industrial training at airtel

7/26/2019 industrial training at airtel

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON

SERVICE DELIVERY OPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO

WIRED AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology !"D" Un#$er%#&y' Roh&a() #nElec&ron#c% an* Co++,n#caon Eng#neer#ng

-./01/2)

SUBMITTED BY:

NA!E3 Ra4n# Ra5al

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO3666666666666

UNDER THE GUIDANCE O73

!r" Na$nee& Ra# !r%" D#+8le Sa8roo

!anager En&er8r#%e Ser$#ce%) HOD ECE)

DEPT O7 ELECTRONICS 9 CO!!UNICATION ENGINEERING

DRONACHARYA COLLEGE O7 ENGINEERING

7ARRU:H NAGAR' GURGAON


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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Industrial Trainin !eport titled ;SERVICE DELIVERYOPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO WIRED AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY< isan authentic record of my own wor" as requirements of #$months Industrial Trainin durin

the period from %& 'anuary %&(#&o )(st may %&(# for the award of deree of B*Tech*+Electronics , -ommunication Enineerin./ M*D* Uni0ersity/ !ohta" under the uidance of

!r" Na$nee& Ra# an* !r" Sh,=ha+ Sr#$a%&a$a"

S#gna&,re of %&,*en&)

Ra4n# Ra5al

Da&e3 66666666666666666666 Un#$er%#&y Roll No")

This is to certify that the abo0e statement made by the student is correct to the best of our

"nowlede and belief*

Sinatures of Super0isors

(* %*

E>&ernal e>a+#ner Hea* of De8ar&+en&

(Signature) (Signature and Seal)

CERTI7ICATE


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1-23456ED7EME3T

*I am e8tremely rateful to !R" NAVNEET RAI !ANAGER' ENTERPRISESERVICES)for permittin me to 9oin ser0ice enterprise* I would li"e to than" him for

time to time uidance and help e8tended durin each stae our pro9ect* It is not without hishelp I could ha0e been able to complete my Trainin here*I would li"e to e8press my deep satisfaction and ratitude to my faculty uides !R"Sh,=ha+ Sr#$a%&a$a an* !R" Na?ar Ala+ for their "ind help e8tended durin theentire period of trainin*inally/ I would li"e to than" each and e0ery member of B;1!TI 1I!TE6 family forma"in me feel comfortable and helpin me in e0ery possible manner*

RAJNI RAWALB.TECH (ECE)

1BST!1-T

(


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In technoloy internet communication bean as resolution* The idea of sendin 0oice across adata networ"/ in pac"et format/ has been raise by a hope of e0entually creatin new mar"ets/

but for a lon time that hope remained latent* 5e all are familiari


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TABLE O7 CONTENTS

L#%& of Ta=le% $#

L#%& of 7#g,re% $##

A==re$#aon% $###

Cha8&er%

1. Introduction to Company profle and objective o

Project done

1.1 Bharti Airtel

21.2 History

.. 21.3 Ora!isatio!al

"tr#$t#re.. 31.% Airtel

&rese!$e

. %1.' "eri$es i!

I!ia..

*1.+ Airtel

,isio!

-1.* Loo

.. -1.- O/e$tie o0 &ro/e$t

o!e

2. Tools & Technology sed

)


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2.1 Te$h!oloy

. 12.1.1Wireli!e

Co44#!i$atio!. 1

2.1.2WirelessCo44#!i$atio!. 2

2.2 Tools

2+

!."chedule o activities done #ith appropriate

"napshots

)*( 4pen the Software>>>>>>>>>>>>>* )? )*% 4rder 1ssined>>>>>>>>>>>>>>** )@

)*) The Arocess>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> )# )*? Aro0isionin -hec">>>>>>>>>>>>*** ) )*@ Installation Arocess>>>>>>>>>>>>*** )C )*# E%E Ain Snapshot>>>>>>>>>>>>*** ) )* Ain !eport>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>*** ?& )*C 6etter of -ommissionin>>>>>>>>>>** ?(

)* Aro9ect -losure Document>>>>>>>>>*** ?%

@" Re%,l&% an* D#%c,%%#on%>>>>>>>>>>>> ?)

