Industrial Plant Design Laboratory

8/14/2019 Industrial Plant Design Laboratory

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TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

PLATE NO. 1

A.) Make a sketch of the following types of gas compressor indicating at least five (5)

essential parts.

A.1 Reciprocating Compressor

A.2 Rotary Type Compressor


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A.3 Centrifugal Type Compressor

A.4 Axial Flow Type Compressor


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A.5 Hydraulic Jet Compressor

A.6 Vapor Jet Compressor


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ROTARY SCREW AND VANE COMPRESSOR

PLATE NO.2

1. How does a screw compressor function?

The refrigerant vapor enters one end of the compressor at the top and leaves the

other end at the bottom. At the suction position of the compressor avoid is created into

which the inlet vapor flows. Just before the point where the inter lobe space leaves the

inlet port, the entire length of the cavity or gully is filled with gas as the rotation

continues, the trapped gas is move circumferentially around the housing of the

compressor.

2. What is the vane type compressor? Give the two basic types of vane

compressor and its uses.

Vane compressor is used mostly in domestic refrigeration, freezers and air

conditioners, although they can also be used as booster compressors in the low-

pressure portion of large multistage compression systems.

Two types of Vane Compressor

A. Roller- type vane compressor-in this type of vane compressor the centerline of the shaft is the same as the

centerline of the cylinder. The centerline of the shaft, however, is located

essentially on the rotor, so that as the rotor revolves it makes contact with the

cylinder.

B. Multiply- vane compressor

-in this type the rotor revolves about its own centerline, but the centerlines of the

cylinder and the motor do not coincide. The rotor has two or more sliding vanes, which

are held against the cylinder by centrifugal force.

Uses of Vane Compressor

-Domestic refrigerator -air conditioners

-Freezers -booster compressor


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3. How do you determine the displacement rate? D of a roller-type compressor

-the formula for the displacement rate D of the roller-type compressor is

sm

eedrotativespLBAD

322

)()(4=

Where: A - cylinder diameter, m

B - Roller diameter, m

C - Cylinder length, m.

And the rotating speed is in revolution per second.

B.1. Screw compressor


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B.2. Water chilling that uses a screw compressor

B.3. A roller type vane compressor


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B.4. Multiple vane-compressors

B.4.1 Two-vane compressor

B.4.2 Four vane - compressor


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RECIPROCATING AND CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

PLATE NO.3

1. Name the types of a) reciprocating b) centrifugal compressor. Describe its

operation.

The most common types of refrigeration compressors are the reciprocating,

screw, centrifugal and vane.

The reciprocating compressor consist of piston moving back and fort in the

cylinder and suction and discharge valves arranged to allow pumping take place.

The screw, centrifugal and vane compressors all use rotating elements. The

screw and vane compressors are positive displacement machines, and the centrifugal

compressor operates by virtue of centrifugal force.

Reciprocating Compressor

The workhorse of the refrigeration industry is the reciprocating compressor built

in sizes ranging from fractional-kilowatt to hundreds of kilowatts refrigeration capacity

modern compressors are single acting and maybe single cylinder or multi-cylinder. In

multi-cylinder compressor the cylinder are in V.W. radial or in-line arrangement.

Following the trends of most rotative machinery, the operating speed of compressor hasgenerally increased in the past 20 years, from the slow speeds of early compressors of

about 2 or 3 r/s the speed are increased until compressors today operate at speeds as

high as 60 r/s.

Centrifugal Compressor

Operation centrifugal compressors are similar in construction to centrifugal

pumps in what in the incoming fluid enters the eye of spinning impeller and its thrown by

centrifugal force to the periphery of the impeller. Thus the blades of the impeller impart

a high velocity to the gas and also pump of the pressure.


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2. Give the methods commonly use in reducing compressor capacity.

A. In cycling the compressor stops and starts as needed the methods works well in

the small systems.

B. Back pressure regulation throttles the suction gas between the evaporator and

the compressor to the keep the evaporator pressure constant. This method gives good

control of the evaporator temperature but it is inefficient.

C. By passing the discharge gas back to the suction line usually afford precise

capacity reduction, but the method is in efficient and the compressor often runs hot. A

preferred by passed back to the entrance of the evaporator.

