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    Assoc. Prof. Dr. Othman Md. Johan 1

    PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

    AND ASSESSMENT

    ASSOC. PROF.

    DR. OTHMAN MD. JOHAN

    FACULTY OF EDUCATION

    UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

    By

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    Psychological testing

    Psychological testing means the use ofone or more standardized

    measurement instruments, devices, or procedures including the use of

    computerized psychological tests, to observe or record human

    behavior,

    Psychological testing requires the application of appropriate normative

    data for interpretation or classification

    It is used for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment of mental and

    emotional disorders and disabilities, the evaluation or assessment ofcognitive and intellectual abilities, personality and emotional states and

    traits, and neuropsychological functioning.

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    Psychological assessment

    Psychological assessment is a complex, detailed,

    in-depth process that involves the integration of

    information from multiple sources, such as

    psychological tests, and other information like

    personal and medical history, description ofcurrent symptoms and problems by either self or

    others, and collateral information (interviews with

    other persons about the person being assessed).

    Thus apsychological testis one of the sources of

    data used within the process of assessment

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    Measurement

    Measurement refers to the process by which

    the attributes or dimensions of some physical

    object are determined.

    Standard instruments are used to determine

    the attributes and dimensions and these

    instruments must be reliable and valid.

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    Evaluation

    Evaluation is a systematic process of gathering and

    analyzing information about some aspect of a person

    in order to make a decision.

    This process involves testing, assessment, and

    measurement.

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    Types of Psychological Tests

    Norm-referenced

    IQ/achievement tests

    Personality tests

    Neuropsychological tests

    Direct observation tests

    Psychological evaluations using data mining

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    Norm-referenced Test

    Norm-referenced test / NRT is a type oftest,assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimateof the position of the tested individual in a predefinedpopulation, with respect to the trait being measured.

    This type of test determines a student's placement ona normal distribution curve.

    The term "normative assessment" refers to theprocess of comparing one test-taker to his or her

    peers.

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    Criterion-Referenced Test

    A test in which an individual's score or performance

    is compared with some previously established

    criterion rather than with the performance of others.

    A testing instrument in which the test-taker's

    performance (i.e., score) is interpreted by comparing

    it with a pre-specified standard or specific content

    and/or skills.

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    IQ/achievement tests

    IQ (or cognitive) tests and achievement tests are the mostcommon norm-referenced tests.

    For both tests, a series of tasks is presented to the person beingevaluated, and the person's responses are graded according to

    carefully prescribed guidelines.

    The results can be compiled and compared to the responses ofa norm group, usually comprised of people at the same age orgrade level as the person being evaluated.

    GraduateRecord Examination (Achievement test) eight broadfields, mainly in the sciences, but also in mathematics andEnglish.

    IQ tests (e.g., WAIS-III, WISC-IV, Cattell Culture Fair IIII.)

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    Personality tests

    A personality test aims to describe aspects of a

    person's characterthat remain stable throughout that

    person's lifetime, the individual's character pattern of

    behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

    Personality tests are often described as either

    objective tests or projective tests

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    Objective Personality Tests

    (Rating scale)

    Objective personality tests have a restricted

    response format, such as allowing fortrue orfalse

    answers or rating using an ordinal scale.

    Examples: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

    Inventory, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III

    (Millon, 1994), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach

    & Rescorla, 2001), and the Beck Depression Inventory

    (Beck & Steer, 1996).

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    Projective Personality Tests (Free

    response measures)

    Projective tests allow for a much freer type of

    response.

    An example :

    Rorschach test, in which a person stateswhat each of ten ink blots might be.

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    Neuropsychological tests

    Consist of specifically designed tasks used to

    measure a psychological function known to

    be linked to a particularbrain structure or

    pathway.

    Typically used to assess impairment after aninjury or illness known to affect

    neurocognitive functioning.

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    Direct observation tests

    Psychological assessment may also involve theobservation of people as they complete activities.

    Usually conducted with families in a laboratory, homeor with children in a classroom.

    The purpose may be clinical, such as to establish apre-intervention baseline of a child's hyperactive oraggressive behaviors or to observe the nature ofhuman interaction in order to understand a relationaldisorder.

    Example: The Parent-Child Interaction Assessment-II(PCIA; Holigrocki, Kaminski & Frieswyk, 1999)

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    Psychological evaluations

    using data mining

    Draw inferences from existing records, texts, and

    datasets about the person.

    Example: The Abika Test. - involves gathering data

    on the individual from public records, behavior

    history records, consumer activities, shopping

    histories, memberships in various organizations,court records, etc.