0" Concl,%#on an* 7,&,re Sco8e>>>>>>>>>>*** ??

2" Reference%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?@

?


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LIST O7 TABLES

6ist of -ountries in which 1irtel 4perates

Media type -omparison

@


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LIST O7 7IGURES

Ora!i5atio! "tr#$t#re

Airtel &rese!$e

Airtel Loo Co66er Wire

7T& $ale

"T& $ale

Coa8ial $ale

O6ti$al 9er

Ro#ter Classi9$atio!

":it$h Classes

Ether!et ":it$h &ort ;#8

RA ;oe4

A$tellis ;oe4

"$hi4i ;oe4

Raio


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ABBREVIATIONS

1D- 1nalo to Diital -on0ersion1TM 1synchronous Transfer Mode

BE! Bit Error !ateBAS2 Binary Ahase Shift 2eyinBS Base StationB51 Broadband 5ireless 1ccessBTS Base Transcei0er Station-A -yclic Arefi8-AE -ustomer Aremises EquipmentD1- Diital to 1nalo -on0ersionD6 Downlin"

DS6 Diital Subscriber 6ineDD requency Di0ision Duple8inDM requency Di0ision Multiple8inE- orward Error -orrectionIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Enineers613 6ocal 1rea 3etwor"64S 6ine of SihtM1- Medium 1ccess -ontrol

364S 3on 6ine of SihtA%MA Aoint to MultipointA%A Aoint to AointoS uality of Ser0iceS3! Sinal to 3oise !atioSS Subscriber StationsTDD Time Di0ision Duple8inTDM Time Di0ision Multiple8inTDM1 Time Di0ision Multiple 1ccessU6 Uplin"513 5ide 1rea 3etwor"


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C


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INTRODUCTION TO CO!PANY PRO7ILE


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/"/ BHARTI AIRTEL

Bharti 1irtel was born free/ a force unleashed into the mar"et with a relentless andunwa0erin determination to succeed* 1 spirit chared with enery/ creati0ity and a teamdri0en Fto sei


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and 1ndhra Aradesh* In %&&&/ Bharti acquired control of S"ycell -ommunications/ in-hennai* In %&&(/ the company acquired control of Spice -ell in -alcutta* Bharti Enterpriseswent public in %&&%/ and the company was listed on Bombay Stoc" E8chane and 3ationalStoc" E8chane of India* In %&&)/ the cellular phone operations were rebranded under thesinle 1irtel brand* In %&&?/ Bharti acquired control of ;e8acom and entered !a9asthan* In

%&&@/ Bharti e8tended its networ" to 1ndaman and 3icobar* This e8pansion allowed it tooffer 0oice ser0ices all across India* In %&&/ 1irtel launched its first international mobilenetwor" in Sri 6an"a* In %&(&/ 1irtel acquired the 1frican operations of the 2uwait

based Nain Telecom*In March %&(%/ 1irtel launched a mobile operation in !wanda*Today/ 1irtel is the larest cellular ser0ice pro0ider in India and the third larest in the world*

/" ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE3

The oranisational structure that e8isted until recently concentrated on the hierarchy of theoperations inside the company as a whole* The structure depicts the correspondinoperationJreion of different in$chares and it didnHt hold anyone responsible for each of its

ser0ices* So/ the company found it better to restructure its orani


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Airtel is the third largest mobile operator in the world in terms of subscriber base and has a

commercial presence in 20 countries and the Channel Islands.

Its area of operations include:

Fig 2: airtel presence

The Indian Subcontinent:

Airtel Bangla in Bangladesh

Airtel in India

Airtel Sri !an"a in Sri !an"a

Airtel Africa which operates in #$ African countries:

Bur"ina Faso Chad %emocratic &epublic of the Congo &epublic of the Congo

'abon 'hana (en)a *adagascar *alawi +iger +igeria &wanda Se)chelles Sierra

!eone Tan,ania -ganda and ambia.