D. Another method is the cylinder unloading on a multi-cylinder compressor by

automatically holding the suction valve open or diverting the discharge gas from a

cylinder back to the suction line before compression. In the compressor there are two

horizontally lines carrying high pressure oil from the oil pump at the right end of the

compressor holds suction valves open when the unloaders are activated.

3. What are the two most important performance characteristics of a compressor?

The most important performance characteristics of a compressor are itsrefrigeration capacity and its power requirements. These two characteristics of a

compressor operating at a constant speed are controlled largely by the suction and

discharge pressure. An analysis will be made first on an ideal reciprocating compressor

because its afford a clearer understanding of the effects of these two pressures. Trends

established from a study of an ideal compressor hold true for the actual compressor

although adjustments must be made in numerical quantities.

4.1 reciprocating type of compressor


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4.2 centrifugal type of compressor


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MULTI-STAGE COMPRESSOR


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PLATE NO.4

PROBLEM SOLVING

Compute (a) the isentropic work per minute (b) the isentropic horsepower

required to compress 10lb of air per minute from standard pressure and temperature to

100 psia in a (c) single-stage compressor, no clearance (d) single-stage compressor,

with clearance and (e) three-stage compressor, with clearance.

Given:

RFt

psiP

psiP

lbm

52046060

100

7.14

min10

0

1

2

1

=+=

=

=

=

Rlb

lbft

R

=

342.53

Isentropic work compression


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=

11-k

TRmk1

1

21

, k

k

P

PW

=

17.14

100

1-1.4

)(520R)R-lblb-ft)(53.342minkg(10(1.4) 4.114.1

psi

psiW

min97.708172

lbftW =

min000,33

min97.708172

=

hplbft

lbft

W

hpW 46.21

=

Isentropic work compression - two stage

=

11-n

TRmn21

1

1

, n

n

x

P

PW

41PPPx =

( )( )psipsiPx 1007.14=

psiPx 34.38=

=

17.14

34.38

1-1.4

)(520R)R-lb

lb-ft)(53.342min

kg(102(1.4) 4.1

14.1

psi

psiW

min35.611778

lbftW

=

min000,33

min35.611778

=

hplbft

lbft

W

hpW 54.18=


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Isentropic work compression - three stage

=

11-n

TRmn31

1

1

, n

n

x

P

PW ( )3

6

2

1PPP

x =

( ) ( )3 2 1007.14 psipsiPx =

psiPx 85.27=

=

17.14

85.27

1-1.4

)(520R)R-lb

lb-ft)(53.342min

kg(103(1.4) 4.1

14.1

psi

psiW

min53.583353

lbftW

=

min000,33

min53.583353

=

hplbft

lbft

W

hpW 68.17=

B.1 Single cylinder, single acting reciprocating compressor


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B.4 single stage centrifugal blower

FAN TYPES

PLATE NO.5


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A.1 Give the types of fan according to a.) Axial flow b.) Radial flow

a.) According to axial flow, fans can be classified as:

C-wheel- blades can be adjusted when running, high efficiency, small dimension;

variable air volume.

b.) A-wheel- blades can be adjusted only when the fan is standing still; high

efficiency, small dimension; adaptive to recommended air volume.

c.) K-wheel- blades cannot be adjusted; simple, small dimension.

A.2 according to radial flow, fans can be classified as:

a.) F-wheel- curved forward blades; high efficiency, small dimension changing in

pressure has little influence on pressure head.

b.) B-wheel- curved backward blades; high efficiency, low energy consumption:

changing in pressure has little influence on air volume; low noise emission; stable in

parallel running.

c.) P-wheel- straight backward blades: high efficiency, self cleaning: changing in

pressure has little influence on air volume.

d.) T-wheel- straight radial blades; self cleaning, suitable for material transport.

B.1 Discuss the types of construction of fans identified as a:

B.1.1 blower

B.1.2 exhauster

B.1.1 blower construction

- a centrifugal or cross-flow blower has its rotor formed from or more resinous

elements of annular cross- section, such are rings or sleeves, with a multiplicity or

generally radial channels, each element, each being a unitary cellular strip bent into

cylindrical shape, several rings with different channel orientations maybe concentrically

nested.

