INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REFORMREFORM

ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT: ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT:

1780-18501780-1850

WHY ENGLAND?WHY ENGLAND? Geography Geography and natural and natural

resourcesresources EconomicEconomic development development

and efficiencyand efficiency Political Political support and support and

protectionprotection Social Social conditions conditions

included population included population increaseincrease

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution meant greater food meant greater food productionproduction

INVENTIONS PUSHED INVENTIONS PUSHED INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

Cotton Industry #1Cotton Industry #1 Flying Shuttle: Flying Shuttle: Increased Increased

speed of weaversspeed of weavers Water Frame: Water Frame: Arkwright’s Arkwright’s

invention produces yarn invention produces yarn fastfast

Spinning Jenny: Spinning Jenny: Hargreave’s Jenny Hargreave’s Jenny produced more yarnproduced more yarn

Mule: Mule: Crompton’s Crompton’s combined Water Frame & combined Water Frame & Spinning JennySpinning Jenny

Power Loom: Power Loom: Cartwright’s Cartwright’s loom meant weavers could loom meant weavers could keep up with spinnerskeep up with spinners

Cartwright’s power loom 1787

STEAM ENGINE PLAYS MAJOR STEAM ENGINE PLAYS MAJOR ROLE IN INDUSTRYROLE IN INDUSTRY

Steam Engine cause Steam Engine cause factory system to spread factory system to spread beyond cotton (flour)beyond cotton (flour)

Started as means to Started as means to pump water from coal pump water from coal minesmines

Newcomen invents Newcomen invents “steam pump” – 1712“steam pump” – 1712

Watt repairs a Watt repairs a Newcomen engine and Newcomen engine and adds condenser creating adds condenser creating steam engine in 1760ssteam engine in 1760s

By 1850, 90% of English By 1850, 90% of English Cotton Industry= steamCotton Industry= steam

IRON INDUSTRYIRON INDUSTRY Iron transformed Iron transformed

during I.R.during I.R. In 1780s a better In 1780s a better

method devised to method devised to make ironmake iron

““Puddling” Puddling” introduced by Cort; introduced by Cort; coke used to burn coke used to burn away impurities away impurities

1740= 17,000 tons 1740= 17,000 tons 1840= 2,000,000 1840= 2,000,000

tonstons

RAILROAD PROMOTES RAILROAD PROMOTES TRANSPORTATION BOOMTRANSPORTATION BOOM

Started with hand Started with hand carts for moving carts for moving coalcoal

Then cast iron rails Then cast iron rails Then steam power Then steam power

in 1804in 1804 Then Stephenson’s Then Stephenson’s

Rocket Rocket in 1830 in 1830 (16 mph)(16 mph)

Railroads builtRailroads built

CRYSTAL PALACE CRYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITIONEXHIBITION

1851: First Industrial 1851: First Industrial World’s FairWorld’s Fair

Held at London’s Held at London’s Crystal PalaceCrystal Palace

Made entirely of Made entirely of glass & ironglass & iron

6,000,000 visited 6,000,000 visited 100,000 exhibits100,000 exhibits

Displayed England’s Displayed England’s wealth & successwealth & success

INDUSTRY SPREADS SLOWLY INDUSTRY SPREADS SLOWLY TO CONTINENTTO CONTINENT

The continent The continent experience slower and experience slower and more uneven growth more uneven growth than Englandthan England

More agrarian than More agrarian than England – less urbanEngland – less urban

Lacked many of the Lacked many of the advantages England hadadvantages England had

Napoleon blockade hurt Napoleon blockade hurt trade from 1790-1815trade from 1790-1815

Customs barriers acuteCustoms barriers acute Thus I.R. delayedThus I.R. delayed

Some Advantages For Some Advantages For ContinentContinent

Population growth Population growth meant both ready meant both ready labor force & labor force & marketsmarkets

Blockade did revive Blockade did revive wool & textile wool & textile industryindustry

Continent borrowed Continent borrowed ideas from Englandideas from England

Governments spend Governments spend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

SOME IMPORTANT SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCESDIFFERENCES

BETWEEN ENGLAND & BETWEEN ENGLAND & CONTINENTCONTINENT Until 1850, the Until 1850, the

Continent lacked Continent lacked technical edgetechnical edge

England more Laissez-England more Laissez-Faire, less MercantileFaire, less Mercantile

Continent had more Continent had more tariffs (Merc. Policy). See tariffs (Merc. Policy). See Friedrich List’s, Friedrich List’s, National National System of Political Econ.System of Political Econ.