Airtel operates in the following countries:

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Country Site Remarks

?


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BangladeshAirtel

Bangladesh

Airtel Bangladesh had about

/.# million customers at the end of

une 20##.

Burkina FasoAirtel Bur"ina

Faso

Airtel Bur"ina Faso is the dominant

pla)er with #1000 customers

representing /03 mar"et share.

Chad Airtel ChadAirtel Chad is the 4# operator with

563 mar"et share

Democratic Republic of the Congo Airtel %&CAirtel is the mar"et leader with almost/ million customers at the end of

20#0.

Gabon Airtel 'abonAirtel 'abon has 726000 customers

and its mar"et share stood at 5#3.

Ghana Airtel 'hanaAirtel 'hana had about #.$5 million

customers at the end of 20#0.

India Airtel

Airtel is the mar"et leader with almost

#/2./ million customers at the end of

20#0.

Kenya Airtel (en)aAirtel (en)a is the second largest

operator and has 1 million customers.

MadagascarAirtel

*adagascar

Airtel holds second place in the

mobile telecom mar"et in

*adagascar has a 63 mar"et share

and o8er #.1 million customers.

Malai Airtel *alawiAirtel *alawi is the mar"et leader with

a mar"et share of $23.

@


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!iger Airtel +igerAirtel +iger is the mar"et leader with a

573 mar"et share.

!igeria Airtel +igeria

Republic of the Congo Airtel Congo BAirtel Congo is the mar"et leader with

a //3 mar"et share.

Randa Airtel &wandaAirtel launched ser8ices in &wanda on

0 *arch 20#2.

SeychellesAirtel

Se)chelles

Airtel is the leading comprehensi8e

telecommunications ser8ices

pro8iders with o8er //3 mar"et share

of mobile mar"et in Se)chelles.

Sierra "eoneAirtel Sierra

!eone

Sri "anka Airtel Sri !an"a

Airtel Sri !an"a commenced

operations on #2 anuar) 2006. It had

about #.7 million mobile customers at

the end of 20#0.

#an$ania Airtel Tan,aniaAirtel Tan,ania is the mar"et leader

with a 73 mar"et share.

%ganda Airtel -gandaAirtel -ganda stands as the 42

operator with a mar"et share of 73.

&ambia Airtel ambia

Channel Islands ' (ersey and Guernsey) Airtel 9odafone

Airtel operates in the Channel Islands

under the brand name Airtel

9odafone through an agreement with

9odafone.

#


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Table (: 1irtel operates in these companies

/"0 SERVICES IN INDIA

!OBILE SERVICE

*G

4n May (C/ %&(&/ )7 spectrum auction was completed and 1irtel will ha0e to pay the Indiano0ernment (%%*@ billion +USK%*?@ billion. for spectrum in () circles/ the most amountspent by an operator in this auction* 1irtel won )7 licenses in () telecom circles ofIndia: Delhi/ Mumbai/ 1ndhra Aradesh/ 2arnata"a/ Tamil 3adu/ Uttar Aradesh +east./!a9asthan/ 5est Benal/ ;imachal Aradesh/ Bihar/ 1ssam/ 3orth East/ and 'ammu ,2ashmir* 1irtel also operates )7 ser0ices in Maharashtra/ 7oa/ 2anpur and 2ol"ata throuhan areement with =odafone and in 7u9arat throuh an areement with Idea* This i0es 1irtela )7 presence in (@ out of %% circles in India*4n September %&/ %&(&/ Bharti 1irtel said that it has i0en contracts to Ericsson India/ 3o"iaSiemens 3etwor"s +3S3. and ;uawei Technoloies to set up infrastructure for pro0idin )7ser0ices in the country* These 0endors will plan/ desin/ deploy and maintain )7L;SA1+third eneration/ hih speed pac"et access. networ"s in () telecom circles where thecompany has won )7 licenses* 5hile Bharti 1irtel has awarded networ" contracts for se0en)7 circles to Ericsson India/ 3S3 would manae networ"s in three circles* -hinese telecomequipment 0endor ;uawei Technoloies has been introduced as the third partner for threecircle*4n 'anuary %?/ %&((/ 1irtel launched )7 ser0ices in Banalore/ 2arnata"aits larest circle

