Industry, Empire and the Realist Style

IndustrialismNationalismRealism

Population Changes During the 19th Century the population of

Europe doubled Despite 60 million Europeans emigrating

USCanadaSouth AmericaAustralia/New Zealand

Industrial Revolution 1750 to 1850 Starts in England

Steam engineTextile production

Rise of factoriesMass production Urbanization

Rise of corporations

England’s Industries

Coal Mining in Britain1800 1 ton of coal 50,000 miners

1850 30 tons 200,000 miners

1880 300 million tons 500,000 miners

1914 250 million tons 1,200,000 miners

Young Coal Miners

British PigIron Production

Factory Production Concentrates production in one

place [materials, labor]. Located near sources of power

[rather than labor or markets]. Requires a lot of capital

investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

1813 2,400 looms 150,000 workers

1833 85,000 looms 200,000 workers

1850 224,000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous

conditions. Mind-numbing

monotony.

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs/Downstairs” Life

The Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Ship

Steam Ships in the Opium War

Steam Locomotive

Impact of the Railroad

Industrial Staffordshire

Percentage of World Manufacturing Output 1750 - 1900

Nationalism Unification of Germany Unification of Italy Expansion of Russia Western economic control of

Africa, Latin America and Asia

Unification of Italy

Unification of Germany

Expansion of Russia

Colonialism

Political Shifts Democracy

Extension of the vote to the working classSuffrage movement

SocialismBased on work of Marx and Engels

Suffrage Emmeline Pankhurst Women’s Party in 1917:

Equal pay for equal work.

Equal marriage & divorce laws.

A national system of maternity benefits.

Representation of the People Act (1918)

Women over 30 got the right to vote.

All men gained suffrage.

The Socialists:Utopians and Marxists

The people operate and own the means of production, not individuals.

Goal - society benefits everyone, not just the rich.

Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Realism Response to the social and economic

consequences of industrialism Objective and un-idealized Socially conscious to issues of class and

gender

Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851

Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851

Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851

Paris Exposition 1889 World’s Fair

held in honor of the French Revolution Centennial.

The Eiffel Tower, completed in 1889, served as the entrance to the Fair.

Paris Exposition 1889Gallery of Machinery