Continent utilized Joint-Continent utilized Joint-Stock Banks – less Stock Banks – less private fundsprivate funds

3 MAJOR CENTERS3 MAJOR CENTERS

BelgiumBelgium:: Cotton, Cotton, steam power, steam power, investment banks, investment banks, CockerillCockerill

FranceFrance:: lead lead continent in cottoncontinent in cotton manufacturingmanufacturing

GermanyGermany:: After After 1850, heavy 1850, heavy industry exploded industry exploded in Germanyin Germany

EASTERN EUROPE?EASTERN EUROPE? Utterly lacking in Utterly lacking in

industryindustry Small middle classSmall middle class Rural areas Rural areas

dominate landscapedominate landscape Autocrats/nobles Autocrats/nobles

keep peasants downkeep peasants down Not until late 1800s Not until late 1800s

does Russia does Russia industrializeindustrialize

REFORM IN THE INDUSTRIAL REFORM IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGEAGE

Living conditions in Living conditions in urban industrialized urban industrialized nations was nations was miserablemiserable

Overcrowding, lack Overcrowding, lack of sanitation, of sanitation, pollution, crime, pollution, crime, sexual immorality, sexual immorality, drunkenness , etc. drunkenness , etc. characterized the characterized the eraera

REFORMERS EMERGEREFORMERS EMERGE

Disgusted by the Disgusted by the conditions around conditions around them, some fought them, some fought for changefor change

Chadwick sought Chadwick sought change through change through modern sanitationmodern sanitation

Due to his efforts, Due to his efforts, England passed England passed Public Health Act Public Health Act 18481848

NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: THE NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASSINDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS

The term middle class The term middle class increasing became increasing became synonymous with synonymous with commerce, industry & commerce, industry & bankingbanking

Previously term Previously term bourgeois bourgeois meant meant merchant classmerchant class

New middle class had New middle class had common values such common values such as resolution, initiative, as resolution, initiative, ambition & greed ambition & greed

NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: WORKERS IN INDUSTRIAL AGEWORKERS IN INDUSTRIAL AGE

In the course of the In the course of the 1919thth century, factory century, factory workers would form workers would form an Industrial an Industrial ProletariatProletariat

However, in a 1851 However, in a 1851 census from Britain, census from Britain, agricultural workers agricultural workers still outnumbered still outnumbered factory workers 2 to factory workers 2 to 11

UNIONS EMERGEUNIONS EMERGE

Soon workers looked Soon workers looked to labor organizations to labor organizations to gain wages & better to gain wages & better conditionsconditions

Combination Acts Combination Acts 1799 was passed in 1799 was passed in England to outlaw England to outlaw unions (repealed in unions (repealed in 1824)1824)

Owens formed Owens formed Grand Grand National Consolidated National Consolidated Trades Union Trades Union in 1834in 1834

CHARTISMCHARTISM Another movement Another movement

was called was called ChartismChartism 1838- In England this 1838- In England this

movement movement demanded greater demanded greater democracy, 8-hour democracy, 8-hour days, male suffrage, days, male suffrage, payments for payments for ParliamentParliament

Lasting effect was Lasting effect was worker worker consciousnessconsciousness

LUDDITES SMASH LUDDITES SMASH MACHINESMACHINES

Some reacted Some reacted negatively to the new negatively to the new industrializationindustrialization

The The Luddites, Luddites, skilled skilled craftsmen in England, craftsmen in England, attacked the machines attacked the machines of the new eraof the new era

While some view them While some view them as naïve, others see as naïve, others see them as illustrative of them as illustrative of intense feelings intense feelings against the new against the new industrializationindustrialization

GOVERNMENT RESPONDSGOVERNMENT RESPONDS Slowly, governments Slowly, governments

passed a variety of passed a variety of acts aimed at acts aimed at alleviating urban alleviating urban hardshipshardships

A series of A series of Factory Factory Acts Acts were passed in were passed in the early 19the early 19thth century century

These acts limited These acts limited working hours and working hours and child laborchild labor

Other acts included Other acts included the the Ten Hours Act Ten Hours Act and and the the Coal Mines ActCoal Mines Act

EMERGENCE OF AN ORDERED EMERGENCE OF AN ORDERED SOCIETYSOCIETY

During the upheavals During the upheavals of the late 18of the late 18thth and and early 19early 19thth centuries, the centuries, the ruling elite became ruling elite became more concerned about more concerned about social ordersocial order

Their response was to Their response was to create & increase create & increase police presence and police presence and numbers, and to numbers, and to institute prison reform institute prison reform including less capital including less capital punishment & a greater punishment & a greater focus on rehabilitationfocus on rehabilitation