by re0enue* 5ith this launch/ 1irtel became the third pri0ate operator +fifth o0erall. to launchits )7 ser0ices in the country followin !eliance -ommunications and Tata Do-oMo* 4n'anuary %/ %&((/ 1irtel launched )7 in -hennai and -oimbatore*4n 'uly %/ %&(( 1irtel launched )7 in three ma9or cities in 2erala +Tri0andrum/ -ochin and-alicut.*1irtel plans to co0er (/@&& cities across () circles by the end of March %&(%* The company/which has )7 licenses for () circles/ is also in tal"s with other ser0ice pro0iders to roll outthe ser0ices in the remainin (& circles as part of its roamin offerins*1irtel had about ) million )7 subscribers as of May %&((*

@G

4n ( May %&(&/ the broadband wireless access +B51. or ?7 spectrum auction in Indiaended* 1irtel paid ))*(?)# billion for spectrum in ?circles: Maharashtra/ 2arnata"a/ Aun9ab and 2ol"ata* The company was allocated %& M;< ofB51 spectrum in %*) 7;< frequency band*1irtelHs TD$6TE networ" is built and operated

by NTE in 2ol"ata/ ;uawei in 2arnata"a/ Ericsson in Aun9ab and 3o"ia Siemens 3etwor"sin Maharashtra4n (& 1pril %&(%/ 1irtel launched ?7 ser0ices usin TD$6TE technoloy in 2ol"ata/

becomin the first company in India to offer ?7 ser0ices* 1irtel launched ?7 in Banalore on May %&(%* It will launch ser0ices ne8t in Aune and -handiarh*4n %? May %&(%/ 1irtel announced an areement to acquire a ?O sta"e in ualcomm 1sia

Aacific +India.* ualcomm holds ?7 spectrum and licenses in Delhi/ ;aryana/ 2erala and


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Mumbai* 1s per the areement/ by the end of %&(?/ 1irtel will assume full ownership andfinancial responsibility for ?7 operations in these ? circles

TELE!EDIA SERVICES

The Telemedia business pro0ides ser0ices in C Indian cities and consists of two brands*

1irtel Broadband pro0ides broadband and IAT= ser0ices* 1irtel pro0ides both capped as well

as unlimited download plans +e8tremely reduced speeds at unlimited data are implied

+%@#"bps beyond UA which is lesser than the T!1I specified limit of half of your oriinal

speed*..* The ma8imum speed a0ailable for home users is (#MbitJs*

1irtel has about )*(# million wireline customers/ of which ?%*#O are broadband internet

subscribers as of 1uust %&(&* Until (C September %&&?/ Bharti pro0ided fi8ed line

telephony and broadband ser0ices under the Touchtel brand* Bharti now pro0ides all telecom

ser0ices includin fi8ed line ser0ices under a common brand P1irtelP*

$I%IT' T('()I"I*+ "(,)IC("The iital T, #si!ess 6roies ire$t?to?Ho4e (TH) T, seri$es a$ross

I!ia #!er the ra! !a4eAirtel iital T,. It starte seri$es o!

O$toer 2- a! has ao#t 32.%% 4illio! $#sto4ers as o0 A##st 21.

