Industrialization Chapter 9. I. Technology Revolution Daily Life in 1865: -no indoor electricity – used candles or oil lamps -no refrigeration – ice

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Chapter 9Chapter 9

I. Technology RevolutionI. Technology Revolution

Daily Life in 1865Daily Life in 1865::

-no indoor electricity – used candles or oil -no indoor electricity – used candles or oil lampslamps

-no refrigeration – ice from frozen ponds -no refrigeration – ice from frozen ponds stored in icehouses – expensivestored in icehouses – expensive

-slow communication-slow communication


Daily Life in 1900Daily Life in 1900::

-1790-1860: only 36,000 -1790-1860: only 36,000 patentspatents issued issued (license to make, use, or sell an (license to make, use, or sell an invention)invention)

-1860-1890: 500,000 patents issued-1860-1890: 500,000 patents issued

-by 1900, the standard of living in the U.S. -by 1900, the standard of living in the U.S. was the highest in the worldwas the highest in the world


Railroads Improve TransportationRailroads Improve Transportation::

-before the Civil War: most tracks were -before the Civil War: most tracks were short and didn’t connect major citiesshort and didn’t connect major cities

-there was also no standard width, -there was also no standard width, or or gaugegauge, of tracks – very expensive to , of tracks – very expensive to

move goodsmove goods


--11stst Transcontinental Railroad Transcontinental Railroad: completed : completed in 1869in 1869

-coast to coast-coast to coast-Central Pacific built eastward -Central Pacific built eastward -Union Pacific built westward-Union Pacific built westward-met at Promontory Point, UT-met at Promontory Point, UT-Impact:-Impact:

Opened up the West Opened up the West


-problems: noisy, dirty, uncomfortable-problems: noisy, dirty, uncomfortable

-improvements: steel rails replaced iron -improvements: steel rails replaced iron rails (more durable), standard gauges, rails (more durable), standard gauges, improved safety (ex: better brakes)improved safety (ex: better brakes)

-another problem was scheduling: early -another problem was scheduling: early 1800s each town set their own clock – 1800s each town set their own clock – national time zones were created in 1883 national time zones were created in 1883 by the railroad industryby the railroad industry


Advances in CommunicationAdvances in Communication::

--telegraphtelegraph – perfected by Samuel Morse – – perfected by Samuel Morse – used the Morse Code to send electrical used the Morse Code to send electrical messagesmessages

--Western Union Telegraph CompanyWestern Union Telegraph Company – – formed after the C.W. – laid 100,000s of formed after the C.W. – laid 100,000s of telegraph cable (1870: 100,000 miles telegraph cable (1870: 100,000 miles 1900: 900,000 miles)1900: 900,000 miles)


--telephonetelephone – invented by Alexander – invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 – teacher of the Graham Bell in 1876 – teacher of the deaf in Boston – from Scotlanddeaf in Boston – from Scotland


Electric PowerElectric Power::

--Thomas EdisonThomas Edison – made electricity more – made electricity more widely availablewidely available

-also invented the phonograph-also invented the phonograph

-set up shop in Menlo Park, NJ-set up shop in Menlo Park, NJ

-greatest inventor of the day-greatest inventor of the day

-developed light bulb in 1880-developed light bulb in 1880


--George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse – developed a new – developed a new current that could be transmitted cheaper current that could be transmitted cheaper in 1885in 1885

--Electricity’s ImpactElectricity’s Impact: made refrigeration : made refrigeration possible, created new jobs (ex: electric possible, created new jobs (ex: electric sewing machine allowed clothes to be sewing machine allowed clothes to be mass produced) – rural areas did not mass produced) – rural areas did not benefit at firstbenefit at first


The Bessemer ProcessThe Bessemer Process::

-1850s – Henry Bessemer made it easier -1850s – Henry Bessemer made it easier and cheaper to mass produce steel – led and cheaper to mass produce steel – led to a new age of building – ex: to a new age of building – ex: skyscrapers, bridges, etc.skyscrapers, bridges, etc.

II. The Growth of Big II. The Growth of Big Business:Business:

It took a lot of money to build factories It took a lot of money to build factories and develop these new inventions and develop these new inventions

– – business leaders often combined business leaders often combined their funds to form large their funds to form large

companiescompanies


2 views of the business leaders of this 2 views of the business leaders of this era: Were they…era: Were they…

1) “1) “Robber BaronsRobber Barons” – implies that business ” – implies that business leaders built their fortunes by “stealing” leaders built their fortunes by “stealing” from the public – eliminate competition = from the public – eliminate competition = higher priceshigher prices


2) “2) “Captains of IndustryCaptains of Industry” – implies that ” – implies that business leaders served their country in business leaders served their country in a positive way by increasing the quality a positive way by increasing the quality and quantity of goods and creating new and quantity of goods and creating new jobsjobs


Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie::

-born in Scotland – settled in Pittsburgh-born in Scotland – settled in Pittsburgh

-made $50,000 a year in 1865-made $50,000 a year in 1865

-created the Carnegie Steel Company in -created the Carnegie Steel Company in 18891889

-created a -created a monopolymonopoly, or complete , or complete dominance of an industry by one dominance of an industry by one company, on the steel industrycompany, on the steel industry


-believed in the “gospel of wealth” – people -believed in the “gospel of wealth” – people should be free to make as much money should be free to make as much money as they can as long as they give some of as they can as long as they give some of it awayit away

-gave away $350 million by the time of his -gave away $350 million by the time of his death in 1919death in 1919


Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism – the idea that strong – the idea that strong businesses survive and the weak die – businesses survive and the weak die – the rich used this to justify their wealththe rich used this to justify their wealth

