’85 MAZDA RX-7 GSL-SE, immaculatecondition, 5-spd., both tops, 125Kmiles, full records, garaged,$3,100.Smith, 281-9666.

’97 FORD F-350, white, powerstroke,4x4/dually, 20-in. centurion stretch,automatic/power everything,leather, rear seat/bed, $35,900.Talbert, 271-0607, ask for Mark.

’89 CHEVROLET TRUCK, 1/2-ton 305,FI, 5-spd., AC, PS, PB, AM/FM/cas-sette, 65K miles, $4,000. Eilers,286-4013.

’78 VW BUS, new engine, $2,000 OBO.Martin, 247-0604.

’95 GRAND AM SE, 2-dr., 6-cyl.,AM/FM/CD, AT, tilt/cruise, new tires,great condition, 102K miles, $5,900.Howell, 883-0568.

’96 TOYOTA 4RUNNER SR-5, V6, 4x4,excellent condition, AM/FM/CD/cassette, 48K miles, dash/cargo cov-ers, alloy wheels, new tires, $18,500OBO. Basil, 822-9544.

’98 CHEVY SUBURBAN, 4WD, loaded,leather, CD & more, excellent condi-tion, 54K miles, $27,000. Salazar,275-9991.

’98 HYUNDAI ELANTRA, 44K miles,blue, AT, 10-yr. factory warranty,gas efficient, excellent condition,$7,000. Barela, 877-9535.

’81 JEEP WAGONNER, good body, runswell, 100,700 miles, recent carbure-tor rebuild, V8, $1,800. Hardin,828-1502.

RECREATIONAL

WOMAN’S MOUNTAIN BICYCLE, Trek850, smooth road tires, excellentcondition, $150 OBO. Kjeldgaard,268-8835.

’76 DODGE JAMBOREE MOTORHOME,22-ft., AT, roof AC, PS, PB, CC,stereo, 93K miles, $4,500. Lenberg,238-0362.

’97 MOUNTAIN BIKE, Diamond BackOutlook, 18-spd., 19-in., chromolymain frame, virtually unused, excel-lent condition, $120. Helfrich,255-9580.

BMX FREESTYLE BIKE, Silver X-games,w/4 pegs, good condition, $70 OBO.Poulter, 291-0607.

WIND SURFING BOARD, Hi-Tec 9’6”,Race Slalom (carbon layup 118L),great condition, new $1,195, asking$585 OBO. Holmes, 292-0898.

’84 YAMAHA VIRAGO, 1000 cc, 18Kmiles, garage kept, look/runs great,$2,000 OBO. Gourley, 869-6273.

’00 HONDA CBR 929, low mileage,includes extended warranty, center-stand, TLC, yellow, like new, sacri-fice, $8,000. Yip, 294-8124.

YOUTH GOLF SET, 1, 3 woods, 3-9 irons,$100; boy’s, 24-in. mountain bike,18 spd., $120. Biringer, 821-8741.

’98 SUZUKI MARAUDER 800, custompaint/pipes, C/A red, w/inlay, saddlebags, 4,700 miles, $7,200 firm.Lippert, 299-6594.

’92 DUTCHMAN ROYAL FIFTH-WHEEL,30-ft., slide-out, fiberglassfront/back, full-size bath, AC/centralheat, great condition, $8,500. Cox,865-0123.

ROAD BIKE, 54 cm Eddy Merckx, fullDura-Ace, unique older model, callfor specs., make offer. Laiche,798-1986.

BICYCLES, girl’s 21-spd., 20-in., moun-tain bike, new $130, asking $65;man’s Cannondale touring bike, allaluminum frame, new condition,model T700, new $900, asking$550. Roberts, 275-2941.

’71 FORD MOTORHOME, “Class C,”sleeps 6, AC, PS, AM/FM, excellentinterior, runs great, good exterior,ready for camping, perfect for hunt-ing, $4,500 OBO. Herrera,884-4925 or 881-1600.

’97 WANDERER TRAVEL TRAILER, 19-ft.,sleeps 6, mint condition, used verylittle, see at KAFB-RV Lot, $9,500.Mares, 884-4843.

REAL ESTATE

HALF-ACRE, investment lot, in middle ofdeveloping area, $3,500. Shaffer, 256-7601.

3-BDR. DOUBLEWIDE MOBILE HOME, 2baths, Four Hills Mobile Home Park,excellent condition, appliancesincluded, great yard, view atmhpurchaser.com, $18,500.Romero, 275-1737.

WANTED

MOTORCYCLE JACKETS, man’s &woman’s. Sleeter, 299-3347.

VOLUNTEERS, Albuquerque Folk Festival,June 16, to help w/stage, workshops,tickets, dozens of possibilities,www.abqfolkfest.org. Esherick,299-8393.

NANNY, for 1 & 3 yr. old, 35hours/week, East Mountains. Mader,250-4401.