/"2 AIRTEL VISION

By %&(@ airtel will be the most lo0ed brand/ enrichin the li0es of millions*

Enrichin li0es means puttin the customer at the heart of e0erythin we do* 5e will meet

their needs based on our deep understandin of their ambitions/ where0er they are* By ha0in

this focus we will enrich our own li0es and those of our other "ey sta"eholders* 4nly then

will we be thouht of as e8citin/ inno0ation/ on their side and a truly world class company*

/" LOGO

i ): 1irtel loo

4ur unique symbol is an interpretation of the QaR in airtel* The cur0ed shape , the entle

C


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hihlihts on the red color ma"e it warm , in0itin/ almost as if it were a li0in ob9ect* It

represents a dynamic force of unparalleled enery that brins us and our customers closer*

4ur specially desined loo type is modern/ 0ibrant , friendly* It sinals our resol0e to be

accessible/ while the use of all lowercase is our reconition for the need for humanity*

!ed is part of our heritae* It is the color of enery , passion that e8presses the dynamism

that has made airtel the success it is today/ in India/ and now on the lobal stae*

(*C 4B'E-TI=E 4 A!4'E-T D43EThis pro9ect aimed at familiarisin us with the technoloy used in wire line and

wireless communications also a0e reat "nowlede on how wired and wireless

communication are implemented practically in the field/ also about their components

and media applications*


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TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY USED


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-"/ TECHNOLOGY

-"/"/WIRELINE CO!!UNICATION

INTRODUCTION

5ired communication is a broad term that is used to describe any type of communicationprocess that relies on the direct use of cables and wirin to transmit audio and 0isual data* 1distinction is made between lon$distance +intercity. and local +intracity. wiredcommunications*

5ired communications ma"e use of underround communications cables/ electronic sinalamplifiers +repeaters. inserted into connectin cables at specified points/ and terminalapparatus of 0arious types/ dependin on the type of wired communications used*

1 classic e8ample of wired communications is the traditional home telephone that isconnected to the local telephone switch 0ia wires that are ran from the home to the switch*5hile wireless communication solutions ha0e become more common in recent years/ the useof wired ser0ices remains common and is not li"ely to disappear in the near future*

6ocal telephone networ"s often form the basis for wired communications that are used byboth residential and business customers in the area* Most of the networ"s today rely on theuse of fiber$optic communication technoloy as a means of pro0idin clear sinalin for bothinbound and outbound transmissions* iber optics are capable of accommodatin far moresinals than the older copper wirin used in enerations past/ while still maintainin theinterity of the sinal o0er loner distances*

Internet access from des"top computer systems is also a common e8ample of modern wiredcommunications* In fact/ telephone ser0ice pro0iders often utili


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5iredmedia include coppercables +e**/ twisted$pair copper wire cable $ the PtelephonecableP/ coa8ial cable/ UTA cable $ the P613 cableP/ etc*. and opticalfibercables +made oflass or plastic.* -opper cables allow the propaation of electricsinals +i*e*/ electric 0oltaeor current pulses./ whereas optical fiber cables allow the propaation of lihtpulses*

-4AAE! -1B6ES

Twistedpair wireis the most widely used medium for telecommunication* Twisted$paircablin consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs* 4rdinary telephone wires consist oftwo insulated copper wires twisted into pairs* -omputer networ"in cablin+wired Ethernet as defined by IEEE C&%*). consists of ? pairs of copper cablin that can beutili


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Media and connector si


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+)%C feet. usin twisted$pair cablin* Usin coa8ial cable increases this distance to @&&m+(#?&*? feet.*

or 613s/ coa8ial cable offers se0eral ad0antaes* It can be run with fewer boosts fromrepeaters for loner distances between networ" nodes than either STA or UTA cable*

!epeaters reenerate the sinals in a networ" so that they can co0er reater distances*-oa8ial cable is less e8pensi0e than fiber$optic cable/ and the technoloy is well "nown ithas been used for many years for all types of data communication*The most commonconnectors used with Thinnet are B3-/ short for British 3a0al -onnector*

i* -oa8ial cable

4ATI-16 IBE!

