I n d u s t r ỉ a l W a s t e T r e a t m e n t

Contemporary Practice and Vision for the Future

By

Nelson Leonard Nemerow

I n d u s t r ỉ a l W a s t e

T r e a t m e n t

Editor

N e l s o n L e o n a r d N e m e r o w

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nemerow, Nelson Leonard. Indusỉrial waste treatment: contemporary practice and vision for the íuture /

Nelson Leonard Nemerow. p. em.

Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-12-372493-9 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-12-372493-7 (alk. paper) Ì. Factory and trade waste—Purification. ĩ. Sewage disposal plants. ì. Title. TD897.6.N46 2006 628.4—dc22

2006021434 British Library Cataloguing-ịn-PubUcctiOn _ ĩ

A catalogue record for thiabook ìs avaỉlable fronrt|̂ Jyiệish Library. ISBN 13: 978-0-12-372493-9

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UNIVERSITY OF RESEARCHINSTITUTE PHŨ, ELSEVIER CALIFORNIA SCIENTIST) ENVIRONMENTAL BOOK

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDENT) AUTHOR)

C o n t e n t s

Prologue ix List of Tables xi List of Figures XV

Industrial Environmental History 1 Introduction to Industrial Waste Treatment 9

Part A—Twentieth Century l i 1. Theories and Practices 13

2. Contaminant Concentration Reduction 25

3. Neutralization 35

4. Equalization and Proportioning 45

5. Removal of Suspended Solids 53

6. Removal of Colloidal Solids 79

7. Removal of Inorganic Dissolved Solids 89

8. Removal of Organic Dissolved Solids 105

9. Treatment and Disposal of Sludge Solids 149

lo. Joint Treatment of Raw Industrial Waste with Domestic Sewage 175

VÌ!

viii Contenís

11. Hazardous Wastes 245

12. Removal of Industrial Air Contaminants 355

Part B—Twenty-First Century 361

Foreword to the Twenty-First Century i

Preíace to the Twenty-First Century iii

13. Prologue to the Twenty-First Century 363

14. Rationale of Environmentally Balanced Industrial Complexes 369

15. Procedure for Industry in Attaining Zero Pollution 373

16. Economic Justification for Industrial Complexes 379

17. Realistic Industrial Complexes 405

18. Potential Industrial Complexes 443

19. Potential Municipal-Industrial Complexes 515

20. Naturally Evolving Industrial Complexes 527

21. Benetìt-Related Expenditures for Industrial Waste Treatment 531

22. Summary 545

Index 549

P r o l o g u e

In 1963, one year aíter Rachel Carson published her last book, Silent Spring, which warned of the interdependence of industrial waste pollution and human development, ì published my first textbook ôn the subject of industrial waste treatment, Theories and Practices of ỉndustrial Waste Treatment. Most of my current readers were nót actively participating in this fìeld át thát time. Thereíore, ì feel impelled to republish—in modiíìed and somevvhat updated form—the considerable amount of historical theories and practices of twentieth-century industrial waste treatment. ít is remarkable how much of this technical iníormation has remained the same since the publishing oi thát original book, bút Ít is difficult to locate a book from thát long ago. ì followed thát book with updated books ôn the subject—Liquid Wastes oỷlndustry in 1971, Industrial Water Pollution in 1978, Industrial and Hazardous Waste Treatment with Dr. Dasgupta in 1991, Xem Pollulion in 1995, and Stralegies of Industrìal and Haiardous Waste Management with Dr. Agardy in 1998. Bút they too (except for the last two) would be hard to locate in most libraries. In fact, many of the pub-lishers themselves have changed or gone completely out of the business. For an updated and excellent version of cuưent conventional industrial waste treatment equipment and practices (including costs), ì urge you to consult another Elsevier text, Industriai Vỉaste Treatment Handbook. ít was prepared by the collective effort of the firm Wcxxtard and Curran of Portland, Maine. Many of the íĩgures in this book are replicated from the above titles with permission from John Wiley and Sons.

ì have made a special effort in this book to reíerence publications thát are still in print and available for purchase. In thát way readers may opt to select works thát serve their speciíìc interests.

ì intend for this book to be an overview of the subịect of industríal waste treatment and disposal as used in the twentieth century and how Ít is evolving into a new conceptual íield as we enter the twenty-first century. Further, ì have attempted to provide some histori-cal data oi people and concepts of industrial \vaste treatment for generations to come to look back ôn for a more complete understanding of its signiíìcance in industrial production and how we naturally evolved the solutions to which we must resort in the twenty-first century.

ít is critical to note thát this book nót only recounts the past theories and practices, bút even more importantly, confronts the present dilemma vvith innovative solutions to industrial wastes for the future.

