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SLCSS/GEOG/AL/Industrial Landscapes/WS-1
Industrial Landscapes Worksheet 1An Imaginary Industrial Location Problem
Step 1 Observation and Description
What components can you identify in the map?
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Where are the plants?
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Step 2 Hypothesis Setting
Based on your observation and description, write a hypothesis on the location of factories.
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Step 3 Explanation and Theory
Why are all the factories located within area under the Crop?
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Why are all factories located next to railway station?
How does the location of the port affect the location of factories?
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Industrial Landscapes Worksheet 2
Classification of Manufacturing Industry
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Industry According to End-product
According to Process According to Locational Factor
Iron and Steel
Automobile
Garment
Electronics
Food Canning
Bread and Bakery
Cement
Aluminium Smelting
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Industrial Landscapes Worksheet 3Weber’s Model – Least Cost Location
Situation 1Given: The raw material is localized.
The raw material is pure.Transport cost is 1$/kg/km.
Draw: (a) the line of assembly cost,(b) the line of distribution cost, and(c) the line of total transport cost.
According to Weber’s model, where is the optimum location?
Situation 2Given: The raw material is localized.
The material index is 2.Transport cost is 1$/kg/km.
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Draw: (a) the line of assembly cost,(d) the line of distribution cost, and(e) the line of total transport cost.
According to Weber’s model, where is the optimum location?
Situation 3Given: The raw material is localized.
The material index is 0.5.Transport cost is 1$/kg/km.
Draw: (a) the line of assembly cost,(f) the line of distribution cost, and(g) the line of total transport cost.
According to Weber’s model, where is the optimum location?
Situation 4 Locational Triangle
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There are two types of localized raw material (R1 and R2) and the market for an industry’s product (M). State the location (either R1, R2, X or M) at which the industry enjoys the lowest transport costs in each of the following cases:(a) both raw materials are pure;(b) both raw material lose 50% of their weight during manufacturing;(c) R1 is pure but R2 loses 50% of its weight during manufacturing.
The diagrams below show 8 different spatial arrangement of raw materials (m1 and M2) and the market of product. In each case assume that each unit of the product is composed of equal parts of each raw material. For each diagram below, find the least cost location according to Weber’s model.
A heavy industrial plant uses a raw material found at R and the finished product is sold at M.The diagram on next page shows then theoretical isotims around R and M. On the diagram,
(a) draw the $25, $30, $35 and $40 isodapanes,(b) mark the least cost location.
If L1 and L2 are sites where $10 can be saved in labour cost,(c) mark the critical isodapane on the diagram.(d) Which is then the least-cost location? Why?
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The figure shows the location of 3 factories (a, B abd C). The 3 sets of lines marked A, B and C show how transport costs per product increase with distance from the least transport cost locations.
(a) agglomeration economies of $2 for all 3 factories;(b) agglomeration economies of $4 for all 3 factories;(c) agglomeration economies of $2 for Factory A, $4 for Factory B and $5 for Factory C
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Industrial Landscapes Worksheet 4(a) What is the cost of production (excluding transport cost) for one tonne of product X?
Cost of Raw Material 1 Cost of Raw Material 2 Production Cost Total Production Cost
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(b) Find the total transport cost at different locations.Location Assembly Cost of RM1 Assembly Cost of RM2 Distribution Cost Total Transport Cost
A
B
C
M
(b) If the selling price of product X is $2,200, amongst A, B, C and M, which is the optimum location? Why?
(c) Do all the factory owners locate their factories at the location you suggested in question (b)? Why?
(d) Do you think that Weber’s model can always explain the industrial location in the real world? Give arguments to support your answer.
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Industrial Landscapes Worksheet 5The following table shows the number of worker employed and total value of shipment of ten groups of manufacturing in the United States.
Industry Number employed(10,000’s)
Value of Shipment(million dollars)
Labour –intensiveRatio
Clothing 129 17.0
Furniture 38 5.8
Chemicals 85 31.7
Petroleum 22 17.9
Leather 33 4.2
Metal fabrication 111 23.0
Machinery 152 30.3
Electrical 161 29.8
Transportation equipment 169 55.4
Instruments 31 6.1
(a) Find the labour-intensive ratio of each group of industry.
Labour-intensive ratio = Number employed Value of Shipment
(b) The most labour intensive industry in the United States was __________________________ .
(c) The most capital-intensive industry in the United States was
__________________________________ .
(d) Use a piece of graph paper to draw a scatter diagram to show the correlation between labour input and total value of shipments.
