Industrialization disrupted family patterns. No longer working together, family members had to leave their homes and work in factories. Workers spent 14 hours a day, six days a week in a factory. Low wages forced families to send their children to work. Children as young as five worked in textile mills. New classes of society emerged. Working class labored in factories and mines. The technology of interchangeable parts and division of labor deprived workers of complex skills, making them easily replaceable. Women worked in coal mines (until prohibited in the 1840s) and textile factories. Factory owners preferred to hire women because they could pay them half of what they paid men. Middle class factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals. White-collar jobs (those held by office workers) were workers were literate. Housewife became a status symbol, indicating that the husband was capable of being the sole provider. A cult of domesticity developed, that idealized the female homemaker. Women were urged to be pious, submissive, pure, and domestic. Wealthy industrialists owners of large corporations. Called captains of industry, they overshadowed the landed aristocracy as the leaders of modern society. The figures depicted in the engraving of the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition suggest that those who benefited from the Industrial Revolution were the wealthy elite. The detail in this painting of female laborers tries to conveys a positive impression of factory life by showing the activities in which the women are engaged, but life was very hard. Urbanization accompanied industrialization wherever it occurred in the world. Urban areas grew rapidly with little planning by governments. Working class lived in crowded tenement apartment buildings. Polluted water supplies and open sewers were common, leading to disease like cholera, dysentery, and tuberculosis. In the eighteenth century, Britain faced an energy crisis, due to a diminishing supply of wood for fuel. The Industrial Revolution solve this crisis by introducing the use of coal, oil, and natural gas as sources of fuel. Burning of coal harmed the environment, with toxic air pollution. Contact with other civilizations contribute to Europes Industrial Revolution by enabling Europe to draw disproportionately on the worlds resources. A culture of consumerism and leisure developed among the middle class. So, it was the middle-class that benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth- century Britain. Biking, boating, and athletic games were popular. It was believed that sports rewarded virtues like self- discipline and playing by the rules. Corporations, a business charted by a government as a legal entity owned by stockowners. Formed to minimize risk. Stockholders got money, dividends, from a corporations profits. Stockholders are not liable if business losses money. Some corporations became monopolies controlling all aspects of a specific business and eliminate all competition. Factors delayed the Industrial Revolution for France: 1.Small urban population, which limited the amount of labor available for factories. 2.The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, which consumed both the attention and the capital of Frances elites. Germany was politically fragmented into numerous small state, which delayed its industrialization. After unification (1871) its quickly became a leading producer of steel and coal. United States industrializes in late the nineteenth century. Advantages: 1.Construction of the transcontinental Railroad (1869) connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 2.Vast natural resources; timber, coal, and oil. 3.War and poverty brought immigrants to the United States from Europe and East Asia. Japan industrializes in late 19 th century. Meiji Restoration ( ), a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule of Japan to Emperor Meiji. Ended self-imposed isolation from the world. Japans leaders realized that their country needed to industrialize to protect itself. Russia builds Trans-Siberian railroad stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean (1900). The Russian industries were developed by the government. Economy remained heavily agricultural until after the Communists Revolution (1917). Industrialization led to violent social revolution only in Russia. The U.S., Great Britain, and Germany were key players in the Second Industrial Revolution. 1 st revolution; innovations in textiles, steam power, and iron. 2 nd revolution; innovations in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics. Developments: automobile, airplane, telephone, radio. Labor unions organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain over these matters with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract. Traditionally, banned by the government as enemies of trade. Great Britain banned children under the age of 10 to work in coal mines (1843). Education became mandatory for children 5 through 10 (1881). Redefined the role of children in society. Germany had the most comprehensive set of social reforms to protect industrial workers. 1.Accident compensation insurance. 2.Unemployment insurance. 3.Old age pensions. Believed that government needed to address problems or radicals would lead to social unrest. That concludes the Industrial Revolution.