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Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that
transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Starts in the
US in New England - poor soil for farming, plus plenty of
streams for water power made it a prime location for
factories. Ports were nearby allowing goods to be shipped.
Cotton Gin
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented
by Eli Whitney in 1793. With time it led to an increase of
slavery because the technology made producing cotton
profitable.
Interchangeable Parts
1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system
which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus,
interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had
been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the
device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With
standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from
the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts
to make muskets for the U.S. government. (American History
version, Europeans also claim to invented the interchangeable
part concept - watchmakers)
Patent
A monopoly granted by the U.S. Patent Office for a limited
time to the creator of a new invention, giving them sole legal
rights of the invention and its profits.
Samuel Slater
"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain
with the memorized plans for the textile (cloth) machinery;
put into operation the first spinning cotton thread machine in
1791.
Francis Cabot Lowell
Boston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and
weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates.
They built a textile mill in Massachusetts and had all machines
needed to turn raw cotton into cloth. He employed young
women in his factories that were nicknamed "Lowell Girls"
Corporation
A business owned by
stockholders who share in its
profits but are not personally
responsible for its debts
Capitalism
An economic system in which investment in and ownership of
the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth
is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or
corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-
owned means of wealth.
Daniel Boone
Famous early pioneer who
cleared Wilderness Road, a new
route to the west. Wilderness
Road became the main route
used to cross the Appalachian
Mountains.
Turnpike
A road that one must pay to use; the money is used to pay for
the road. In the 1800's they were made of crushed stone, or
longs lined up against each other 'corduroy roads'
Robert Fulton
American inventor who designed the first commercially
successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
His first steam boat was named the Clermont (1807) and cut
the 4 day trip from NY City to Albany to 32 hours.
American System
Economic program advanced by
Henry Clay that included support for
a national bank, high tariffs, and
infrastructure (roads, bridges,
canals) emphasized strong role for
federal government in the economy.
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo,
completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the
modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship
surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern
manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. The
363 mile long canal nick named 'Clinton's Ditch' after the
governor of NY was built mainly by Irish immigrants.
New states
Between 1791 - 1803 four new stated were added to the
Union: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio.
Between 1816 - 1821, 5 more were added, Indiana, Illinois,
Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri.
Era of Good Feelings
A name for President Monroe's two terms (1817-1825), a
period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial
expansion. Since the Federalist Party dissolved after the War
of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan
conflicts.
Second Bank of the United States
a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress
had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter.
The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which
had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of
existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's
presidency.
Tariff of 1816
This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the
prices of British manufactured goods, which were often
cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
(helped businesses but hurt consumers)
Sectionalism
Different parts of the country developing unique and separate
cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to
conflict as the areas all favor their own interests.
Monopoly
A market in which there are
many buyers but only one
seller.
Interstate Commerce
economic activity between two or more states. In Gibbons v.
Ogden the Supreme Court ruled Congress and the Federal
government had control over interstate commerce.
Spain Loses Power
In 1821 Mexico had gained its
independence from Spain. By
1824, Simion Bolivar had won
independence for many
present day South & Central
American nations. Spain had
lost control of most of its land
in the western hemisphere.
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It
was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine
entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel
were free states and all South were slave states.
Adam Onis Treaty
After 1783, Americans immigrants moved into West Florida. In
1810, these American settlers in West Florida rebelled,
declaring independence from Spain. In 1818 Andrew Jackson
and his troops invaded Florida to stop Seminoles from raiding
Georgia. In 1819 Spain signed the Adam- Onis Treaty giving
over Florida.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs
of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at
interference by a European power would be seen as a threat
to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has
gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It
was written at a time when many South American nations
were gaining independence).