COLLECTOR, seeking old microphonesand/or equipment from radio/TVbroadcasting stations. Dawson,828-0873.

CROSS COUNTRY SKI BOOTS, poles,and/or skis, for size 1,2, or 3 shoe;kid’s snowboard. Ling, 281-5328.

OLDER WOMAN, trustworthy, to trans-port & golf w/grandmother in RioRancho, 2-3 half-days/wk, $12+/hr.Hanselmann, 254-1782.

RED BRICK PAVERS. Lucero, 292-1955.SINGERS, community service chorale

(sing for hospice, Alzheimer’spatients, children in crisis, etc.),Monday night rehearsals. McKenna,293-0287, ask for Christine.

SUBURBAN THIRD SEAT, need for a ’93,but ’92 to recent may fit. Shields,286-5917.

SLIDE CUBE PROJECTOR, Bell & Howell35 mm, might consider non-work-ing unit for parts. Cuderman,884-8627.

BABY BACK PACK, Kelty brand, w/sunshade. Kuszmaul, 291-0933.

HANDYMAN, for household repairs.Hertz, 265-4729.

WORK WANTED

RESPONSIBLE COLLEGE STUDENT, willprovide child care in your home full-time this summer. Kelly, 293-2475.

Ad rules1. Limit 18 words, including last

name and home phone (We willedit longer ads).

2. Include organization and full namewith the ad submission.

3. Submit the ad in writing. Nophone-ins.

4. Type or print ad legibly; use accepted abbreviations.

5. One ad per issue.6. We will not run the same ad more

than twice.7. No “for rent” ads except for em-

ployees on temporary assignment.8. No commercial ads.9. For active and retired Sandians

and DOE employees.10. Housing listed for sale is available

without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.

11. Work Wanted ads limited to student-aged children of employees.

12. We reserve the right not to publish an ad.

How to submit classified adsDEADLINE: Friday noon before weekof publication unless changed by holi-day. Submit by one of these methods:• E-MAIL: Sandy Smallwood

(sksmall@sandia. gov)• FAX: 844-0645• MAIL: MS 0165 (Dept. 12640)• DELIVER: Bldg. 811 Lobby• INTERNAL WEB: On Internal Webhomepage, click on News Center,then on Lab News frame, and then onthe very top of Lab News homepage“Submit a Classified Ad.” If you havequestions, call Sandy at 284-3704. Because of space constraints, ads willbe printed on a first-come basis.

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 11

SANDIA LAB NEWS • April 20, 2001 • Page 12

Kevin Fleming the optical engineer seeksperfection.

But imperfections are what give “KevinFleming the wood turner” athrill when he’s roughingout a wooden vessel in thestudio behind his kitchen orselecting that extraordinarychunk of stump in a NewMexico forest.

“Imperfections makewood more interesting, justlike people,” he says. “Whowants to hang out with aperfect person? Forget it.”

A few years ago Kevin(2554) got special permissionto remove a felled juniper inthe Cibola National Forest.The 200-year-old tree wastwice struck by lightning —once in the 1930s and againmore recently — accordingto its grain pattern.

“I won’t cut down ahealthy tree for woodturn-ing,” says Kevin. “Instead Iuse wood from dead trees ortrees being removed for landscaping. To methere’s a certain satisfaction in capturing thebeauty in a piece of wood destined for the landfillor fireplace.”

The lightning-scarred tree is now a vase onKevin’s living-room bookcase.

Next week Kevin exhibits 30 of his wood ves-sels at the Smithsonian Craft Show, the nation’smost prestigious artisan show, in Washington,D.C., April 25-29. He joins 119 other creators in12 categories, including nine top-notch woodartists, selected by an expert jury from thousandsof applicants.

“I applied for the show with the same sense

of hope and pessimism thatyou might buy a lotteryticket with,” he says. “Thou-sands of good artisans tryyear after year and never getin. I thought maybe with a

computer mal-function orsomething Imight getlucky.”

To Kevin’ssurpriseddelight, thejury liked hiswork.

“The bestworks evi-dence agrowth ofideas beyondthe mere tech-nical handlingof materials,”wrote one of the show’s jurorsabout the selections. “There is anexceptional understanding of theprinciples of composition, color,design, line, texture, pattern, andform . . . an understanding of mate-rials and their inherent possibilities

and limitations . . . as well as a sense of feelingand caring that the maker has for the creations.”

Influenced by New MexicoSome of Kevin’s pieces take months to

complete. The process starts when he finds an interest-

ing piece of wood. He immediately seals the cutends with wax and encloses the wood in a plasticbag to prevent splitting from sudden dry-out inthe arid New Mexico climate.

He hollows the vessel and roughs out theshape on a lathe, then lets the piece dryslowly, sometimes for months, which results insubtle shape changes. When most of the mois-ture is out of the wood, he turns the vesselinto its finished shape and seals it with adurable finish. He accents and enhances thewood with inlays of varying wood species,stain colors, and contrasting woods with inter-esting grain patterns.