B.1.2 exhauster construction


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- The assembly includes a plenum, a fan assembly attached to the plenum, and a

wind band mounted on top of the fan assembly. The fan assembly is constructed of

cylindrical outer and inner walls which define a drive chamber and surrounding annular

space. The motor is pivotally mounted inside the assembly to provide access to the

motor components when it is desired to perform inspection and maintenances

B.1Propeller fan

B.2 Tube axial fan

B.3 Vane axial fan


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B.4 Centrifugal or radial flow fan

DRAFT APPARATUS


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PLATE NO.6

A.1 Defines and describe each of the following terms.

1.1 Draft

- A current of air in an enclosed area.

- A device that regulates the flow and circulation of air.

1.2 Chimney

- A structure usually vertically, containing a passage and flue by which the

smoke, gases, etc of a fire and furnace and carried off and by means of which a draft is

created.

1.3 Forced Draft

To draw quickly and under extreme pressure to caused to proceed at full speed

and intensity.

1.4 Induced Draft

A mechanical draft produced by suction steam jet and fans at the point where

and gases leaves unit.

1.5 Natural draft

unforced gas flow through a chimney and vertical ducts, directly related to the

chimney height and the temperature difference between the ascending gases andatmosphere, and not depended upon the use of fans and other mechanical devices.

1.6 Mechanical Draft

A draft that depends upon the use of fans and mechanical devices, maybe

induced of forced.

A.2 The boiler is rectangular furnace about 50ft on a side and 130ft tall. Its wall is made

of a web of high pressure steel tubes about 2.3 inches in diameter. Pulverized coal is

air blown into the furnace from fuel nozzles at the four corners and it rapidly burns,

forming large fire ball heat the water that circulates to the boilers tubes near the boiler

perimeter. The water circulation rate in the boiler is three times the through put and it is

typically driven by pumps. As the water in the boiler circulates it is absorbs heat and


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changes into steam at 700 0f and 3200 psi. it is separated from the water inside a drive

at the top of the furnace.

A.3 Discuss the condition of chimneys and stacks and any other structures for

conveying smoke and flue gas. When coal oil, natural gas, wood and any other fuel is

combusted in a stove oven, fireplace, hot water and industrial furnace, the hot

combustion products cases that are formed and are called flue gases those gases are

generally exhausted to the ambient outside air through chimney and industrial flue gas

stacks. The combustion flue gas inside the chimney and stacks are much hotter than

the ambient outside air and therefore less dense than the ambient air, that causes the

bottom of the vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure

at the bottom at the corresponding column of outside air.

A.4 What is Pitot tube? Discuss the construction and installation of the pitot tube in fan

duct system.

Pitot tube

A pressure measurements use to measure fluid flow velocity. The basic

pitot tube simply consist of a tube painting directly into the fluid flow.


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B.3 Fan stack

B.4 Pitot tube


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COOLING TOWER & COOLERS

PLATE NO.7

A. Discuss the operation of cooling tower in the following application.

A.1 LARGE CAPACITY OF POWER PLAN

Cooling towers at electrical power generation plants are used for re-cooling the cooling

water of high performance steam power plants. A steady increase in the capacity of

power generation plants means a commensurate rise in demand for cooling capacity.

A.2 CENTRALIZED REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING PLANT

Central hydraulic units with cooling towers pump water from the condenser chiller to a

tower where it trickles through a thick sheet of open plastic mesh. Air is blown through

the mesh at night angles to the water flow causing evaporate cooling to the place. Make

up water is added to the remaining water to compensate for the water last through the

evaporate process. The cooling effect will vary according to outside air, temperature,

relative humidity and water flow rate.

A.2. Differentiate Mechanical Draft from Natural Draft Cooling Tower.

Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower that using a ventilator to remove the cooling air

compared to the natural draft cooling tower, the Mechanical Draft cooling tower was

advantageous lower height but higher operating costs while the natural draft utilizing the

stack effect of the cooling tower to remove the cooling air. Natural Draft wet cooling

towers for cooling power of some thousand MW are about 150m high and 120m in

diameter at the base.


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A.3. Give at least 2 performance advantages and disadvantages of using cooling

towers and coolers.

ADVANTAGES OF COOLING TOWERS:

A. HIGHER EFFICIENCY THAN DRY COOLING

The evaporation of water in a cooling tower is inherently more thermally efficient than a

air cooled condenser.

B. SMALLER POWER PLANT SITE

The higher efficiency of a wet cooling system resulting lower space requirements than

an air cooled power plant.

DISADVATAGES OF COOLING TOWERS:

A. CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER

The proposed facility will use treated waste-water for cooling which is currently being

discharge to the ocean.

