Industrialization

Background0With the U.S., France, and Latin America,

political revolution brought in new governments.

0From this the Industrial Revolution came to be.

0Which refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s

0Before the Industrial Revolution people would weave textiles by hand.

0Then machines began to do this and many other jobs.

Industrial Revolution in Britain0The Industrial Revolution began in Britain.

0Agricultural: After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy land owners would experiment with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields.

0First: Landowners tried new agricultural methods.

0Second: they forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.

0Rotating Crops proved to be one of the best developments by the scientific farmers.

0This improved upon the medieval three-field system.

0EX: One year the farmer might plant wheat, then then next he would plant a root crop to replenish the soil with nutrients.

Why the Need for Change0 In addition to a larger population

of workers, the small island country had extensive natural resources.

0 Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods, required resources.

0Water power and coal to fuel new machines

0 Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings

0Rivers for inland transportation

0Harbors from which merchant ships set sail.

0Along with its natural resources, Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization.

0Businesspeople invested in the manufacture of new inventions.

0 Britain’s highly developed banking system also contributed to the country’s industrialization.

Three Factors of Production

0Extremely Important to have in an economy.

1. Land2. Labor3. Capital (wealth)

0Without these the Industrial Revolution would have not survived.

Inventions Spur Industrialization

0 Inventions now revolutionized industry.

0Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton.

0 This industry was the first to be transformed.

0One change in the textile industry was textile technology.

0One invention led to another.

Flying Shuttle

Spinning wheel

Power Loom

0These were bulky and expensive machines. They took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house.

0Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called factories.

0The first ones were built near rivers and streams.

Improvements in Transportation

0The steam engine came to be in the search for a cheap, convenient source of power.

0Coal miners were using steam powered pumps to remove water from deep mine shafts.

0But the earlier model used a great amount of fuel, making it expensive to run.

0Watt’s had an idea, he wanted the to find a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.

Water/Road Transportation0Americans developed a steam boat.

0 In England, water transportation improved with the creation of a network of canals.

0By the mid-1800s, 4,250 miles of inland channels slashed the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods.

0British roads improved too.

0By equipping roads beds with a layer of large stones for drainage, and then placed a layer of smoothed crushed rock.

0With rainy weather, heavy wagons could travel without sinking.

0People also maintained and operated roads for people to travel on and charge people.

0These were called turnpikes or toll roads.

The Railway Age Begins0Steam-driven machinery powered English

factories in the late 1700’s.

0A steam engine on wheels drove English industry after 1820.

0Railroads became really popular really fast.

0First it spurred industrial growth by giving manufactures a cheap way t transport materials and finished products.

0Second, the railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners.

0Third, the railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries.

0Finally, made travel easier, which encouraged country people to take distant city jobs. It also lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside.

Industrialization Changes Life0The pace of industrialization

accelerated rapidly in Britain.

0People could earn higher wages in factories than on farms.

0With money more people could afford to heat their homes with coal and have beef.

0They wore better clothes, which were woven on power looms.

0Cities swelled with waves of job seekers.

Industrial Cities Rise0Before 1800, Europeans had lived in

rural areas but after 1800, it shifted toward cities.

0 It was caused by growth of the factory system, where the manufacturing of goods was concentrated in a central location.

0Most Europe’s urban areas at least doubles in population, some even quadrupled.

0This time period was known as urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities.

0Factories developed

0Major new industrial centers sprang up

0Problems also grew

0Living Conditions

0 Because cities grew so fast they had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes.

0 They lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection.

0 Streets had no drains and garbage collected on the streets.

Living Conditions0Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with

whole families crowding into one bedroom.

0Sickness was widespread, epidemics of the deadly disease cholera regularly swept through the slums.

0 In 1842, the average life span to be 17 years for working-class people in one large city compared with 38 years in a nearby rural area.

Working Conditions0To increase production, factory owners

wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible.

0The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week. (That’s and 84 hour work week)

0 It was also dangerous.

0They were poorly lit or clean.

0Machines injured workers: a boiler might explode or a drive belt might catch an arm.

0 In coal mines: accidents, damp conditions, and the constant breathing of coal dust made the average miner’s life span 10 years shorter than that of other workers.

0Many women and children were also employed because they were the cheapest source of labor.

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution 0Despite the problems that followed

industrialization, the Industrial Revolution had a number of positive effects.

0 It created jobs.

0 It contributed to the wealth of the nation.

0 It fostered technological progress and invention.

0 It greatly increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living.

0 It provided hope of improvements in people’s lives.