He’s also created unique cooperative pieceswith renowned New Mexico gourd artist RobertRivera, a friend.

“I try to base my work on shapes and formsfound in nature and mathematics, blended withan intuitive feel for what, I hope, looks and feelspleasing,” he says. “Being born and raised inNew Mexico has exposed me to Indian vesseldesigns and shapes that have had a definiteimpact on my work.”

‘Your Thoughts, Please’offers new question toanswer, responses to read

The “Your Thoughts, Please” page on theinternal web is offering a new question foremployees to answer and displaying a newset of responses to an earlier question.

Recently posted employee input came inresponse to a question aimed at learning whatSandians believe is the Labs’ most significantaccomplishment of the past year or so.

The new question — which employeescan respond to through the middle of nextmonth — focuses on Sandia’s future. It is:

“Throughout the Labs, Sandians arelearning more about our revised corporatevision and values and our highest goal.Posters displayed around the site spell themout. Badge-size versions of the posters arebeing handed our (or are already handed out)by managers. What personally excites youabout these words and principles? What pro-jects, programs, or efforts would you recom-mend that Sandia pursue in order to makeitself the lab the nation turns to first or tohelp the nation secure a peaceful and freeworld through technology?”

“Your Thoughts, Please” is reachable onthe internal web’s NewsCenter, http://www-irn.sandia.gov/newscenter/news-frames.html.Responses — no more than 300 words please— can be submitted through the web site orby e-mailing thoughts@sandia.gov.

Engineer-artisan Kevin Fleming to exhibit wood artat prestigious Smithsonian Craft Show next week

Kevin began turning wood in his 7th gradeshop class, beginning with small, simple piecessuch as candlesticks. In 1994, after creating the lat-est in a series of vases, “My wife said, ‘That’s nice,but where are we going to put it?’ ” he says. “Shewas right. There were too many pieces to keep.”

A friend sold her work at a gallery near Albu-querque’s Old Town Plaza, so Kevin began takinghis pieces there, and they began to sell. Soonother galleries sought his work. Now he exhibitsat three galleries: the Southwest Mercado in OldTown, the Torres Gallery in Santa Fe, and theAdagio Gallery in Palm Springs, Calif.

Today he struggles to keep up with demand.His larger pieces sell for $2,000 to $5,000. Smallpieces such as ornaments start at $65. The smallervases are $100 and up.

But, he says, he does it not for the money butfor the love of wood.

“When I look at a twisted branch on a tree, adiscarded piece on a woodpile, the fork in a tree, Ican’t wait to see what’s inside the wood,” he says.“It’s almost like archaeology. Preserving and dis-playing the infinite variety and beauty in wood isa very rewarding part of my hobby.”

HANDS OF A MASTER — Artist/engineer Kevin Fleming at work in his woodstudio. (Photos by Randy Montoya)

By John German

KEVIN with one of his finished pieces,a vase made of alligator juniper.

A PLATE made of douglas fir burl shows how Kevinemphasizes flaws that enhance the beauty of wood.

To Ken Condreva (8416) on the death of hismother, Dolores Condreva, in Dolton, Ill., onJan. 7, and on the death of his father, WillardCondreva, also in Dolton, Ill., on Feb. 6.

To Daniel A. Lucero (9117) on the death of hisfather, Abel Lucero, in Albuquerque, on Feb. 13.

To Mae Lambert (2500) on the death of hermother, Audrey Scheinberg, in Albuquerque, onApril 7.

SympathyRetirees should have recently received a

mailing about a vision discount plan throughSuperior Vision Services. Sandia’s Benefits officesays to be aware that to obtain a discount, youmust go to a provider on the list designatedwith a “DP” for “Discount Plan.” Providerswithout this designation do not participate inthe discount plan.

In order to verify a provider’s current par-ticipation in the discount plan, please contactSuperior Vision’s Customer Service Departmentat (800) 507-3800 or Sandia Benefits CustomerService Center at (505) 845-2363.

Retirees’ vision discount plan

Coronado ClubSign up now for summer fun — Pool passes,

swimming lessons, water exercise, tennis lessons,junior tennis team, and more. This summer at theCoronado Club. Call 265-6791 or stop by theC-Club office for more information.

Reader Service information Retirees (only):To notify the Labs of changes in address, call or write DianaMares, Benefits Dept. 3341, at 505-845-9705, Mail Stop1021, SNL, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1021.

Others:To receive the Lab News or to change the address (exceptretirees), contact Iris Aboytes, Media Relations and Com-munications Dept. 12640, at telephone 505-844-2282,e-mail ioaboyt@sandia.gov, or Mail Stop 0165, SNL,Albuquerque, NM 87185-0165.