B. POTENTIAL FOR VISIBLE COOLING POWER PLUME

The proposed wet cooling tower will be equipped with plume mitigation reducing the

visual impact of a cooling tower plume to insignificance.

ADVANTAGES OF COOLERS:

A. MINIMIZE CONSUMPTIVE USE WATER BY POWER PLANT

The use of an air cooled condenser at a combined cycle power plant minimizes theconsumptive used of water.

B. NO VISIBLE COOLING TOWER OF PLUME

No vapor is released which can cause a visible plume

DISADVANTAGE OF COOLERS:

A. INCREASE FUEL CONSUMPTION REQUIRED TO MEET ELECTRIC LOAD

Reduced thermal efficiency results in an increase in fuel consumption, thus potentially

increasing air emissions.

B. REDUCES THE PEAK OUTPUT PROPOSED FACILITY

For a given combustion turbine design the use of air cooled condenser reduces the

potential maximum peak power output from a combined cycle power plant when

compared to a water cooled power plant.


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B.1 Deck type

B.2 Spray type cooling tower


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B.3 Forced draft cooling tower

B.4 Induced draft cooling tower


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MECHANICAL DRYER

PLATE NO.8

A. QUESTIONS

A.1 Discuss the operation and maintenance of each of the following types of dryers.

A.1.1 Continuous Dryer An apparatus in which drying is accomplished by

passing wet material through without interruption. Continuous dryers are

known to comprise one or more heating metal surfaces, generally plane or

cylindrical, which give heat to the material to be dried, driven on said

surfaces. The continuous running dryers are particularly used in the textile

and paper industries for drying textiles and printed sheets respectively. In theknown dryers, the material to be dried is heated by means of conduction,

convection or radiation.

A.1.2 Batch Dryer Are used for drying solid wet materials in one lot as a batch.

Wet materials are loaded in a chamber over a platform having perforated

sheet or weld mesh bottom to permit easy flow of hot air through materials.

The powerful blower of the hot air generator blows the hot air into the plenum

chamber below the platform and it passes through the wet materials

extracting moisture from it. The moisture escapes through the opening on the

top of chamber. Batch type dryers are very popular in India for making high

quality edible white copra from well-matured coconuts. The copra making

time is reduced to 24 hours of drying instead of usual 5 or 6 days by sun

drying - The fuel used for drying can be coconut shell which is a by product in

copra making or any other normal fuel like oil, gas, electricity, steam etc. As

the hot air generator of dryer has a heat exchanger, it removes smoke and

flue gas and only pure hot air is used for drying. Hence the quality of dried

product is very high.


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A.1.3 Centrifugal Dryer Looks like and operates like the spin-dry cycle of a

top-loading washing machine. The big advantages of centrifugal dryers are

speed and energy efficiency because most of the water is rapidly flung off

rather than having to be evaporated. The present invention relates generally

to equipment used to dry particulate matter contained within a slurry and in

particular to apparatus used to dry particulate matter contained within a water

based slurry.

A.2 Give at least 8 uses applications of dryer industry

2.1 Metallurgical Industry

2.2 Synthetic & Fiber Industry

2.3 Chemical Industries

2.4 Food Packaging Industries

2.5 Pharmaceutical Industry

2.6 Optical Industry

2.7 Electronic Industry

2.8 Cement Industry

2.9 Oil Industry2.10 Food Industry & Grain Mill

The rotary dryeris widely used in metallurgy, building materials, food, light

industry, chemical industry, coal, and medicine industry. Removing moist from ore.

These dryers are extensively used for drying food grains, chemicals,

limestone, coal powder, clay etc.


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B. TYPES OF MECHANICAL DRYER

B.1 Rotary type

B.2 Tower type


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B.3 Hearth type

B.4 Centrifugal type


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EVAPORATORS

PLATE NO. 9

A. Questions

A.1 Define the evaporator. Discuss the operation and maintenance of evaporator.

The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and passes

a heat source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution into vapor. The vapor

is removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed while the now concentrated

solution is either fed into a second evaporator or is removed. The evaporator as a

machine generally consists of four sections. The heating section contains the heating

medium, which can vary. Steam is fed into this section. The most common medium

consists of parallel tubes but others have plates or coils. The concentrating and

separating section removes the vapor being produced from the solution. The condenser

condenses the separated vapor, then the vacuum or pump provides pressure to

increase circulation.