Nelson Leonard Nemerow ix

L i s t o f T a b l e s

1 Primary Personnel and Fields of Study in u.s. Universities 7 1.1 Typical Analyses of Sewage Effluents Aíter Conventional Primary

and Secondary Treatment 19 1.2 Composition of Secondary Treated Municipal Wastewater Effluents

and Irrigation Water 20 2.1 Wastes from a Textile Min 28 3.1 Cost Comparison of Various Alkaline Agents" 38 5.1 Rectangular Primary Settling-Tank Data 60 5.2 Circular Primary Tanks: Long-Term Performance Data" 62 5.3 Typical Eílìciencies of Dissolved-Gas Flotation Treatment of Wastes 69 5.4 Results Obtained ôn Humus Tank Effluent át Eastern Sewage Works,

London, England, December 30, 1966-January 13, 1967 75 6.1 Types and Characteristics of Colloidal Solids 80 6.2 Valence and Coagulant Dosage 84 6.3 Properties oi Coal-Derived Granular Carbon for Waste Treatment 86 7.1 Typical Overall Coefficients in Evaporators 91 7.2 Elemental Composition of Green Algae 95 7.3 Occurrence of Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae in Massachusetts

Lakes and Reservoirs 96 7.4 Reữactory Containment Removal Techniques 100 8.1 Biological Degradation of Organic Constituents in Sevvage 107 8.2 Materials Potentially Useful for Liners of Ponds Containing

Hazardous Wastes no 8.3 Summary of Disposal Systems 118 8.4 Summary of Disposal Systems 129 10.1 Industrial Contaminants and General Limiting Values

for Discharge into Municipal Sewerage Systems" 187 10.2 Sewer Use Ordinance City of Palo Alto Regional Water

Quality Control Plant (September 1995) 191 10.3 Maximum Allowable Discharge Limits for Wastewater 192 10.4 Allocation oi Fixed Costs 194

xi

xii Listo/Tables

lo 5 Allocation of Operation and Maintenance Costs 195 lo 6 Summary of Allocation of Fixed and Operating Cost 196 lo 7 Calculation of Users' Charges Based ôn Three Factors 198 10 8 Cayadutta Creek Analyses in October 1964 201 lo. 9 Time of Flows from Station 5 Dovvnstream Obtained 1 Week Beíbre

Stream-Sampling Program in October 1964 203 10. 10 Summary of 7-Day Sampling of Cayadutta Creek in Dry Period.

from 10/8/64 to 10/18/64 203 10. li Minimum Flow Data of Measured Creek Compared with

Cayadutta Creek 205 lo. 12 Normal Probability Distribution Analysis of Data (1927-1960) 206 10. 13 Summary of Data Required from Cayadutta Creek Analyses in

October 1964 for Churchill Method of Analysis 207 lo. 14 Churchill Analysis Applied to Cayadutta Creek Data 208 lo. 15 Summary of 24-Hour Sampling Results 209 lo. 16 Summary of 24-Hour Sampling Results 215 lo. 17 Composite Analysis (24 Hours) of Gloversville and Johnstown

Wastewater 216 lo. 18 Summary of Total Loads for Treatment 218 lo 19 Industrial Production During Sampling Days 220 lo. 20 Water Consumption Related to Production Percentage" 222 lo. 21 Industrial Waste Flow 224 10. 22 Sludge Digestion (Laboratory Study)" 225 10. 23 Activated-Sludge Pilot Laboratory Studies 226 10. 24 Prototype Operating Data 230 lo. 25 Prototype Operating Results and Design Parameters 231 lo. 26 Inconsistencies Between Theory of Design and Actual

Practice in Design 242 l i 1 Cost of Hazardous Waste Disposal Practices 250 l i 2 Hazardous Waste Industries 251 l i . 3 List of Hazardous Characteristics 252 l i .4 RCRA-Resulated Hazardous Wastes 254 li 5 Typical Automotive Oil Waste Composition 255 li 6 Sources of Asbestos VVastes 269 l i 7 Hazardous Waste Disposal in United States, circa 1980 275 li 8 Organic Chemical Treatment 276 l i . 9 Commercial Hazardous Waste Disposal Methods 276 l i . 10 Emerging Alternative Technologies, circa 1985 278 l i . 11 Incineration 285 l i . 12 Typical Industrial Laundry Wastewater Constituent Concentration 304 l i 13 Some New Treatments for Hazardous Waste. Many Still

ôn the Dravvins Board 318 l i . 14 Water Quality Limits for Toxic Pollutants for Three Uses 328 l i . 15 Allowable Concentrations for Air Contaminants Resulting (rom

Hazardous Waste Treatment. Storage. and Disposal Emissions (EPA) 334