1n optical fiber is a lass fiber* It uses pulses of liht to transmit data* Some ad0antaes ofoptical fibers o0er metal wires are less transmission loss/ immunity from electromaneticradiation/ and 0ery fast transmission speed/ up to trillions of bits per second* 4ne can use

different colors of lihts to increase the number of messaes bein sent o0er a fiber opticcable*

i*C 4ptical iber

()


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!e*#a Ty8e Co+8ar#%on

Media#ype

Ma+imumSegment"ength

Speed Cost ,d-antages Disad-antages

-T; #00 m #0 *bps to#000 *bps

!eastewidel) a8ailable andwidel) used

Susceptible tointerference> canco8er onl) a limited

distance

ST; #00 m #0 *bps to#00 *bps

*oreecan co8er onl) alimited distance

Coa isnot susceptible to=*I> has a higherdata rate thancoa


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CO!PONENTS O7 WIRELINE CO!!UNICATION

Po#n& Of Pre%encePOP)

1t the outer ede of the enterprise networ" is the point of presence +A4A./ which pro0ides anentrypoint for ser0ices to the enterprise networ"* E8ternally pro0ided ser0ices comin inthrouh the A4Ainclude Internet access/ wide$area connections/ and telephone ser0ices+public switched telephone networ" AST3.*In an enterprise/ the A4A pro0ides lin"s tooutside ser0ices and sites* The A4A can pro0ide a directlin" to one or more ISAs/ whichallows internal users the required access to the Internet* The remotesites of an enterprise arealso interconnected throuh the A4As* The ser0ice pro0ider establishes thewide$area lin"s

between these remote sites*The location of the A4A and the point of demarcation 0ary indifferent countries* 5hile they are oftenlocated within the MD of the customer/ they canalso be located at the SA*

ROUTER

4ne important de0ice in the distribution layer of an enterprise networ" is a router* 5ithoutthe routinprocess/ pac"ets could not lea0e the local networ"*

The router pro0ides access to other pri0ate networ"s as well as to the Internet* 1ll hosts on a

local networ" specify the IA address of the local router interface in their IA confiuration*This router interfaceis the default ateway*!outers play a critical role in networ"in byinterconnectin multiple sites within an enterprise networ"/ pro0idin redundant paths/ andconnectin ISAs on the Internet* !outers can also act as a translator between different mediatypes and protocols* or e8ample/ a router can re$encapsulate pac"etsfrom an Ethernet to aserial encapsulation*!outers use the networ" portion of the destination IA address to route

pac"ets to the proper destination*

i * !outer classification

(@


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i (&* !outer interface

SWITCH

1lthouh all three layers of the hierarchical desin model contain switches and routers/ theaccesslayer enerally has more switches* The main function of switches is to connect hostssuch as end$userwor"stations/ ser0ers/ IA phones/ web cameras/ access points/ and routers*This means that there aremany more switches in an orani


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7iabit fiber or coppercable* 1n ID switch typically needs both !'$?@ ast Ethernet portsfor de0ice connecti0ity and at least one 7iabit Ethernet port +copper or fiber. to uplin" to theMD switch* Some hih$end switches ha0e modular ports that can be chaned if needed*6i"e routers/ switch ports are also desinated usin the controllerJport or controllerJslotJportcon0ention* or e8ample/ usin the controllerJport con0ention/ the first ast Ethernet port on

a switch is numbered as a&J( +controller & and port (.* The second is a&J%* The first port ona switch that uses controllerJslotJport is a&J&J(* 7iabit ports are desinated as 7i&J(/ 7i&J%/and so on* iure shows a -isco -atalyst ??C switch with ?C accessports capable ofoperatin at (& Mbps +reular Ethernet./ (&& Mbps +ast Ethernet./ or (&&& Mbps+7iabitEthernet.* In addition/ it has two built$in (&$7bps UTA ports and two modular ports thatcanaccept 0arious fiber$optic Ethernet interfaces/ includin (&$7bps multimode or sinle$mode*

i (%*Ethernet Switch Aort

-

In telecommunicationsand computer networ"s/ multiple8in +also "nown as mu8in. is

aprocesswhere multiple analo messae sinals or diital data streams are combined intoone sinal o0er a shared medium* The aim is to share an e8pensi0e resource*The multiple8ed sinal is transmitted o0er a communication channel/ which may be a

physical transmission medium* The multiple8in di0ides the capacity of the low$le0elcommunication channel into se0eral hiher$le0el loical channels/ one for each messaesinal or data stream to be transferred* 1 re0erse process/ "nown as demultiple8in/ cane8tract the oriinal channels on the recei0er side*