A.2what are the tree types of evaporators according to construction? Describe

each.

a.) Natural/forced circulation evaporator

Natural circulation evaporators are based on the natural circulation of the productcaused by the density differences that arise from heating. In an evaporator using tubing,

after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and cause circulation, facilitating the

separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top of the heating tubes. The amount of

evaporation that takes place depends on the temperature difference between the steam

and the solution. Problems can arise if the tubes are not well-immersed in the solution.

If this occurs, the system will be dried out and circulation compromised. In order to

avoid this, forced circulation can be used by inserting a pump to increase pressure and

circulation. Forced circulation occurs when hydrostatic head prevents boiling at the

heating surface. A pump can also be used to avoid fouling that is caused by the boiling

of liquid on the tubes; the pump suppresses bubble formation. Other problems are that

the residing time is undefined and the consumption of steam is very high, but at high

temperatures, good circulation is easily achieved.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boil


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b.) Falling film evaporator

This type of evaporator is generally made of long tubes (4-8 meters in length)

which are surrounded by steam jackets. The uniform distribution of the solution is

important when using this type of evaporator. The solution enters and gains velocity as

it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the vapor being evolved against

the heating medium, which flows downward as well. This evaporator is applicable to

highly viscous solutions so it is frequently used in the chemical, food, and fermentation

industry.

c.) Rising film (Long Tube Vertical) evaporator

In this type of evaporator, boiling takes place inside the tubes, due to heating

made (usually by steam) outside the same. Submergence is therefore not desired; the

creation of water vapour bubbles inside the tube creates an ascensional flow enhancing

the heat transfer coefficient. This type of evaporator is therefore quite efficient, the

disadvantage being to be prone to quick scaling of the internal surface of the tubes. This

design is then usually applied to clear, non-salting solutions. Tubes are usually quite

long (4+ metre); sometimes a small recycle is provided. Sizing this type of evaporator is

usually a delicate task, since it requires a precise evaluation of the actual level of the

process liquor inside the tubes. Recent applications tend to favour the falling film pattern

rather than this one.d.) Plate evaporator

Plate evaporators have a relatively large surface area. The plates are usually

corrugated and are supported by frame. During evaporation, steam flows through the

channels formed by the free spaces between the plates. The steam alternately climbs

and falls parallel to the concentrated liquid. The steam follows a co-current, counter-

current path in relation to the liquid. The concentrate and the vapor are both fed into the

separation stage where the vapor is sent to a condenser. Plate evaporators are

frequently applied in the dairy and fermentation industries since they have spatial

flexibility. A negative point of this type of evaporator is that it is limited in its ability to

treat viscous or solid-containing products.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submergence_(evaporator)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submergence_(evaporator)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficient


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e.) Multiple-effect evaporators

Unlike single-stage evaporators, these evaporators can be made of up to seven

evaporator stages or effects. The energy consumption for single-effect evaporators is

very high and makes up most of the cost for an evaporation system. Putting together

evaporators saves heat and thus requires less energy. Adding one evaporator to the

original decreases the energy consumption to 50% of the original amount. Adding

another effect reduces it to 33% and so on. A heat saving % equation can be used to

estimate how much one will save by adding a certain amount of effects.The number of

effects in a multiple-effect evaporator is usually restricted to seven because after that,

the equipment cost starts catching up to the money saved from the energy requirement

drop.

A.3Name and types of multiple-effect evaporators. Discuss each construction.

Forward feeding

Forward feeding takes place when the product enters the system through the first

effect, which is at the highest temperature. The product is then partially concentrated as

some of the water is transformed into vapor and carried away. It is then fed into the

second effect which is a little lower in temperature. The second effect uses the heated

vapor created in the first stage as its heating source (hence the saving in energyexpenditure). The combination of lower temperatures and higher viscosities in

subsequent effects provides good conditions for treating heat-sensitive products like

enzymes and proteins. In using this system, an increase in the heating surface area of

subsequent effects is required.

Backward feeding

Another way to proceed is by using backward feeding. In this process, the dilute

products is fed into the last effect with has the lowest temperature and is transferred

from effect to effect with the temperature increasing. The final concentrate is collected in

the hottest effect which provides an advantage in that the product is highly viscous in

the last stages so the heat transfer is considerably better.