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Industrial Landscapes Worksheet 6Measure of Concentration of Industrial Activities
Coefficient of Localization
Standard RegionNumber employed in
textile (%)Number employed in all
industries (%)Deviation
North 3.8 5.8
Yorkshire and Humberside
20.8 9.8
East Midlands 18.3 7.5
East Anglia 0.5 2.6
South East 4.1 26.4
South West 2.3 5.2
West Midlands 4.7 13.7
North West 24.1 14.3
Wales 2.8 4.2
Scotland 12.0 8.4
Northern Ireland 6.6 2.1
(a) Complete the above table by finding the deviation between the percentage of the total number
employed in textile industry and percentage of the total number employed in all industries.
(b) Find the Coefficient of Localization for the textile industry within the UK by using the following formula
The sum of the positive deviation = =100 100
Location Quotient
District Iron and Steel Ship-building All manufacturing IndustriesChiba 36,164 9,013 298,963Tokyo 39,151 17,039 1,644,634Hyogo 72,544 37,183 624,349
Fukouka 59,818 3,346 387.088JAPAN 555,159 313,825 12,699,232
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Fine the Location Quotient of iron and steel in Hyogo.
Location Quotient = %of the people employed nationally in Industry X % of the people employed nationally in all industries
Lorenz CurveEmployment in Manufacturing Industry in UK(1973)
Standard Areas Ranked in descending order of density of population
employed in manufacturing industry
Areakm2
%Total area
Cumulative%
Number employed in
manufacturing industry(000’s)
%Total
employed
Cumulative%
North West 8,020 1,116
West Midlands 13,162 1,074
South East 27,518 2,069
Yorks and Humberside 15,030 768
East Midlands 12,225 591
North 19,424 540
South West 24,751 409
Wales 20,841 329
East Anglia 12,315 200
Northern Ireland 14,215 164
Scotland 79,076 657
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Industrial Landscapes Worksheet 7Map Exercise
1. Study the map extract given.
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(a) On the sketch below, delimit the main industrial zones of this area.
(b) Referring to map evidence only, name three conditions which favour the development of
heavy industries in this area. Explain you answer.
(c) In what ways would such an industrial development in this area impair the environmental quality of the surrounding areas? Support answer with map evidence.
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Industrial Landscapes – Worksheet 8Industry Pollutant Harmful Effect
Thermal Power Plant
Iron and Steel
Petroleum Refinery
Food Processing
Beaching and Dyeing
Construction Site
Incinerator
Electroplanting
Heavy Traffic
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Support industrial development Against industrial development
Suggest measures for alleviation of problems caused by industrial development.
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Industrial Landscapes – Worksheet 9Intra-urban Industrial Location
Industrial group A is located near __________________ because ___________________________
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e.g. ____________________________________________________________________________
Industrial group B is located near ____________________________________________________
because _________________________________________________________________________
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e.g. ____________________________________________________________________________
Industrial group C is ______________________________________________ because _________
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________________________ e.g. ____________________________________________________
B HarbourC.B.D.
river
City boundary
Railway
1:2,000,000A
A
A B B
B
C
C
C
C D
D
D
D
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Industrial group D is located at ______________________________________________________
because _________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________e.g. ____________________________________
Industrial Landscapes – Worksheet 10The figure on the left shows the changing regional shares of global manufacturing, 1970-2005.(a) Describe the changing pattern
of the world manufacturing distribution.
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(b) Explain why trans-national corporations (TNCs) set up manufacturing plants over different parts of the World and it leads to the globalization of manufacturing._____________________________________________________________________________
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(c) State the benefits that TNCs bring to the local government and people.
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(d) State the problems that TNCs bring to the local government and people.
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Henry Ford-Founder of Ford :“You can have any colour you want long as it’s black”
(a) With reference to Henry Ford’s statement, Compare the characteristics of Fordist industries and
Flexible industries.
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(b) State the problems associated with Fordism production system.
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(c) What is “lean production” and “just in time production”?
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(d) Explain the rise of “lean” and “just in time” production after 1980s.
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(e) Discuss the implication of the rise of lean and just in time production on industrial location.
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Locational characteristics of electronics, instruments and biotechnology firms.
Clusters Free-standing
No. % No. %
Electronics and instruments
South-east England
Scotland
San Francisco Bay
36
31
31
78.3
73.8
72.1
10
11
12
21.7
26.2
27.9
Biotechnology 13 30.2 30 69.8
(a) Which types of high-tech activities are most likely to be found in clusters?
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(b) What reasons explain this clustering?
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(c) How does the location of biotechnology differ from that of electronics and instruments? Try to
explain this difference.
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