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Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
Why England?
• Political Stability
• Religious Toleration
• Agricultural Revolution
- Convertible Husbandry
- Enclosure Movement
• Expanding Population
• Capital for Investment, Central Bank
Geographic Advantages
• Relatively Small
• Close to the Sea
• Balance of resources
- Iron and coal
- fertile plains
- Streams
Industrialization 1750-1850
England
• Textile industry was first to industrialize
• First factories along streams
• Steam engine allowed inland factories
• Railroad allowed transportation of passengers and goods
Industrialization 1750-1850
Great Exhibition of 1851
• Display of 13,000 exhibitors showing British Industrial goods
• Crystal Palace- first prefabricated building
Industrialization 1750-1850
The Continent
• Belgium first to industrialize (coal and iron)
• German states hampered by internal taxes and tariffs
• Zollverein- customs union that abolished tariffs.
• Prussia rapidly industrialized
Industrialization 1750-1850
Impact
• Urbanization
• Horrible work conditions
Sadler Committee
• Exposed factory conditions for children
Factory Act 1833
• Limited hours children could work
National Unification
1854-1871
Crimean War
• Ended the idea of the Concert of Europe
• Nations would no longer intervene to end nationalist wars
Italy
• Led by Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia• Only Italian state with liberal constitution• Cavour, Chief Minister to king Victor
Emmanuel • Allied with France to kick Austria out of
Italy• Conflict ended before Austria was driven
out• France feared unified Italian state
Italy
• Garibaldi angered over terms of peace treaty with France
• Cavour encouraged him to invade Sicily
• 1,000 Red Shirts conquered southern Italy
• Marched on Rome
Italy
• Covour did not want Garibaldi to unify Italy• Rushed troops to block his march• Popular revolt in papal states• Used his troops to restore order• Victor Emmanuel declared King of unified Italy
1861 (except Venetia and Rome)• Italy seized Venetia from Austria in 1866 (Austro
Prussian War)• Rome added in 1870 (Franco-Prussian War)
Germany
• Austria and Prussia dominant states
• Austria excluded from Zollverein, Prussia dominant economically
• Prussian King William I selected Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister
“Blood and Iron” – power and authority, not liberalism
• Bismarck modernized Prussia's army
Germany
• Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) 1866
• Prussia annexed German States that supported Austria, left Austria intact
• North German Confederation
Germany
• Franco-Prussian War 1870• Prussian army overwhelmed the French• William I declared emperor of Germany
- Alsace and Lorraine to Germany- French to pay indemnity for war- Germany became leading economic power on
the continent- Scramble for Africa - race for empire oversees
Germany
• Kulturkampf
• Conflict with the Catholic Church
• Control of church appointments, education
• Bismarck banned Socialist from assembling, publishing material
France
• Napoleon III ruled as an absolute monarch
• Economic expansion at beginning of reign
Georges Haussmann
• Cleared slums of Paris
• Built wide avenues
• Aqueducts to bring fresh water
• Cleaner and more sanitary
France
• Napoleon III’s popularity faded as a result of Crimean War
• Enacted “liberal empire”, becoming a constitutional monarch 1859
• Was captured during Franco Prussian War
Paris Commune • result of anarchy of Franco-Prussian War• Restored order in Paris• Massacred 25,000 Parisians
France
Third Republic 1870-1940
• Universal male suffrage
• Representative parliament
• Elected president
Great Britain
Expansion of Democracy• Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli• Second Reform Bill 1867 • All male heads of household could vote• Prime Minister William Gladstone• Vote extended to heads of household in the
Countryside• During reign of Queen Victoria (r1837-1901)
deterioration of the power of the monarchy