Edwin L. (E.L.) DrakeEdwin L. (E.L.) Drake – developed and – developed and used the first oil well – Titusville, PA – used the first oil well – Titusville, PA – nicknamed “Drake’s Folly” (people nicknamed “Drake’s Folly” (people thought he was crazy) thought he was crazy)

II. The Growth of Big II. The Growth of Big Business:Business: John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller::

-formed the Standard Oil Company in 1863-formed the Standard Oil Company in 1863

-created a monopoly on the oil industry by -created a monopoly on the oil industry by underselling (cut throat) his competitionunderselling (cut throat) his competition

-created a -created a trusttrust, or group of several , or group of several companies managed by one board, in companies managed by one board, in 1882 (40 companies)1882 (40 companies)


-net worth in 1910: $310 billion in today’s -net worth in 1910: $310 billion in today’s money (2x’s as much as Bill Gates, money (2x’s as much as Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, and Sam Walton Warren Buffett, and Sam Walton combined)combined)

**Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act: 1890 – outlawed : 1890 – outlawed any combination of companies that any combination of companies that created a monopoly – not enforcedcreated a monopoly – not enforced

III. Industrialization and III. Industrialization and WorkersWorkers

1860-1900: 14 million immigrated to the 1860-1900: 14 million immigrated to the U.S. for new opportunities (i.e. jobs)U.S. for new opportunities (i.e. jobs)

Late 1800s: 8-9 million moved to the Late 1800s: 8-9 million moved to the cities looking for jobscities looking for jobs

Every family member worked because Every family member worked because wages were low – children at ages 12 or wages were low – children at ages 12 or 13 worked – no unemployment insurance13 worked – no unemployment insurance

III. Industrialization and III. Industrialization and WorkersWorkers

Factory workers often worked 12 hrs. a Factory workers often worked 12 hrs. a day, 6 or 7 days a weekday, 6 or 7 days a week

-they were paid by production not by the -they were paid by production not by the hour (hour (pieceworkpiecework) – i.e. those that worked ) – i.e. those that worked the fastest made the most moneythe fastest made the most money

Women were excluded from the high-Women were excluded from the high-paying jobs and had no chance to paying jobs and had no chance to advanceadvance

Industrialization and Industrialization and WorkersWorkers

1882: average of 675 workers killed a 1882: average of 675 workers killed a weekweek

No vacation, sick leave, unemploymentNo vacation, sick leave, unemployment 20% of boys and 10% of girls under the 20% of boys and 10% of girls under the

age of 15 worked – including some as age of 15 worked – including some as young as 5young as 5

1899 wages: women - $267 a year, men 1899 wages: women - $267 a year, men - $498 – Carnegie - $25 million- $498 – Carnegie - $25 million

IV. The Great StrikesIV. The Great Strikes

Labor unions emerged during the late Labor unions emerged during the late 1800s – wanted higher wages, fewer 1800s – wanted higher wages, fewer hours, and better working conditionshours, and better working conditions

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor – formed in 1869 – led – formed in 1869 – led by Terrence Powderly – united all skilled by Terrence Powderly – united all skilled and non-skilled workers – little successand non-skilled workers – little success


American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor – formed – formed in 1886 – led by Samuel Gompers – in 1886 – led by Samuel Gompers – organized only skilled workersorganized only skilled workers

Industrial Workers of the WorldIndustrial Workers of the World – – nicknamed “Wobblies” – group in nicknamed “Wobblies” – group in Chicago who opposed the AFL – focused Chicago who opposed the AFL – focused on non-skilled workerson non-skilled workers


Reaction of EmployersReaction of Employers::

-hated unions – tried to stop their influence -hated unions – tried to stop their influence by:by:

1) firing union organizers1) firing union organizers

2) forbidding union meetings2) forbidding union meetings

3) forcing new workers to agree not 3) forcing new workers to agree not to join a unionto join a union

4) refusing to recognize unions4) refusing to recognize unions


Railroad Strike of 1877Railroad Strike of 1877 – 1 – 1stst major strike major strike in the U.S. – railroad companies cut in the U.S. – railroad companies cut wages and violence erupted across the wages and violence erupted across the country – federal troops put down the country – federal troops put down the strikestrike

1881-1900: 24,000 strikes in the U.S.1881-1900: 24,000 strikes in the U.S.


Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot – 1886 – 1886 - workers wanted an 8 hr. work day - workers wanted an 8 hr. work day - fight broke out between the strikers and - fight broke out between the strikers and scabs at the Chicago McCormick Reaper scabs at the Chicago McCormick Reaper factoryfactory- bomb thrown by someone in Haymarket - bomb thrown by someone in Haymarket Square killed 7 police officersSquare killed 7 police officers- riot followed with dozens killed on both - riot followed with dozens killed on both sidessides


Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike – 1892 – wages cut by – 1892 – wages cut by Carnegie Steel – strike began in Carnegie Steel – strike began in Homestead, PA – several killedHomestead, PA – several killed

Pullman StrikePullman Strike – 1894 – the last of the – 1894 – the last of the great strikesgreat strikes

-sleeping car maker George Pullman cut -sleeping car maker George Pullman cut wages by 25% and laid off several workerswages by 25% and laid off several workers


-120,000 railroad workers eventually joined -120,000 railroad workers eventually joined the strikethe strike

-federal gov’t ended the strike because the -federal gov’t ended the strike because the mail had to get throughmail had to get through

-increased federal involvement in labor -increased federal involvement in labor strikesstrikes

Documents

Industrialization Chapter 9. I. Technology Revolution Daily Life in 1865: -no indoor electricity – used candles or oil lamps -no refrigeration – ice