1 de0ice that performs the multiple8in is called a multiple8er +MU./ and a de0ice thatperforms the re0erse process is called a demultiple8er+DEMU.*

Multiple8ers/ often called mu8es/ are e8tremely important to telecommunications* Their mainreason for bein is to reduce networ" costs by minimi


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lin"s needed between two points* 1s with all other computin systems/ multiple8ers ha0ee0ol0ed* Each new eneration has additional intellience/ and additional intellience brinsmore benefits*

i ()* Mu8

!ODE!S

1 modem +modulator-demodulator. is a de0ice that modulates an analo carrier sinal toencode diital information/ and also demodulates such a carrier sinal to decode thetransmitted information* The oal is to produce a sinal that can be transmitted easily anddecoded to reproduce the oriinal diital data* Modems can be used o0er any means oftransmittin analo sinals/ from liht emittin diodes to radio* The most familiar e8ample isa 0oice band modem that turns the diital data of a personal computer intomodulated electrical sinals in the 0oice frequency rane of a telephone channel* Thesesinals can be transmitted o0er telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at therecei0er side to reco0er the diital data*

Modems are enerally classified by the amount of data they can send in a i0en unit of time/usually e8pressed in bits per second +bitJs/ or bps./ or bytes per second +BJs.* Modems canalternati0ely be classified by their symbol rate/ measured in baud*

!ODE!S USED

RAD !ODE!S

i (?*!1D Modem

(C


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i (@*3etwor" Diaram

ACTELLIS !ODE!

i (#*1ctellis Modem

SCHI!ID !ODE!S

(


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i (*Schimid Modem

-"/"-WIRELESSCO!!UNICATION

In&ro*,con

5ireless communication is the transfer of information o0er a distance without the use of

electrical conductors or wires* The term P5irelessP came into public use to refer to a radio

recei0er or transcei0er +a dual purpose recei0er and transmitter de0ice./ establishin its usae

in the field of wireless teleraphy early on now the term is used to describe modern wireless

connections such as in cellular networ"s and wireless broadband Internet* It is also used in a

eneral sense to refer to any type of operation that is implemented without the use of wires/

such as Pwireless remote controlP/ Pwireless enery transferP/ etc* reardless of the specific

technoloy +e**/ radio/ infrared/ ultrasonic/ etc*. that is used to accomplish the operation*

The distances in0ol0ed may be short +a few meters as in tele0ision remote control. or 0ery

lon +thousands or e0en millions of "ilometers for radio communications.* 5hen the conte8t

is clear the term is often simply shortened to wireless* 5ireless communications is enerally

considered to be a branch of telecommunications*

5ireless communications encompasses 0arious types of fi8ed/ mobile/ and portable two way

radios/ cellular telephones/ personal diital assistants +AD1s./ and wireless networ"in* 4ther

e8amples of wireless technoloy include 7AS units/ arae door openers and or arae doors/

wireless computer mice/ "eyboards and headsets/ satellite tele0ision and cordless telephones*

The term PwirelessP should not be confused with the term PcordlessP/ which is enerally used

to refer to powered electrical or electronic de0ices that are able to operate from a portable

power source +e**/ a battery pac". without any cable or cord to limit the mobility of the

cordless de0ice throuh a connection to the mains power supply* Some cordless de0ices/ such

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as cordless telephones/ are also wireless in the sense that information is transferred from the

cordless telephone to the telephoneHs base unit 0ia some type of wireless communications

lin"* This has caused some disparity in the usae of the term PcordlessP/ for e8ample in

Diital Enhanced -ordless Telecommunications*

!o*e% of W#rele%% Co++,n#caon

5ireless communications can be 0ia:

Ra*#o fre,ency co++,n#caon

!adio is the transmission of sinals throuh free space by electromanetic wa0es with

frequencies sinificantly below 0isible liht/ in the radio frequency rane/ from about ) ";

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