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B.1 Parallel feed evaporator

B.2 Backward feed evaporator


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B.3 Forward feed evaporator

B.4 Mixed feed evaporator


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SUPERHEATERS

PLATE NO.10

A.1. what are Super Heaters

A super heater is a device in a steam engine that heats the steam generated by

the boiler again, increasing its thermal energy and decreasing its likelihood that it will

condense inside the engine.

A.2. Name the two types of super heater. State the difference

Radiant Super Heater

Located in the harsh environment the furnace exits gas temperature is one of the

most difficult parameters to estimate. Radiant energy varies as the fourth power of

absolute temperature and hence a few degrees higher than estimated value can

transfer significant amount of radiant energy of the super heater, thus increasing the

tube will and support temperature leading the failures.

Connective Super heaters

Located in a low gas temperature region-ranging from 300-100F lower,

depending on the degree of superheat required. Since it is shielded with several rows ofscreed tubes, the gas is well mixed and cooled before it encounters the super heaters

and hence the performance can be predicted more accurately.

A.3. Elucidate 5 Schemes of Controlling Super Heaters

-Gas by-passing

-Following the super heater with a water spray desuper heater

-Combining convection and radiant type super heater in series.

-Controlling moisture quality of steam entering super heater by condenser control using

boiler feedwater as the heat absorber.

-Furnace exit temperature adjustment.


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A.4. Give the function of each of the following:

Reheater

A steam boiler component in which heat is added to intermediate pressure

steam, which has given up its energy in expansion through the high pressure turbine.

DeSuper Heater

It reduces the temperature in a steam line through direct contact and evaporation

of water.

Attemperatures

Reduces steam temperature by bringing super heated steam by direct contact

with water. It can be mounted either horizontally of vertically.

Types of De Super Heaters

Spray Type

Temperature control is usually achieved by admitting a fine spray of water into

the steam line.

Surface Type

Tube and cooling action occurs on the surface of the boilers.


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B.1 Convective type superheater

B.2 Radiant type superheater


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B.3 Spray Type Desuperheater

B.4 Cyclone steam separator


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FEEDWATER HEATER

PLATE NO. 11

A.1what is feed water heater? Give the distinct advantages that may be acquired

from feed water heating.

A feed water heater is power plant component used to preheat water delivered

to a steam generating boiler. Pre heating the feed water reduces the irreversibility

involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of

the system. This reduces the plant operating cost and also helps to avoid thermal shock

to the boiler metal when the feed water is introduced back to the single cycle. In a

steam power plant, feed water heaters allow the feed water to be brought back the

saturation temperature very gradually. This minimizes the evitable irreversibility

associated with heat transfer to the working fluid. See the article on the second law of

thermodynamics.

A.2name two classifications of feed water heaters, describe each constructions.

An open feed water heater is merely as direct contact heat exchanger in which

extracted steam is allowed to mix with the feed water. This kind of heater will normally

require a feed pump to back to the feed inlet and outlet since the pressure in the heateris between the boiler pressure and the condenser pressure. A dearator is a special case

of the open feed water heater which is specifically designed to the removed non_

condensable gases from the feed water.

Closed feed water heater are typically shell and tube heat exchangers where the feed

water passes through out the tubes and is neared by turbine extraction steam. These do

not require separate pumps before and after the boost the feed water to the pressure of

the extracted steam as with an open heater. However the extracted steam must then be

throttled to the condenser pressure. An isenthalpic process that results in some entropy

gain with a slight penalty on overall cycle efficiency.


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A.3 Differentiate feed water from the economizer.

Feed water heaters are used in both fossil and nuclear fueled power plants.

Smaller versions have also been installed on steam economizer serves a similar

purpose to a feed water heater, but is technically different. Instead of using actual cycle

steam for heating, it uses the lowest temperature flue gas from the furnace to heat the

water before is either the boiler proper. This allows for the heat transfer between the

furnace and the feed water to occur across a smaller average temperature gradient.

B.1. Spray-Type Deaerating Heat


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B.2. Surface type extraction feed water heater

B.3. Direct contact or open feed water heater


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B.4. Surfaced or closed type heater


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ECONOMIZERS

PLATE NO.12

A. QUESTION

A.1 Discuss Economizers

Are heat exchangers devices that heat fluids? Usually water up to but not

normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid. Economizers are so named because they

can be make use of enthalply and improving the boiler which serves energy using the

exhaust gases from the boiler to preheat the cold water used to fill it.

A.2 what are the types of material used in constructing Economizers discuss

each.

Cast Iron- used in the construction of economizer has been almost universally

cast iron until recently, occasionally, steel was used, but in general because of

excessive and rapid corrosion the steel unsatisfactory service and were removed. From

the stand point of corrosion cast iron was looked upon us the only metal until that would

give a satisfactory length of life and for pressure in common use cast iron proved

satisfactory.

A.3 Name at least 5 types of Economizers used in many Power Plants.

Some types of economizers are:

a) Plain tube

b) Grilled tube

c) Stud tube

d) Finned tube

e) Straight tube


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B.1 Straight Tube

B.2 Steaming Economizer


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B.3 Horizontal Finned Tube Economizer

B.4 Soot Blower


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ASH DISPOSAL

PLATE NO.13

A. QUESTION

A.1 Discuss the uses of various types of ash disposal system listed below.

These are the following:

A.1.1 Hydraulic Sluice

A.1.2 Pneumatic Conveyor

A.1.3 Chain or Bucket Conveyor

A.1.4 Motor Truck

A.1.5 Bucket and Drag Conveyor

Hydraulic Sluice

Ash is cleaned through a water channel that is controlled at its head by a

hydraulic powered gate.

Pneumatic Conveyor

Ash can is transported conveniently to various destinations by means of a stream

of high velocity air through pipe lines. Products are moved through various tubes via air

pressure, allowing for extra vertical versatility.Chain or Bucket Conveyor

A continuous or centrifugal bucket elevator must have a controlled load delivered

to it for proper and troubled free operation.

Motor Truck

A truck is parked adjacent to a coal boiler ash recovery system to collect the ash

products prior to disposal.

Bucket and Drag Conveyor

A chain of pivot ably interconnected drag buckets for removing ash from the sides of a

loose pile and for delivering the material to a secondary discharge conveyor. The

buckets are designed so that flexure along the length of the chain will not cause

openings to be formed between adjacent buckets.


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A.2 Describe how a Fly Ash can be collected using each of the ff.

System/methods:

A.2.1 Electric Precipitation

A.2.2 Water Sprays

A.2.3 Cyclone Collector

Electric Precipitation

Electrical Precipitation requires a high voltage discharge source usually applied

to electrodes consisting of a series of small diameter wires. Opposite these wires are

grounded electrodes, which serve as collecting elements and the terminus of the

electrostatic field. Particulate collection then takes place in three basic steps:

1. The particles must be charged.

2. The charged particles are subjected to an electrical field which moves them

toward the colleting plate.

3. Collected particles must be dislodged from the plate into an ash disposal system.

Water Sprays

The ash cone attached to the bottom of the crate section is equipped with a

water spray ring to flush out the ash through a manually operated slide gate at thebottom, and is operated when the ash cone is emptied.

Cyclone Collector

They create a dual vortex to separate course from fine dust. The main vortex

spirals downward and carries most of the coarse dust particles. The inner vortex

created near the bottom of the cyclone, spirals upward and carries finer dust particles.


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B.1 Pneumatic Conveyor

B.2 Chain and Bucket Conveyor


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B.3 Bucket and Drag Conveyor

B.4 Track operated car


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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Compilation of Drawing Plates in Industrial Plant Design Laboratory

A Project Presented to

Engr. Tomas Enriquez

In Partial FulfillmentOf the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

By

Group Leader: Capulong, Charles Vincent C.

Member: Alcazar, Mark AnthonyBagalay, Rodlyn B.Bayanay, Marvin

Bolanos, Rolando Jr. B.Cervantes, Bernard Bonnin

De Jesus, Kim M.Dela Cruz, Jeraime F.

Imperial, Ronel A.Liwag, Marvin P.

Maglakas, Jose M.Mancio, Janrey B.Mapa, Michael S.

Mateum, Julius MartinMauleon, Oscar Jr. P.

Naval, Nelle Simone O.Perez, Paulo G.

Rimas, Carlo James G.Roquero, Francis Rain A.Supetran, Zendel Ann V.

Tare, Jay Mark T.Tumampus, Garri P.Urbano, Dan CarloVillanueva, Allan

Documents

Industrial Plant Design Laboratory